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pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease in cervidized transgenic mice.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal, endemic prion disease of wild and captive cervids, including deer, elk, and moose. typical of prion diseases, cwd is characterized by the conversion of the native, protease-sensitive protein prp(c) to a protease-resistant isoform, denoted as prp(res). here we have studied the expression of cervid prp(c) and the pathogenesis of cwd infection in transgenic mice expressing the normal cervid prion protein (tg[cerprp] mice). using tissue-based in situ immunoh ...201020395435
cervids with different vocal behavior demonstrate different viscoelastic properties of their vocal folds.the authors test the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and biomechanical properties covary with species-specific vocal function. they investigate mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) vocal folds, building on, and extending data on a related cervid, the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). the mule deer, in contrast to the elk, is a species with relatively little vocal activity in adult animals. mule deer and elk vocal folds show the typical three components of the mammalian vocal fold (ep ...201019603411
characteristics of x- and y-chromosome specific regions of the amelogenin gene and a pcr-based method for sex identification in red deer (cervus elaphus).the present study attempts to analyse sequences of the x- and y-chromosome specific regions of the amelogenin (amel) gene in red deer. to this end, primers specific for each form of the gene (amelx and amely) were designed based on bovine genomic sequences and the homologous regions of the genes were sequenced. the obtained sequence of amelx gene showed high similarity with the corresponding region in cattle (91%) and humans (77%), but this similarity was slightly lower among amely genes and sho ...201019809889
can compensatory culling offset undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting?1. there is growing concern about the evolutionary consequences of human harvesting on phenotypic trait quality in wild populations. undesirable consequences are especially likely with trophy hunting because of its strong bias for specific phenotypic trait values, such as large antlers in cervids and horns in bovids. selective hunting can cause a decline in a trophy trait over time if it is heritable, thereby reducing the long-term sustainability of the activity itself. 2. how can we build a sus ...201019840171
transcriptional regulation of human mucin gene muc4 in pancreatic cancer cells.the human mucin gene muc4 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and cancer cell lines, while remaining undetectable in the normal pancreas, indicating its important role in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of muc4 gene expression are not fully understood. in this report, we used pancreatic cancer cell line (bxpc-3) to explore the potential transcription factors regulating muc4 transcriptional activity. through promoter screening, overexpressing ...201019757157
erk activation and cell growth require cam kinases in mcf-7 breast cancer cells.previous studies on mcf-7 breast cancer cells have shown that the g-protein coupled receptor (gpcr) agonist carbachol increases intracellular calcium levels and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk). calcium and calmodulin regulate the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (cam kinase) family of proteins that have been proposed to regulate erk and gene transcription. our results suggest that both estrogen (e2) and carbachol treatment of mcf-7 breast cancer cells trigger pho ...201019763792
can iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) discriminate among essential minerals in their diet?optimal foraging predicts that animals should be able to assess the content of important nutrients in food. ungulates discriminate salt and p, but discrimination of other minerals is controversial even though they are also essential and often limiting. animal scientists have explained this taste through palatability, which predicts the same pattern of discrimination for calves and hinds and greater consumption by the latter. social learning may also be involved, predicting a correlation between ...201019860987
17beta-estradiol inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2 transcription via map kinase in fibroblasts.female sex and sex hormones contribute to cardiac remodelling. 17beta-estradiol (e2) is involved in the modulation of extracellular matrix composition and function. here, we analysed the effect of e2 on matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-2 gene expression and studied the underlying molecular mechanisms in rat cardiac fibroblasts and in a human fibroblast cell line.201019861308
evolutionary cross-domain discriminative hessian eigenmaps.is it possible to train a learning model to separate tigers from elks when we have 1) labeled samples of leopard and zebra and 2) unlabelled samples of tiger and elk at hand? cross-domain learning algorithms can be used to solve the above problem. however, existing cross-domain algorithms cannot be applied for dimension reduction, which plays a key role in computer vision tasks, e.g., face recognition and web image annotation. this paper envisions the cross-domain discriminative dimension reduct ...201019887315
nfat-induced histone acetylation relay switch promotes c-myc-dependent growth in pancreatic cancer cells.induction of immediate early transcription factors (itf) represents the first transcriptional program controlling mitogen-stimulated cell cycle progression in cancer. here, we examined the transcriptional mechanisms regulating the itf protein c-myc and its role in pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo.201019900447
disruption of actin cytoskeleton mediates loss of tensile stress induced early phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells in organ culture.aorta organ culture has been widely used as an ex vivo model for studying vessel pathophysiology. recent studies show that the vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) in organ culture undergo drastic dedifferentiation within the first few hours (termed early phenotypic modulation). loss of tensile stress to which aorta is subject in vivo is the cause of this early phenotypic modulation. however, no underlying molecular mechanism has been discovered thus far. the purpose of the present study is to i ...201019874818
identification of brucella abortus genes in elk (cervus elaphus) using in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) reveals novel markers of infection.elk in the greater yellowstone area are a major reservoir for brucellosis, which represents an obstacle to eradication of the disease in domestic livestock. furthermore, immune responses to brucella abortus infection in the wild host are not well-understood. in this regard, in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) was employed to identify novel b. abortus antigens expressed during infection in elk. sera collected from sero-positive wyoming elk were pooled and absorbed against in vitro-grown cu ...201019914012
direct versus indirect effects of social rank, maternal weight, body condition and age on milk production in iberian red deer ( cervus elaphus hispanicus).social rank in cervids and other mammals is not entirely predicted by body weight, but in most cases influences access to food directly. milk provisioning depends on maternal weight and on daily food intake. usually, body weight, body condition, age and social rank are inter-correlated making it very difficult to discern the relative importance of each variable to milk production. this study used path analysis to assess direct versus indirect effects of these variables on milk production of 62 i ...201019919724
mechanistic aspects of the fracture toughness of elk antler bone.bone is an adaptive material that is designed for different functional requirements; indeed, bones have a variety of properties depending on their role in the body. to understand the mechanical response of bone requires the elucidation of its structure-function relationships. here, we examine the fracture toughness of compact bone of elk antler, which is an extremely fast-growing primary bone designed for a totally different function than human (secondary) bone. we find that antler in the transv ...201019941980
a neurotoxic phosphoform of elk-1 associates with inclusions from multiple neurodegenerative diseases.neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a number of features including the formation of inclusions, early synaptic degeneration and the selective loss of neurons. molecules serving as links between these shared features have yet to be identified. identifying candidates within the diseased microenvironment will open up novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. the transcription factor elk-1 resides within multiple brain areas both in nuclear and extranuclear neuronal compartments. inter ...201020126313
perverse consequences of infrequently culling a pest.there are potentially many situations in which creatures will be subject to infrequent but regular culling. in terms of controlling crop pests, some farmers may only be able to afford to apply pesticides occasionally. alternatively, pesticides may be applied only occasionally to limit their unwelcome side effects, which include pesticide resistance, chemical poisoning of agricultural workers, and environmental degradation. in terms of conservation, some species (such as the red deer in the uk) m ...201020127192
incorporating farmer observations in efforts to manage bovine tuberculosis using barrier fencing at the wildlife-livestock interface.a federal and provincial cost-shared program was initiated in 2001 around riding mountain national park in southwestern manitoba, canada to provide free game wire barrier fences for baled hay storage areas to prevent transmission of tb among cattle (bos taurus), wild elk (cervus elaphus), and deer (odocoileus virginianus). farmer observations of cervids on their farms were evaluated by interviewing 50 farmers that owned a game wire fence for >1 year. of those interviewed, 82% reported some type ...201020129682
promoter chromatin remodeling of immediate-early genes is mediated through h3 phosphorylation at either serine 28 or 10 by the msk1 multi-protein complex.upon activation of the erk and p38 mapk pathways, the msk1/2-mediated nucleosomal response, including h3 phosphorylation at serine 28 or 10, is coupled with the induction of immediate-early (ie) gene transcription. the outcome of this response, varying with the stimuli and cellular contexts, ranges from neoplastic transformation to neuronal synaptic plasticity. here, we used sequential co-immunoprecipitation assays and sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) assays on mouse fibroblast 10 ...201020129940
bystander effects induced by chemicals and ionizing radiation: evaluation of changes in gene expression of downstream mapk targets.radiation-induced bystander effects have been evaluated extensively, including the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways. however, few studies have examined the ability of chemicals to induce bystander effects, and the molecular mechanisms involved in chemical bystander effects have not been investigated. we have previously demonstrated the ability of mitomycin c (mmc) and phleomycin (phl) to induce bystander effects in normal human lymphoblastoid cells. here, we de ...201020130020
ordered transcriptional factor recruitment and epigenetic regulation of tnf-alpha in necrotizing acute pancreatitis.tauhe expression of the critical initiator cytokine tnf-alpha was strongly upregulated in vivo in acute necrotic pancreatitis (ap) in rodents and in vitro in tnf-alpha activated acinar ar42j cells. upregulation of tnf-alpha, inos, icam-1 and il-6 occurred both in tnf-alpha receptor 1 and 2 knock-out mice, but not in tnf-alpha knock-out mice, in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that transcriptional factors (elk-1, sp1, nf-kappab and egr-1) and chr ...201020130956
transcription factors elk-1 and srf are engaged in il1-dependent regulation of zc3h12a expression.mcpip is a novel ccch zinc finger protein described as an rnase engaged in the regulation of immune responses. the regulation of expression of the gene coding for mcpip - zc3h12a is poorly explored.201020137095
dentin abnormalities in cheek teeth of wild red deer and roe deer from a fluoride-polluted area in central europe.this study analyses the severity and distribution of mineralization defects in the dentin of red and roe deer teeth (mandibular fourth premolars, first and third molars) obtained from individuals that had lived in a fluoride-polluted area along the czech-german border. mineralization defects presented as hypomineralized or interglobular dentin. in the p(4)s and m(3)s the entire dentin exhibited areas of defective mineralization, whereas in the m(1)s only the central and inner dentin portions wer ...201020138489
characterization of the human insulin-induced gene 2 (insig2) promoter: the role of ets-binding motifs.insulin-induced gene 2 (insig2) and its homolog insig1 encode closely related endoplasmic reticulum proteins that regulate the proteolytic activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, transcription factors that activate the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids in animal cells. several studies have been carried out to identify insig2 genetic variants associated with metabolic diseases. however, few data have been published regarding the regulation of insig2 gene expression. two i ...201020145255
the elk-1 and serum response factor binding sites in the major immediate-early promoter of human cytomegalovirus are required for efficient viral replication in quiescent cells and compensate for inactivation of the nf-kappab sites in proliferating cells.the major immediate-early promoter (miep) region of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) plays a critical role in the regulation of lytic and latent infections by integrating multiple signals supplied by the infecting virus, the type and physiological state of the host cell, and its extracellular surroundings. the interaction of cellular transcription factors with their cognate binding sites, which are present at high densities within the enhancer upstream from the miep core promoter, regulate the rate ...201020147408
the membrane estrogen receptor gpr30 mediates cadmium-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells.cadmium (cd) is a nonessential metal that is dispersed throughout the environment. it is an endocrine-disrupting element which mimics estrogen, binds to estrogen receptor alpha (eralpha), and promotes cell proliferation in breast cancer cells. we have previously published that cd promotes activation of the extracellular regulated kinases, erk-1 and -2 in both er-positive and er-negative human breast cancer cells, suggesting that this estrogen-like effect of cd is not associated with the er. here ...201020153348
atypical interstitial pneumonia in grazing adult red deer (cervus elaphus).a herd of red deer experienced a small outbreak of atypical interstitial pneumonia on two occasions 3 years apart. the first occasion involved the death of two of a group of 70 hinds and the second outbreak involved a single death in a similar sized group. on both occasions a number of the adults exhibited increased respiratory effort, particularly on exercise. both outbreaks occurred in july, a few days after moving the herd from a close grazed grass paddock to an aftermath paddock, which had r ...201020153869
physiological variables explain mineral intake in iberian red deer.foraging theory predicts that animals should be able to assess nutrient content of food sources and adjust their diet according to needs. as many minerals are essential nutrients, animals should be able to discriminate and consume the amount needed for each mineral. although this has been proved for sodium and phosphorus, it is not clear if animals can discriminate among other essential minerals, and if they do so based on physiological needs. requirements depend on sex, age, and physiological s ...201020156465
sensitivity, specificity, and confounding factors of novel serological tests used for the rapid diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).in this study, novel serological tests were used to detect tuberculosis (tb) in groups of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) varying in disease status or possible confounding factors. groups of deer naturally or experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis and animals vaccinated against paratuberculosis were studied, as were uninfected animals and animals naturally or experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. sera were assayed using two rapid lateral-flow tests, ...201020164247
molecular cloning of cd18 of bison, deer and elk, and comparison with that of other ruminants and non-ruminants.pneumonia caused by mannheimia haemolytica is an important disease of cattle, domestic sheep, bighorn sheep and goats. leukotoxin (lkt) produced by m. haemolytica is cytolytic to all leukocyte subsets of these species. lkt utilizes cd18, the beta subunit of beta(2)-integrins, as its functional receptor on leukocytes of these species. cytotoxicity assays revealed that leukocytes from bison, deer, and elk are also susceptible to lkt-induced cytolysis. the availability of cdna encoding cd18 of biso ...201020176404
tissue engineered bone versus alloplastic commercial biomaterials in craniofacial reconstruction.this research was developed in order to demonstrate the tissue engineering method as an alternative to conventional methods for bone reconstruction, in order to overcome the frequent failures of alloplastic commercial biomaterials, allografts and autografts. tissue engineering is an in vitro method used to obtain cell based osteoinductive bone grafts. this study evaluated the feasibility of creating tissue-engineered bone using mesenchymal cells seeded on a scaffold obtained from the deciduous r ...201020191132
prp conformational transitions alter species preference of a prp-specific antibody.the epitope of the 3f4 antibody most commonly used in human prion disease diagnosis is believed to consist of residues met-lys-his-met (mkhm) corresponding to human prp-(109-112). this assumption is based mainly on the observation that 3f4 reacts with human and hamster prp but not with prp from mouse, sheep, and cervids, in which met at residue 112 is replaced by val. here we report that, by brain histoblotting, 3f4 did not react with prp of uninfected transgenic mice expressing elk prp; however ...201020194495
transferability of microsatellite loci from exotic cervidae to brazilian brocket deer (mazama spp, mammalia: cervidae).transferability of microsatellite loci between closely related species has been reported in several species. this helps reduce costs involved with the development of primers for newly investigated species. fifteen microsatellite primers developed for rangifer tarandus, cervus elaphus, c. axis, and moschus berezovskii were tested on five species of brazilian brocket deer of the genus mazama (m. americana, m. bororo, m. gouazoubira, m. nana, and m. nemorivaga). these primers were tested with dna e ...201020198583
bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 4 in red deer, spain.we studied the potential of red deer as bluetongue maintenance hosts and sentinels. deer maintained detectable bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 4 rna for 1 year after the virus was cleared from livestock. however, the virus was not transmitted to yearlings. btv serotype 1 rna was detected in red deer immediately after its first detection in cattle.201020202435
spatial distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in iberian wild ungulates.the role of wildlife as a brucellosis reservoir for humans and domestic livestock remains to be properly established. the aim of this work was to determine the aetiology, apparent prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors for brucellosis transmission in several iberian wild ungulates.201020205703
detection of prohibited animal products in livestock feeds by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of amplicons produced from a mitochondrial dna region between the trna(lys) and atpase8 genes was applied for the detection of animal product within livestock feeds. identification of prohibited animal (cattle, elk, sheep, deer, and goat) and nonprohibited animal (pig and horse) products from north america was possible based on the differential display of the single-stranded dna fragments for the different animal species on sscp gels. this ...201020051214
erk regulates strain-induced migration and proliferation from different subcellular locations.repetitive deformation like that engendered by peristalsis or villous motility stimulates intestinal epithelial proliferation on collagenous substrates and motility across fibronectin, each requiring erk. we hypothesized that erk acts differently at different intracellular sites. we stably transfected caco-2 cells with erk decoy expression vectors that permit erk activation but interfere with its downstream signaling. targeting sequences constrained the decoy inside or outside the nucleus. we as ...201020069571
role of iaps in prostate cancer progression: immunohistochemical study in normal and pathological (benign hyperplastic, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer) human prostate.in this study was investigate iaps in normal human prostate (np), benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostatic carcinoma (pc), and their involvement in apoptosis/proliferation via nf-kb (tnf-alpha, il-1) stimulation.201020078866
overlapping in short motif sequences for binding to human rev7 and mad2 proteins.polzeta, a dna polymerase specialized for translesion dna synthesis (tls), is comprised of two subunits, the rev3 catalytic subunit and the rev7 accessory subunit. the human rev7 (hrev7) protein is known to interact with hrev3, hrev1 (another tls protein) and some other proteins such as adam9 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) and elk-1 (an ets-like transcription factor). hrev7 is alternatively termed hmad2l2, because its primary sequence shows 26% identity to that of hmad2 that plays crucial r ...201020088965
camp-response element-binding protein (creb) controls msk1-mediated phosphorylation of histone h3 at the c-fos promoter in vitro.the rapid induction of the c-fos gene correlates with phosphorylations of histone h3 and hmgn1 by mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases. we have used a cell-free system to dissect the mechanism by which msk1 phosphorylates histone h3 within the c-fos chromatin. here, we show that the reconstituted c-fos chromatin presents a strong barrier to histone h3 phosphorylation by msk1; however, the activators (serum response factor, elk-1, camp-response element-binding protein (creb), and atf1) b ...201020089855
evaluation of the western immunoblot as a detection method for brucella abortus exposure in elk.brucella abortus has been an important wildlife disease issue for most of the last century, especially because wildlife species are considered to be important disease reservoirs for cattle. diagnostic uncertainty, caused in part by cross-reactions of antibodies to environmental pathogens such as yersinia enterocolitica o:9 on standard brucella serology, has exacerbated the challenges of managing the disease and has highlighted the need for test validation in wildlife species. the western immunob ...201020090021
surveys for disease agents in introduced elk in arkansas and kentucky.surveys for disease agents were conducted in introduced free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in arkansas and kentucky. elk had been captured in colorado and nebraska and released in arkansas during 1981-1985. from 1997 through 2002 elk were captured in arizona, kansas, north dakota, new mexico, oregon, and utah and released in southeastern kentucky. specimens were collected from 170 hunter-killed elk in arkansas during 1998-2006, and 44 elk in kentucky during 2001-2004. significant findings ...201020090032
changes in fatty acid profiles in testis and spermatozoa of red deer exposed to metal pollution.lowered sperm quality associated with reduced superoxide dismutase activity in testis and spermatozoa has been observed in red deer from a mined area in south-central spain. here we present fatty acid profiles for testis and spermatozoa of deer from this mined area (n=29) and a control area (n=33). despite elevated pb in liver and bone of red deer from this area, concentrations in testis and sperm were not significantly higher than in control areas; however, cu in testis was lower in mined areas ...201020096347
alterations of cardiac erk1/2 expression and activity due to volume overload were attenuated by the blockade of ras.the activities and protein content of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1/2 in the heart were measured in rats at 4 and 16 weeks after volume overload due to aortocaval shunt. protein content of phosphorylated erk1/2 was increased at both 4 and 16 weeks, whereas protein content of total erk1/2 was increased only at 16 weeks of inducing volume overload. the erk1/2 activities, estimated as phospho-elk-1 content, were also increased at 4 and 16 weeks of inducing volume overload. the increa ...201020100902
polyphenol-rich grape powder extract (gpe) attenuates inflammation in human macrophages and in human adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned media.obesity-associated inflammation is characterized by an increased abundance of macrophages (mphis) in white adipose tissue (wat), leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins (pgs) that can cause insulin resistance. grape powder extract (gpe) is rich in phenolic phytochemicals that possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.201020101247
investigating temporal changes in hybridization and introgression in a predominantly bimodal hybridizing population of invasive sika (cervus nippon) and native red deer (c. elaphus) on the kintyre peninsula, scotland.we investigated temporal changes in hybridization and introgression between native red deer (cervus elaphus) and invasive japanese sika (cervus nippon) on the kintyre peninsula, scotland, over 15 years, through analysis of 1513 samples of deer at 20 microsatellite loci and a mtdna marker. we found no evidence that either the proportion of recent hybrids, or the levels of introgression had changed over the study period. nevertheless, in one population where the two species have been in contact si ...201020102517
comparison of the tbars assay and bodipy c11 probes for assessing lipid peroxidation in red deer spermatozoa.several methods are used to measure lipid peroxidation (lpo) in spermatozoa. the objective of this study was comparing the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (tbars) method and the bodipy 581/591 c(11) (b581) and bodipy 665/676 c(11) (b665) fluorescent probes to measure induced peroxidative damage in thawed epididymal spermatozoa from iberian red deer. samples from three males were thawed, pooled, diluted in pbs, incubated at room temperature and assessed at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h under different ex ...201020113445
the glycosylation pattern of secretory granules in binucleate trophoblast cells is highly conserved in ruminants.the binucleate trophoblast cells (bncs) in the ruminant placenta are a unique feature of this taxon. these cells produce several secretory proteins and transfer these across the fetomaternal barrier into the dam. we used lectin histochemistry with a panel of 24 lectins to characterise the glycosylation pattern of bnc secretory granules in a variety of ruminants. seven species out of three ruminant families were thus investigated: greater malayan chevrotain (tragulidae); fallow deer, red deer, ch ...201019959226
molecular characterization of five sarcocystis species in red deer ( cervus elaphus), including sarcocystis hjorti n. sp., reveals that these species are not intermediate host specific.muscle tissue from 37 red deer from norway was examined for sarcocysts. sarcocysts from 2 reindeer were obtained for comparative studies. cysts were excised and morphologically classified by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dna sequence analysis. five sarcocystis species, sarcocystis hjorti n. sp., sarcocystis hardangeri, sarcocystis ovalis, sarcocystis rangiferi, and sarcocystis tarandi, were found. all 5 species have previously been identified from either reindeer or moose b ...201019961651
outbreak of brucellosis in domestic elk in korea.seven of 18 elk on a deer farm were found by the official rose-bengal agglutination test (rbt) and tube agglutination test to be brucellosis reactors/suspects. evaluation with the competitive elisa (c-elisa) and the fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) tests revealed that six and five sera were positive respectively. the seven reactors/ suspects were slaughtered and their blood and tissues were collected. brucella species could be isolated from three of the slaughtered animals, with nine isolat ...201019968852
phenotypic correlates of hybridisation between red and sika deer (genus cervus).1. hybridisation with an invasive species has the potential to alter the phenotype and hence the ecology of a native counterpart. 2. here data from populations of native red deer cervus elaphus and invasive sika deer cervus nippon in scotland is used to assess the extent to which hybridisation between them is causing phenotypic change. this is done by regression of phenotypic traits against genetic hybrid scores. 3. hybridisation is causing increases in the body weight of sika-like deer and decr ...201020002231
age susceptibility of red deer (cervus elaphus) to paratuberculosis.the aim of this study was to measure the relative susceptibility of three age classes of red deer (cervus elaphus) to the various manifestations of infection and disease states due to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) after experimental oral challenge. three groups of seronegative female deer (30 three-month-old weaners, 20 fifteen-month-old yearlings and 20 adults) received four oral doses of approximately 10(9) colony forming units (cfu) of a bovine strain of map. they were mon ...201020005645
induction of angptl4 expression in human airway smooth muscle cells by pma through activation of pkc and mapk pathways.in this study, we demonstrate that protein kinase c (pkc) activators, including phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (pma), 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (dog), and platelet-derived growth factor alpha are potent inducers of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (angptl4) expression in several normal lung cell types and carcinoma cell lines. in human airway smooth muscle (hasm) cells induction of angptl4 expression is observed as early as 2 h after the addition of pma. pma also increases the level of angptl4 prot ...201020025870
tln-4601, a novel anticancer agent, inhibits ras signaling post ras prenylation and before mek activation.tln-4601 is a structurally novel farnesylated dibenzodiazepinone discovered through decipher, thallion's proprietary drug discovery platform. the compound was shown to have a broad cytotoxic activity (low micromol/l) when tested in the nci 60 tumor cell line panel and has shown in-vivo antitumor activity in several xenograft models. related to its farnesylated moiety, the effect of tln-4601 on ras mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was assessed. downstream ras signaling events, raf-1, me ...201020220516
characterization of the activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, z polypeptide 1 (ptprz1) by hypoxia inducible factor-2 alpha.hypoxia inducible factors (hifs) are the principal means by which cells upregulate genes in response to hypoxia and certain other stresses. there are two major hifs, hif-1 and hif-2. we previously found that certain genes are preferentially activated by hif-2. one was protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, z polypeptide 1 (ptprz1). ptprz1 is overexpressed in a number of tumors and has been implicated in glioblastoma pathogenesis.201020224786
ets-1/elk-1 is a critical mediator of dipeptidyl-peptidase iii transcription in human glioblastoma cells.dipetidyl-peptidase iii is a metallopeptidase involved in a number of physiological processes and its expression has been reported to increase with the histological aggressiveness of human ovarian primary carcinomas. because no information regarding the regulation of its expression was available, experiments were designed to clone, define and characterize the promoter region of the human dipeptidyl-peptidase iii (dpp-iii) gene. in this study, we cloned a 1038 bp 5'-flanking dna fragment of the h ...201020236318
biometrics, testosterone, cortisol and antler growth cycle in iberian red deer stags (cervus elaphus hispanicus).in this article, we aimed to describe the changes related to mating season in red deer, especially those related to antler growth, body condition score, testosterone and cortisol. antler growth was studied in 17 iberian red deer males, including body weight, antler length, biometric measures and testosterone and cortisol determination during 15 months. body weight, body condition score, thoracic perimeter (tp), neck perimeter (nl) and testicular diameter (td) showed the highest values immediatel ...201018992114
leptospiral antibodies in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus), fallow deer (dama dama) and european wild boar (sus scrofa) in asturias, northern spain.serum samples collected from iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus; n=472), fallow deer (dama dama; n=293) and european wild boar (sus scrofa; n=174) in asturias, northern spain, from 1999 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against a reference panel of 14 leptospira spp. serovars. positive antibody titres at a microscopic agglutination test cut-off of 1:80 were detected against serovars pomona (1.6%, 5.8%, 5.2%), bratislava (1.1%, 0.7%, 4.7%), grippotyphosa (0.7%, 2.4%, 1.7%), muenchen ( ...201019019711
synthesis and characterization of biologically active recombinant elk and horse fsh.the objective of this investigation was to clone and express the elk and horse common alpha-subunit and fsh beta-subunit cdnas, and to produce recombinant fsh from both species in vitro. the rnas extracted from elk and horse pituitary glands were reverse-transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. the cdnas corresponding to both subunits of elk and horse were cloned into the expression vector pbudce4.1 and transfected into crl-9096 cells. expression of both genes was determined in th ...201019500922
a common fads2 promoter polymorphism increases promoter activity and facilitates binding of transcription factor elk1.fatty acid desaturases (fads) play an important role in the formation of omega-6 and omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas). the composition of hufas in the human metabolome is important for membrane fluidity and for the modulation of essential physiological functions such as inflammation processes and brain development. several recent studies reported significant associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the human fads gene cluster with hufa levels and composition. the p ...201019546342
oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via pkc-delta/p42/p44 mapk/elk-1 cascade in brain astrocytes.after ischemic injury to brain, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) raises the possibility of exposing the central nervous system (cns) to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxldl), a risk factor implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), especially mmp-9, contribute to extracellular matrix (ecm) remodeling during the cns diseases. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying oxldl-induced mmp-9 expression in astrocytes remained unclear. here, we reported ...201019554388
successful low dose insemination of flow cytometrically sorted sika (cervus nippon) sperm in wapiti (cervus elaphus).the purpose of this study was to determine a practical method in wapiti (cervus elaphus) of using predetermined sexed sika (cervus nippon) semen. semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from one stag of proven fertility and transported to the laboratory where it was retained as unsorted (control) or was separated into x- and y-chromosome-bearing sperm using a modified high-speed cell sorter. wapiti hinds (n=81) were inseminated into the uterus by rectum manipulation with 1 x 10(6) (x1 and y1 ...201019619965
distribution of lesions in red and fallow deer naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis.wild deer have an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (btb). the aims of this study were (1) to compare the pattern of lesions present in wild red (cervus elaphus) and fallow (dama dama) deer that were naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis, and (2) to use this information to develop a sampling strategy for the isolation of m. bovis from the lymphoid tissues of the head of these animals. culture of head lymphoid tissues demonstrated that 28 of 95 red deer and 22 of 100 ...201019691968
p53-independent upregulation of mir-34a during oncogene-induced senescence represses myc.aberrant oncogene activation induces cellular senescence, an irreversible growth arrest that acts as a barrier against tumorigenesis. to identify micrornas (mirnas) involved in oncogene-induced senescence, we examined the expression of mirnas in primary human tig3 fibroblasts after constitutive activation of b-raf. among the regulated mirnas, both mir-34a and mir-146a were strongly induced during senescence. although members of the mir-34 family are known to be transcriptionally regulated by p53 ...201019696787
evaluation of management variables to advance conception and calving date of red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand venison production systems.the ability to shift the supply of new zealand chilled venison from farmed yearling red deer stags to obtain premium prices in seasonal european markets necessitates early calving of hinds combined with high growth rates of their calves. two studies over a three-year period evaluated three management variables that offer potential to advance calving date. under the conditions of the studies there was no consistent evidence that the management practices of early stag introduction, early weaning a ...201019766413
molecular biogeography of red deer cervus elaphus from eastern europe: insights from mitochondrial dna sequences.european red deer are known to show a conspicuous phylogeographic pattern with three distinct mtdna lineages (western, eastern and north-african/sardinian). the western lineage, believed to be indicative of a southwestern glacial refuge in iberia and southern france, nowadays covers large areas of the continent including the british isles, scandinavia and parts of central europe, while the eastern lineage is primarily found in southeast-central europe, the carpathians and the balkans. however, l ...201021350595
ontogenesis of the rumen: a comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer.the aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the rumen in the sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). a total of 50 embryos and fetuses of merino sheep and 50 of iberian deer were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. for the study, the animals were divided into five experimental groups according to the most relevant histological characteristics. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% ges ...201021269368
high red deer density depresses body mass of roe deer fawns.many previous studies have pointed out that, when resources are limited, the potential for competition should be high among sympatric species that display overlaps in habitat and nutritional niches. however, reliable evidence of competition between red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) has not been yet reported for life history traits directly measuring performance such as body mass, reproduction, or survival. from long-term monitoring of deer populations in the reserve of ...201020033821
cgmp-dependent protein kinase and the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell gene expression: possible involvement of elk-1 sumoylation.although the regulation of smooth muscle cell (smc) gene expression by cgmp-dependent protein kinase (pkg) is now recognized, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. in this study, we report that pkg-i stimulates myocardin/serum response factor (srf)-dependent gene expression in vascular smcs. the expression of pkg in pkg-deficient cells enhanced myocardin-induced sm22 promoter activity in a concentration-dependent fashion. however, neither srf nor myocardin expression ...201020802137
allele-specific transcription of the pai-1 gene in human astrocytes.the 4g allele of the pai-1 -675(4g/5g) insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism has been associated with elevated plasma levels of pai-1 and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. however, this allele has also been associated with a reduced risk of ischaemic stroke. in the brain, pai-1 is mainly produced by astrocytes, and can reduce the neurotoxic effects exerted by tissue-type plasminogen activator during pathophysiologic conditions. the aim of the present study was to investigate whether ...201020806116
a cervid vocal fold model suggests greater glottal efficiency in calling at high frequencies.male rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) produce loud and high fundamental frequency bugles during the mating season, in contrast to the male european red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) who produces loud and low fundamental frequency roaring calls. a critical step in understanding vocal communication is to relate sound complexity to anatomy and physiology in a causal manner. experimentation at the sound source, often difficult in vivo in mammals, is simulated here by a finite element mod ...201020808882
map kinase: sumo pathway interactions.the convergence and coordinated cross talk of different signalling pathways forms a regulatory network which determines the biological outcome to environmental cues. the mapk pathways are one of the important routes by which extracellular signals are transduced into intracellular responses. through protein phosphorylation mechanisms, they can play a pivotal role in regulating other posttranslational modifications such as protein acetylation and ubiquitination. in addition, protein sumoylation ha ...201020811994
mutational and functional analysis in human ras/map kinase genetic syndromes.the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is essential in regulation of the cell cycle, cell differentiation, growth, and cell senescence, each of which are critical to normal development. a class of developmental disorders, the "rasopathies," is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the ras/mapk pathway which result in dysregulation of the pathway and profound deleterious effects on development. one of these syndromes, cardiofaciocutaneous (cfc) s ...201020812000
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of the pas domains of eag and elk potassium channels.per-arnt-sim (pas) domains are ubiquitous in nature; they are approximately 130-amino-acid protein domains that adopt a fairly conserved three-dimensional structure despite their low degree of sequence homology. these domains constitute the n-terminus or, less frequently, the c-terminus of a number of proteins, where they exert regulatory functions. pas-containing proteins generally display two or more copies of this motif. in this work, the crystallization and preliminary analysis of the pas do ...201020823525
transport of the pathogenic prion protein through soils.transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases and include bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk, scrapie in sheep and goats, and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans. an abnormally folded form of the prion protein (designated prp(tse)) is typically associated with tse infectivity and may constitute the major, if not sole, component of the infectious agent. transmission of cwd and scrapie is mediated ...201020830901
cck1 and cck2 receptors are expressed on pancreatic stellate cells and induce collagen production.the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (cck) can induce acute pancreatitis in rodents through its action on acinar cells. treatment with cck, in combination with other agents, represents the most commonly used model to induce experimental chronic pancreatitis. pancreatic stellate cells (psc) are responsible for pancreatic fibrosis and therefore play a predominant role in the genesis of chronic pancreatitis. however, it is not known whether psc express cck receptors. using real time pcr tec ...201020843811
atp induces synaptic gene expressions in cortical neurons: transduction and transcription control via p2y1 receptors.studies in vertebrate neuromuscular synapses have revealed previously that atp, via p2y receptors, plays a critical role in regulating postsynaptic gene expressions. an equivalent regulatory role of atp and its p2y receptors would not necessarily be expected for the very different situation of the brain synapses, but we provide evidence here for a brain version of that role. in cultured cortical neurons, the expression of p2y(1) receptors increased sharply during neuronal differentiation. those ...201020847060
identification of important regulatory region of th-pok.cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells develop from cd4(+)cd8(+) thymocytes. although it has been reported that expression of the transcription factor th-pok is important for cd4(+) t cell development, the detailed mechanism regulating th-pok expression is still obscure. by comparing the promoter regions of the th-pok gene between human and mouse, i found that the region 3600 base pairs (bps) upstream from the transcription initiation site of the th-pok gene was highly conserved. to identify the important el ...201020847520
emerging roles of sumo modification in arthritis.dynamic modification involving small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) has emerged as a new mechanism of protein regulation in mammalian biology. sumoylation is an atp-dependent, reversible post-translational modification which occurs under both basal and stressful cellular conditions. sumoylation profoundly influences protein functions and pertinent biological processes. for example, sumoylation modulates multiple components in the nfkappab pathway and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. likewise, ...201020627123
use of a crude extract or purified antigen from first-instar cattle grubs, hypoderma lineatum, for the detection of anti-hypoderma antibodies in free-ranging cervids from southern spain.during the 2003-2005 hunting seasons, a total of 120 cervidae, including 39 red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and 81 fallow deer (dama dama), were examined for subcutaneous myiasis. animals were shot from january to june in southern spain. specific antibodies against hypodermatinae (diptera: oestridae) were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) using a crude larval extract (cle) and a purified antigen [hypodermin c (hc)] obtained from first instars of hypoderma linea ...201020629951
variable extent of sex-biased dispersal in a strongly polygynous mammal.for mammals with a polygynous mating system, dispersal is expected to be male-biased. however, with the increase in empirical studies, discrepancies are arising between the expected and observed direction/extent of the bias in dispersal. in this study, we assessed sex-biased dispersal in red deer (cervus elaphus) on 13 estates from the scottish highlands. a total of 568 adult individuals were genotyped at 21 microsatellite markers and sequenced for 821 bp of the mitochondrial control region. est ...201020629954
how does local weather predict red deer home range size at different temporal scales?1. there is a rapidly growing literature on how climate affects populations of vertebrates. for large herbivorous mammals, most attention has been paid to demographic responses to climate variation. much less information is available regarding how climate affects animal behaviour, i.e. the climate mechanisms. further, the appropriate measurement scale of climate variables remains debated. here, we investigate how local climate variables determine home range sizes at four temporal scales using th ...201020636345
sumoylation can regulate the activity of ets-like transcription factor 4.ets-like transcription factor 4 (elk4) (a.k.a. serum response factor accessory protein 1) belongs to the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of e twenty-six (ets) domain transcription factors. compared to the other tcf subfamily members, elk1 and elk3 (net), there is limited information of the mechanisms regulating the elk4 activity. here, we show that the elk4 can be covalently modified (sumoylated) by small ubiquitin-related modifier (sumo) 1 protein, an important regulator of signaling and ...201020637912
long-term effects of red deer (cervus elaphus) grazing on soil in a breeding area.this paper examines the effects of red deer grazing on some properties of soil (sand, silt, clay ph, electrical conductivity organic carbon, bulk density, fine soil weight, compaction and saturation capacity), and litter (unit weight-mass, organic matter content (%) and organic matter mass) properties on a red deer breeding area by comparing an undisturbed area in istanbul belgrad forest-turkey. according to the results obtained in this study the litter mass in the breeding area has been found c ...201020648831
circadian transcription in liver.circadian rhythms regulate a wide range of cellular, physiological, metabolic and behavioral activities in mammals. the complexity of tissue- and day-time specific regulation of thousands of clock controlled genes (ccgs) suggests that many transcriptional regulators are involved. our bioinformatic analysis is based on two published dna-array studies from mouse liver. we search overrepresented transcription factor binding sites in promoter regions of ccgs using gc-matched controls. analyzing a la ...201020655353
monitoring bluetongue disease (btv-1) epidemic in southern spain during 2007.on the 25th of july 2007, bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 1 was detected in andalusia, southern spain for the first time. a total of 4436 farms infected with btv-1 were confirmed during that year: 3162 in sheep flocks, 113 in goat flocks, 7 in cattle herds and 1154 in mixed farms (sheep, goat and/or cattle in the same farm). the most common clinical signs were: fever, depression, lethargy, facial edema, and salivation (observed in more than 70% of the infected farms). lesions in oral mucosa, lam ...201020663576
measuring consonant identification in nonsense syllables, words, and sentences.sensorineural hearing loss (snhl) produces deficits in speech comprehension in noise that primarily are due to impairments in identifying consonants. here, we describe the california syllable test (cast) that quantifies the identification of common american english consonants. in experiment i, 16 young subjects with normal hearing identified 720 consonant-vowel-consonant (cvc) syllables in three test sessions. consonants were identified slightly more accurately in words than nonsense syllables, ...201020665350
analysis of the value of measurement of the activity of caeruloplasmin as an alternative to measurement of the concentration of elemental copper in plasma and serum of farmed red deer.to evaluate the relationship between the concentration of elemental cu and activity of caeruloplasmin (cp) in the plasma and serum of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).201020676159
relationship between rank and plasma testosterone and cortisol in red deer males (cervus elaphus).the objective of this study was to assess the effect of a change in the social composition in a group of red deer males on the relationship between their rank and testosterone. a group of twelve adult red deer males (cervus elaphus) was tested in two social settings. from april 15 to june 9 (period 1) this group was kept separately in an enclosure. on june 10, nine 3-year-old males were added to that group of adult males. they were kept together until august 31. we performed 10 observations of t ...201020869973
resource selection by elk in an agro-forested landscape of northwestern nebraska.in recent years, elk have begun recolonizing areas east of the rocky mountains that are largely agro-forested ecosystems composed of privately owned land where management of elk is an increasing concern due to crop and forage depredation and interspecific disease transmission. we used a geographic information system, elk use locations (n = 5013), random locations (n = 25,065), discrete-choice models, and information-theoretic methods to test hypotheses about elk resource selection in an agro-for ...201020872141
histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) including identification of lipopigment.this article describes the histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). eighty mlns were sourced from 10 deer from 5 north island herds and 5 south island herds classified as low risk and high risk of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection, respectively. fixed sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin; ziehl-neelsen; and, selectively, periodic acid-schiff, perl's, and sudan black. positive ziehl-ne ...201020881317
the complete mitochondrial genome of the domestic red deer (cervus elaphus) of new zealand and its phylogenic position within the family cervidae.we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the semidomestic red deer (cervus elaphus) of new zealand. the genome was 16,357 bp long and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 12srrna, 16srrna, 22 trnas and a d-loop as found in other mammals. database homology searches showed that the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequence from the new zealand semidomestic deer was similar to partial mtdna sequences from the european, norwegian (c. e. atlanticus) and spanish red deer (c ...201020887306
analysis of salazinic, norstictic, and usnic acids in xanthoparmelia chlorochroa by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.the lichen species xanthoparmelia chlorochroa is toxic when consumed by domestic sheep, cattle, and rocky mountain elk. clinical signs exhibited by poisoned animals include red urine, ataxia, and muscular weakness that rapidly progresses to recumbency. elk are unable to recover once becoming recumbent; however, most affected cattle can recover if offered suitable feed shortly following the onset of signs. at present, the pathogenesis and specific toxin(s) are unknown. as part of an effort to elu ...201020922944
elaphostrongylus cervi in a population of red deer ( cervus elaphus) and evidence of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in small ruminants in the province of varese, italy.thirty-one faecal samples were collected from red deer in the northern area of varese, in the italian region of lombardy, between august and october 2008. the animals had either been hunted or accidently killed. examination for internal parasites showed a prevalence of 45.2% for elaphostrongylus cervi larvae and species identification was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). ninety-seven faecal samples were also collected from two goat flocks grazing in the same area between december 20 ...201020923583
first seropositive cases of coxiella burnetii in red deer populations in the southwest iberian peninsula.the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of coxiella burnetii in different red deer populations and to investigate role of red deer densities, livestock, and habitat on seroprevalence. the serosurvey revealed 5 positive cases out of 137 sera (3.64%) that occurred in two of the three study areas. this study documents the first cases of coxiella burnetii in red deer in the southwest iberian peninsula. a relationship between deer density and coxiella seroprevalence was not found. re ...201020945645
epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in a captive facility housing white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), cattle (bos taurus), and goats (capra hircus) in colorado, u.s.a.an ungulate research facility in fort collins, colorado, u.s.a., experienced mortality in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) because of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) infection from 20 august 2007 through 26 september 2007. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation from the spleen and lung tissues of two white-tailed deer. virus neutralization tests were performed on pre- and postoutbreak ser ...201020945651
characterization of pathogen-specific expression of host immune response genes in anaplasma and mycobacterium species infected ruminants.anaplasma and mycobacterium species are among the most prevalent bacterial pathogens in european red deer (cervus elaphus) in south-central spain and are known to modify gene expression in ruminants. in this study, we used microarray hybridization and real-time rt-pcr analyses to characterize global gene expression profiles in red deer in response to anaplasma ovis and a. ovis/mycobacterium bovis/mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis (map) infections, compare the expression of immune respons ...201020952064
regulation of syk by phosphorylation on serine in the linker insert.the syk protein-tyrosine kinase is phosphorylated on multiple tyrosines after the aggregation of the b cell antigen receptor. however, metabolic labeling experiments indicate that syk is inducibly phosphorylated to an even greater extent on serine after receptor ligation. a combination of phosphopeptide mapping and mass spectrometric analyses indicates that serine 291 is a major site of phosphorylation. serine 291 lies within a 23-amino acid insert located within the linker b region that disting ...201020956537
are wolves saving yellowstone's aspen? a landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade.behaviorally mediated trophic cascades (bmtcs) occur when the fear of predation among herbivores enhances plant productivity. based primarily on systems involving small-bodied predators, bmtcs have been proposed as both strong and ubiquitous in natural ecosystems. recently, however, synthetic work has suggested that the existence of bmtcs may be mediated by predator hunting mode, whereby passive (sit-and-wait) predators have much stronger effects than active (coursing) predators. one bmtc that h ...201020957967
retrospective study of pestivirus infection in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) and other ungulates in the pyrenees (ne spain).in 2001 a new pestivirus (family flaviviridae) was associated with an outbreak of a previously unreported disease in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in the pyrenees (ne spain). molecular characterization assigned this virus to the border disease virus (bdv) cluster, bdv-4 genotype. a retrospective study was performed in archived sera and spleen of 74 pyrenean chamois and in archived sera of 28 mouflon (ovis ammon), 56 red deer (cervus elaphus), 43 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and 29 fal ...201020961710
isolation of bartonella capreoli from elk.the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of bartonella infections in elk populations. we report the isolation of four bartonella strains from 55 elk blood samples. sequencing analysis demonstrated that all four strains belong to bartonella capreoli, a bacterium that was originally described in the wild roe deer of europe. our finding first time demonstrated that b. capreoli has a wide geographic range, and that elk may be another host for this bacterium. further investigation ...201020961711
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