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clotting factor viii (fviii) and thrombin generation in camel plasma: a comparative study with humans.the objective of this study was to characterize the highly elevated levels of clotting factor viii (fviii) in camel plasma. whole blood was collected from healthy camels and factor viii clotting activity (fviii:c) assays were conducted using both the clotting and the chromogenic techniques. the anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (cpda) produced the highest harvest of fviii:c, the level of plasma factor viii, compared to heparin:saline and heparin:cpda anticoagulants. camel fviii ca ...201324082408
computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the metatarsus and digits of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) and buffalo ( bos bubalis).the purpose of the present study was to provide a detailed computed tomography (ct) and cross-sectional anatomic reference of the normal metatarsus and digits for the camel and buffalo, as well as to compare between metatarsus and digits in these animals to outstand a basis for diagnosis of their diseases. advantages, including depiction of detailed cross-sectional anatomy, improved contrast resolution and computer reformatting, make it a potentially valuable diagnostic technique. the hind limbs ...201322776073
isolation and characterization of serum albumin from camelus dromedarius.serum albumin constitutes 35-50 mg/ml of plasma proteins and performs various physiological activities including the regulation of osmotic pressure on blood, maintaining buffering of the blood ph, carrying different fatty acids and other small molecules, such as bilirubin, hormones, drugs and metal ions, as well as participating in immunological responses. serum albumin is an extensively used protein in biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. the camel (camelus dromedarius) is well tailo ...201324137219
sequence analysis of the toll-like receptor 2 gene of old world camels.the toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) gene of old world camels (camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus) was cloned and sequenced. the tlr2 gene of the dromedary camel had the highest nucleotide and amino acid identity with pig, i.e., 66.8% and 59.6%, respectively. similarly, the tlr2 gene of the bactrian camel also had the highest nucleotide and amino acid identity with pig, i.e., 85.7% and 81.4%, respectively. dromedary and bactrian camels shared 77.9% nucleotide and 73.6% amino acid identity wit ...201325685538
estimating the population mutation rate from a de novo assembled bactrian camel genome and cross-species comparison with dromedary ests.the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) and the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) are among the last species that have been domesticated around 3000-6000 years ago. during domestication, strong artificial (anthropogenic) selection has shaped the livestock, creating a huge amount of phenotypes and breeds. hence, domestic animals represent a unique resource to understand the genetic basis of phenotypic variation and adaptation. similar to its late domestication history, the bactrian camel is also am ...201323454912
prevalence of tick infestation in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) brought for slaughter in mashhad abattoir, iran.this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of tick infestation and identify tick species that parasitize dromedary camels. since april 2012 through march 2013, a total of 400 camels that brought for slaughter in mashhad abattoir were examined for tick infestation. out of the total 400 camels examined, 237 were infested and annual prevalence of tick infestation 59.25 % (95 % ci 54-64) was calculated. the higher prevalence rates were found in the summer and spring, especially the sum ...201326345051
proteomics of old world camelid (camelus dromedarius): better understanding the interplay between homeostasis and desert environment.life is the interplay between structural-functional integrity of biological systems and the influence of the external environment. to understand this interplay, it is useful to examine an animal model that competes with harsh environment. the dromedary camel is the best model that thrives under severe environment with considerable durability. the current proteomic study on dromedary organs explains a number of cellular mysteries providing functional correlates to arid living. proteome profiling ...201325685490
camelus dromedarius brucellosis and its public health associated risks in the afar national regional state in northeastern ethiopia.a cross-sectional study was carried out in four districts of the afar region in ethiopia to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in camels, and to identify risky practices that would facilitate the transmission of zoonoses to humans. this study involved testing 461 camels and interviewing 120 livestock owners. the modified rose bengal plate test (mrbpt) and complement fixation test (cft) were used as screening and confirmatory tests, respectively. spss 16 was used to analyze the overall preva ...201324344729
a transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, spain.the canary islands contain the most important dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the european union and are the main export point of dromedaries to continental europe and latin america. we investigated the presence of antibodies against relevant disease agents in 100 canarian camel sera. selected blood samples of the same animals were also tested by pcr. sera were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv; 0%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv; 0%), camelpox virus (c ...201323992795
middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in saudi arabia, 2010 to 2013.in saudi arabia, including regions of riyadh and al ahsa, pseudoparticle neutralisation (ppnt) and microneutralisation (mnt) tests detected no antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in sheep (n= 100), goats (n= 45), cattle (n= 50) and chickens (n= 240). dromedary camels however, had a high prevalence of mers-cov antibodies. bovine coronavirus (bcov) infected sera from cattle had no cross-reactivity in mers-cov ppnt or mnt, while many dromedary camels’ sera reacted ...201324342517
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study.a new betacoronavirus-middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)-has been identified in patients with severe acute respiratory infection. although related viruses infect bats, molecular clock analyses have been unable to identify direct ancestors of mers-cov. anecdotal exposure histories suggest that patients had been in contact with dromedary camels or goats. we investigated possible animal reservoirs of mers-cov by assessing specific serum antibodies in livestock.201323933067
spatial point pattern analyses of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in domestic livestock herds and concomitant seroprevalence in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in new york state, usa.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an economically important disease of domestic cattle that is capable of infecting cervids. a first step in the formulation of a regional bvdv management plan is a local assessment of the likelihood of pathogen transmission from wildlife to domestic livestock. to achieve this, blood samples were collected from hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) throughout new york state in the fall of 2009 and 2010. the svanovir bvdv p80-ab enzyme-lin ...201323512919
cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered domestic ruminants from tunisia.a total of 10,818 domestic ruminants (3913 cattle, 2722 sheep, 3779 goats, 404 dromedaries) slaughtered in various abattoirs in tunisia between 2003 and 2010 were examined for the presence of echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts. the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (ce) was 16.42% in sheep, 8.56% in cattle, 5.94% in dromedaries and 2.88% in goats. ce prevalence increased with age according to an asymptotic model and there was evidence of variation in infection pressure depending on the regi ...201322967724
recombinant λ bacteriophage displaying nanobody towards third domain of her-2 epitope inhibits proliferation of breast carcinoma skbr-3 cell line.phage display of many nanobodies via filamentous phage in combination with helper phage has been reported by many scientists. the aim of this study was to produce lambda (λ) bacteriophage displaying high-affinity nanobody against her-2 expressing breast carcinoma cells. bacteriophage λ is a temperate phage with inherent biological safety in mammalian cells. here we report the construction of a recombinant λ phage that efficiently expresses specific nanobody towards third domain of her-2 target o ...201323224340
first report on circulation of echinococcus ortleppi in the one humped camel (camelus dromedaries), sudan.echinococcus granulosus (eg) complex, the cause of cystic echinococcosis (ce), infects humans and several other animal species worldwide and hence the disease is of public health importance. ten genetic variants, or genotypes designated as (g1-g10), are distributed worldwide based on genetic diversity. the objective of this study was to provide some sequence data and phylogeny of eg isolates recovered from the sudanese one-humped camel (camelus dromedaries). fifty samples of hydatid cysts were c ...201323800362
viral infection modulation and neutralization by camelid nanobodies.lactococcal phages belong to a large family of siphoviridae and infect lactococcus lactis, a gram-positive bacterium used in commercial dairy fermentations. these phages are believed to recognize and bind specifically to pellicle polysaccharides covering the entire bacterium. the phage tp901-1 baseplate, located at the tip of the tail, harbors 18 trimeric receptor binding proteins (rbps) promoting adhesion to a specific lactococcal strain. phage tp901-1 adhesion does not require major conformati ...201323530214
characterization of fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from llama and alpaca.fusobacterium necrophorum, a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium, is an opportunistic animal and human pathogen that causes a variety of infections termed necrobacillosis. there are 2 subspecies of f. necrophorum (subsp. necrophorum and subsp. funduliforme) that differ morphologically and biochemically and in virulence. leukotoxin, a secreted protein, is considered to be the major virulence factor. in camelids, f. necrophorum causes a variety of infections, generally involving the lips, tongue, p ...201323780933
a novel nanobody against urease activity of helicobacter pylori.helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastritis and in some cases with gastric and duodenal ulcers, and even adenocarcinoma. antibiotic therapy has significant limitations, such as the high cost and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, generating the need for new treatments. the administration of antibody against h. pylori is a new effective therapeutic strategy. in this study, we successfully developed a single-variable domain of heavy chain antibody against recombinant ure ...201323561799
v(h)h (nanobody) directed against human glycophorin a: a tool for autologous red cell agglutination assays.the preparation of a v(h)h (nanobody) named ih4 that recognizes human glycophorin a (gpa) is described. ih4 was isolated by screening a library prepared from the lymphocytes of a dromedary immunized by human blood transfusion. phage display and panning against gpa as the immobilized antigen allowed isolating this v(h)h. ih4, representing 67% of the retrieved v(h)h sequences, was expressed as a soluble correctly folded protein in shuffle escherichia coli cells, routinely yielding approximately 10 ...201323541519
nanobody(r)-based chromatin immunoprecipitation/micro-array analysis for genome-wide identification of transcription factor dna binding sites.nanobodies® are single-domain antibody fragments derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies. because of their small size, straightforward production in escherichia coli, easy tailoring, high affinity, specificity, stability and solubility, nanobodies® have been exploited in various biotechnological applications. a major challenge in the post-genomics and post-proteomics era is the identification of regulatory networks involving nucleic acid-protein and protein-protein interactions. here, we app ...201323275538
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by is900-based pcr assays from an alpaca (vicugna pacos) kept in a german zoological garden.an alpaca (vicugna pacos) bred and kept in a german zoological garden exhibited clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis. the presence of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) was confirmed in feces and in the ileocecal lymph node (iln) by is900-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and culture. a bacterial burden of 7.6 x 10(6) map/g in feces and 4.4 x 10(7) map/g in lymph node tissue was determined by real-time pcr. for further characterization, a conventional pcr was d ...201323505723
mycobacterium bovis infections in domesticated non-bovine mammalian species. part 2: a review of diagnostic methods.despite the large host range of mycobacterium bovis, ante-mortem diagnostic tests for the infection mostly lack sensitivity/specificity and/or remain unvalidated in non-bovine species. the epidemiology and importance of m. bovis infection in these species are discussed in the first part of this two-part review. this second part focuses on the diagnostic options available to identify infected species such as sheep, goats, dogs, cats, and camelids, and highlights the significant challenges posed, ...201324135547
structural basis of the binding of fatty acids to peptidoglycan recognition protein, pgrp-s through second binding site.short peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp-s) is a member of the mammalian innate immune system. pgrp-s from camelus dromedarius (cpgrp-s) has been shown to bind to lipopolysaccharide (lps), lipoteichoic acid (lta) and peptidoglycan (pgn). its structure consists of four molecules a, b, c and d with ligand binding clefts situated at a-b and c-d contacts. it has been shown that lps, lta and pgn bind to cpgrp-s at c-d contact. the cleft at the a-b contact indicated features that suggested a poss ...201323149273
production, crystallization and x-ray diffraction analysis of two nanobodies against the duffy binding-like (dbl) domain dbl6ℇ-fcr3 of the plasmodium falciparum var2csa protein.the var2csa protein has been closely associated with pregnancy-associated malaria and is recognized as the main adhesin exposed on the surface of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. chondroitin sulfate a was identified as the main host receptor in the placenta. single-domain heavy-chain camelid antibodies, more commonly called nanobodies, were selected and produced against the dbl6ℇ-fcr3 domain of var2csa. crystals of two specific nanobodies, nb2907 and nb2919, identified as strong bind ...201323519802
design and selection of a camelid single-chain antibody yeast two-hybrid library produced de novo for the cap protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).nanobodies (or variable domain of the heavy chain of the heavy-chain antibodies, vhhs) are single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies. their comparatively small size, monomeric behavior, high stability, high solubility, and ability to bind epitopes inaccessible to conventional antibodies make them especially suitable for many therapeutic and biotechnological applications. in this paper, for the first time, we created the immunized camelus bactrianus vhh y ...201323469171
comparison of virokine from camel pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) with interleukin 10 of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).cellular interleukin-10 (il-10) gene from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the healthy dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) and viral il-10 (vil-10) from the skin scabs of the dromedary camels infected with contagious ecthyma (a parapoxviral infection in the camels) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned and characterized. sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame (orf) of dromedarian camel il-10 is 537 bp in length, encoding 178 amino acid polypeptide while o ...201323306428
molecular detection of rickettsia africae, rickettsia aeschlimannii, and rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae in camels and hyalomma spp. ticks from israel.in this study, we aimed to identify and genetically characterize spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in ticks, domestic one-humped camels, and horses from farms and bedouin communities in southern israel. a total of 618 ixodid ticks (hyalomma dromedarii, hyalomma turanicum, hyalomma excavatum, and hyalomma impeltatum) collected from camels and horses, as well as 152 blood samples from 148 camels and four horses were included in the study. initial screening for rickettsiae was carried out by ta ...201324107206
novel g10p[14] rotavirus strain, northern territory, australia.we identified a genotype g10p[14] rotavirus strain in 5 children and 1 adult with acute gastroenteritis from the northern territory, australia. full genome sequence analysis identified an artiodactyl-like (bovine, ovine, and camelid) g10-p[14]-i2-r2-c2-m2-a11-n2-t6-e2-h3 genome constellation. this finding suggests artiodactyl-to-human transmission and strengthens the need to continue rotavirus strain surveillance.201323876354
trypanosomiasis of camels (camelus dromedarius) in algeria: first report.camel trypanosomosis is a life-threatening disease in the camel species and responsible for severe economic losses either in milk or meat productions. this study was carried out on the south-east area of algeria on 100 camels of various ages and either sex from two herds. microscopic examination of blood smears revealed higher levels of trypanosomosis caused by trypanosoma evansi, an elongated parasite with a kinetoplast and a single nucleus located in its half-length and one flagellum with grea ...201325568684
genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of trypanosoma evansi in iranian dromedary camels.whole blood samples were collected from 117 male clinically healthy camelus dromedarius aged between 6 months to 18 years from several farms in yazd province of iran. trypanosoma evansi-affected camels were detected by giemsa-stained blood smears, and the positive blood samples (4 out of 117) were submitted to pcr examination and phylogenetic analysis. basic local alignment search tool data of the obtained complete internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences revealed that they corresponded to th ...201323007725
activation and allosteric modulation of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.despite recent advances in crystallography and the availability of g-protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) structures, little is known about the mechanism of their activation process, as only the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2ar) and rhodopsin have been crystallized in fully active conformations. here we report the structure of an agonist-bound, active state of the human m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stabilized by a g-protein mimetic camelid antibody fragment isolated by conformational selection us ...201324256733
performance evaluation of affinity ligands for depletion of abundant plasma proteins.human plasma is a commonly used diagnostic fluid in clinical chemistry. in-depth plasma proteomic analysis is performed to search for disease biomarkers, however the large dynamic range of protein abundance in plasma presents a substantial analytical challenge. removal of abundant plasma proteins using antibody capture approaches is a common and attractive means to reduce sample complexity and to aid the analysis of lower abundance proteins of interest. a novel class of heavy chain camelid-deriv ...201324090752
recombinant expression of trypanosome surface glycoproteins in pichia pastoris for the diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infection.serodiagnosis of surra, which causes vast economic losses in livestock, is still based on native antigens purified from bloodstream form trypanosoma (t.) evansi grown in rodents. to avoid the use of laboratory rodents in antigen preparation we expressed fragments of the invariant surface glycoprotein (isg) 75, cloned from t. brucei gambiense cdna, and the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) rotat 1.2, cloned from t. evansi gdna, recombinantly in pichia (p.) pastoris. the m5 strain of this yeast h ...201323747105
secretory phospholipase a2 in dromedary tears: a host defense against staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria.the best known physiologic function of secreted phospholipase a2 (spla2) group iia (spla2-iia) is defense against bacterial infection through hydrolytic degradation of bacterial membrane phospholipids. in fact, spla2-iia effectively kills gram-positive bacteria and to a lesser extent gram-negative bacteria and is considered a major component of the eye's innate immune defense system. the antibacterial properties of spla2 have been demonstrated in rabbit and human tears. in this report, we have a ...201323344945
genome sequences of two pathogenic streptococcus agalactiae isolates from the one-humped camel camelus dromedarius.streptococcus agalactiae causes a range of clinical syndromes in camels (camelus dromedarius). we report the genome sequences of two s. agalactiae isolates that induce abscesses in kenyan camels. these genomes provide novel data on the composition of the s. agalactiae "pan genome" and reveal the presence of multiple genomic islands.201323868134
genetic variation in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the beta-tubulin gene in whipworms (trichuris spp.) from a range of domestic animals and wildlife.a recurrent problem in the control of whipworm (trichuris spp.) infections in many animal species and man is the relatively low efficacy of treatment with a single application of benzimidazoles (bzs). the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in codons 167, 198 and 200 in the beta-tubulin gene has been associated with bz anthelmintic resistance in intestinal nematodes of veterinary importance. we hypothesized that the low susceptibility to bz could be related to a natural tolerance ...201323352105
proteomic characterization and cross species comparison of mammalian seminal plasma.seminal plasma contains a large protein component which has been implicated in the function, transit and survival of spermatozoa within the female reproductive tract. however, the identity of the majority of these proteins remains unknown and a direct comparison between the major domestic mammalian species has yet to be made. as such, the present study characterized and compared the seminal plasma proteomes of cattle, horse, sheep, pig, goat, camel and alpaca. gelc-ms/ms and shotgun proteomic an ...201323748023
comparison of activated chromatography resins for protein immobilization.the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (bsa) to an immobilized camelid-derived antibody fragment was investigated using six different activated resins, of which two are prototypes. the resins differed in base material, coupling chemistry and particle size. the adsorption, washing and desorption stage of the affinity chromatography process were taken into account. dynamic binding capacities at 10% breakthrough ranged between 0.76 and 4.8 mg bsa/ml resin. the washing volume ranged between 2.9 and ...201323471886
proteomics of the milk fat globule membrane from camelus dromedarius.camel milk has been widely characterized with regards to casein and whey proteins. however, in camelids, almost nothing is known about the milk fat globule membrane (mfgm), the membrane surrounding fat globules in milk. the purpose of this study was thus to identify mfgm proteins from camelus dromedarius milk. major mfgm proteins (namely, fatty acid synthase, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, lactadherin, and adipophilin) already evidenced in cow milk were identified in camel milk using ms. in add ...201323349047
molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiome in the forestomach fluid from the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).rumen microorganisms play an important role in ruminant digestion and absorption of nutrients and have great potential applications in the field of rumen adjusting, food fermentation and biomass utilization etc. in order to investigate the composition of microorganisms in the rumen of camel (camelus dromedarius), this study delves in the microbial diversity by culture-independent approach. it includes comparison of rumen samples investigated in the present study to other currently available meta ...201323277394
factors influencing embryo transfer success in alpacas: a retrospective study.embryo transfer offers great advantages to south american camelid farmers to reach their breeding goals but the technology still plays a relatively minor role in comparison to other domestic farm animals like cattle. the aim of the present study was to analyse a data set of 5547 single or multiple ovulation embryo transfers performed in commercial alpaca farms in australia to determine the factors that influence number and quality of embryos produced, embryo transfer success (percentage of crias ...201323141430
expression of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family in the epitheliochorial placenta of two camelidae species (c. dromedarius and c. bactrianus).this study describes placental morphology and immunolocalization of the placental pregnancy associated glycoprotein-like family (pags) identified in two selected taxa of old-world camels of the camelidae family: camelus dromedarius (cd) and camelus bactrianus (cb). placental tissues of cd from days 140-293 post-coitum (dpc), term (404 dpc); and of cb from term (440 dpc) were examined. histological staining (hematoxylin/eosin and propidium iodine) revealed the development of the placental structu ...201323498309
identification and isolation of stimulator of interferon genes (sting): an innate immune sensory and adaptor gene from camelids.the mechanism by which type i interferon-mediated antiviral response is mounted by hosts against invading pathogen is an intriguing one. of late, an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein encoded by a gene called stimulator of interferon genes (sting) is implicated in the innate signalling pathways and has been identified and cloned in few mammalian species including human, mouse and pig. in this article, we report the identification of sting from three different species of a highly conserv ...201323350682
molecular characterization and genetic variability at κ-casein gene (csn3) in camels.κ-casein is a glycosilated protein belonging to a family of phosphoproteins (αs1, β, αs2, κ) that represent the major protein component in mammalian milk. κ-casein plays an essential role in the casein micelle stabilization, determining the size and the specific function. in the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the whole κ-casein-encoding gene (csn3) plus 1045 nucleotides at the 5' flanking region in camelus dromedarius. the promoter ...201323154061
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in jordan, june to september 2013.between june and september 2013, sera from 11 dromedary camels, 150 goats, 126 sheep and 91 cows were collected in jordan, where the first human middle-east respiratory syndrome (mers) cluster appeared in 2012. all sera were tested for mers-coronavirus (mers-cov) specific antibodies by protein microarray with confirmation by virus neutralisation. neutralising antibodies were found in all camel sera while sera from goats and cattle tested negative. although six sheep sera reacted with mers-cov an ...201324342516
novel nsp4 genotype in a camel g10p[15] rotavirus strain.in this study a kuwaiti camel rotavirus strain, rva/camel-wt/kuw/s21/2010/g10p[15], is characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. the strain had multiple genes with high nucleotide sequence similarities to ovine and bovine strains (vp2, ≤ 96%; nsp2 and nsp5, ≤ 97%, nsp3, ≤ 94%), or, to porcine strains (vp1, ≤ 89%). other genes had moderate sequence similarities (vp4, ≤ 87%; vp6, ≤ 81%; vp7, ≤ 82%) with reference strains from ruminants. the nsp4 gene shared limited sequence identity ( ...201222982644
cloning, phylogenetic analysis and 3d modeling of a putative lysosomal acid lipase from the camel, camelus dromedarius.acid lipase belongs to a family of enzymes that is mainly present in lysosomes of different organs and the stomach. it is characterized by its capacity to withstand acidic conditions while maintaining high lipolytic activity. we cloned for the first time the full coding sequence of camel's lysosomal acid lipase, clipa using rt-pcr technique (genbank accession numbers jf803951 and aeg75815, for the nucleotide and aminoacid sequences respectively). the cdna sequencing revealed an open reading fram ...201222936112
a synthetic protein g adsorbent based on the multi-component ugi reaction for the purification of mammalian immunoglobulins.numerous efforts have been devoted to develop synthetic affinity ligands mimicking natural immunoglobulin-binding proteins, such as proteins a and l, in order to overcome intrinsic drawbacks involving their high cost and acidic ph elution. however, few reports have focused on a protein g mimic. this work describes the use of the solid phase multi-component ugi reaction to generate a low cost, rationally designed, affinity ligand to mimic protein g for the purification of mammalian immunoglobulin ...201222575289
characterization and enzyme-conjugation of a specific anti-l1 nanobody.persistent infection of the human papillomaviruses (hpv) has been shown to result in cervical cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia. early detection and screening programs are essential strategies against cervical cancer. a nanobody is the smallest antigen-binding fragment known and is derived from a camelid heavy-chain antibody. this tiny protein shows high solubility and stability. it can be produced cost-effectively with high yield production. in this study, we enriched a nanobody library agai ...201222963491
effect of feeding different proportions of groundnut haulms (arachis hypogaea) and cluster bean straw (cyamopsis tetragonoloba) on nutrient utilisation and serum biochemical parameters in dromedary camels.the effect of feeding different proportions of groundnut haulms (arachis hypogaea) and cluster bean straw (cyamopsis tetragonoloba) on nutrient digestibility, nutritive value, nutrient intake and serum biochemical parameters was studied using nine male dromedary camels of bikaneri breeds (637.5 kg average body weight; 8-9 years of age). groundnut haulms (gnh) and cluster bean straw (cbs) were fed in one of three ratios, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in treatments t(1), t(2) and t(3), respectively. in a ...201222476733
cross-sectional study on prevalence of trypanosoma evansi infection in domestic ruminants in an endemic area of the canary islands (spain).trypanosoma evansi is the most widely spread of the pathogenic african trypanosomes of animals. the disease (surra) was first diagnosed in the canary islands in a dromedary camel in 1997; thus, a control plan was implemented achieving the eventual eradication of t. evansi from most of the infected areas in the archipelago. however, a little area remains still infected despite the use of the same control measures. to evaluate possible reservoirs in the area a representative sample of domestic rum ...201222386739
first detection of rickettsia aeschlimannii in hyalomma dromedarii ticks from tunisia.tick-borne rickettsioses have long been described in north africa. these human diseases and their causative agents occur in several countries in this region, including mauritania, morocco, algeria, tunisia, libya, and egypt. in tunisia, the first described and most well-known rickettsiosis is mediterranean spotted fever, which is caused by rickettsia conorii conorii. cases of r. aeschlimannii infections have been documented by serology, but the agent has never actually been detected in patients ...201223182544
rickettsia africae in hyalomma dromedarii ticks from sub-saharan algeria.spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses are caused by obligate, intracellular gram-negative bacteria of the genus rickettsia. in recent years, several species and subspecies of rickettsias have been identified as emerging pathogens throughout the world, including sub-saharan africa. we report here the detection of rickettsia africae, the agent responsible for african tick-bite fever, by amplification of fragments of glta and ompa genes and multi-spacer typing from hyalomma dromedarii ticks colle ...201223164496
genome-wide analysis of the emerging infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the arabian camels (camelus dromedarius).mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. ap) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis or johne's disease (jd) in herbivores with potential involvement in cases of crohn's disease in humans. jd is spread worldwide and is economically important for both beef and dairy industries. generally, pathogenic ovine strains (m. ap-s) are mainly found in sheep while bovine strains (m. ap-c) infect other ruminants (e.g. cattle, goat, deer), as well as sheep. in an effort to characterize this eme ...201222393374
prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)- and cmy-2-producing escherichia coli isolates from healthy food-producing animals in tunisia.the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)- and plasmidic ampc-beta-lactamase (pampc-bl)-producing escherichia coli isolates has been studied in food-producing animals at the farm level in tunisia, and recovered isolates were characterized for the presence of other resistance genes and integrons. eighty fecal samples of food-producing animals (23 sheep, 22 chickens, 22 cattle, six horses, five rabbits, and two dromedaries) were obtained from 35 different farms in tunisia in 2011. ...201223194332
molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression in escherichia coli of camelus dromedarius glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase cdna.this study determined the full length sequence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase cdna (g6pd) from the arabian camel camelus dromedarius using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. the c. dromedarius g6pd has an open reading frame of 1545 bp, and the cdna encodes a protein of 515 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 59.0 kda. the amino acid sequence showed the highest identity with equus caballus (92%) and homo sapiens (92%). the g6pd cdna was cloned and expressed into esc ...201222538316
translational fusion and redirection to thylakoid lumen as strategies to improve the accumulation of a camelid antibody fragment in transplastomic tobacco.fragments from camelid single-chain antibodies known as vhhs or nanobodies represent a valuable tool in diagnostics, investigation and passive immunity therapy. here, we explored different strategies to improve the accumulation of a neutralizing vhh antibody against rotavirus in tobacco transplastomic plants. first, we attempted to express the vhh in the chloroplast stroma and then two alternative strategies were carried out to improve the expression levels: expression as a translational fusion ...201222526499
structural basis of heparin binding to camel peptidoglycan recognition protein-s.short peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp-s) is a member of the innate immunity system in mammals. pgrp-s from camelus dromedarius (cpgrp-s) is found to be highly potent against bacterial infections. it is capable of binding to a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) including lipopolysaccharide (lps), lipoteichoic acid (lta) and peptidoglycan (pgn). the heparin-like polysaccharides have also been observed in some bacteria such as the capsule of k5 escherichia coli thu ...201222509483
retraction notice to "detection and genotyping of gb virus-c in dromedary camels in the united arab emirates" [vet. microbiol. 147 (2011) 226-230]. 201222489308
direct and dynamic detection of hiv-1 in living cells.in basic and applied hiv research, reliable detection of viral components is crucial to monitor progression of infection. while it is routine to detect structural viral proteins in vitro for diagnostic purposes, it previously remained impossible to directly and dynamically visualize hiv in living cells without genetic modification of the virus. here, we describe a novel fluorescent biosensor to dynamically trace hiv-1 morphogenesis in living cells. we generated a camelid single domain antibody t ...201223209635
ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedarius): the role of chlamydophila abortus and a trial for medical treatment.the occurrence of chlamydophila abortus in female camels affected with ovarian hydrobursitis and a trial for medical treatment were studied. a total of 111 cases were included in two experiments. in experiment 1, sera from 51 affected cases were tested for c. abortus antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in experiment 2, 60 female camels affected with bilateral ovarian hydrobursitis were divided into treated and control groups (n = 30 each). based on the bursal diameter, fema ...201222365697
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis liver abscess in a mature alpaca (lama pacos).a mature female alpaca was evaluated for weight loss and a 10-day history of anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal distension, and ventral edema. ultrasonography revealed a hepatic mass, culture of which identified corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. this is the first reported case of an internal caseous lymphadenitis lesion resulting in clinical disease in a camelid.201223024384
cellulolytic bacteria in the foregut of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).foregut digesta from five feral dromedary camels were inoculated into three different enrichment media: cotton thread, filter paper, and neutral detergent fiber. a total of 283 16s rrna gene sequences were assigned to 33 operational taxonomic units by using 99% species-level identity. libshuff revealed significant differences in the community composition across all three libraries.201223042173
in vitro antibacterial effects of five volatile oil extracts against intramacrophage brucella abortus 544.brucellaabortus is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that can cause a highly contagious disease in sheep, goats, cattle and one-humped camels. it is responsible for one of the most important zoonosis in human. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mentha piperita, origanum majorana, citrus lemon, cinnamomum verum and myristica fragrans essential volatile oil extracts on human macrophages infected by b. abortus 544.201223115441
a novel strategy for development of recombinant antitoxin therapeutics tested in a mouse botulism model.antitoxins are needed that can be produced economically with improved safety and shelf life compared to conventional antisera-based therapeutics. here we report a practical strategy for development of simple antitoxin therapeutics with substantial advantages over currently available treatments. the therapeutic strategy employs a single recombinant 'targeting agent' that binds a toxin at two unique sites and a 'clearing ab' that binds two epitopes present on each targeting agent. co-administratio ...201222238680
emerging viral diseases in dromedary camels in the southern morocco*during the last fifteen years, new viral diseases such bluetongue (bt), west nile (wn), african horse sickness (ahs), epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) and peste des petits ruminants (ppr) have extended their geographic distribution and emerged in north africa and in europe. camel (camelus dromedarius) is considered as a potential vector in the transmission of some of these diseases while it is host-specific for camelpox (cp). a serological survey was conducted on 1392 sera to estimate changes ...201222222004
increased pouch sizes and resulting changes in the amounts of nicotine and tobacco-specific n-nitrosamines in single pouches of camel snus and marlboro snus.introduction: initial analyses of the novel smokeless tobacco products camel snus and marlboro snus demonstrated that these products contain relatively low amounts of nicotine and the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines n'-nitrosonornicotine (nnn) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (nnk), as compared with traditional smokeless products. it is unknown whether the modifications in packaging, flavors, and pouch sizes that occurred for both camel snus and marlboro snus since t ...201222259150
antibodies in sera from camels (camelus dromedarius) in western and sothren regions of central province, saudi arabia.the study evaluated the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic camels in western and southern regions of central province of saudi arabia. in total, 713 serum samples from clinically healthy camels were analyzed for anti-t. gondii antibodies using the latex agglutination test (lat). antibodies to t. gondii were found in 94 (13.1%) camels. the number of seropositive in al-quwayiyah region (16.9%) was considerably higher than in other regions. however, the differences in seroprevalence be ...201223469639
ultrasonography of the liver and kidneys of healthy camels (camelus dromedarius).this study describes the ultrasonography of the liver and kidneys of healthy camels (camelus dromedarius). images of the liver were obtained from the 11th to 5th intercostal spaces (icss). the distance between the dorsal liver margin and the midline of the back was shortest (39.1 ± 7.4 cm) at the 11th ics and increased cranially to 5th ics. the size of the liver was largest at the 9th ics and smallest at the 5th ics. in 6 camels the right kidney was visualized from the 10th and 11th icss and upp ...201223729824
foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review.foot and mouth disease (fmd) remains the most important animal disease. the fmd virus is highly contagious and occurs almost exclusively among cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, bactrian camels and swine. old world camels (owcs) and new world camels (nwcs) inhabit fmd-endemic countries in south america, north and east africa, and the middle and far east. results of experimental infection of owcs with the virus, and several clinical observations from the field over a century, con ...201223520744
Identification of meat species by PCR-RFLP of the mitochondrial COI gene.Meat authenticity verification is pertinent for economical, religious or public health concerns. The present study investigates the use of PCR-RFLP of a part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene for identification of species origin of raw meat samples of cow, chicken, turkey, sheep, pig, buffalo, camel and donkey. PCR yielded a 710-bp fragment in all species. The amplicons were digested with seven restriction endonucleases (Hind II, Ava II, Rsa I, Taq I, Hpa II, Tru 1I ...201221996288
Cloning and polymorphism analysis of prion protein gene in domestic bactrian camel in China.Up to now, little is known about the prion protein gene (PRNP) of domestic bactrian camels, and no polymorphisms of the bactrian camel PRNP have been analyzed or reported. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the PRNP sequences of 89 domestic bactrian camels. The results showed that the amino acid sequence of bactrian camel PrP starts with the consensus sequence MVKSH, with almost identical amino acid sequence to the PrP of dromedary camels. A four octapeptide PHGGGWGQ repeat region follows a n ...201222019430
molecular cloning, characterization and predicted structure of a putative copper-zinc sod from the camel, camelus dromedarius.superoxide dismutase (sod) is the first line of defense against oxidative stress induced by endogenous and/or exogenous factors and thus helps in maintaining the cellular integrity. its activity is related to many diseases; so, it is of importance to study the structure and expression of sod gene in an animal naturally exposed most of its life to the direct sunlight as a cause of oxidative stress. arabian camel (one humped camel, camelus dromedarius) is adapted to the widely varying desert clima ...201222312292
molecular cloning and 3d structure modeling of apex1, dna base excision repair enzyme from the camel, camelus dromedarius.the domesticated one-humped camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian desert. it is exposed most of its life to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that are known to cause gross dna alterations in many organisms. ionic radiation and sunlight are known producers of reactive oxygen species (ros), one of the causes for dna lesions. the damaged dna is repaired by many enzymes, among of them base excision repair enzymes, producing the highly mutagenic ...201222942721
subclinical anaplasmosis in camel (camelus dromedarius) and its successful therapeutic management.on the indian sub continent, dromedarian camel -'the ship of the desert' is an important constituent of the socio economic life style of nomadic owners in the semi arid to arid ecosystems. the animal suffers from a few parasitic diseases viz. surra, coccidiosis, sarcocystis, gastro intestinal concurrent metazoan infections, mange, nasal bots and ticks infestations. however, anaplasmosis in camel has not been reported so far from the indian subcontinent. systematic investigations of a 7 year male ...201224808644
bluetongue virus genetic and phenotypic diversity: towards identifying the molecular determinants that influence virulence and transmission potential.bluetongue virus (btv) is the prototype member of the orbivirus genus in the family reoviridae and is the aetiological agent of the arthropod transmitted disease bluetongue (bt) that affects both ruminant and camelid species. the disease is of significant global importance due to its economic impact and effect on animal welfare. bluetongue virus, a dsrna virus, evolves through a process of quasispecies evolution that is driven by genetic drift and shift as well as intragenic recombination. quasi ...201222835527
development of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of eimeria macusaniensis in camel id feces.objective-to test the ability of a nested pcr assay to detect eimeria macusaniensis at various stages of infection in alpacas. animals-4 healthy adult alpacas with no detectable e macusaniensis. procedures-alpacas were inoculated with 2 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts. serial fecal samples collected during the next 38 days were tested via sucrose flotation and pcr assay. results-oocyst passage was detected via fecal flotation in all 4 alpacas 31 to 35 days after inoculation. three had positive ...201222204283
Purification and biochemical characterization of an organic-solvent-tolerant thioredoxin from dromedary pancreas.We purified to homogeneity and characterized a heat stable thioredoxin which catalyzes thiol/disulfide exchange reaction, for the first time from dromedary pancreas. The purification involved heat and acidic treatment (90 °C; pH 2.5), precipitation by ammonium sulphate and ethanol, respectively followed by sequential column chromatography reverse HPLC column, and it resulted in an apparently pure protein after a 217-fold purification with a final yield of 55% of the initial thioredoxin activity. ...201222081312
Morphometric differentiation between camel and sheep strains of Echinococcus granulosus using computer image analysis system (CIAS).To find importance of morphometric criterion of larval rostellar hook of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) and the easy and reliable method for distinguish sheep and camel strains in epidemiologic studies.201222182645
adaptation of camelus dromedarius pars nervosa of the hypophysis to winter and summer living conditions.the aim of this work is to study the characteristics of the dromedary nervous lobe and determine how the seasons condition its organization. to this end, electron microscopy was performed and examined quantitatively on animals from winter and summer periods. the results show a higher number of cells in the nervous lobe in summer than in winter. the most abundant glial elements in winter are light pituicytes engulfing neurosecretory nerve fibers making neuroglial contact, and dark pituicytes cont ...201222763958
immunization against gnrh in the male camel (camelus dromedarius): effects on sexual behavior, testicular volume, semen characteristics and serum testosterone concentrations.the effect of immunization against gonadotrophin releasing hormone (gnrh) on sexual behavior, total scrotal size, semen characteristics and serum concentrations of testosterone, was evaluated for 24 wks in sexually mature camels (camelus dromedarius). eight bull camels were randomly divided into a treatment and control group. four male camels were immunized using 2 mg gnrh - tandem-dimer conjugated to ovalbumin, (pepscan systems, the netherlands) administered subcutaneously, 4 wks apart. control ...201222763075
effect of progesterone from induced corpus luteum on the characteristics of a dominant follicle in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).the present study was carried out to elucidate the effect of progesterone (p4) from the induced corpus luteum (cl) on the characteristics of the dominant follicle (df) in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). ovarian follicular and induced cl dynamics were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography in eight camels during the peak breeding season. the characteristics of the df were monitored daily from the day of emergence into a wave, until it appeared to lose its dominance and the df of a subse ...201222727034
fertility after ovarian follicular wave synchronization and fixed-time natural mating compared to random natural mating in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).the objective of the study was to compare the efficiency of two ovarian follicular wave synchronization protocols coupled with fixed-time natural mating with that of random mating in dromedary camels. dromedaries were assigned randomly to one of the three treatment groups. group 1 animals (rm; n = 46) were mated randomly. group 2 camels (1×gnrh-ftm; n = 46) were given a gnrh analog (buserelin, 20 μg/animal, i.v.; receptal, intervet, holland) at random, then were mated 14 days later. in group 3 a ...201222683027
diagnosis and surgical treatment of an intracranial cyst in an alpaca cria.a 7-day-old female alpaca was examined because of an acute onset of diffuse central neurologic deficits.201222657935
molecular imprint of enzyme active site by camel nanobodies: rapid and efficient approach to produce abzymes with alliinase activity.screening of inhibitory ab1 antibodies is a critical step for producing catalytic antibodies in the anti-idiotypic approach. however, the incompatible surface of the active site of the enzyme and the antigen-binding site of heterotetrameric conventional antibodies become the limiting step. because camelid-derived nanobodies possess the potential to preferentially bind to the active site of enzymes due to their small size and long cdr3, we have developed a novel approach to produce antibodies wit ...201222374998
prevalence of cryptosporidium-like infection in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) of northwestern iran.cryptosporidium is a ubiquitous enteropathogen protozoan infection affecting livestock worldwide. the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in different age groups of dromedary camels in northwestern iran from november 2009 to july 2010. a total number of 170 fecal samples were collected and examined using modified ziehl-neelsen (mzn) staining under light microscope. examination of stained fecal smears revealed that 17 camels (10%) were positive f ...201222314242
oxidative stress and trace elements in camel (camelus dromedarius) with liver cystic echinococcosis.status of certain oxidative stress indices and zinc, copper and iron concentrations in blood were estimated in camel with liver cystic echinococcosis. in comparison to healthy control, the index of serum lipid peroxidation assessed by the malondialdehyde (mda) level was significantly higher in the parasitized group. however, mean serum total antioxidant status (tas) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (gpx) were significantly lower in the parasitized group. serum zinc concentration in camels ...201222293149
single domain antibodies: a new concept for epidermal growth factor receptor and egfrviii targeting.epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) is one of the major molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. egfr and egfrviii, mutated form of egfr, have been identified as participating in pathogenesis of some forms of human cancers. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting egfr/egfrviii have been shown to suppress the signal transduction pathways controlling tumor cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. until now, different types of mabs or antibody fragments against egfr family have been ...201222277093
surgical replacement of iatrogenically prolapsed penis in a dromedary camel.prolapse of the penis through an iatrogenic incision on the right side of the preputial base in a five year old dromedary camel was handled surgically and the organ was successfully replaced into the preputial cavity. the condition occurred as a result of draining an abscess at the base of the prepuce by a quack about eight months earlier. the reason to report this case lies in its peculiarity that although the penis remained outside the preputial cavity for about eight months exposed to the ext ...201226623303
castration of dromedary camel through prescrotal midline incision.a total of 165 camels of different ages were castrated through a small, prescrotal midline incision between january, 2010 and december, 2011. the incision was closed with one interrupted, horizontal mattress suture using usp-2 chromic catgut. in 14/165 animals (8.5%) postoperative infection (sepsis) developed, which healed in two to three weeks after open wound management. the remaining 151 animals had an uneventful recovery, but a slight edematous swelling of the scrotum was observed in 8 of th ...201226623301
rare congenital absence of tail (anury) and anus (atresia ani) in male camel (camelus dromedarius) calf.a one-day old male camel calf was presented to the al-qattara veterinary hospital with complaints of abdominal straining and lack of defecation. on examination it was found that the calf had no tail, the posterior sacral margin was blunt and the anal opening was absent. the case was diagnosed as congenital anury with atresia ani. the animal was sedated with 0.1 mg/kg of xylazine administered intramuscularly and under local infiltration with 2% lidocaine a circular incision was made at the anal a ...201226623295
ankyloglossia and its surgical correction by frenuloplasty in a she-camel calf (camelus dromedarius).a rare case of ankyloglossia in a one-humped camel and its successful surgical correction by horizontal to vertical frenuloplasty is reported. seven-month-old she-camel calf, with a history of excessive salivation and inability to chew and swallow hay, was referred to al qattara veterinary hospital. solid food was regurgitated, whereas milk and water could be swallowed. on examination; the animal could not protrude its tongue which was attached by a thin tissue band between the ventral surface o ...201226623287
investigation of the osteometry of the skull of the one-humped camels. part ii: sex dimorphism and geographical variations in adults.sexual dimorphism in the skull of different species has been of importance in archaeological, forensic and anatomical studies; also, a variation in phenotypic and genetic traits across geographic space is a recurring phenomenon in biological species. this study investigated 10 adult camels from each of three geographical locations in northern nigeria, for sex- and location-based variations in the skulls. in one location, male skulls had greater absolute osteometric values but there were no signi ...201222893998
osteometry of the skull of one-humped camels. part i: immature animals.the aim of this study was to investigate osteometric indices of immature camels (2-3 years old) in nigeria. the cranial length, viscerocranial length, maximum zygomatic width, neurocranial volume, skull and facial index for females and males were 22.1 cm and 22.3 cm; 16.3 cm and 16.7 cm; 15.8 cm and 16.1 cm; 479 ml and 496 ml; 40.9 and 41.3, and 96.4 and 96.2 respectively. the mean orbital horizontal and vertical diameters of young camels were similar to each other giving a near complete circula ...201222893997
use of the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) for comparing apoptotic effect of conventional antibodies versus nanobodies.the large molecular size of antibodies is considered one major factor preventing them from becoming more efficient therapeutically. it is well established that all camelids have unique antibodies circulating in their blood called heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs). unlike antibodies from other species, these hcabs contain a single variable domain and two constant domains (ch2 and ch3). hcabs are a novel type of immunoglobulin-like, antigen binding protein with beneficial pharmacokinetic properties t ...201223960797
adaptive functional specialisation of architectural design and fibre type characteristics in agonist shoulder flexor muscles of the llama, lama glama.like other camelids, llamas (lama glama) have the natural ability to pace (moving ipsilateral limbs in near synchronicity). but unlike the old world camelids (bactrian and dromedary camels), they are well adapted for pacing at slower or moderate speeds in high-altitude habitats, having been described as good climbers and used as pack animals for centuries. in order to gain insight into skeletal muscle design and to ascertain its relationship with the llama's characteristic locomotor behaviour, t ...201222625659
responses to dehydration in the one-humped camel and effects of blocking the renin-angiotensin system.our objectives were to compare the levels of circulating electrolytes, hormones, and renal function during 20 days of dehydration in camels versus the level in non-dehydrated camels and to record the effect of blocking angiotensin ii at1 receptors with losartan during dehydration. dehydration induced significant increments in serum sodium, creatinine, urea, a substantial fall in body weight, and a doubling in plasma arginine vasopressin (avp) levels. plasma aldosterone, however, was unaltered co ...201222624009
studies on dentition and oral disorders of camels in maiduguri abattoir, borno state, nigeria.camelus dromedarius dental disorders were surveyed using abattoir samples from maiduguri, nigeria. a total of 313 heads, were randomly examined. the age and sex of the heads were estimated using standard methods and disorders were observed following the split of the oral commissure. heads with multiple disorders were counted once and of 313 heads, 114 (41.67 %) and 199 (58.33 %) were males and females, respectively. heads aged <5 years was 18.21 %; 5-10 years, 44.41 %; and >15 years was 37.38 %. ...201222573007
recombinant iga production: single step affinity purification using camelid ligands and product characterization.immunoglobulins of isotype a (iga) mediate a key role in mucosal immunity and are promising new immunotherapeutic candidates, but difficulties in obtaining enough material often hamper their in vivo exploration. we established recombinant chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells which stably expressed two iga1 antibodies under serum-free conditions. the two cell lines achieved significantly different specific productivities of 16 pg per cell and day and 100 times less, a common phenomenon in recombinan ...201222570865
computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of the temporomandibular joint in two normal camels.computed tomography (ct) and magnetic resonance (mr) image features of the temporomandibular joint (tmj) and associated structures in two mature dromedary camels were obtained with a third-generation equipment ct and a superconducting magnet rm at 1.5 tesla. images were acquired in sagittal and transverse planes. medical imaging processing with imaging software was applied to obtain postprocessing ct and mr images. relevant anatomic structures were identified and labelled. the resulting images p ...201222567308
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