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trypanosome-induced suppression of responses to trichinella spiralis in vaccinated mice.mice vaccinated against the gastro-intestinal (gi) nematode trichinella spiralis by injection of muscle larval homogenate antigen express a strong immunity to subsequent infection, reflected in earlier expulsion of adult worms from the intestine and reduced female worm fecundity. infection with trypanosoma brucei at the time of vaccination, or at the time of infection with t. spiralis, significantly reduced the level of immunity expressed, the effect being greatest when vaccination and t. brucei ...199910501612
identification of trichinella isolates by polymerase chain reaction--restriction fragment length polymorphism of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i gene.we developed a polymerase chain reaction based approach using restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i to identify nine genotypes (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi-european strains, trichinella britovi-japanese strains, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni, trichinella t5, trichinella t6, trichinella t8 and trichinella pseudospiralis) in the genus trichinella. partial mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i genes of nine genot ...199910501621
predilection sites of trichinella spiralis larvae in naturally infected horses.a total of 120 muscle tissues from three horses naturally infected with trichinella spiralis were examined. the head was the most infected site. in particular, the muscles harbouring the highest number of larvae were: musculus buccinator (12, 411 and 1183 larvae g-1), the tongue (11, 615 and 1749 larvae g-1), m. levator labii maxillaris (17,582 and 1676 larvae g-1), and the masseter (4.9, 289 and 821 larvae g-1). compared with the diaphragm, the number of larvae per gram was from 3.5 to 6.8 time ...199910526416
influence of infection intensity on predilection sites in swine trichinellosis.the muscular distribution of trichinella spiralis or t. britovi was studied by digestion in 59 experimentally infected pigs and seven wild boars. crus muscle was the predilection site in 89.3% of 28 heavily infected swine with 146-3634 larvae per gram (lpg), but in 51.6% of middle to light infections (0.005-59 lpg) the basis of the tongue showed higher larval densities than the crus muscle. the basis of the tongue was also the predilection site in 71.4% of wild boars. highest counts in other mus ...199910526418
cd4 t cells and major histocompatibility complex class ii expression influence worm expulsion and increased intestinal muscle contraction during trichinella spiralis infection.expulsion of intestinal nematode parasites and the associated increased contraction by intestinal muscle are t cell dependent, since both are attenuated in athymic rodents. the cd4 t-cell subset has been strongly associated with worm expulsion; however, the relationship between these cells, antigen presentation, and worm expulsion is not definitive and the role of these factors in intestinal muscle hypercontractility has not been defined. we infected c57bl/6, athymic, cd4-deficient, cd8alpha-def ...199910531271
modulation by anapsos (polypodium leucotomos extract) of the antibody responses against the nematode parasite trichinella spiralis.the immunomodulant effects of anapsos, an extract of the naturally occurring fern polypodium leucotomos was assessed in balb/c mice immunized with a crude soluble extract (cse) of trichinella spiralis l1 larvae. treatment from day 10 to 1 prior to immunization caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in total antibody levels (igg + m) that was evident from week 2 onwards. suppression of the igg1 response was transient, as serum levels were significantly (p < 0. 01) decreased in treated animals ...199910548747
helminthic food-borne infections.the importance of food-borne helminthic infections is not well recognized and has not received the same attention as food-borne bacterial infections. poverty, overpopulation, and cultural practices contribute to conditions that maintain food-borne helminthic infections. the development of better means of transportation and the ease of reaching otherwise inaccessible markets have increased significantly our risk of coming in contact with food containing infectious organisms. the education of indu ...199910549430
gut intraepithelial lymphocytes and immunity to coccidia.little is known about the physiological functions of the intra-epithelial lymphocytes (iels) of mucosal tissues, including their role in immunity to infection. most iels are t cells, but their surface phenotype and activation characteristics are different from those of peripheral t cells. here, vincent mcdonald outlines the distinctive features of iels and presents evidence, particularly from studies of coccidia, that these cells have an important role in the control of intracellular infection a ...199910557148
role of steroid hormones in trichinella spiralis infection among voles.males are generally more susceptible to parasite infection than females. this sex difference may reflect the suppressive effects of testosterone and enhancing effects of estradiol on immune function. this study characterized the role of circulating steroid hormones in sex differences after infection with the nematode trichinella spiralis. because testosterone suppresses immune function and because polygynous males have higher circulating testosterone concentrations than monogamous males, sex dif ...199910564208
trichinosis outbreak after ingestion of barbecued badger. 199910575152
in vitro stress response to elevated temperature, hydrogen peroxide and mebendazole in trichinella spiralis muscle larvae.three stimuli, elevated temperature, hydrogen peroxide and mebendazole, were compared for their ability to induce heat-shock responses in trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (l1). in vitro effectiveness of each 'stressor' was evaluated by viability score, protein content and levels of hsp90, hsp70 and hsp60. detection of the respective heat-shock proteins was done by western blotting and the heat-shock proteins and quantitation of the immunoblots by image analysis. exposure of l1 to elevated temp ...199910579433
human trichinellosis in sourthern spain: serologic and epidemiologic study.an outbreak of trichinellosis caused by wild boar meat occurred in the iruela (jaen) in southern spain in february 1996. thirty-five people were diagnosed on the basis of epidemiologic data, but only 24 patients agreed to participate in this study. twenty-three (96%) had symptoms suggestive of trichinellosis. immunofluorescent and western blot test results for trichinellosis were positive in 18 persons, and 15 had circulating trichinella spiralis antigens. these findings suggest that results of ...199910586921
evaluation of albendazole prodrugs in experimental trichinellosis.two albendazole (abz) prodrugs, n-methoxycarbonyl-n'-[(2-nitro-4-propylthio) phenyl] thiourea (compound 2), and n-methoxycarbonyl-n'-[(2-nitro-5-propylthio) phenyl] thiourea (compound 3) have recently been synthesized. these compounds showed greater solubility than abz itself.199910596455
the distribution of excretory/secretory antigens during the muscle phase of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis infections.the in situ distribution of excretory/secretory (es) antigens of the infective-stage larvae of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis was compared at various periods of development by immunofluorescent laser confocal microscopy and the immunoperoxidase method. in the former infection, epitopes of the es antigens were always confined exclusively within the nurse cell, i.e., in the cytoplasmic region, hypertrophic nuclei, stichocytes, and cuticular surface of worms. in the latter infection, as ...199910599922
establishment and growth of trichinella muscle larvae in iron supplemented mice. 199910605134
trichinella spiralis: proteinases in the larvae.under in vitro conditions, muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis secreted minute amounts of a cysteine proteinase into the outer environment from the stichosome. the proteinase hydrolyzed azocoll at ph 5.0 but not a number of synthetic n-blocked and n-unsubstituted proteinase substrates at this ph. the reducing compound dithioerythritol enhanced the enzyme activity, but the thiol-blocking reagent sodium-p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (0.1 mm) was without effect. phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (pmsf) (2 ...19999950228
trichinella spiralis: in vitro cytotoxicity of peritoneal cells against synchronous newborn larvae of different age.two different immune sera obtained from mice infected with muscle larvae (ml) of trichinella spiralis (oral infection) or injected with 20-h-old newborn larvae (nbl) via retro-orbital venous plexus (intraocular injection) were compared in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity test. four synchronous stages of nbl, 0-2 h old, 22 24 h old, 46-48 h old and 6 days old (snbl) were used to study susceptibility of larvae to the cytotoxic reaction of peritoneal cells. peritoneal cells adhered to and d ...19999950229
detection of trichinella infection in slaughter horses by elisa and western blot analysis.in order to determine the presence of trichinella infections in horses slaughtered at an abattoir in mexico, 147 serum samples were examined by two immunoenzymatic methods. specific antibodies were detected by elisa in 7% of the serum samples at a dilution 1:400 and in 10% at lower dilutions (1:20, 1:40) using trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) excretory/secretory (e/s) products. serum samples from four naturally infected horses (confirmed by direct methods) gave negative o.d. values in an ...19999950329
seroprevalence of trichinella infection in domestic swine based on the national animal health monitoring system's 1990 and 1995 swine surveys.swine sera collected by the us department of agriculture's center for animal health monitoring during 1990 and 1995 was tested for antibodies to trichinella spiralis using an enzyme immunoassay. from a total of 3048 sera collected from lactating sows in 1990, five sera tested positive for a prevalence of 0.16%. from a total of 7987 sera collected from both finishing pigs and gestating sows in 1995, one serum was positive for a prevalence of 0.013%. responses to questionnaires administered at the ...19999950336
enhancement of resistance in mice treated with lactobacillus casei: effect on trichinella spiralis infection.the ability of viable lactobacillus casei, administered by an intraperitoneal route, to induce resistance in mice against trichinella spiralis infection was tested. the percent reduction of adult worms in the intestine 5 days after t. spiralis infection observed in l. casei-treated animals, compared with those of the control group, fluctuated between 70.9 and 88.5%; reductions of larvae per gram of muscle tissue, evaluated at 30 days after infection, varied from 46.6 to 84.4% in l. casei-treated ...19999950348
[antibodies against trichinella spiralis in the rural population of the province of cordillera, bolivia].a seroepidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to trichinella spiralis among rural residents of cordillera province, santa cruz department, bolivia. using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), 234 serum samples were examined, and antibodies were detected in seven of the samples (3%). the results document for the first time the presence of human infestation with trichinella in bolivia and suggest the need to strengthen trichinelosis surveillance in th ...199910079742
characterization of endonuclease activity from excretory/secretory products of a parasitic nematode, trichinella spiralis.double-stranded endonuclease activity was demonstrated for the first time in the excretory/secretory (es) products of a parasitic nematode, trichinella spiralis, which can reorganize host muscle cells. the endonuclease introduced double-stranded breaks to the native dna. the es double-stranded endonuclease(s) was sequence nonspecific, with a ph optimum below 6, and required divalent cations as a cofactor. its activity was inhibited by the zn2+ ion. it was detected mainly in the es products of th ...199910095784
trichinella spiralis: the infectivity of synchronous newborn larvae of different ages inoculated intraocularly.trichinella spiralis infection results in the transformation of muscle cells into a new, non-muscular cell called the nurse cell, and the nurse cell-muscle larva complex is finally created. to investigate whether t. spiralis infectivity is nbl age-dependent, five groups of synchronous newborn larvae (snbl) were obtained at 1, 9, 24, 48, and 72 h of age and were inoculated into mice by intravenous injection into the retro-orbital venous plexus. when both "young" groups of snbl (1 and 9 h old) wer ...199910099010
interaction of ivermectin with gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in trichinella spiralis muscle larvae.the value of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor of nematodes as a target for ivermectin's mode of action remains unclear. using binding assays, we examined extracts from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae for the presence of [3h]-ivermectin and [3h]-gaba binding sites. tissue preparations displayed affinity binding sites for [3h]-ivermectin with a dissociation constant (kd) of 83 nm and a receptor density (bmax) of 145 fmol/mg protein. we also identified a specific [3h]-gaba binding act ...199910099015
[trichinosis; trichinellosis]. 199910201259
rapid anti-helminthic response of b lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosal tissues of rats.b cell response to trichinella spiralis (ts) adult antigen (ag) was studied in rats 1-20 days postinfection. b cell recoveries from the mesenteric lymph node (mln), peyer's patches (pp), thoracic duct lymph (tdl), and the spleen were determined by facs analysis and ag-specific antibody-producing cells (ab-pc) in these tissues were enumerated using the immunoplaque assay. total b cell numbers increased 2-70 times from day 3 postinfection in the mln and tdl obtained from mln-resected rats (mx) and ...199910202113
prevalence and risk association for trichinella infection in domestic pigs in the northeastern united states.to determine trichinella infection in a selected group of farm raised pigs, 4078 pigs from 156 farms in new england and new jersey, employing various management styles, were selected based on feed type (grain, regulated waste, non-regulated waste). the number of pigs bled from each farm were based on detecting infection assuming a 0.05 prevalence rate. serum was tested by enzyme-linked immunoassay for antibodies to trichinella spiralis. seropositive pigs were tested by digestion at slaughter (wh ...199910223350
the role of urocanic acid in uvb-induced suppression of immunity to trichinella spiralis infection in the rat.the naturally occurring trans-isomer of urocanic acid (trans-uca), found in the stratum corneum, absorbs ultraviolet light (uv) and isomerizes to the cis-form. cis-uca has been shown to impair some cellular immune responses, and has been proposed as an initiator of the suppression that follows uv irradiation. uvb exposure leads to an increase in cis-uca in the skin of rats from about 10% to 40% of the total uca. previously it has been demonstrated that uvb lowers immune responses to trichinella ...199910233709
identification and characterization of excreted-secreted products and surface coat antigens of animal and plant-parasitic nematodes.nematode surface coat (sc) proteins and excreted-secreted products (e-s) are likely to play important roles in the host-parasite interaction and considerable similarities can be found in sc proteins and e-s products from certain plant and animal parasitic nematodes. monoclonal antibodies raised to e-s products of plant-parasitic nematodes were shown to cross-react with e-s products and the surface coats of the animal parasites trichinella spiralis and haemonchus contortus. most of the antibodies ...199910340331
structural relationships between immune cells and longitudinal muscle during a trichinella spiralis infection in the rat intestine.a trichinella spiralis infection produces an acute inflammatory reaction and tissue damage in the mucosa, and, in addition, functional changes occur in the external muscle layers. the aim of the present study was to characterize structural changes in the musculature that occur during early infection, and to identify relationships between immune cells and muscle cells, as part of an ongoing investigation into the immune modulation of motor function in the gut. rats were infected with t. spiralis ...199910354343
variability of the intestinal immunoglobulin e response of rats to infection with trichinella spiralis, heligmosomoides polygyrus or nippostrongylus brasiliensis.total intestinal ige level increased in rats infected with trichinella spiralis or heligmosomoides polygyrus (peak levels of 2.6 microg and 3.7 microg, respectively), but not in rats infected with nippostrongylus brasiliensis. intestinal implantation of young adult n. brasiliensis did not stimulate an intestinal immunoglobulin (ig)e response, suggesting that mucosal penetration may be required for local intestinal ige responses in rats. during a t. spiralis infection, total ige levels in the int ...199910354351
the surface coat of infective larvae of trichinella spiralis.the surface coat of the infective larvae of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis was characterized with respect to its biophysical properties, morphology and composition. labelling of larvae with the fluorescent surface probe pkh26 was lost after activation (by incubation in mammalian medium containing trypsin and bile), or following pronase treatment. electron microscopical examination revealed that pronase treatment resulted in the loss of an amorphous surface layer only, further demons ...199910363284
factors affecting the efficiency of pooled sample digestion for the recovery of trichinella spiralis from muscle tissue.inspection for trichinella spiralis in pork, horse and game meats is an important part of veterinary public health programmes in many countries. variations of the pooled sample digestion test are the most widely used methods of inspection for this parasite. in this study, several aspects of the test, including sample preparation, reagent concentration and sample processing were examined for effect on test efficiency. current methods using sample blending were equivalent or superior to sample gri ...199910375137
nematode-induced jejunal inflammation in the ferret causes long-term changes in excitatory neuromuscular responses.enteric infections in animals and humans have proven the link between mucosal inflammation and gastrointestinal motor dysfunction. the goal of the present investigation was to study the long-term effects of mucosal inflammation on the neuromuscular functions of the small intestine in a ferret model of primary trichinella spiralis infection. myeloperoxidase activity and isometric contractions of isolated jejunal muscles were studied on days 8, 30, and 60 postinfection (pi). the peak increase in m ...199910381764
cloning and characterization of rab and ran/tc4 cdna clones in trichinella spp.the cloning and characterization of seven rab and three ran/tc4 partial cdna sequences in both cystic (trichinella spiralis and t. britovi) and noncystic species (t. pseudospiralis) are reported. these molecules were cloned by rapid amplification of cdna ends via polymerase chain reaction (race-pcr), using cdna from the aforementioned trichinella spp. coupled to the ap1 adaptor. as primers, ap1 and 5b (derived from the wdtagqe sequence of region 2 specific for rab and ran proteins) sequences wer ...199910382614
igg, igg1 and igm response in trichinella spiralis-infected mice treated with 4-deoxypirydoxine or fed a vitamin b6-deficient diet.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pyridoxine (vitamin b6) deficiency on the immunological response of balb/c mice infected with the parasite t. spiralis. specific anti-parasite igm and igg immunoglobulins were detected by elisa method in the serum of treated animals at different periods for 60 days post infection. vitamin b6-deficiency was induced in two separate groups of mice by either (1) maintaining the mice on a vitamin b6-deficient synthetic pellet diet for 40 days bef ...199910391123
[trichinosis in 1997].the decreasing trend in human trichnellosis can be observed during last years in poland, what is the result of proper meat control. the presence of trichinella endemic areas in the north-east part of the country still determines the necessity of the meat survey against trichinella spiralis in poland.199910402862
replacements in the exposed loop of the t15 antibody vh cdr2 affect carrier recognition of pc-containing pathogens.a panel of mutant antibodies of the phosphocholine (pc)-binding antibody, t15, was tested for binding to pc-protein, streptococcus pneumoniae, trichinella spiralis and ascaris suum. relative to wildtype t15, all the mutant antibodies showed differential recognition of the panel of pc-associated antigens. these mutant antibodies contain amino acid replacements in the cdr2 region of the heavy chain variable region, indicating the importance of cdr2 in recognition of carrier determinants. a model o ...199910403486
shock response induced in rat brain and spleen during primary infection with trichinella spiralis larvae.an infection approach was adopted for examining consequential heat shock (hs) or stress response in brain and spleen tissues from wistar rats. stress in this system was due to interactions with the infecting helminth, trichinella spiralis, or its body-dwelling larval stages, or products thereof. it was argued that in the infection model used, elements effecting stress in the brain would differ from those in the spleen. hs responses were measured by quantitation of 4 levels of hs proteins (hsp25, ...199910406039
a panel of antigens of muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis as revealed by two-dimensional western blot and immunoelectron microscopy.this study characterized antigens of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis muscle larvae recognized by mice infected with the worms. two-dimensional (2-d) western blot analysis revealed some profile of antigenic peptides including: (1) molecular weight (mw); (2) isoelectric points (pi), (3) reactivity to well-defined monoclonal antibodies (mab) and (4) cross-reactivity between the 2 species. antigenic peptides of t. spiralis consisted of about 100 spots. the mw ranged from 22 to 80 kda, and ...199910406040
trichinella nativa in sylvatic wild boars.of 17 trichinella isolates from domestic pigs and wild boars (sus scrofa) in regions where trichinella nativa is widespread among sylvatic animals, two wild boars from estonia were found to be naturally infected with this trichinella species. the other 15 animals were infected with trichinella spiralis. trichinella nativa is tolerant to freezing when in the muscles of carnivores. the biological characteristics and temperature tolerance of this species in swine need to be further investigated if ...199910431373
the temporal relationship among anti-parasite immune elements expressed during the early phase of infection of the rat with trichinella spiralis.immunological parameters were measured during the first 20 days of infection with trichinella spiralis in the rat. expulsion of adult worms was complete by day 15 postinfection. eosinophil and neutrophil numbers rose in the blood of infected rats above preinfection levels on days 3 and 6, respectively, and remained high to day 20 postinfection. release of cytokines by trichinella-antigen-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells was measured, and a significant elevation in interferon (ifn)-gamma re ...199910431731
il-5 contributes to worm expulsion and muscle hypercontractility in a primary t. spiralis infection.enteric nematode infections lead to increased interleukin (il)-5 expression, eosinophilic inflammation, and intestinal smooth muscle hypercontractility. although eosinophils release inflammatory mediators that cause smooth muscle contraction, the role of il-5 and eosinophils in enteric smooth muscle hypercontractility is unclear. il-5-deficient mice and their wild-type controls were infected with the nematode trichinella spiralis. intestinal parasites and eosinophils were counted, and jejunal lo ...199910444455
second generation effects of maternal ethanol consumption on immunity to trichinella spiralis in female rats.the deleterious effects of maternal ethanol consumption on neonatal immune development and early immune responses has been well documented. however, the effects of such neonatal exposure to maternally consumed ethanol on the neonates' immune responses in their adult life, especially in combination with additional ethanol exposure, has received little attention. for these experiments, female rats were fed on either 6% ethanol or pair-fed isocaloric control lieber-decarli liquid diets for 30 days ...199910456580
dominance of immunoglobulin g2c in the antiphosphorylcholine response of rats infected with trichinella spiralis.the antibody response to the l1 stage of trichinella spiralis has been described as biphasic. worms resident in the intestine during the first week of infection stimulate an antibody response against a subset of larval proteins. l1 larvae in the muscle at the end stage of infection stimulate a second antibody response against tyvelose-bearing glycoproteins. antityvelose antibodies protect rats against challenge infection with larvae. the aim of this study was to characterize the rat b-cell respo ...199910456913
effects of salmeterol on host resistance to trichinella spiralis in rats.salmeterol is a long-acting beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist. the compound has previously been screened for immunotoxic potential in a repeated dose toxicity study in rats for 28 days. the total serum igg levels were increased at dose levels of 2 and 10 mg/kg/day. presently, salmeterol was studied in an immune function assay addressing the host resistance to trichinella spiralis parasites. rats were daily treated with salmeterol for 28 days at dose levels of 0, 2, 6 and 10 mg/kg/day. on day 29, the ...199910458541
[standardization of elisa igm and iga for immunodiagnosis of human trichinosis].an elisa test for trichinosis using as antigen a larvae soluble fraction from trichinella spiralis was carried out for the detection of igm and iga specific antibodies in 45 serum samples from patients confirmed or suspected to have trichinosis by strong clinical and epidemiological evidences. all the patients had positive serology detected by precipitin test, bentonite floculation test, indirect hemagglutination test and elisa igg test. the cut-off value was determined using two criteria. crite ...199910883499
schistosoma japonicum in the black rat, rattus rattus mindanensis, from leyte, philippines in relation to oncomelania snail colonies with reference to other endoparasites.this study examined the prevalence of schistosoma japonicum infections in field rats, rattus rattus mindanensis, according to different trapping locations. between october 1995 and january 1996, traps were set in the municipality of palo, leyte, philippines to determine the correlation of rats infected with schistosomiasis to the proximity of the intermediate snail host, oncomelania hupensis quadrasi, colonies. of the 22 rats that were caught within a snail colony, 21 (95.5%) were positive for s ...199910774707
evaluation of fast-elisa for the diagnosis of experimental trichniosis.in order to compare between fast-elisa and elisa for the diagnosis of experimental trichinosis and study the kinetics of antibody and eosinophilic responses, six new zeland rabbits were infected orally by trichinella spiralis larvae. blood was collected every other day for the first 2 weeks, then weekly for eleven weeks post infection. t. spiralis crude larval antigen was prepared for coating of elisa plates and fast-elisa beads. blood was examined for eosinophilic count and for serum antibody l ...199912561904
study on rodents infestation in alexandria and prevalence of trichinella spiralis infection among them.rodents were monthly collected from the six districts of alexandria all year round using live traps. the 1025 collected rodents were divided according to species, gender, age, and weight el-amryia and el-montaza were the most infested districts, while west, east, middle and el-gomrok districts were the lowest infested ones. rallus norvegicus was the highest abundant species in the city (41.9%) followed by r. rattus (37.2%), then mus musculus (20.9%). there was no difference in abundance of roden ...199912561929
reciprocal heterologous protection between trichinella spiralis and toxoplasma gondii concurrently present in experimental murine models.mixed parasitic infections have been long seen as a double impact on the host. in this study a different view of polyparasitism is demonstrated. the influence of the immunological environments created by two biologically different parasites on the pathogenesis of each other was evaluated. swiss albino mice were sequentially infected with the intracellular protozoan toxoplasma gondii (acute and latent), which elicits a t-helper 1 (th1)-polarized immune response and the helminth parasite trichinel ...199912561934
[immunoregulation of il-2 in trichinella-infected mice].to study the immunoregulation of il-2 in trichinella-infected mice.199912563740
diagnosis of trichinosis by indirect fluorescent antibody test with trichinella larva section.to evaluate the value of indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) in diagnosing trichinosis.199912563812
[morpholgical, histological and histochemical observations on the effect of albendazole on encysted larvae of trichinella spiralis in mice].to study the mechanism of action of albendazole on encysted larvae of trichinella spiralis in mice.199912563833
the effect of nematode infection upon intestinal smooth muscle function.nematode infections are useful in studying both host defence and inflammation induced changes in intestinal physiology, including increased contraction by intestinal muscle. our initial studies of the heightened muscle function found during t. spiralis infection led to investigations of the role of immune and inflammatory cells and mediators in the immunodulation of intestinal muscle function. by infecting various immunodeficient mouse strains, as well as gene transfer to the intestine, t lympho ...19989651926
estimation of platelet function state in the course of trichinella spiralis infection.platelets are part of body defence system, especially the antiparasite immunologic response. platelets manifest their functions only after their activation. thrombin activates platelets inducing change of their shape and causing secretion of certain substances. this study was designed to estimate blood platelets morphology as an indicator of their activation and effectiveness of antiparasite therapy. the study was conducted in group of 21 patients infected with t.spiralis before treatment (t1) a ...19989972047
nuclear antigens in trichinella spiralis infected muscle cells: nuclear extraction, compartmentalization and complex formation.infection of mammalian skeletal muscle cells by trichinella spiralis induces a series of changes that include: reentry of the terminally differentiated host cell into the cell cycle; suspension of infected cells in apparent g2/m; and transcriptional inactivation of the differentiated skeletal muscle gene program. cell cycle repositioning and genetic reprogramming are chronic characteristics of host cells that can remain infected for years. nuclear antigens (na, 79, 86 and 97 kda) that localize t ...19989657326
fowlpox virus encodes nonessential homologs of cellular alpha-snap, pc-1, and an orphan human homolog of a secreted nematode protein.the genome of fowlpox virus (fwpv), type species of the avipoxviridae, is considerably rearranged compared with that of vaccinia virus (the prototypic poxvirus and type species of the orthopoxviridae) and is 30% larger. it is likely that the genome of fwpv contains genes in addition to those found in vaccinia virus, probably involved with its replication and survival in the chicken. a 7,470-bp segment of the fwpv genome has five open reading frames (orfs), two of which encode ankyrin repeat prot ...19989658122
interleukin-9 enhances resistance to the intestinal nematode trichuris muris.upon infection with the cecum-dwelling nematode trichuris muris, the majority of inbred strains of mice launch a th2-type immune response and in doing so expel the parasite before patency. in contrast, there are a few mouse strains which develop a nonprotective th1-type response resulting in a chronic infection and the presence of adult worms. of the th2 cytokines known to be associated with the resistant phenotype (interleukin-4 [il-4], il-5, il-9, and il-13), comparatively little is known abou ...19989673269
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and trichinella spiralis in finishing swine raised in different production systems in north carolina, usa.we compared the seroprevalence of both toxoplasma gondii and trichinella spiralis in finishing pigs raised in different production systems in north carolina, usa. farms were either finishing sites using all-in/all-out management of buildings in multiple-site systems (14 farms) or farrow-to-finish systems using continuous-flow management of finishing barns or outdoor accommodation 14 farms). the two groups of herds differed with respect to several management variables. a total of 13 of 2238 sampl ...19989677628
gamma delta tcr+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-iel) in reaction against intestinal nematode trichinella spiralis.to assess the gamma delta tcr t cells in the control of the timing of the mucosal response to enteric parasitic infections, we used c57bl mice, orally infected with 200 viable t. spiralis larvae. the small intestine, spleens and peyer's patches (pp) were excised on 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 29 postinfection days (p.i.) for immunophenotyping and histological studies. uninfected mice served as control. characterization of isolated lymphocytes of c57bl control mice, confirmed that t cell immunophenotype ...19989681243
functional alterations in jejunal myenteric neurons during inflammation in nematode-infected guinea pigs.intracellular recordings of jejunal myenteric neurons with an afterspike hyperpolarization (ah) from trichinella spiralis-infected animals showed enhanced excitability on days 3, 6, and 10 postinfection (pi) compared with uninfected animals. lower membrane potential, increased membrane input resistance, decreased threshold for action potential discharge, decreased ah amplitude and duration, and increased fast excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude and duration were characteristic of neurona ...19989815020
t lymphocyte-dependent and -independent intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction in the t. spiralis-infected mouse.we examined the profile of increased intestinal muscle contractility after primary infection with trichinella spiralis in the mouse, correlating it with parasite expulsion. we also examined the extent to which the changes in muscle contraction were t lymphocyte dependent, by infecting athymic and scid mice. infection was accompanied by increased tension development by intestinal muscle. two components of this response were identified, a rapid peak increase in tension generation observed on day 6 ...19989815046
developmental activation of infective trichinella spiralis larvae.the initiation of further development is fundamental to the infectious processes of parasitic nematodes. we have examined early developmental activation of trichinella spiralis larvae during host invasion, with particular emphasis on the timing of events. using a novel approach, we have observed changes in tissue-specific transcriptional activity in live larvae during the infectious process with the fluorescent nucleic acid dyes syto12 and acridine orange. simultaneously, the metabolic switch fr ...19989820858
serological survey of selected canine viral pathogens and zoonoses in grizzly bears (ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (ursus americanus) from alaska.between 1988 and 1991, 644 serum samples were collected from 480 grizzly bears (ursus arctos horribilis) and 40 black bears (ursus americanus) from alaska, united states of america, and were tested for selected canine viral infections and zoonoses. antibody prevalence in grizzly bears was 0% for parvovirus, 8.3% (40/480) for distemper, 14% (68/480) for infectious hepatitis, 16.5% (79/480) for brucellosis, 19% (93/480) for tularaemia and 47% (225/478) for trichinellosis. in black bears, prevalenc ...19989850547
host nuclear abnormalities and depletion of nuclear antigens induced in trichinella spiralis-infected muscle cells by the anthelmintic mebendazole.infection by the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis induces cell cycle repositioning (chronic suspension in apparent g2/m) and genetic reprogramming in differentiated mammalian skeletal muscle cells. these changes occur in association with dramatic enlargement of infected host cell nuclei (as large as 17 microm in diameter) and nucleoli. nuclear antigens (na) that colocalize with host chromatin have been detected by antibodies to t. spiralis antigens, but the functions of these na are unres ...19989851602
[neurologic manifestations in trichinosis].neurologic manifestations are present in about 10-20 percent of patients with trichinosis. they could be a serious diagnostic problem in the absence of corresponding epidemiological data and typical symptoms and signs of the disease. in untreated patients the mortality rate is about 50%. several pathogenic mechanisms are responsible for the neurological complications in trichinosis: obstruction of brain blood vessels by larvae, cysts or granulomas, toxic vasculitis with secondary thrombosis and ...19989863383
short report: identification of the likely etiologic agent of human trichinellosis in sicily (italy) between 1933 and 1946.larvae of trichinella sp. collected in 1961 from muscle samples of the last infected domestic pig slaughtered in sicily (italy), and preserved in absolute ethyl alcohol until 1997, have been identified as trichinella spiralis by the polymerase chain reaction. this finding explains the severity of the clinical picture, resulting in death, and the high number of fatal cases (20 of 184, 11%) observed in three sicilian outbreaks between 1933 and 1945, caused by the consumption of sausages from pigs ...19989886198
role of anti-trichinella spiralis antibodies and interferon-gamma in the protection against the enteral phase of experimental trichinosis.expulsion of adult trichinella spiralis is the result of a complex immunologically mediated response. experiments in mice demonstrated that ifn-gamma, released by mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) during infection play a major role. however, the role of mucosal and serum antibody responses is thought to be limited. working on the intestinal phase, this study investigated, the role played by antibodies, transferred from vaccinated infected animals, in the immune response in comparison to that obtained ...19989914684
evaluation of elisa, ifat and trichinoscopy in experimental trichinosis: comparing larval antigens prepared from rat and pig muscles.two antigens were prepared, the first one was crude larval antigens derived from pigs and rats. the two antigens were tested by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the 2nd one, was two cuticular larval antigens derived from pigs and rats and were tested by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). both tests were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these different antigens. serum samples from infected rats and pigs were tested with different antigens by elis ...19989914705
[identification of antigens shared between schistosoma japonicum and trichinella spiralis].cross-reactivity was analysed between the antigen of t. spiralis muscular larvae and antigens of cercariae, liver stage schistosomula, 30 day male and female adult worms of s. japonicum by means of eitb technique. the result showed that the antigens of cercariae schistosomula, female worms except male worms, were recognized by sera from rabbits immunized with t. spiralis antigens or by sera from t. spiralis infected rabbits. the molecular weight of recognized antigens ranges from 15 to 100 kd, m ...199810681743
[cross-protection against schistosoma japonicum infection in mice immunized with trichinella spiralis muscle larva antigen].to explore the cross-protection against s. japonicum cercaria challenge in mice immunized with t. spiralis larva antigen.199812078284
immunotoxicology: extrapolation from animal to man--estimation of the immunotoxicologic risk associated with tbto exposure.bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (tbto) has been shown to be immunotoxic in rodents, resulting in decreased resistance to infections. the no-effect level assessed by estimating effects on host resistance in rats has been found to lie between 0.5 and 5.0 mg tbto/kg food (0.025 and 0.25 mg/kg body weight). for risk assessment such animal data need to be extrapolated to the human situation. in risk assessment procedures uncertainty factors are used to account for interspecies variation (extrapolation from ...19989442301
trichinella spiralis, t. britovi, and t. nativa: infectivity, larval distribution in muscle, and antibody response after experimental infection of pigs.the infectivity of trichinella spiralis, t. nativa, and t. britovi was experimentally compared in pigs. blood sampling was performed weekly, and muscle juices were obtained at slaughter 10 weeks after inoculation. muscle larvae were found in all of four pigs inoculated with t. spiralis [mean 190 larvae per gram (lpg)] and in three of four pigs inoculated with t. britovi (mean 7 lpg). no larvae were found in pigs inoculated with t. nativa. for t. spiralis and t. britovi, the neck muscle (m. splen ...19989569089
participation of parasite surface glycoproteins in antibody-mediated protection of epithelial cells against trichinella spiralis.the l1 stage of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis displays on its surface glycoproteins that are immunologically cross-reactive with several larval excretory-secretory (es) products. the basis for the cross-reactivity is tyvelose, the terminal residue on the complex glycans shared by these surface and es glycoproteins. in neonatal rats, tyvelose-specific monoclonal antibodies mediate the expulsion of larvae from the intestine. the aim of the studies described in this report was to dete ...19989573073
production of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators in human intestinal epithelial cells after invasion by trichinella spiralis.epithelial cells are the first point of host contact for invasive intestinal pathogens and may initiate mucosal inflammatory responses via production of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators. the aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro the initial invasion of a parasitic nematode (trichinella spiralis), to measure the early production of specific epithelial cytokines and inflammatory mediators after invasion, and to compare these responses with those to invasive bacteria. monolaye ...19989573108
identification of a developmentally regulated trichinella spiralis protein that inhibits myod-specific protein: dna complexes in vitro.development of the infective l1 larva of trichinella spiralis occurs as an intracellular parasite of skeletal muscle and leads to the dedifferentiation of the host cell. a novel trichinella gene, tsj5, has been identified from a cdna library screen for sequences encoding trichinella proteins related to the myogenic bhlh factors. the tsj5 gene is developmentally regulated, showing preferential expression in the infective muscle stage larva. the product of the tsj5 gene is not a bhlh protein but r ...19989574919
concurrent trichinosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma in a cat. 19989576356
trichinella spiralis: vascular endothelial growth factor is up-regulated within the nurse cell during the early phase of its formation.the l1 larval stage of trichinella spiralis induces modification in a portion of striated skeletal muscle cell resulting in the formation of the nurse cell. this specialized host cell is completely encased in a capsule composed mainly of collagen type iv and type vi, which, in turn, is surrounded by a unique rete of vessels whose formation begins on around day 12 after intracellular infection. we investigated the possibility that vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) may be up-regulated duri ...19989576489
trichinellosis (trichinosis) is caused by the aphasmid nematode, trichinella spiralis. 19989578092
diagnosis of porcine trichinellosis: parasitological and immunoserological tests in pigs from endemic areas of argentina.in order to compare the reliability of serological and parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of porcine trichinellosis from endemic areas in argentina, 116 pigs were studied: 61 animals from two separate outbreaks and 55 from a small abattoir. direct diagnostic techniques included trichinoscopy and the artificial digestion method. indirect diagnostic tests used in this study were the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), employing the excretory-secretory products of muscle larvae (ml ...19989580432
pcr-sscp of rdna for the identification of trichinella isolates from mainland china.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of the expansion segment 5 (domain iv) of the large subunit of ribosomal dna was employed to characterize seven isolates of trichinella from china (a-g), including six of pig origin from regions in dengxian (a), tianjin (b), harbin (d), baoshan (e), xinye (f) and xian (g), and one of canine origin from changchun (c). isolates a, d, e, f and g were classified as trichinella spiralis based on sscp patte ...19989584075
reversible expression of tryptases and chymases in the jejunal mast cells of mice infected with trichinella spiralis.it is has been established that mouse mast cells (mcs) can reversibly alter their expression of serglycin proteoglycans and the homologous granule chymases that have been designated mouse mc protease (mmcp)-1, mmcp-2, and mmcp-5 in vivo. nevertheless, it remained to be determined whether these immune cells could modify their expression of other chymases and the granule tryptases mmcp-6 and mmcp-7. as assessed immunohistochemically, we now show that mcs reversibly change their expression of the r ...19989605158
[the effect of an invasion by trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle tissue in the white mouse].the ultrastructure of striated muscular tissue was studied in experiments with three groups of white mice: those infected with t. spiralis, t. pseudospiralis, and in those uninfected (controls). there was a heterogeneity of changes in the striated muscular tissue during 35-day infection. deep damages to the contractile, trophic, energetic, supporting, and membranous apparatuses of muscle fibers are responsible for subcellular structural changes. at the same time compensatory and adaptative proce ...19989608200
trichinella spiralis: induction of the basophilic transformation of muscle cells by synchronous newborn larvae.newborn larvae (nbl) possess the "transformation potential" (tp) to induce the basophilic transformation of the muscle cell into the nurse cell and to create the nurse cell-muscle larva complex. for investigation as to whether tp is age-dependent, three groups of synchronous nbl (snbl) were obtained at 1 h, 9 h, and 6 days of age, respectively, and were injected intramuscularly into mice. the tp was demonstrated to be high for both 1- and 9-h-old snbl, but for 6-day-old snbl, none was found. the ...19989610639
antistriational antibodies during toxocara canis, trichinella spiralis infections.the parasitic infections (toxocara can is, trichinella spiralis) are characterized by general and local symptoms including fever, muscle pain and swelling. the question was asked whether the muscle changes that occur due to larva migrans give rise to the autoimmune response. the presence of antistriational antibodies (astrabs) was determined in the following groups of patients: group 1--66 patients with toxocariasis and the presence of anti-toxocara antibodies, group 2--22 patients suspected of ...19989611680
[genetic variability of trichinella spiralis oven, 1835, and trichinella pseudospiralis garkavi, 1972, detected by polymerase chain reaction with random primers].dna polymorphisms in two parasitic nematode species, trichinella spiralis oven, 1835, and trichinella pseudospiralis garkavi, 1972, were revealed via random amplification of polymorphic dna by the polymerase chain reaction (rapd pcr). the diagnostic value of seven 10-bp oligonucleotide primers was evaluated, and the extent of the homology between the genomes of the two species was estimated. the intraspecific variation of rapd markers was revealed in larvae of both species isolated from experime ...19989612694
early cytokine responses during intestinal parasitic infections.infections with gastro-intestinal nematodes elicit immune and inflammatory responses mediated by cytokines released from t-helper type-2 (th2) cells. in vitro assays of cells from the mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) of experimentally infected rodents confirm that, after about 1 week, the dominant cytokine responses to mitogens and antigens are those associated with this th-cell subset. polarization of the th response in this way implies an initial local cytokine environment that favours th2 develop ...19989616376
trichinella spiralis in sylvatic hosts from prince edward island.larvae of trichinella sp. were found in two of 208 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and one of 125 coyotes (canis latrans) obtained from trappers from prince edward island (canada) in 1995 and 1996. a polymerase chain reaction based dna biotyping method revealed the larvae to be isolates of trichinella spiralis. this is the first verified identification of t. spiralis in sylvatic hosts from canada.19989476239
differences and similarities between trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis in morphology of stichocyte granules, peptide maps of excretory and secretory (e-s) products and messenger rna of stichosomal glycoproteins.the ultrastructure of muscle larvae of trichinella pseudospiralis was studied by electron microscopy. the overall structure of muscle larvae of t. pseudospiralis resembled that of t. spiralis except for the stichocyte granules. t. pseudospiralis had at least 3 kinds of stichocyte granules distinguishable from each other by their shape, size and inclusions. the granules had some resemblance to alpha granules or beta granules of t. spiralis, but no resemblance to gamma granules. in favour of these ...19989481775
distribution of sylvatic species of trichinella in estonia according to climate zones.a survey on trichinellosis among sylvatic and domestic animals from estonia revealed the presence of trichinella nativa (tn), trichinella britovi (tb), and trichinella spiralis (ts). muscle samples were collected from 776 sylvatic and 1,086 domestic animals. muscle larvae from 52 of the 74 positive samples were identified, using random-amplified polymorphic dna analysis; 19 samples showed tn, 27 samples tb, and 4 samples ts. a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) and a red fox (vulpes vulpes) ...19989488368
distribution of trichinella spiralis larvae in muscles from a naturally infected horse.epidemiological investigations conducted during 10 trichinellosis outbreaks between 1975 and 1994 showed that horse-meat was the probable source of infection. though hundreds of thousands of horses have been examined at abattoirs in america and europe to detect trichinella infection by artificial digestion or trichinelloscopy, an infected horse has never been detected during routine analysis, which consists of examining 1 g of tissue muscle from the diaphragm. in november 1996, a naturally infec ...19989493307
prevalence and risk factors associated with serum antibodies against trichinella spiralis.the presence of antibodies against trichinella spiralis was investigated in a semi-rural county of mexico using elisa and electroimmunotransfer blot assay with crude larvae and es antigens. the association of antibodies to several social, hygienic and dietary factors was also investigated. antibody prevalences between 1.0 and 1.9% were found. risk factors associated were gender female and ingestion of moronga, a pork meat sausage-like product. our results suggest the presence of an endemic, unno ...19989512995
comparison of the inflammatory responses of mice infected with american and australian trichinella pseudospiralis or trichinella spiralis.this study was designed to determine if the tasmanian devil isolate of trichinella pseudospiralis suppressed inflammation as does the original isolate. while adult worm numbers were similar in all groups, lower enteritis occurred in devil isolate-infected mice compared with mice infected with the original isolate of t. pseudospiralis or with trichinella spiralis. diaphragm muscle inflammation was greater in t. spiralis-infected than in mice infected with either isolate of t. pseudospiralis or co ...19989512999
immunopathological mechanisms underlying the time-course of trichinella spiralis cardiomyopathy in rats.the present study shows that isolated, perfused hearts from rats orally infected with trichinella spiralis have a reduced left ventricular developed pressure (lvdp), heart rate (hr) and coronary flow (cf). this reduction is considerably enhanced by a single bolus (100 pm) of paf (platelet activating factor, an eosinophil activator), especially at 21 days post-infection (d.p.i.), which is the time of the maximum increase in blood and tissue eosinophilia. helminthic dna analysis shows that, from 2 ...19989532006
induction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (mcp-1) and tnf alpha by trichinella spiralis in serum of mice in vivo.mcp-1 is a small (8-10 kda) protein and a prototype member of the cc chemokine beta subfamily, which plays a critical role in acute and chronic inflammation. recent evidence suggests an important role for mcp- 1, mcp-2 and mcp-3 in a number of pathological states, including delayed type hypersensitivity conditions, parasitic infections and rheumatoid arthritis. forty balb-c mice were treated with the parasite trichinella spiralis. after the infection the animals were sacrificed at different peri ...19989543342
functional correlation between histamine metabolism and worm expulsion in trichinella spiralis.mucosal mast cell activity was quantified by measuring histamine forming capacity (hfc) of the gastric mucosa and histamine content in the intestinal tissues of mice infected with t. spiralis. the results wee correlated with the kinetics of worm expulsion. it was found that t. spiralis resulted in significant elevation of hfc by the day 6 post infection (p.i.) which reached a maximal value at day 9, a time when approximately 50% of the established worm burden had been expelled. histamine content ...19989617061
characterization of kinetics of anti-trichinella spiralis newborn larvae immunity in rats.the kinetics of anti-t. spiralis newborn larvae (nbl) immunity and its dose effects were studied in vivo. rats were either immunized with newborn larvae i.v. or muscle larvae per os and challenged with newborn larvae either i.v. or i.p. on day 7 up to day 27 after immunization. immunity was assessed by examining the muscle larvae burden or the larval recovery from the peritoneal cavity. recovered newborn larvae were further examined for cell adherence and viability. results indicate that as earl ...19989618375
methimazole-mediated enhancement of albendazole oral bioavailability and anthelmintic effects against parenteral stages of trichinella spiralis in mice: the influence of the dose-regime.the influence of methimazole (mtz) inhibitor of the microsomal oxidases on the systemic availability of the albendazole sulpho-metabolites (abzs-mt) albendazole-sulphoxide (abzso) and albendazole-sulphone (abzso2) and on its anthelmintic effects was investigated in a mouse model for helminthic infections. plasma concentrations of the abzs-mt were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) following treatment of swiss cd-1 mice with albendazole (abz) alone or abz plus mtz, at both ...19989637222
sensitivity of artificial digestion and enzyme immunoassay methods of inspection for trichinae in pigs.forty-seven pigs were infected with varying doses of trichinella spiralis and tested for evidence of infection by serology, using an enzyme immunoassay (eia), and by artificial digestion methods. using a 1-g sample, as prescribed in accordance with european union (eu) directives, the sensitivity of the pooled-sample artificial digestion method was between three and five larvae per gram (lpg) of tissue. using a 5-g sample size, in accordance with methods described in the u.s. code for federal reg ...19989708307
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