Publications

isolated pneumocystis carinii infection of adrenal glands causing addison's disease in a non-immunocompromised adult.	pneumocystis carinii is primarily an opportunistic pathogen infecting patients with aids and other immunocompromised patients, and ordinarily does not affect immunocompetent persons. we report isolated p. carinii infection of bilateral adrenal glands in a non-immunocompromised adult male, leading to fatal addisonian crisis. diagnosis of p. carinii was established on the basis of cytopathology and microbiological tests, using conventional staining techniques and direct immunofluorescence on ultra ...	2001	11478273
cavitary lung disease in aids: etiologies and correlation with immune status.	to investigate the etiology and differential features of cavitary lung disease in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), chest computed tomography (ct) records from a 2-year period were reviewed to identify all human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients with cavitary lung disease. medical records were reviewed for the documentation of specific causes of lung cavitation and the cd4 count at the time of imaging. of 25 hiv-positive patients with cavitary lung disease, 2 ...	2001	11483162
infectious complications among 620 consecutive heart transplant patients at stanford university medical center.	a total of 1073 infectious episodes (ies) that occurred in 620 consecutive heart transplantation patients at stanford medical center between 16 december 1980 and 30 june 1996 were reviewed. infectious complications were a major cause of morbidity and mortality, second only to rejection as the cause of early deaths and the most common cause of late deaths. of the ies, 468 (43.6%) were caused by bacteria, 447 (41.7%) by viruses, 109 (10.2%) by fungi, 43 (4.0%) by pneumocystis carinii, and 6 (0.6%) ...	2001	11486285
aging cohort of perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in new york city. new york city pediatric surveillance of disease consortium.	new york city (nyc) pediatricians are now caring for fewer hiv-infected infants and more school age children and adolescents than earlier in the epidemic.	2001	11368109
jail inmates and hiv care: provision of antiretroviral therapy and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.	the objective of this study was to examine prescription and acceptance of antiretroviral therapy (art) and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in jail and at release. a retrospective cross sectional design was used, by record review, of 77 inmates receiving hiv-related care in the san francisco city and county jail and released to the community in 1997. average cd4 cell count was 335/microl. fifteen had undectable hiv rna, and average viral load was 19,826 copies/ml. fifty-eight per ...	2001	11368819
bone marrow transplantation for cd40 ligand deficiency: a single centre experience.	cd40 ligand (cd40l) deficiency is a rare x linked immunodeficiency disorder leading to recurrent bacterial infection, with cryptosporidial enteritis and subsequent hepatic cirrhosis. bone marrow transplantation offers the only cure.	2001	11369571
development and characterization of a molecular viability assay for pneumocystis carinii f sp hominis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains the most common opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. despite this, little is known concerning the transmission dynamics of this infection. in the absence of a reliable method to isolate and culture p. carinii from environmental samples, it has not been possible to assess the importance of person-to-person transmission in the epidemiology of pcp. a molecular viability assay was developed for the human form of p. ...	2001	11372040
the importance of bacterial sepsis in intensive care unit patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: implications for future care in the age of increasing antiretroviral resistance.	to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) admitted to the intensive care unit (icu).	2001	11373418
discontinuing prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		2001	11374363
discontinuing prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		2001	11374364
phylogeny of pneumocystis carinii from 18 primate species confirms host specificity and suggests coevolution.	primates are regularly infected by fungal organisms identified as pneumocystis carinii. they constitute a valuable population for the confirmation of p. carinii host specificity. in this study, the presence of p. carinii was assessed by direct examination and nested pcr at mitochondrial large subunit (mtlsu) rrna and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes in 98 lung tissue samples from captive or wild nonhuman primates. fifty-nine air samples corresponding to the environment of different primat ...	2001	11376046
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with an atypical granulomatous response in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	we have recently seen a patient who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in the course of treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). this case showed uncommon pathological findings with extensive formation of granulomatous lesions. despite advanced cll associated with poor b-cell function, she responded well to anti-pcp treatment. in contrast to b-cell function, the t-cell functions were well preserved in vitro, and the numbers of peripheral cd4- and cd8-positive cells were norm ...	2001	11378559
synthesis, antifolate, and antitumor activities of classical and nonclassical 2-amino-4-oxo-5-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines.	classical and nonclassical isosteric c8-n9 bridged analogues of the multitargeted antifolate ly231514 were synthesized as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (ts), dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), and as antitumor and antiopportunistic infection agents. the syntheses of the analogues were accomplished by reductive amination of the appropriate anilines with 2-amino-4-oxo-5-cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (28) followed by saponification of the ethyl esters, for the classical analogue 6. the n9-methyl ...	2001	11384244
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia alters expression and distribution of lung collectins sp-a and sp-d.	surfactant proteins sp-a and sp-d, members of the collectin family, have been shown to play a significant role in lung host defense. both proteins selectively bind pneumocystis carinii (pc) organisms and modulate the interaction of this pathogen with alveolar macrophages. we hypothesized that the expression and distribution of lung collectins sp-a and sp-d is altered by pc lung infection. pc organisms (2 x 10(5)) were inoculated intratracheally into c.b-17 scid/scid mice that do not require ster ...	2001	11385364
prophylaxis strategies for solid-organ transplantation.	in addition to the net state of immunosuppression, the risk of infection after transplantation is largely determined by the transplant recipient's epidemiologic exposures. potential sources of infection in the transplant recipient include the environment and the recipient's endogenous flora. this article presents aspects of prevention of infection after solid-organ transplantation such as avoidance of epidemiologic exposures, antibacterial prophylaxis, prophylaxis for tuberculin-positive transpl ...	2001	11389519
accuracy of self-reports of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions in women.	to investigate the validity of self-reported acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) among women enrolled in a prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, the authors compared the self-reported occurrence of aids-specific diagnoses with aids diagnoses documented by county aids surveillance registries. also examined was the association between participant characteristics and the validity of self-reports. among the 339 hiv-infected participants in the northern california w ...	2001	11390333
early onset pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.	pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) is one of the major opportunistic pathogens responsible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct)-related pneumonias. although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (tmp/smx) prophylaxis has been shown to prevent almost all p. carinii infections, 1%-2% of patients may still experience this complication. p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) is usually a late complication in patients receiving tmp/smx prophylaxis, with most cases occurring later than 2 months post-transplan ...	2001	11391721
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to evaluate bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) cytology and organism burden in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and in those with other immunodeficiencies.	2001	11393061
relapse of wegener's granulomatosis. concerning a case after 20 years of remission.	immunosuppressive drugs have transformed the prognosis of systemic wegener's granulomatosis. nowadays, the main residual problem is illness relapses, for which management is largely undefined. we describe the case of a patient, aged 47 in 1977. the diagnosis of wegener's granulomatosis was made when faced with polyarthralgias, cutaneous vasculitis, rhinitis, dyspnea, hemoptysis and global decline of her physical condition. the treatment associated high-dose corticotherapy and intramuscular cyclo ...	2001	11394628
trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis does not increase serum homocysteine levels in hiv-positive subjects.	background: we recently observed that a short course of trimethoprim 300 mg b.i.d. in healthy volunteers can cause a substantial increase in fasting plasma homocysteine levels, up to concentrations reportedly associated with atherothrombotic complications. the purpose of this study was to determine whether primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis (pcp) with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (tmp-smx) adversely affects serum homocysteine levels in hiv-positive patients. methods: we studied 34 subjec ...	2001	11395300
diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage following renal transplantation.	organ transplant recipients are at high risk of infectious pulmonary complications. in this retrospective study, the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was evaluated in renal transplant recipients. the results were analysed in special regard to the clinical presentation of pulmonary infections and the possible impact of new immunosuppressive agents. over a 5-year period 91 bal were performed in 71 renal transplant recipients. microorganisms were isolated from 69% of bal (63/91): ba ...	2001	11429033
the spectrum of pulmonary infections in cancer patients.	the lung is a common site of infection in patients with cancer. the spectrum of pulmonary infection depends on the underlying immunologic deficit or deficits. in neutropenic patients, gram-negative bacterial infections predominate early, whereas fungal infections (aspergillus, zygomycetes, fusarium species) are common if neutropenia persists. in patients with impaired cellular immunity, viral infections (cytomegalovirus, other herpes viruses) predominate and may coexist with bacterial (legionell ...	2001	11429477
[opportunistic pneumonia after kidney transplantation].	this study was conducted to evaluate clinical features at the onset of pneumonia and the usefulness of methods for diagnosing pneumonia in patients who have undergone kidney transplantation. from january 1990 to december 1998. 174 kidney transplantations were performed, and were followed by 22 cases of pneumonia. of the 22 pneumonia patients, 16 were male and 6 were female. the median age of the 22 patients was 37.2 +/- 13.3 years. all the patients received cyclosporin a and corticosteroids. in ...	2001	11431908
[common variable immunodeficiency. review].	common variable immunodeficiency (cvi) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by deficient antibody production. the cause of this immunodeficiency is unknown; several in vitro studies have revealed a significant number of alterations that could explain the hypogammaglobulinemia present in this syndrome. among those described are primary b cell alterations, numerical and functional t cell abnormalities, and defects in the interaction between accessory cells. the alteration typical of cvi is ...	2001	11434884
prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: impact on risk for infectious diseases.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) is widely prescribed as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. its efficacy against other infections has not been thoroughly evaluated. to compare the risk for infectious diseases for persons who were prescribed tmp-smz with that for patients who were not prescribed tmp-smz, we examined data collected from the medical records of hiv-infected patients (january 1990 through september 1999) ...	2001	11438910
comments on pcr-rflp as an original technique to detect point mutations in the pneumocystis carinii dhps gene.		2001	11440235
the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital: influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and initial severity of illness.	in a prospective study, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) was investigated among consecutive patients admitted to an academic, urban public hospital in seattle. the study population was uniquely young, was predominantly male, and had high rates of homelessness, cigarette smoking, alcoholism, injection drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. leading causes of cap among hiv-negative patients were aspiration, followed by streptococcus pneumoniae, legionella spec ...	2001	11443551
alteration in expression of the rat mitochondrial atpase 6 gene during pneumocystis carinii infection.	pneumocystis carinii causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients with a high morbidity and mortality rate, but the interaction between this organism and the host cell is not well understood. the purpose of this research was to study the response of host cells to p. carinii infection on a molecular level.	2001	11446902
molecular cloning of the rps0 gene from candida tropicalis.	the saccharomyces cerevisiae rps0 a and b genes encode proteins essential for maturation of the 40s ribosomal subunit precursors. we have isolated a homologue of the rps0 gene from candida tropicalis, which we named ctrps0. the c. tropicalis rps0 encodes a protein of 261 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 28.65 kda and an isoelectric point of 4.79. ctrps0p displays significant amino acid sequence homology with rps0p from c. albicans, s. cerevisiae, neurospora crassa, schizo ...	2001	11447603
design, synthesis, computational prediction, and biological evaluation of ester soft drugs as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase from pneumocystis carinii.	a series of lipophilic soft drugs structurally related to the nonclassical dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors trimetrexate and piritrexim have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated in dhfr assays, with special emphasis on the inhibition of p. carinii dhfr. the best inhibitors, encompassing an ester bond in the bridge connecting the two aromatic systems, were approximately 10 times less potent than trimetrexate and piritrexim. the metabolites were designed to be poor inhibitors. furthe ...	2001	11448221
heimlich valve in the management of pneumothorax in patients with advanced aids.	to review therapeutic strategies in the management of pneumothorax in patients with aids.	2001	11451809
population pharmacokinetics of dapsone in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	previous studies of dapsone pharmacokinetics in children have been too small to allow assessment of the relationships between dapsone pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics or markers of efficacy and toxicity.	2001	11452241
could pneumocystis carinii have a role in sudden infant death syndrome?		2001	11454387
the effect of atovaquone on etoposide pharmacokinetics in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	the use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) may cause undesirable adverse effects: fungal overgrowth, neutropenia, and drug resistance. a possible alternative is atovaquone, a hydroxynaphthoquinone with anti-pneumocystis carinii activity. however, it is not known if atovaquone alters the disposition or adverse effects of antileukemic drugs.	2001	11459198
[opportunistic episodes in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus during the first 6 months of haart].	we aimed at analysing the incidence and characteristics of opportunistic events (oe) within a few months after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in hiv infected patients.	2001	11459574
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during maintenance treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a wellknown risk among patients with deficient t-cell function such as children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all). the purpose of this study was to estimate the risk for pcp during maintenance treatment (mt) to identify patients at risk who could benefit from prophylaxis.	2001	11466718
outcome of cytomegalovirus infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.	the aim of this study was to determine the outcome of cytomegalovirus (cmv) infections complicating the course of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd).	2001	11467645
emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses in england and wales (1990-9).	invasive fungal infections are becoming an increasing public health problem owing to the growth in numbers of susceptible individuals. despite this, the profile of mycoses remains low and there is no surveillance system specific to fungal infections currently existing in england and wales. we analysed laboratory reports of deep-seated mycoses made to the communicable disease surveillance centre between 1990 and 1999 from england and wales. a substantial rise in candidosis was seen during this pe ...	2001	11467797
[pulmonary involvement in children with aids: clinical study and necropsy of 14 cases].	to describe clinical, laboratorial, radiological, and histopathological lung findings from necroscopy of aidetic children with pulmonary disease.	2001	11468680
pleural effusions and pneumothoraces in aids.	pneumothorax occurs in 1 to 2% of hospitalized patients with hiv and is associated with 34% mortality. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and chest radiographic evidence of cysts, pneumatoceles, or bullae are risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax. tube thoracostomy, pleurodesis, and surgical treatment are usually needed to manage spontaneous pneumothorax in aids. pleural effusion is seen in 7 to 27% of hospitalized patients with hiv infection. its three leading causes are parapneumonic effusions ...	2001	11470975
osteonecrosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a case-control study.	to evaluate risk factors for osteonecrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients, demographic and clinical characteristics of case patients (n=17) and control patients (n=34) matched on initial clinic visit date, length of follow-up, and baseline cd4 cell count were compared. case patients were more likely to have received corticosteroids (47.1% vs. 8.8%; matched odds ratio [or], 13.1; 95% confidence interval [ci], 1.6-106), to have had an increase in cd4 cell count from nadir ...	2001	11471113
structural studies on bioactive compounds. 34. design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of triazenyl-substituted pyrimethamine inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase.	the triazenyl-pyrimethamine derivative 3a (tab), a potent and selective inhibitor of pneumocystis carinii dhfr, was selected as the starting point for a lead optimization study. molecular modeling studies, corroborated by a recent crystal structure determination of the ternary complex of p. carinii dhfr--nadph bound to tab, predicted that modifications to the acetoxy residue of the lead inhibitor could exploit binding opportunities in the vicinity of an active site pocket bounded by residues ile ...	2001	11472209
genetic diversity of pneumocystis carinii isolated from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in turin, italy.	by dna sequence analysis we identified two new strain types and five novel sporadic variations among 25 isolates of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis obtained from 19 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. of these, 13 were infected with a single strain and 6 were coinfected. fifteen different combination types were identified among the 18 strains for which complete molecular typing was accomplished.	2001	11474032
myoclonus secondary to the concurrent use of trazodone and fluoxetine.	a 39-y-o male with a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection and depression was admitted for diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia infections. prior to admission, he was on 50 mg trazodone every evening for 2 mo for depression. he was admitted with a 2-w history of fever chills and fatigue and on admission had hand tremors which disappeared at rest. four days post-admission the trazodone dose was increased to 100 mg and 20 mg fluoxetine was initiate ...	2001	11474735
what causes smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in malawi, an area of high hiv seroprevalence?	the central hospital and the district tuberculosis (tb) registry in lilongwe, the capital of malawi. in this setting smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) is diagnosed using clinical and radiographic criteria for tb, and mycobacterial cultures are not routinely available.	2001	11258504
pulmonary disease in hiv-infected african children.	childhood human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is common in most regions of sub-saharan africa. acute and chronic respiratory diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in hiv-infected children. they represent a significant added burden in a region where diagnostic capabilities are limited and management decisions are often made on the basis of clinical guidelines alone. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is now recognised as an important cause of acute severe pneumonia and death i ...	2001	11263511
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus infection in children with vertically acquired hiv infection.	the outcome of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in hiv-infected infants is poor, and the role of cytomegalovirus (cmv) co-infection in the course and outcome of pcp is unclear. this study describes the prevalence, clinical characteristics, management and changes in survival over time of vertically hiv-infected infants developing pcp and/or cmv infection.	2001	11273213
effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapies on the incidence of opportunistic infections before and after aids diagnosis.	to determine the effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in reducing opportunistic infections (oi) as both a presenting event and subsequent to an aids-defining event.	2001	11273215
fatal pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-seropositive infants in harare, zimbabwe.	lung biopsies taken post mortem from 24 hiv-seropositive children who died of pneumonia in harare hospital (zimbabwe) during 1995 were examined for pathogens using histology, culture, microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). pneumocystis carinii was detected in 16 (67%) children, in 5 of whom bacterial pathogens were also detected. there were 2 cases of cytomegalovirus infection. on the basis of histology and pcr, none of the children had tuberculosis. these data add to the evidence that ...	2001	11280062
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids in south africa.		2001	11280063
clinical manifestations and survival trends during the first 12 years of the aids epidemic in mexico.	our objective was to evaluate survival trends (1984-1995), the prevalence of aids-defining conditions, and the role of treatment with zidovudine and/or prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in survival following aids diagnosis.	2001	11282182
transport of aspartic acid, arginine, and tyrosine by the opportunistic protist pneumocystis carinii.	in order to improve culture media and to discover potential drug targets, uptake of an acidic, a basic, and an aromatic amino acid were investigated. current culture systems, axenic or co-cultivation with mammalian cells, do not provide either the quantity or quality of cells needed for biochemical studies of this organism. insight into nutrient acquisition can be expected to lead to improved culture media and improved culture growth. aspartic acid uptake was directly related to substrate concen ...	2001	11286978
respiratory diseases in the first year of life in children born to hiv-1-infected women.	our objective was to describe the respiratory complications, clinical findings, and chest radiographic changes in the first year of life in infected and uninfected children born to hiv-1-infected women. we prospectively followed a cohort of 600 infants born to hiv-1-infected women from birth to 12 months in a multicenter study. of these, 93 infants (15.5%) were hiv-1-infected, 463 were uninfected, and 44 were of unknown status prior to death or loss to follow-up. the cumulative incidence ( +/- s ...	2001	11288208
internal transcribed spacer regions of rrna genes of pneumocystis carinii from monkeys.	analysis of sequence variations among isolates of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. macacae from 14 indian rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) at the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of the nuclear rrna gene was undertaken. like those from p. carinii f. sp. hominis, the its sequences from various p. carinii f. sp. macacae isolates were not identical. two major types of sequences were found. one type of sequence was shared by 13 isolates. these 13 sequences were homologous but not identical. varia ...	2001	11329448
resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.	sulfonamides have a glorious history. in 1935, they were the first class of true antimicrobial agents with life-saving potency. today, 66 years later, increased bacterial resistance to sulfonamides and to trimethoprim (tmp), a synthetic antimicrobial agent that is 30 years younger than sulfonamides, has limited their use to only a few indications. in the treatment and prophylaxis of patients with urinary tract infections, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) or tmp alone is still considered t ...	2001	11340533
white spots syndromes.	the different types of white spots occurring in the fundus are analysed. a. acute white spots, vanishing later on. 1. multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. 2. cat scratch disease. 3. aids microangiopathy. 4. cotton-wool spots. 5. acute vitelliform maculopathy. b. acute white spots with coalescence and diffuse scarring. 1. acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. 2. serpiginous choroïditis (geographic choroïditis). 3. herpes retinitis. c. acute white spots becoming white scars ...	2001	11344717
genotypes of clustered cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	reports of outbreaks of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) among human immunodeficiency virus-negative immunocompromised patients have suggested a person-to-person transmission of p. carinii. in this study, 17 bronchoalveolar lavage isolates from patients in 3 pcp outbreaks were genotyped, 2 in renal transplant recipients and 1 outbreak among patients with haematological disorders. genotypes in the p. carinii sp. f. hominis (p. carinii f.sp. hominis) mt large subunit ribosomal rna site 85 were ...	2001	11345221
risk factors for prophylaxis failure in patients receiving aerosol pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.	the purposes of this study were (1) to determine the incidence of prophylaxis failure in hiv-infected patients receiving aerosol pentamidine (ap) for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis, and (2) to identify risk factors for pcp prophylaxis failure.	2001	11348949
application of fluorescent in situ hybridization for specific diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in foals and pigs.	fluorescent in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and grocott's methenamine-silver nitrate staining were compared as diagnostic methods for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in formalin-fixed lung tissue from foals and pigs. an oligonucleotide probe targeting 18s ribosomal rna of p. carinii was designed for in situ hybridization, and a commercially available monoclonal antibody was used for immunohistochemistry. samples from six foals and 10 pigs with p. carinii pneumonia, as verified by gro ...	2001	11355656
approaches to solving the rigid receptor problem by identifying a minimal set of flexible residues during ligand docking.	using fixed receptor sites derived from high-resolution crystal structures in structure-based drug design does not properly account for ligand-induced enzyme conformational change and imparts a bias into the discovery and design of novel ligands. we sought to facilitate the design of improved drug leads by defining residues most likely to change conformation, and then defining a minimal manifold of possible conformations of a target site for drug design based on a small number of identified flex ...	2001	11358692
clinical profile of hiv infection.	to study the clinical profile of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in children.	2001	11255299
early diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary opportunistic infection by using polymerase chain reaction and beta-glucan in patients with hematological neoplasms.	the early diagnosis of 58 patients with hematological neoplasms accompanied by severe pulmonary infections of pneumocystis carini (pc), or cytomegalovirus (cmv) pneumonia was made by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using sputum samples, and of pulmonary mycosis by measuring blood beta-glucan levels by a limulus test. the effectiveness of early treatment for opportunistic infection based on these early stage diagnosis was evaluated and the results of pathological analyses of the lung at autopsy w ...	2001	11501492
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pregnancy.	to report five new cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and to review and analyze the existing reports on the subject.	2001	11502676
a prospective study of discontinuing primary and secondary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after cd4 cell count increase to > 200 x 106 /l.	to assess the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) after discontinuation of either primary or secondary prophylaxis.	2001	11504983
discontinuation of primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis after reconstitution of cd4 cell counts in hiv-infected children.		2001	11504999
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis in an adult hiv negative patient.	this is a case report of a 29 year old male with pneumocystis pneumonia and tuberculosis, and who was initially suspected of having hiv infection, based on risk factor analyses, but was subsequently shown to be hiv negative. the patient arrived at the hospital with fever, cough, weight loss, loss of appetite, pallor, and arthralgia. in addition, he was jaundiced and had cervical lymphadenopathy and mild heptosplenomegaly. he had interstitial infiltrates of the lung, sputum smears positive for my ...	2001	11506779
vitronectin and fibronectin function as glucan binding proteins augmenting macrophage responses to pneumocystis carinii.	beta-glucans represent major structural components of fungal cell walls. we recently reported that pneumocystis carinii beta-glucans stimulate alveolar macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines. macrophage activation by beta-glucan is augmented by serum, implying the presence of circulating factors that interact with beta-glucans and enhance their ability to stimulate macrophages. using beta-glucan-enriched cell wall fractions from p. carinii and saccharomyces cerevisiae, two prominent pr ...	2001	11509330
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis with atovaquone in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-intolerant orthotopic liver transplant patients: a preliminary study.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is an opportunistic infection associated with increased morbidity and mortality in solid-organ and bone-marrow transplant recipients. side effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) are frequent; therefore, we performed a preliminary study using atovaquone suspension, 750 mg once daily, for 1 year for the prevention of pcp in liver transplant recipients intolerant to tmp/smx therapy. twenty-eight patients were treated, and data were analyzed for effic ...	2001	11510024
[pulmonary nocardiosis associated with nephrotic syndrome].	a 70-year-old man treated for 6 months with prednisolone for nephrotic syndrome, was referred to our pulmonary division because of a nodule in the right lower lung field. nocardia asteroides was isolated from the culture of the percutaneous lung aspiration, and the case was diagnosed as pulmonary nocardiosis. the lesion disappeared after 2 months of therapy with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (1,600 mg/320 mg once a day). though it had been given prophylactically (800 mg/160 mg twice a week) for ...	2001	11510096
imaging of pneumonia: trends and algorithms.	pneumonia is one of the major infectious diseases responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. imaging plays a crucial role in the detection and management of patients with pneumonia. this review article discusses the different imaging methods used in the diagnosis and management of suspected pulmonary infections. the imaging examination should always begin with conventional radiography. when the results of routine radiography are inconclusive, computed tomography is ...	2001	11510793
incidence of primary opportunistic infections in two human immunodeficiency virus-infected french clinical cohorts.	clinical guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals have been developed on the basis of natural history data collected in the usa. the objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of primary opportunistic infections in hiv-infected individuals in geographically distinct cohorts in france.	2001	11511618
myelodysplasia associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	two cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with myelodysplasia are presented. case 1 was admitted because of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. mild anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypersegmented neutrophils were observed. after the administration of trimethoprim-sulfame-thoxazole and antiretroviral therapy, pancytopenia progressed. bone marrow (bm) showed dysplastic hematopoiesis, suggesting human immunodeficiency virus-myelopathy. case 2 was hospitalized due to progressive multifocal leukoencep ...	2001	11518128
pulmonary intravascular lymphoma complicated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a case report.	we report a case of intravascular lymphoma (ivl) complicated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). a 65-year-old male complaining of dyspnea and dementia was diagnosed to have pulmonary ivl by transbronchial lung biopsy. concomitantly, deoxyribonucleic acid sequence specific to pneumocystis carinii was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by polymerase chain reaction. differential responses to the sequential treatments for pcp and ivl implied that increased serum lactate dehydrogenase ( ...	2001	11518747
clinical manifestations and management of pediatric hiv infection.	hiv infection has emerged as a colossal problem with epidemic proportions. according to an estimate from unaids about 36.1 million people all over the world are infected at present. in india about 3.5 million people are infected. the infection has evolved into phase ii process of disease evolution, spreading from high-risk population to the general population. the antenatal hiv seropositivity has shown a steady increase from 0.1% to 2% in some tertiary care hospitals in mumbai. pediatric hiv inf ...	2001	11519286
effect of mutations in pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of p carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv-1: a prospective study.	investigators have reported that patients infected with pneumocystis carinii containing mutations in the dhps (dihydropteroate synthase) gene have a worse outcome than those infected with p carinii containing wild-type dhps. we investigated patients with hiv-1 infection and p carinii pneumonia to determine if dhps mutations were associated with poor outcomes in these patients.	2001	11520525
prophylaxis failure is associated with a specific pneumocystis carinii genotype.	to investigate the possible association between pneumocystis carinii types and various clinical and demographic parameters, we used molecular typing to analyze 93 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). multivariate regression analysis revealed an association between being infected with a specific p. carinii genotype and receiving anti-pcp prophylaxis (odds ratio, 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-18.6; p=.05), although no association with a specific drug ...	2001	11528584
update on hiv/aids in thailand.	thailand experienced its first case of aids in 1984. approximately 800,000 thais were infected with hiv in 1995 and 1 million thais became infected by the year 2000. there have been 5 major epidemic waves: among male homosexuals (started 1984-5), intravenous drug users (started 1988), female commercial sex workers (started 1989), male clients (started 1990), and housewives and the newborn (started 1991). approximately 96 per cent of hiv-1 infected thais carried recombinant subtype a/e, the rest ...	2001	11529320
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with active untreated systemic lupus erythematosus.	pneumonias due to pneumocystis carinii (pcp) commonly occur in immunocompromised hosts. although a treatable infection, it is associated with high mortality. a case of pcp presenting in an untreated case of systemic lupus erythematosus is reported, in view of the rarity of this association.	2001	11529437
successful prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected children using smaller than recommended dosages of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.	prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is an essential part of the management of children with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). no dose-ranging studies were ever performed; therefore, the amount of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) needed to suppress pcp in children with hiv/aids is not known. the dose recommended by the centers for disease control (cdc) has been thought to be just above the threshold needed for ...	2001	11530767
independent risk of mechanical ventilation for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia.	the use of mechanical ventilation (mv) for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) has varied over time. the introduction of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy has changed the pathophysiology of pcp. in the present study, we attempted to identify factors predictive of severe respiratory failure requiring mv amongst patients with pcp treated in the era of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy. furthermore, we studied factors associated with survival in relation to mv. of 170 consecutive pati ...	2001	11530954
the changing pattern of aids-defining illnesses with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart)in a london clinic.	to quantify the progressive impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (art) on the incidence of aids-defining illnesses (adis) over a 9-year period.	2001	11531320
risk factors for post-transplant tuberculosis.	post-transplant tuberculosis (post-txtb) occurs in 12 to 20% of patients in india and results in the death of 20 to 25% of those patients. prospective studies on post-txtb are few.	2001	11532111
practical issues in the management of hypersensitivity reactions: sulfonamides.	approximately 3% of the general population and 60% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection have adverse reactions when treated with sulfonamide antimicrobials. the most common clinical manifestations of sulfonamide hypersensitivity are fever and a maculopapular rash 7 to 14 days after initiating therapy, though a variety of more severe manifestations may occur. the sulfonamide chemical moiety is present in many medications that are not antimicrobials, and fortunately hypers ...	2001	11549195
acute respiratory failure following haart introduction in patients treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	cases of paradoxical worsening of opportunistic infections shortly after the beginning of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) prompted questions on the optimal timing of introduction of haart in patients with inaugural aids-related opportunistic infections. we describe three cases of acute respiratory failure after early introduction of haart in patients treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the three patients had severe pcp that initially improved with anti-pcp and adjuncti ...	2001	11549544
caveolae in the uptake and targeting of infectious agents and secreted toxins.	a variety of microbial pathogens, including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and prions, as well as certain secreted bacterial toxins, can now be added to the list of ligands that enter cells via caveolae or caveolae-like membrane domains. in general, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway results in transport of these microbes and toxins to intracellular destinations that are different from that of cargo entering by other means. as a result, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway can profoundly affec ...	2001	11551401
an epidemiological study of hiv-infections in frankfurt/main and other major cities in germany.	epidemiological studies can help to understand the effects of medical treatment of hiv infections. accordingly, this study was designed to discuss the most important parameters in frankfurt/main and other big german cities from 1984 to 2000. the number of hiv tests performed by frankfurt's virology has been decreasing continually since 1991. a decrease of new infections in men could be registered, whereas the number of hiv infected women rose. from 1985 to 2000 an annual mean value of 478 hiv in ...	2001	11556143
primary care for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a randomized controlled trial.	to measure the impact of a teaching intervention and to compare process and outcomes of care for hiv-infected patients randomly assigned to a general medicine clinic (gmc) or an infectious disease clinic (idc) for primary care.	2001	11556937
hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in older patients hospitalized in the early haart era.	to determine whether older age continues to influence patterns of care and in-hospital mortality for hospitalized persons with hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), as determined in our prior study from the 1980s.	2001	11556938
animal pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of sordarin derivatives following intravenous administration.	sordarin derivatives constitute a new group of synthetic antifungal agents that selectively inhibit fungal protein synthesis. they have demonstrated in vitro activity against the most important fungal pathogens, both yeast and filamentous. this new family of compounds has also shown in vivo activity against murine candida albicans, histoplasma capsulatum, and coccidioides immitis experimental infections, as well as against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats. after intravenous dosing in anima ...	2001	11557470
a severe case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with massive accumulation of gas outside the gastrointestinum.	we report an unusually severe case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in an adult female patient undergoing chemotherapy for lymphoblastic crisis in chronic myelogenous leukemia. an impressive accumulation of gas was not only detected within the intestinal wall and mesentery but also in the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mediastinum and cervical subcutaneous tissue. the patient was almost asymptomatic and fully recovered within a few days of treatment. in addition to chemotherapy, the patient w ...	2001	11558072
autopsy case of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis treated with corticosteroids and affected by pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus pneumonia.	a case of the very early phase of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative man with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis treated with steroids is presented. a 40-year-old man with a 10-year history of alcohol abuse was admitted to hospital with jaundice, fever and macrohematuria. laboratory examinations revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis and a serum bilirubin level of 13.9 mg/dl. the serum bilirubin level rose to 28.5 mg/dl over 1 month. prednisolone administe ...	2001	11564218
prevention of infection caused by pneumocystis carinii in transplant recipients.	pneumocystis carinii remains an important pathogen in patients who undergo solid-organ and hematopoietic transplantation. infection results from reactivation of latent infection and via de novo acquisition of infection from environmental sources. the risk of infection depends on the intensity and duration of immunosuppression and underlying immune deficits. the risk is greatest after lung transplants, in individuals with invasive cytomegalovirus disease, during intensive immunosuppression for al ...	2001	11565082
pneumocystis carinii infection presenting as an intra-abdominal cystic mass in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	we describe the case of a pediatric patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) with an unusual large, fluid-filled intra-abdominal cystic lesion in which pneumocystis carinii trophozoites were identified. extrapulmonary p. carinii infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an intra-abdominal cystic mass in a child with aids.	2001	11565084
improved outcome with organs from carbon monoxide poisoned donors for intrathoracic transplantation.	the success of intrathoracic organ transplantation has lead to a growing imbalance between the demand and supply of donor organs. accordingly, there has been an expansion in the use of organs from nonconventional donors such as those who died from carbon monoxide poisoning. we describe our experience with 7 patients who were transplanted using organs after fatal carbon monoxide poisoning.	2001	11565645
killer anti-idiotypes in the control of fungal infections.	killer anti-idiotypes (ktantild) bear the internal image of a pichia anomala toxin (kt), characterized by microbicidal activity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogenic microorganisms presenting specific cell wall receptors (ktr). ktantiid produced by idiotypic vaccination with a kt-neutralizing monoclonal antibody confer active and passive immunoprotection in experimental models of systemic and vaginal candidiasis. ktantild-like human natural anti-ktr antibodies are produced in natural inf ...	2001	11566002
distribution of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis types in the lung of a child dying of pneumocystis pneumonia.	pneumocystis f. sp. hominis causes pneumonia in immunocompromised persons. in order to determine the types and distribution of p. carinii organisms within a single human lung, multiple samples were obtained from the lung of a child who died of p. carinii pneumonia. p. carinii dna was detected in all of the samples and 2 different genotypes of p. carinii were identified, with uneven distribution in the lung, demonstrating that infection of the human lung is not necessarily clonal, and that differ ...	2001	11568852
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in heart transplant recipients.	in spite of the high prevalence of pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, little is known about the epidemiological characteristics of this infection, and whether the cases of pc pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients are the result of a reactivation of a latent infection or a due to a recent infection is unknown. the aim of this study was to provide information about the epidemiological characteristics of pc pneumonia in a cohort of heart transplant (ht) recipients w ...	2001	11574228
widespread occurrence of pneumocystis carinii in commercial rat colonies detected using targeted pcr and oral swabs.	the genus pneumocystis contains a family of fungal organisms that infect a wide variety of mammalian species. although it is a cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, recent evidence suggests that these organisms colonize nonimmunosuppressed hosts. detection of cryptic colonization with pneumocystis becomes important in animal studies when infection-free animals are necessary. provocation by chronic immunosuppression, histology, and serology has been widely used to detect the presence of ...	2001	11574552
rapid identification of dimorphic and yeast-like fungal pathogens using specific dna probes.	specific oligonucleotide probes were developed to identify medically important fungi that display yeast-like morphology in vivo. universal fungal primers its1 and its4, directed to the conserved regions of ribosomal dna, were used to amplify dna from histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, penicillium marneffei, sporothrix schenckii, cryptococcus neoformans, five candida species, and pneumocystis carinii. specific oligonucleotide pro ...	2001	11574564
heterogeneity and compartmentalization of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis genotypes in autopsy lungs.	the extent and importance of genotype heterogeneity of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis within lungs have not previously been investigated. two hundred forty pcr clones obtained from respiratory specimens and lung segments from three patients with fatal p. carinii pneumonia were investigated to detect genetic diversity in the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of the nuclear rrna operon, the mitochondrial large-subunit (mtlsu) rrna gene, and the dihydropteroate synthase-encoding gene. f ...	2001	11574620