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nosocomial diarrhea: evaluation and treatment of causes other than clostridium difficile.diarrhea is common among hospitalized patients but the causes are distinct from those of diarrhea in the community. we review existing data about the epidemiology of nosocomial diarrhea and summarize recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of diarrhea. clinicians should recognize that most cases of nosocomial diarrhea have a noninfectious etiology, including medications, underlying illness, and enteral feeding. apart from clostridium difficile, the frequency of infectious causes such as ...201222700831
the 2.5 å structure of the enterococcus conjugation protein tram resembles virb8 type iv secretion proteins.conjugative plasmid transfer is the most important means of spreading antibiotic resistance and virulence genes among bacteria and therefore presents a serious threat to human health. the process requires direct cell-cell contact made possible by a multiprotein complex that spans cellular membranes and serves as a channel for macromolecular secretion. thus far, well studied conjugative type iv secretion systems (t4ss) are of gram-negative (g-) origin. although many medically relevant pathogens ( ...201223188825
rapid, simultaneous detection of clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens in archived tissues by a novel pcr-based microsphere assay: diagnostic implications for pregnancy-associated toxic shock syndrome cases.clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens are infrequent human pathogens; however, the case-fatality rates for the infections are very high, particularly in obstetric c. sordellii infections (>90%). deaths from clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens toxic shock (cts) are sudden, and diagnosis is often challenging. formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissues usually are the only specimens available for sudden fatal cases, and immunohistochemistry (ihc) for clostridia is ge ...201222536012
clostridium difficile mazf toxin exhibits selective, not global, mrna cleavage.clostridium difficile is an important, emerging nosocomial pathogen. the transition from harmless colonization to disease is typically preceded by antimicrobial therapy, which alters the balance of the intestinal flora, enabling c. difficile to proliferate in the colon. one of the most perplexing aspects of the c. difficile infectious cycle is its ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and transition from inert colonization to active infection. toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have been implicated ...201222544268
alanyl-phosphatidylglycerol and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol are translocated by the same mprf flippases and have similar capacities to protect against the antibiotic daptomycin in staphylococcus aureus.the lysinylation of negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol by mprf proteins reduces the affinity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) for bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and reduces the susceptibility of several gram-positive bacterial pathogens to camps. mprf of staphylococcus aureus encompasses a lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (lys-pg) synthase and a lys-pg flippase domain. in contrast, clostridium perfringens encodes two mprf homologs which specifically synthesize alanyl-phosphatidylglycer ...201222491694
characterization of genes encoding for acquired bacitracin resistance in clostridium perfringens.phenotypic bacitracin resistance has been reported in clostridium perfringens. however, the genes responsible for the resistance have not yet been characterized. ninety-nine c. perfringens isolates recovered from broilers and turkeys were tested for phenotypic bacitracin resistance. bacitracin mic(90) (>256 µg/ml) was identical for both turkey and chicken isolates; whereas mic(50) was higher in turkey isolates (6 µg/ml) than in chicken isolates (3 µg/ml). twenty-four of the 99 isolates showed hi ...201222970221
molecular characterization of podoviral bacteriophages virulent for clostridium perfringens and their comparison with members of the picovirinae.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium responsible for human food-borne disease as well as non-food-borne human, animal and poultry diseases. because bacteriophages or their gene products could be applied to control bacterial diseases in a species-specific manner, they are potential important alternatives to antibiotics. consequently, poultry intestinal material, soil, sewage and poultry processing drainage water were screened for virulent bacteriophages th ...201222666499
determination of microbial quality and plasmid-mediated multidrug resistant bacteria in fountain drinking water sources in turkey.the bacterial contamination as the total aerobic bacteria, coliform and fecal coliform numbers were determined and analyzed for temperature, ph, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in seasonally collected water samples from fifteen different stations placed in adana-tufanbeyli road line during march 2008 - january 2009. in addition, antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates were examined against frequently used antibiotics, and analyzed plasmid dnaof multiple antibiotic resistant (mar) isolates. ...201223741812
review of antimicrobial therapy of selected bacterial diseases in broiler chickens in canada.this paper reviews common therapeutic applications of antimicrobials in broiler chicken production in relation to canadian guidelines, surveillance data, and emerging public health concerns about antimicrobial use (amu). escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus spp., were reviewed because of their animal health and economic significance. enterococcus cecorum and salmonella were included because of their importance in antimicrobial resistance (amr) surveillance. this review i ...201223729827
genome-wide differential gene expression profiles in broiler chickens with gangrenous dermatitis.gangrenous dermatitis (gd) is a disease of poultry characterized by necrosis of the skin and severe cellulitis of the subcutaneous tissues caused by infection with clostridium septicum (cs) and/or clostridium perfringens (cp) type a. while gd causes significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss to the poultry industry, the fundamental mechanisms underlying this host-pathogen interaction are relatively unknown. this study used comparative global gene expression microarray analysis of gd-aff ...201223397837
longitudinal analyses of gut mucosal microbiotas in ulcerative colitis in relation to patient age and disease severity and duration.bacteria belonging to the normal colonic microbiota are associated with the etiology of ulcerative colitis (uc). although several mucosal species have been implicated in the disease process, the organisms and mechanisms involved are unknown. the aim of this investigation was to characterize mucosal biofilm communities over time and to determine the relationship of these bacteria to patient age and disease severity and duration. multiple rectal biopsy specimens were taken from 33 patients with ac ...201223269735
pork implicated in a shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreak in ontario, canada.to describe an outbreak of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 infection following a four-day family gathering in ontario. this is the first published account of a stec o157 outbreak in canada linked to consumption of pork.201223617981
toxin-associated and other genes in clostridium perfringens type a isolates from bovine clostridial abomasitis (bca) and jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (jhs).this study examined known or possible virulence-associated genes in type a clostridium perfringens from cases of both bovine clostridial abomasitis (bca) and jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (jhs) and compared these to isolates from calves that were healthy or had undifferentiated diarrheal illness. a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was used to genotype the 218 c. perfringens isolates. isolates were sourced from healthy and diarrheic young and mature cattle (n = 191), from calves with ...201223543949
prevalence of clostridium perfringens type a isolates in commercial broiler chickens and parent broiler breeder hens in egypt.the aim of this study was to determine the presence of genes coding for alpha (cpalpha), beta (cpbeta), epsilon (epsilontx), iota (iotaa), enterotoxin (cpepsilon) and beta2 (cpbeta2) toxins in clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler chickens and parent broiler breeder hens, using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. the prevalence of c. perfringens in the intestinal segments and the effects of age were also investigated. the highest isolation rate was from the duodenum, at 41.7 ...201223520746
bacillus anthracis inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase in action: the first bacterial series of structures of phosphate ion-, substrate-, and product-bound complexes.inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) catalyzes the first unique step of the gmp branch of the purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway. this enzyme is found in organisms of all three kingdoms. impdh inhibitors have broad clinical applications in cancer treatment, as antiviral drugs and as immunosuppressants, and have also displayed antibiotic activity. we have determined three crystal structures of bacillus anthracis impdh, in a phosphate ion-bound (termed "apo") form and in complex with ...201222788966
diversity and bioactive potential of endospore-forming bacteria cultured from the marine sponge haliclona simulans.despite the frequent isolation of endospore-formers from marine sponges, little is known about the diversity and characterization of individual isolates. the main aims of this study were to isolate and characterize the spore-forming bacteria from the marine sponge haliclona simulans and to examine their potential as a source for bioactive compounds.201221985154
use of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and the enterotoxin receptor-binding domain (c-cpe) for cancer treatment: opportunities and challenges.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) causes the symptoms associated with several common gastrointestinal diseases. cpe is a 35 kda polypeptide consisting of three structured domains, that is, c-terminal domain i (responsible for receptor binding), domain ii (responsible for oligomerization and membrane insertion), and domain iii (which may participate in physical changes when the cpe protein inserts into membranes). native cpe binds to claudin receptors, which are components of the tight ju ...201221941545
sugar inhibits the production of the toxins that trigger clostridial gas gangrene.histotoxic strains of clostridium perfringens cause human gas gangrene, a devastating infection during which potent tissue-degrading toxins are produced and secreted. although this pathogen only grows in anaerobic-nutrient-rich habitats such as deep wounds, very little is known regarding how nutritional signals influence gas gangrene-related toxin production. we hypothesize that sugars, which have been used throughout history to prevent wound infection, may represent a nutritional signal against ...201222079896
evidence that the agr-like quorum sensing system regulates the toxin production, cytotoxicity and pathogenicity of clostridium perfringens type c isolate cn3685.clostridium perfringens possesses at least two functional quorum sensing (qs) systems, i.e. an agr-like system and a luxs-dependent ai-2 system. both of those qs systems can reportedly control in vitro toxin production by c. perfringens but their importance for virulence has not been evaluated. therefore, the current study assessed whether these qs systems might regulate the pathogenicity of cn3685, a c. perfringens type c strain. since type c isolates cause both haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis ...201222150719
Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of viruses, bacteria and parasites from reclaimed water.Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UF) is a technique that has been reported to be effective for recovering a diverse array of microbes from water, and may also be potentially useful for microbial monitoring of effluent from water reclamation facilities. However, few data are available to indicate the potential limitations and efficacy of the UF technique for treated wastewater. In this study, recovery efficiencies were determined for various options available for performing the tangential-flow UF te ...201222108496
Antimicrobial properties of a chitosan dextran-based hydrogel for surgical use.A chitosan dextran-based (CD) hydrogel, developed for use in endoscopic sinus surgery, was tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro against a range of pathogenic microorganisms. The microdilution technique was used to determine minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum fungicidal concentrations. In addition, the time-kill efficacy of CD hydrogel was determined for two bacterial species. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were carried out to elucidate the antimicrobial me ...201222024824
the application of an alanine-substituted mutant of the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin as a mucosal vaccine in mice.efficient delivery of antigen to mucosal immune tissues is an essential part of mucosal vaccination. claudin-4 is expressed on the epithelial cells that cover the mucosal immune tissues. we previously found that claudin-4-targeting is a promising strategy for mucosal vaccination by using a claudin-4 binder, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe). substitution of asn and ser at positions 309 and 313, respectively, with alanine increased the affinity of c-cpe for cl ...201221983135
identification of the cellular receptor of clostridium spiroforme toxin.clostridium spiroforme produces the binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxin cst (c. spiroforme toxin), which has been proposed to be responsible for diarrhea, enterocolitis and, eventually, death especially in rabbits. here, we report on the recombinant production of the enzyme component (csta) and the binding component (cstb) of c. spiroforme toxin in bacillus megaterium. by using the recombinant toxin components we show that cst enters target cells via the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor ...201222252869
characterization of the high affinity binding of epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens to the renal system.epsilon toxin (ɛ-toxin), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, causes fatal enterotoxaemia in livestock. in the renal system, the toxin binds to target cells before oligomerization, pore formation and cell death. still, there is little information about the cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the initial steps of the cytotoxic action of ɛ-toxin, including the specific binding to the target sensitive cells. in the present report, the binding step of ɛ-toxin to the mdck cell ...201222264388
comparison of methods for the enumeration of clostridium perfringens spores in water.four methods for enumerating clostridium perfringens spores in water were evaluated: (1) the imm (iron milk medium) method (mpn); (2) the ls (lactose sulfite broth) method (mpn); (3) the m-cp (membrane filtration clostridium perfringens agar) method (membrane filtration); and (4) the tsc (tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar) method (membrane filtration). the performance of these methods was compared with that of the drcm (differential reinforced clostridium medium) method (mpn) as adopted by cetes ...201222233899
microbiological analysis of stuffed mussels sold in the streets.stuffed mussel is a traditional food that sold by street venders in various countries. in the present study, samples of stuffed mussels were collected from various places in ankara. the mussels were analyzed to show the microbiological risks for human health. thirty samples (600 stuffed mussels in total) were collected periodically and microbiological analyses were performed by standard procedures for bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, salmonella sp., clostridium sp. in te ...201122754015
expression and characterization of an endo-1,4-β-galactanase from emericella nidulans in pichia pastoris for enzymatic design of potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides from potato galactans.potato pulp is a high-volume side-stream from industrial potato starch manufacturing. enzymatically solubilized β-1,4-galactan-rich potato pulp polysaccharides of molecular weights >100 kda (sppp) are highly bifidogenic in human fecal sample fermentations in vitro. the objective of the present study was to use potato β-1,4-galactan and the sppp as substrates for enzymatic production of potentially prebiotic compounds of lower and narrower molecular weight. a novel endo-1,4-β-galactanase from eme ...201122226198
induction of strong anti-hiv cellular immunity by a combination of clostridium perfringens expressing hiv gag and virus like particles.the lower gastrointestinal tract is a major mucosal site of hiv entry and initial infection. thus, the induction of strong cellular immune responses at this mucosal site will be an important feature of an effective hiv vaccine. we have used a novel prime-boost vaccination approach to induce immune responses at mucosal sites. orally delivered recombinant clostridium perfringens expressing hiv-1 gag (cp-gag) was evaluated for induction of hiv-1 gag specific t cell responses in a prime-boost model ...201122211658
modeling of clostridium perfringens vegetative cell inactivation in beef-in-sauce products: a meta-analysis using mixed linear models.the aim of the present study was to predict clostridium perfringens vegetative cell inactivation during the final reheating step of two beef-in-sauce products prepared and distributed in a french hospital for exposure in risk assessment. in order to account for variability according to experts and international organization recommendations, published data were used to estimate the thermal inactivation parameters of a probabilistic model. mixed effects models were proposed to describe variability ...201122236760
effects of clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins in the bovine gut.clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins produce enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats. however, the information regarding the pathophysiology of alpha and epsilon toxins in the bovine intestine is still scanty. in this study, intestinal loops were performed in the ileum and colon of three one-week-old holstein and two four-week-old crossbreed calves. laparotomy was performed in all calves under anaesthesia and four loops -three cm long- were performed in the small and large intestines. for ...201122178571
evaluation in broilers of the probiotic properties of pichia pastoris and a recombinant p. pastoris containing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene.the probiotic properties of pichia pastoris and of a recombinant p. pastoris containing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene were evaluated in broilers. one-day-old chicks randomly divided in four groups were fed with commercial feed devoid of antibacterials. the control group (1) received plain food, while the other groups were supplemented with either p. pastoris (2), the recombinant p. pastoris (3) or bacillus cereus var. toyoi (4). at day 49, live weights, feed efficiency and serocon ...201122176763
Microbial community analysis and identification of alternative host-specific fecal indicators in fecal and river water samples using pyrosequencing.It is important to know the comprehensive microbial communities of fecal pollution sources and receiving water bodies for microbial source tracking. Pyrosequencing targeting the V1-V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene was used to investigate the characteristics of bacterial and Bacteroidales communities in major fecal sources and river waters. Diversity analysis indicated that cow feces had the highest diversities in the bacterial and Bacteroidales group followed by the pig sample, with ...201121887641
modulation of bacterial translocation in mice mediated through lactose and human milk oligosaccharides.massive resection of the small intestine in infants is imposed to the regulation of several intestinal pathological situations, as intestinal adaptation cannot be relied upon. many nutritional disturbances are occurring following surgery procedure. in this vein, long-term parenteral feeding is adopt to improve prognosis not always successfully. clostridia and more specifically clostridium perfringens, are suspected to participate in the physiopathology of the rising situation. in order to invest ...201121939778
Potent inhibition of bacterial neuraminidase activity by pterocarpans isolated from the roots of Lespedeza bicolor.Bacterial neuraminidase has been highlighted as a key enzyme for pathogenic infection and sepsis. Six pterocarpans displaying significant levels of neuraminidase inhibitory activity were isolated from the root bark of Lespedeza bicolor. The isolated compounds were identified as three new pterocarpans (1-3) together with known compounds erythrabyssin II (4), lespebuergine G4 (5), and 1-methoxyerythrabyssin II (6). The new compounds were characterized as bicolosin A (1), bicolosin B (2), and bicol ...201121911291
Antibacterial activity of different degree of hydrolysis of palm kernel expeller peptides against spore-forming and non-spore-forming bacteria.The goal of this study was to determine inhibitory effect of palm kernel expeller (PKE) peptides of different degree of hydrolysis (DH %) against spore-forming bacteria Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophillus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Clostridium perfringens; and non-spore-forming bacteria Escherichia coli, Lisinibacillus sphaericus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas a ...201121848644
gynecologic clostridial toxic shock in women of reproductive age.clostridial toxic shock, caused by clostridium sordellii or clostridium perfringens, is a rare and largely fatal syndrome among reproductive-aged women with genital tract infection, and may occur following various pregnancy outcomes or without pregnancy. clinicians should be aware of common clinical features of this very rapidly-progressing syndrome including abdominal pain, tachycardia, hypotension, third-space fluid accumulations, hemoconcentration, and marked leukemoid response, often with la ...201121882086
Development and characterization of a xylose-inducible gene expression system for Clostridium perfringens.A xylose-inducible gene expression vector for Clostridium perfringens was developed. Plasmid pXCH contains a chromosomal region from Clostridium difficile (xylR-P(xy)(lB)): xylR, encoding the xylose repressor, xylO, the xyl operator sequence, and P(xylB), the divergent promoter upstream of xylBA encoding xylulo kinase and xylose isomerase. pXCH allows tightly regulated expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter and the a-toxin genes in response to the inducer concentration. Thu ...201121965407
epsilon-toxin production by clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718 is dependent upon the agr operon but not the virs/virr two-component regulatory system.clostridium perfringens type b and d strains cause enterotoxemias and enteritis in livestock after proliferating in the intestines and producing epsilon-toxin (etx), alpha-toxin (cpa), and, usually, perfringolysin o (pfo). although etx is one of the most potent bacterial toxins, the regulation of etx production by type b or d strains remains poorly understood. the present work determined that the type d strain cn3718 upregulates production of etx upon close contact with enterocyte-like caco-2 ce ...201122167225
structural analysis of a bacterial exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase in complex with an unusual disaccharide found in class iii mucin.cpgh89 is a family 89 glycoside hydrolase with exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase activity that is produced by the human and animal pathogen clostridium perfringens. this enzyme is active on the α-d-glcpnac-(1→4)-d-galp motif that is expressed on the class iii mucins within the gastric mucosa. other members of this enzyme family, such as human naglu, are active on heparan. a truncated version of cpgh89 was rendered inactive through mutation of two key catalytic residues, the protein crystallized an ...201122090394
Enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control.This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats, with an emphasis on Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis in Boxers. Veterinarians are challenged when attempting to diagnose animals with suspected bacterial-associated diarrhea because well-scrutinized practice guidelines that provide obje ...201122092607
protein kinase cα inhibitor enhances the sensitivity of human pancreatic cancer hpac cells to clostridium perfringens enterotoxin via claudin-4.protein kinase c (pkc) is overexpressed in cancer, including pancreatic cancer, compared with normal tissue. moreover, pkcα is considered one of the biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancers. in several human cancers, the claudin tight junction molecules are abnormally regulated and are thus promising molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy with clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). in order to investigate the changes of tight junction functions of claudins via pkcα activation in pancreat ...201122160590
tpel-producing strains of clostridium perfringens type a are highly virulent for broiler chicks.clostridium perfringens type a and type c are causative agents of necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry. tpel, a recently-described novel member of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, was found in c. perfringens type c. others have since reported tpel in type a isolates from ne outbreaks, suggesting that it may contribute to the pathogenesis of ne. the virulence of tpel-positive and -negative c. perfringens strains from cases of ne was examined by challenge of broiler chicks. gross lesions ...201122019986
recognition of greater diversity of bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.in a study looking at culturable aerobic actinobacteria associated with the human gastrointestinal tract, the vast majority of isolates obtained from dried human faeces belonged to the genus bacillus and related bacteria. a total of 124 isolates were recovered from the faeces of 10 healthy adult donors. 16s rrna gene sequence analyses showed the majority belonged to the families bacillaceae (n=81) and paenibacillaceae (n=3), with bacillus species isolated from all donors. isolates tentatively id ...201122041546
(1)h, (15)n and (13)c backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module from the clostridium perfringens nagh.the gram-positive anaerobe clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that secretes a battery of enzymes involved in glycan degradation. these glycoside hydrolases are thought to be involved in turnover of mucosal layer glycans, and in the spread of major toxins commonly associated with the development of gastrointestinal diseases and gas gangrene in humans. these enzymes employ multi-modularity and carbohydrate-binding function to degrade extracellular eukaryotic host sugars ...201121912839
the conjugation protein tcpc from clostridium perfringens is structurally related to the type iv secretion system protein virb8 from gram-negative bacteria.bacterial conjugation is important for the acquisition of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. we investigated the mechanism of conjugation in gram-positive pathogens using a model plasmid pcw3 from clostridium perfringens. pcw3 encodes tetracycline resistance and contains the tcp locus, which is essential for conjugation. we showed that the unique tcpc protein (359 amino acids, 41 kda) was required for efficient conjugative transfer, localized to the cell membrane independently of other c ...201122150951
tailored ß-cyclodextrin blocks the translocation pores of binary exotoxins from c. botulinum and c. perfringens and protects cells from intoxication.clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and clostridium perfringens iota toxin are binary exotoxins, which adp-ribosylate actin in the cytosol of mammalian cells and thereby destroy the cytoskeleton. c2 and iota toxin consists of two individual proteins, an enzymatic active (a-) component and a separate receptor binding and translocation (b-) component. the latter forms a complex with the a-component on the surface of target cells and after receptor-mediated endocytosis, it mediates the translocation of ...201121887348
effects of feeding polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbiota and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs.polydextrose is a potential prebiotic, but has not been well tested in dogs. thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbial populations and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs. a total of eight adult hound dogs (3·5 (sem 0·5) years; 20 (sem 0·5) kg) were randomly allotted to one of four test diets containing the following concentrations of polydextrose: (1) 0 % (control); (2) 0·5 %; (3) 1·0 %; or (4) 1·5 %. a ...201122085650
antimicrobial activity of butyrate glycerides toward salmonella typhimurium and clostridium perfringens.the antimicrobial activities of n-butyric acid and its derivatives against salmonella typhimurium and clostridium perfringens were studied. n-butyric acid and its derivatives (monobutyrin and a mixture of mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides of butyric acid) were added at different concentrations (ranging from 250 to 7,000 mg/kg to a media inoculated with either salmonella typhimurium or c. perfringens. the antimicrobial activity of butyric acid against c. perfringens was measured at 2 bacterium conce ...201121934003
clostridium perfringens type c and clostridium difficile co-infection in foals.clostridium perfringens type c is one of the most important agents of enteric disease in newborn foals. clostridium difficile is now recognized as an important cause of enterocolitis in horses of all ages. while infections by c. perfringens type c or c. difficile are frequently seen, we are not aware of any report describing combined infection by these two microorganisms in foals. we present here five cases of foal enterocolitis associated with c. difficile and c. perfringens type c infection. f ...201122177970
sialidases affect the host cell adherence and epsilon toxin-induced cytotoxicity of clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718.clostridium perfringens type b or d isolates, which cause enterotoxemias or enteritis in livestock, produce epsilon toxin (etx). etx is exceptionally potent, earning it a listing as a cdc class b select toxin. most c. perfringens strains also express up to three different sialidases, although the possible contributions of those enzymes to type b or d pathogenesis remain unclear. type d isolate cn3718 was found to carry two genes (nani and nanj) encoding secreted sialidases and one gene (nanh) en ...201122174687
Necrotic enteritis due to simultaneous infection with Isospora suis and clostridia in newborn piglets and its prevention by early treatment with toltrazuril.In this study, 51 piglets originating from five different sows were included in the investigations. The animal source of all sows had a history of Clostridium perfringens type A (ß2) infection. The piglets of three sows (n?=?31) were experimentally infected with Isospora suis within the first 4 h after birth and were randomly assigned to the treatment group or the sham-dosing group. The piglets of the two remaining sows (n?=?20) served as I. suis-uninfected controls. Twelve hours post-infection, ...201121968954
Interactions between Clostridium perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages.Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of a variety of histotoxic infections in humans and animals. Studies on the early events of C. perfringens infections have been largely focused on the interactions between their vegetative cells and macrophages. Consequently, in the current study we have examined the interactions between C. perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages. Raw 264.7 cells were able to interact and phagocytose Clostridium perfringens spores of a food poisoning isolate, s ...201122209938
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 35-2011: a 33-year-old woman with postpartum leukocytosis and gram-positive bacteremia. 201122087683
Analysis of the germination of individual Clostridium perfringens spores and its heterogeneity.To analyse the germination and its heterogeneity of individual spores of Clostridium perfringens.201121883730
severe hemolytic crisis and multiorgan failure secondary to clostridium perfringens infection. 201121903298
necrotic enteritis-derived clostridium perfringens strain with three closely related independently conjugative toxin and antibiotic resistance plasmids.the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis involves netb, a pore-forming toxin produced by virulent avian isolates of clostridium perfringens type a. to determine the location and mobility of the netb structural gene, we examined a derivative of the tetracycline-resistant necrotic enteritis strain ehe-ne18, in which netb was insertionally inactivated by the chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol resistance gene catp. both tetracycline and thiamphenicol resistance could be transferred either togethe ...201121954306
detection of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in meat samples by using molecular methods.to prevent food-borne bacterial diseases and to trace bacterial contamination events to foods, microbial source tracking (mst) methods provide important epidemiological information. to apply molecular methods to mst, it is necessary not only to amplify bacterial cells to detection limit levels but also to prepare dna with reduced inhibitory compounds and contamination. isolates carrying the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene (cpe) on the chromosome or a plasmid rank among the most importan ...201121890671
pervasive pneumatosis in a patient on immunosuppressive agents. 201121890774
[analysis of regulatory system of toxin production by cell-cell signaling in clostridium perfringens]. 201121952351
multidisciplinary treatment. a therapeutic option to treat calciphylaxis. 201121959736
Gas discharge plasmas are effective in inactivating Bacillus and Clostridium spores.Bacterial spores are the most resistant form of life and have been a major threat to public health and food safety. Nonthermal atmospheric gas discharge plasma is a novel sterilization method that leaves no chemical residue. In our study, a helium radio-frequency cold plasma jet was used to examine its sporicidal effect on selected strains of Bacillus and Clostridium. The species tested included Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Clos ...201122075631
Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is the host receptor for the binary toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT).Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Hypervirulent strains of the pathogen, which are responsible for increased morbidity and mortality of CDI, produce the binary actin-ADP ribosylating toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT) in addition to the Rho-glucosylating toxins A and B. CDT depolymerizes the actin cytoskeleton, increases adherence and colonization of Clostridia by induction of microtubule-based cell protrusions an ...201121930894
fulminant septic shock due to clostridium perfringens skin and soft tissue infection eight years after liver transplantation.bacterial and fungal infections are the main cause of death within the first year after liver transplantation. clostridium perfringens is the most common germ causing gas gangrene. infections with clostridium perfringens may present in a variety of clinical manifestations, reaching from asymptomatic infections to massive intravascular haemolysis and multiple organ failure due to septic shock.201121959524
are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? a statistical analysis of 40 years of research.indicator organisms are used to assess public health risk in recreational waters, to highlight periods of challenge to drinking water treatment plants, and to determine the effectiveness of treatment and the quality of distributed water. however, many have questioned their efficacy for indicating pathogen risk. five hundred and forty cases representing independent indicator-pathogen correlations were obtained from the literature for the period 1970-2009. the data were analyzed to assess factors ...201121942192
novel clostridium perfringens enterotoxin suicide gene therapy for selective treatment of claudin-3- and -4-overexpressing tumors.bacterial toxins are known to be effective for cancer therapy. clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is produced by the bacterial clostridium type a strain. the transmembrane proteins claudin-3 and -4, often overexpressed in numerous human epithelial tumors (for example, colon, breast, pancreas, prostate and ovarian), are the targeted receptors for cpe. cpe binding to them triggers formation of membrane pore complexes leading to rapid cell death. in this study, we aimed at selective tumor ce ...201121975465
prevalence of selected bacterial and parasitic agents in feces from diarrheic and healthy control cats from northern california.background: bacterial and parasitic agents are commonly implicated as causes of diarrhea in cats, but there is a paucity of information evaluating epidemiological and prevalence factors associated with most of these organisms in cats. objectives: determine the prevalence of selected enteropathogens in diarrheic and nondiarrheic cats. animals: a total of 219 diarrheic and 54 nondiarrheic cats. methods: prospective study. fresh fecal specimens were submitted for centrifugation flotation, culture, ...201122182203
Necrotic enteritis in collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries.An outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C was diagnosed in captive collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries housed in the Laboratory of Applied Ethology of Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz located in Ilhéus, State of Bahia, Brazil. Four collared peccaries and three white-lipped peccaries, all juveniles (25-105 days old), were affected. For all affected animals, lethargy and inappetance were followed by sudden death within 24 hours. ...201122204072
development and validation of stable reference materials for food microbiology using bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens spores.to develop a new type of microbiological reference materials (rms), displaying long-term stability at room temperature. the purpose was to produce and validate two batches of rms for the enumeration of bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens.201121435123
review of enteric outbreaks in prisons: effective infection control interventions.to identify documented outbreaks, worldwide, of enteric illness in correctional facilities over the last 10 years to understand the epidemiology of the outbreaks and explicitly identify effective infection control measures.201121440921
potentially pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in bioaerosols from cage-housed and floor-housed poultry operations.background: antibiotics are used in animal confinement buildings, such as cage-housed (ch) and floor-housed (fh) poultry operations, to lower the likeliness of disease transmission. in fh facilities, antibiotics may also be used at sub-therapeutic levels for growth promotion. low levels of antibiotic create a selective pressure toward antimicrobial resistance (amr) in chicken fecal bacteria. objective: the objective of this study was to compare bacteria and amr genes in bioaerosols from ch and ...201122156572
identification, isolation and characterization of a novel azoreductase from clostridium perfringens.azo dyes are used widely in the textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries as colorants and are often sources of environmental pollution. there are many microorganisms that are able to reduce azo dyes by use of an azoreductase enzyme. it is through the reduction of the azo bonds of the dyes that carcinogenic metabolites are produced thereby a concern for human health. the field of research on azoreductases is growing, but there is very little information available on azoreductases fro ...201122182443
Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin b induces rapid cell necrosis.Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is a binary toxin composed of an enzyme component (Ia) and a binding component (Ib). Each component alone lacks toxic activity, but together they produce cytotoxic effects. We examined the cytotoxicity of iota-toxin Ib in eight cell lines. A431 and A549 cells were susceptible to Ib, but MDCK, Vero, CHO, Caco-2, HT-29, and DLD-1 cells were not. Ib bound and formed oligomers in the membranes of A431 and MDCK cells. However, Ib entered MDCK cells but not A431 cell ...201121911469
germination response of spores of the pathogenic bacterium clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile to cultured human epithelial cells.spores of pathogenic clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile must germinate in the food vehicle and/or host's intestinal tract to cause disease. in this work, we examined the germination response of spores of c. perfringens and c. difficile upon incubation with cultured human epithelial cell lines (caco-2, hela and ht-29). c. perfringens spores of various sources were able to germinate to different extents; while spores of a non-food-borne isolate germinated very well, spores of food-b ...201121315167
in vitro measurement of the impact of human milk oligosaccharides on the faecal microbiota of weaned formula-fed infants compared to a mixture of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides.to investigate the impact of human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) from a single donor (so), hmos from multiple donors (po), a fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides mixture (fg) on the composition of a batch culture inoculated with faecal microbiota from formula-fed infants.201121214609
postoperative complications in a lamb after major surgery.intoduction: anaesthesia in lambs undergoing experimental surgery may develop problems associated with age-related immune incompetency: a postoperative complication in a 3 week old scottish blackface lamb after spinal surgery is presented. case history and management: both lamb and ewe were in good condition. the ewe was vaccinated against clostridium perfringens and clostridium tetani 5 weeks pre-partum. there were no apparent problems with the lamb's intake of colostrum. pre-anaesthetic medica ...201121214711
[emphysematous cholecystitis due to clostridium perfringens]. 201121427832
antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens isolates of bovine, chicken, porcine, and turkey origin from ontario.antimicrobial susceptibilities and toxin types were determined for 275 clostridium perfringens isolates collected in ontario in the spring of 2005. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of c. perfringens isolates for 12 antimicrobials used in therapy, prophylaxis, and/or growth promotion of cattle (n = 40), swine (n = 75), turkeys (n = 50), and chickens (n = 100) were determined using the microbroth dilution method. statistical analyses and mic distributions showed reduced susceptibility to b ...201121731178
chapter 2-12-6. anaerobic infections (individual fields): food poisoning due to clostridium perfringens. 201121728112
the cysteine protease +¦-clostripain is not essential for the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens-mediated myonecrosis.clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene and produces many different extracellular toxins and enzymes, including the cysteine protease +¦-clostripain. mutation of the +¦-clostripain structural gene, ccp, alters the turnover of secreted extracellular proteins in c. perfringens, but the role of +¦-clostripain in disease pathogenesis is not known. we insertionally inactivated the ccp gene c. perfringens strain 13 using targetron technology, construct ...201121829506
[A non-invasive drug delivery system using claudin binder].The intercellular spaces between adjacent epithelial cells are sealed by tight junctions (TJs). Modulation of TJ-seal is a potent strategy for drug absorption. Claudin is a key structural and functional component of TJ-seal. Claudin comprises a tetra-transmembrane protein family consisting of more than 20 members, whose expression profiles and barrier-function differ among tissues. For instance, claudin-1 plays roles in the epidermal and mucosal barriers, and claudin-4 regulates the mucosal barr ...201122041696
complex transcriptional regulation of citrate metabolism in clostridium perfringens.a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, clostridium perfringens, possesses genes for citrate metabolism, which might play an important role in the utilization of citrate as a sole carbon source. in this study, we identified a chromosomal citcdefx-mae-cits operon in c. perfringens strain 13, which is transcribed on three mrnas of different sizes. expression of the cit operon was significantly induced when 5 mm extracellular citrate was added to the growth medium. most interestingly, three regul ...201121945821
Successful treatment of necrotizing fasciitis in an upper extremity caused by Clostridium perfringens after bone marrow transplantation.We report a 47-year-old man with acute leukemia who survived a severe case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Clostridium perfringens involving his right upper extremity. On day 5 after stem cell transplantation, progressive local tissue necrosis led to septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate therapy, including surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics, were crucial. A recombinant thrombomodulin might have not only res ...201121963743
use of essential oils and extracts from spices in meat protection.the hydro distillation method was used in this study to get essential oils (eos) from cumin (cuminum cyminum l.), clove (eugenia caryohyllata) and elecampane (inula helenium l.) and the co-hydro distillation method (addition of fatty acid ethyl esters as extraction cosolvents) to get functional extracts (efs). the mic (minimum inhibitory concentration) and the mbc (minimum bactericidal concentration) were determined on five pathogenic strains (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, listeria monoc ...201124803704
inhibitory effects of nisin against clostridium perfringens food poisoning and nonfood-borne isolates.the enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a is the causative agent of c. perfringens type a food poisoning (fp) and nonfood-borne (nfb) human gastrointestinal diseases. due to its ability to form highly resistant endospores, it has become a great concern to the meat industry to produce meat free of c. perfringens. in this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect of nisin against c. perfringens fp and nfb isolates. no inhibitory effect of nisin was observed against germination of spore ...201122132724
effects of bilayer composition and physical properties on the phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities of clostridium perfringens α-toxin.α-toxin, a major determinant of clostridium perfringens toxicity, exhibits both phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities. our studies with large unilamellar vesicles containing a variety of lipid mixtures reveal that both lipase activities are enhanced by cholesterol and by lipids with an intrinsic negative curvature, e.g. phosphatidylethanolamine. conversely lysophospholipids, that possess a positive intrinsic curvature, inhibit the α-toxin lipase activities. phospholipids with a net neg ...201120727345
nitrite pickling salt as an alternative to formaldehyde for embalming in veterinary anatomy--a study based on histo- and microbiological analyses.formaldehyde, the traditional embalming agent has negative health effects. nitrite pickling salt has been reported to be a good and inexpensive alternative when supplemented with antioxidants, but the antioxidants caused yellowish colouration of cadavers, and damaged corrosion-resistant steel tables and stone floors. here, nitrite pickling salt was supplemented with ethanol and pluriol(®) and tested for effectiveness as an embalming agent of twenty dog cadavers: 10 with open, and 10 with closed ...201120829010
endocytosis and toxicity of clostridial binary toxins depend on a clathrin-independent pathway regulated by rho-gdi.clostridial binary toxins, such as clostridium perfringens iota and clostridium botulinum c2, are composed of a binding protein (ib and c2ii respectively) that recognizes distinct membrane receptors and mediates internalization of a catalytic protein (ia and c2-i respectively) with adp-ribosyltransferase activity that disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. we show here that the endocytic pathway followed by these toxins is independent of clathrin but requires the activity of dynamin and is regulated b ...201120846184
degradation of the extracellular matrix components by bacterial-derived metalloproteases: implications for inflammatory bowel diseases.proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix, a feature of mucosal homeostasis and tissue renewal, also contributes to the complications of intestinal inflammation. whether this proteolytic activity is entirely host-derived, or, in part, produced by the gut microbiota, is unknown.201120853433
effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers.this study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the prebiotics fructo-oligosaccharide (fos) and mannan-oligosaccharide (mos) on the performance, small intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. two hundred forty 1-d-old ross broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatment groups: control, avilamycin (6 mg/kg), 0.25% fos, 0.5% fos, 0.025% mos, and 0.05% mos. each treatment was fed to 4 replicates of 10 birds per diet for 4 wk. except for the 0.5% fo ...201121177446
galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide supplementation affects nutrient digestibility, fermentation end-product production, and large bowel microbiota of the dog.a galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide (ggmo) obtained from fiberboard production was evaluated as a dietary supplement for dogs. the ggmo substrate contained increased concentrations of oligosaccharides containing mannose, xylose, and glucose, with the mannose component accounting for 35% of dm. adult dogs assigned to a 6 × 6 latin square design were fed 6 diets, each containing a different concentration of supplemental ggmo (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) that replaced dietary cellulose. total tract d ...201120852078
foodborne illness acquired in the united states--major pathogens.estimates of foodborne illness can be used to direct food safety policy and interventions. we used data from active and passive surveillance and other sources to estimate that each year 31 major pathogens acquired in the united states caused 9.4 million episodes of foodborne illness (90% credible interval [cri] 6.6-12.7 million), 55,961 hospitalizations (90% cri 39,534-75,741), and 1,351 deaths (90% cri 712-2,268). most (58%) illnesses were caused by norovirus, followed by nontyphoidal salmonell ...201121192848
alternative cooling procedures for large, intact meat products to achieve stabilization microbiological performance standards.achieving the u. s. department of agriculture, food safety and inspection service (usda-fsis) stabilization microbiological performance standards for cooling procedures proves to be challenging for processors of large, whole-muscle meat products. this study was conducted to determine if slower cooling times than those provided by usda-fsis guidance will comply with the performance standard for clostridium perfringens. large (9 to 12 kg) cured bone-in hams (n = 110) and large (8 to 13 kg) uncured ...201121219768
fecal pollution in coastal marine sediments from a semi-enclosed deep embayment subjected to anthropogenic activities: an issue to be considered in environmental quality management frameworks development.sewage discharge is a major source of pollution in marine environments. urban wastewaters can directly enter marine environments carrying pathogen organisms, organic loads, and nutrients. because marine sediments can act as the ultimate fate of a wide range of pollutants, environmental quality assessment in this compartment can help to identify pollution problems in coastal areas. in the present study, characterization of surficial marine sediments allowed assessment of fecal pollution in a semi ...201121225312
enterococcus faecalis virulence regulator fsra binding to target promoters.the fsrabdc signal transduction system is a major virulence regulator in enterococcus faecalis. the fsrc sensor histidine kinase, upon activation by the gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone (gbap) peptide encoded by the fsrbd genes, phosphorylates the fsra response regulator required for the transcription of the fsrbdc and the gele-spre genes from the fsrb promoter and the gele promoter, respectively. fsra belongs to the lyttr family of proteins, which includes other virulence regulators ...201121257771
effect of lactobacillus plantarum lp-onlly on gut flora and colitis in interleukin-10 knockout mice.probiotics are used in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. this study aimed to determine the effects of probiotic lactobacillus plantarum lp-onlly (lp) on gut flora and colitis in interleukin-10 knockout (il-10(-/-) ) mice, a model of spontaneous colitis.201121261733
the virs/virr two-component system regulates the anaerobic cytotoxicity, intestinal pathogenicity, and enterotoxemic lethality of clostridium perfringens type c isolate cn3685.clostridium perfringens vegetative cells cause both histotoxic infections (e.g., gas gangrene) and diseases originating in the intestines (e.g., hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis or lethal enterotoxemia). despite their medical and veterinary importance, the molecular pathogenicity of c. perfringens vegetative cells causing diseases of intestinal origin remains poorly understood. however, c. perfringens beta toxin (cpb) was recently shown to be important when vegetative cells of c. perfringens ty ...201121264065
multilocus sequence typing subtypes of poultry clostridium perfringens isolates demonstrate disease niche partitioning.clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous and versatile pathogenic bacterium and is implicated in the etiology of the poultry diseases necrotic enteritis (ne) and poultry gangrene (pg). in this study, multilocus sequence typing was used to investigate genotypic relationships among 139 c. perfringens isolates from 74 flocks. these isolates had multiple disease, host, and environmental origins. the results indicated a polymorphic yet highly clonal population, with 79.6% of all isolates partitioning ...201121270221
analysis of bacterial communities of traditional fermented west african cereal foods using culture independent methods.in this study, the microbial composition of kunu-zaki and ogi, two popular foods in nigeria produced after natural, uncontrolled fermentation of cereals, was assessed by culture-independent molecular profiling methods. in particular, pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and construction of 16s rrna gene clone libraries revealed the presence of diverse bacterial communities. dna sequencing of the highly variable v3 region of the 16s rrna genes obtained from pcr-dgge fingerprints identified ...201121272950
intestinal microbiota was assessed in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis b virus infection. intestinal microbiota of hbv cirrhotic patients.to unravel the profile of intestinal microecological parameters in chinese patients with asymptomatic carriage of hepatitis b virus (hbv), chronic hepatitis b, decompensated hbv cirrhosis, and health controls and to establish their correlation with liver disease progression, we performed quantitative pcr and immunological techniques to investigate fecal parameters, including population of fecal predominant bacteria and the abundance of some virulence genes derived from escherichia coli, bacteroi ...201121286703
expression and purification of functional clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins in escherichia coli.the alpha and epsilon toxins are 2 of the 4 major lethal toxins of the pathogen clostridium perfringens. in this study, the expression of the epsilon toxin (etx) gene of c. perfringens was optimized by replacing rare codons with high-frequency codons, and the optimized gene was synthesized using overlapping pcr. then, the etx gene or the alpha-toxin gene (cpa) was individually inserted into the ptig-trx expression vector with a hexahistidine tag and a thioredoxin (trx) to facilitate their purifi ...201121300155
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