Publications

a novel serovar of shigella dysenteriae from patients with diarrhoea in bangladesh.	every year, around 3 % of isolates from patients with diarrhoea at dhaka hospital, icddr,b, are identified as shigella-like organisms (slos) based on their activity in biochemical tests. these isolates do not react with any of the current shigella antisera including all existing and provisional serotypes. among these slos, a unique cluster of seven isolates with an identical plasmid profile was found and these isolates were further characterized by phenotypic and genotypic techniques. all were n ...	2007	17446289
[current status of multi-drug resistant bacteria in infectious diarrheal diseases and its control].		2007	17455674
effects of heating, storage, and ultraviolet exposure on antimicrobial activity of garlic juice.	this study was designed to investigate the effect of heating, storage, and ultraviolet exposure on antimicrobial activity of garlic juice and its bacteriocidal activity against common human pathogens. antimicrobial activity of fresh garlic juice was tested against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus hemolyticus b, s. hemolyticus a, klebsiella sp., shigella dysenteriae, and candida albicans using the disc method. the dilution method was performed by addition of garlic juice to ...	2007	17472490
protective role of lactobacilli in shigella dysenteriae 1-induced diarrhea in rats.	studies on lactic acid bacteria exemplify their use against various enteropathogens in vitro. nevertheless, in vivo effects of lactobacillus during shigella infection have not been evaluated. the present study evaluated the effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus and lactobacillus acidophilus on neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation during shigella dysenteriae 1-induced diarrhea in rats.	2007	17483010
emergence of shiga toxin 1 genes within shigella dysenteriae type 4 isolates from travelers returning from the island of hispañola.	shiga toxins are produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and certain strains of escherichia coli. three cases of shiga toxin-producing s. dysenteriae type 4 were identified among travelers to the island of hispañola between 2002 and 2005. clinical and public health practitioners should be aware of this newly identified strain.	2007	17556630
shigella isolates of nepal: changes in the incidence of shigella subgroups and trends of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.	shigellosis is an important cause of bloody diarrhoea in all age groups, especially in children. a retrospective study was done to analyse the pattern of shigella isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility trend of these shigella isolated at different hospitals of nepal from jan, 2003- dec, 2005.	2007	18603983
prevalence of acute diarrhoea in kathmandu valley.	this retrospective study was conducted during january to september in the year 1997. three hundred and forty nine stool samples were collected from diarrhoea patients from different places of kathmandu valley and examined at national public health laboratory (nphl), teku, kathmandu. acute diarrhoea becomes epidemic in rainy season and is a major public health problem of the city. in this study, people with poor hygiene practice and poor education were infected more than other people. among the 3 ...	2007	18340369
antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella flexneri and s. dysenteriae isolated from stool specimens of patients with bloody diarrhoea in mwanza, tanzania.	this study was conducted to determine frequency and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella species isolated from stool specimens collected from patients presenting with bloody diarrhoea in mwanza city, tanzania. the study was carried out from october 2004 to october 2005 and involved patients attending sekou toure regional hospital and butimba health centre. bacteriological cultures were done at the national institute for medical research laboratory. a total of 489 patients (median ...	2007	18087897
[effects of huoxiang zhengqi liquid on enteric mucosal immune responses in mice with bacillus dysenteriae and salmonella typhimurium induced diarrhea].	to explore the effects of huoxiang zhengqi liquid (hxzq) on enteric mucosal immune responses in mice with bacillus dysenteriae and salmonella typhimurium induced diarrhea (bsd).	2007	18257268
porin of shigella dysenteriae activates mouse peritoneal macrophage through toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce polarized type i response.	porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 coexpressed toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 and tlr6 on peritoneal cavity (perc) macrophages (mphi) of c57bl/6 mice implicating that both the tlrs are essential as a combinatorial repertoire to recognize the protein. besides tlrs, mrna for myd88 and traf6, and nuclear translocation of nf-kappab were enhanced that indicate their involvement in tandem in the activity of porin. the protein selectively up-regulated cd80 on the activated mphi together with mhc class ii ...	2007	16750567
the antiphospholipid antibody dilemma.		2007	2168305
residual effectiveness of insecticides for control of german cockroaches (dictyoptera: blattellidae) in food-handling establishments.	residual effectiveness of insecticides was compared for two treatment methods at various sites within two commercial kitchens. for all sites and insecticides, german cockroach, blattella germanica (l.), mortality was greatest for treatments of cracks and crevices than for treatments of exposed surfaces. mortality at the dishwashing site was lower than at all other sites. we attributed reduced mortality at the dishwashing site to a higher vapor pressure deficit. mortality and the amount of insect ...	2007	2258513
residual effectiveness of insecticides for control of german cockroaches (dictyoptera: blattellidae) in food-handling establishments.	residual effectiveness of insecticides was compared for two treatment methods at various sites within two commercial kitchens. for all sites and insecticides, german cockroach, blattella germanica (l.), mortality was greatest for treatments of cracks and crevices than for treatments of exposed surfaces. mortality at the dishwashing site was lower than at all other sites. we attributed reduced mortality at the dishwashing site to a higher vapor pressure deficit. mortality and the amount of insect ...	2007	2258513
the electrocardiogram of european shrews.	a recording method of electrocardiograms in resting animals is described. the electrocardiograms of crocidura russula, crocidura leucodon, crocidura suaveolens, neomys fodiens and sorex araneus are similar to those of other small mammals. t-wave directly follows the qrs-complex. the duration of electrocardiograms depends on heart mass and body temperature. heart rate shows no influence on the duration of electrocardiograms.	2007	2870871
the electrocardiogram of european shrews.	a recording method of electrocardiograms in resting animals is described. the electrocardiograms of crocidura russula, crocidura leucodon, crocidura suaveolens, neomys fodiens and sorex araneus are similar to those of other small mammals. t-wave directly follows the qrs-complex. the duration of electrocardiograms depends on heart mass and body temperature. heart rate shows no influence on the duration of electrocardiograms.	2007	2870871
olfactory dysfunction in parkinson's disease.	an olfactory function test in 18 patients with parkinson's disease (pd) and 10 age-matched control subjects was performed. both detection and recognition thresholds were measured with five kinds of synthesized odorants (t & t olfactometry). before each test, rhinoscopic inspections were performed to exclude subjects who could have respiratory hyposmia. both detection and recognition thresholds in patients with pd were significantly elevated in comparison with those of control subjects. auditory ...	2007	1852411
[glycogenosis type ii (pompe's disease) in a 6-month-old child].		2007	2780149
replantation in children.	the authors have replanted 162 parts in 120 children over the past 15 years. the youngest patient, undergoing successful replantation, was aged 7 months, 3 weeks. unlike an adult, any child suffering a traumatic amputation should be considered for a possible replantation. replantation should consist of minimal bone shortening to preserve epiphyseal plates, with repair of all severed structures. longitudinal k-wires usually provide adequate fixation. our survival rate for complete replantation in ...	2007	1865815
[social health in east germany].		2007	1828554
increased vitamin e intake restores fish-oil-induced suppressed blastogenesis of mitogen-stimulated t lymphocytes.	we sought to determine whether fish-oil supplementation would suppress blastogenesis in vitro of concanavalin a (cona)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and, if so, whether it could be reversed with increased intake of vitamin e. healthy males ate a controlled basal diet providing a total of 40% of energy from fat when fed in conjunction with 15 g/d of either placebo oil (po) or fish-oil concentrate (foc) fortified with 15 mg alpha-tocopherol/d for three periods. the subjects ...	2007	1951163
myopic excimer laser keratectomy. a preliminary report.		2007	1936430
the company they keep. fifth annual meeting on oncogenes sponsored by the foundation for advanced cancer studies, inc., frederick, md, usa, june 27-july 1, 1989.		2007	2577367
the company they keep. fifth annual meeting on oncogenes sponsored by the foundation for advanced cancer studies, inc., frederick, md, usa, june 27-july 1, 1989.		2007	2577367
inhibition by anti-cd2 monoclonal antibodies of anti-cd3-induced t cell-dependent b cell activation.	anti-cd3 mab can activate t cells to help in b cell activation as detected by late events, such as maturation of b cells into ig-secreting cells (igsc), or by early events, such as b cell surface expression of the activation marker cd23. two different anti-cd2 mab each inhibited anti-cd3-induced t cell-dependent b cell activation in a dose-dependent fashion. neither irradiation of the t cells prior to culture nor depletion of cd8+ cells abrogated the inhibitory effects of anti-cd2 mab. despite t ...	2007	1976440
[maternal morbidity and mortality in extra-genital pathology].	the authors analyze the incidence and structure of acute and chronic visceral diseases in pregnant women and the incidence and structure of maternal death because of extragenital diseases. causes of maternal mortality are discussed and approaches to reducing maternal morbidity and mortality in visceral diseases outlined.	2007	1951974
vecuronium infusion requirements in pediatric patients during fentanyl-n2o-o2 anesthesia.	eighty-one pediatric patients, ranging from neonates to adolescents, were studied during fentanyl-n2o-o2 anesthesia to determine for each of them the vecuronium infusion required to maintain 90-95% neuromuscular block (nmb). electromyographic monitoring with train-of-four stimuli was used. the steady infusion rate was 62 +/- 15 (sd) micrograms.kg-1.hr-1 in neonates and infants. this rate was 40% of that required by children 3 to 10 years old (154 +/- 49 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1; p less than 0.05). i ...	2007	2562909
diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by fine needle aspiration cytology and computerized cytomorphometry.	eighty-one fine needle aspirations (fnas) of pancreatic masses were performed between 1980 and 1988. histologic or clinical follow-up was available for correlation with 78 aspirates. the fna cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma had a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 91%. fifteen of the fna specimens were examined with the zeiss ibas image analysis system to determine nuclear area, form (shape), diameter, density and integrated optical density (iod). nuclear area and iod correlated ...	2007	2669782
[analysis of mutagenicity in the urine of young male smokers and non-smokers].		2006	4087496
[physical development and health status of first-year students].		2006	1840048
[physical development and health status of first-year students].		2006	1840048
increased cholesterol awareness in urban and rural areas--missouri, 1988-1991.	elevated serum cholesterol is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (chd) (1,2). from 1983 through 1990, the percentage of persons who had their cholesterol measured--a first step in reducing risk for chd from serum cholesterol-increased nationwide (3). changes in patterns had not been monitored specifically in rural areas, where access to medical care and other socioeconomic barriers may hinder receipt and use of cholesterol screening (4,5). to monitor trends in cholesterol awareness and oth ...	2006	1569916
[health economics--stopgap measures are no decisions. interview by kaj nyman].		2006	2095080
rural advanced practice nurses: a decade of growth.		2006	1764326
[eye foreign bodies. patients should be sent to the eye clinic for treatment].		2006	1636298
[bilateral claw deformity of the fingers due to fasciitis with eosinophilia (shulman's syndrome). apropos of a case].	shulman's syndrome or fasciitis with eosinophilia is a disease of unknown origin with unclear relations with scleroderma, characterised by thickening of the fascia superficialis associated with blood eosinophilia. this diagnosis should be considered in a patient presenting with a lesion of the anterior surface of the forearms, which have an "armoured" appearance, associated with claw deformity of the wrist, hand and fingers. the diagnosis is based on cutaneo-muscular biopsy and treatment consist ...	2006	1698089
the use of potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser for laparoscopic removal of ovarian endometrioma.	from january 1989 through january 1990, 31 patients thought to have ovarian endometrioma at ultrasonography were treated by operative laparoscopy and potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser. the endometriomas ranged from 2 to 9.2 cm in diameter by preoperative transvaginal ultrasonography. the operative procedure used was a three-puncture technique with a 600 micron fiber attached to a potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser. the power setting was 10 w with a continuous pulse. in all cases endometriomas wer ...	2006	1828651
the use of potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser for laparoscopic removal of ovarian endometrioma.	from january 1989 through january 1990, 31 patients thought to have ovarian endometrioma at ultrasonography were treated by operative laparoscopy and potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser. the endometriomas ranged from 2 to 9.2 cm in diameter by preoperative transvaginal ultrasonography. the operative procedure used was a three-puncture technique with a 600 micron fiber attached to a potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser. the power setting was 10 w with a continuous pulse. in all cases endometriomas wer ...	2006	1828651
effects of norethisterone on pressor response to angiotensin ii in men.	we examined the effects of norethisterone and/or mestranol on the pressor response to angiotensin ii in 20 healthy men.	2006	1635747
[response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to monosodium urate crystals: production of oxygen free radicals].		2006	3013256
pharmacodynamics of pemoline in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity.	the onset, duration, and offset of pemoline action to improve cognitive performance is examined intensively in 25 prepubescent males suffering from attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity (addh). the purpose was to characterize the pharmacodynamics of pemoline in addh patients through correlation of plasma pemoline concentration with psychometric measures of memory search efficiency and paired-associates learning, with the physiological effect of pemoline on dopaminergic transmission concu ...	2006	1564025
heterogeneity analysis of breast cancer families by using age at onset as a covariate.	an extension of the usual mixture model of heterogeneity (two family types, one with and one without linkage) is proposed by introducing age at onset as a covariate. the extended model defines age-dependent penetrances where the exact parametrization of age-at-onset distributions depends on the given genotype and family type (linked or unlinked). this extension was applied to breast cancer families. we postulated that the mean age at onset in individuals affected by the linked gene was lower tha ...	2006	1539592
monocyte disorders associated with t cell defects in patients with solid tumors.	t cells proliferate in response to autologous monocytes in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (amlr). amlr was found to be impaired in patients with advanced cancer (stages iii and iv), whereas normal values were found in the early stages of the disease (stages i and ii). peripheral t lymphocytes from patients with advanced stages also exhibited a decreased ability to produce interleukin-2 (il-2) during an amlr response, whereas production of il-2 by t cells in stages i and ii was comparab ...	2006	1533752
[bronchobiliary fistula in carcinoma of the hepatic duct bifurcation].	carcinoma of the hepatic duct bifurcation was diagnosed in a 67-year-old women with obstructive jaundice. as metastatic spread could not be demonstrated the carcinoma was removed with a view of achieving a cure (hemihepatectomy, resection of the hepatic duct and the bifurcation, cholecystectomy and hepatojejunostomy). histological examination indicated adenocarcinoma of the biliary tract. seven months postoperatively the patient was found to be cachectic and cough up greenish liquid sputum. bili ...	2006	1459022
delirium during intra-aortic balloon pump therapy. incidence and management.		2006	1539101
chartline: providing bibliographic references relevant to patient charts using the umls metathesaurus knowledge sources.	a successful medical informatics program helps its users to match their information needs as closely and efficiently as possible to the capabilities of the system. chartline is a computer program whose input is a free text, "natural language" patient chart in ascii format. using the umls metathesaurus knowledge sources, chartline can suggest bibliographic references relevant to the patient case described in the chart. the program does not attempt to "understand" the natural language content of t ...	2006	1483014
nutritive value, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of struchium sparganophora leaves.	struchium sparganophora leaf is a green leafy vegetable popularly used in soup preparations in processed and unprocessed forms in nigeria. fresh leaves of s. sparganophora were soaked overnight to remove its bitterness, before determination of the nutrient and antinutrient content, while sun-dried s. sparganophora leaves were extracted with rectified spirit. the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the extracts were subsequently determined. the result of the study revealed that the fresh ...	2006	16822216
[antibacterial action of ether oils of some plants].	inhibitory effect of clove oil on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae and candida albicans was detected. mint ether oil had the high antibacterial action on s. aureus, however against other microorganisms mint oil had a reliably low effect then clove oil. fennel oil had high antibacterial effect on c. albicans, and bactericidal action on s. typhimurium and s. dysenteriae.	2006	16830599
construction, detection and microarray analysis on shigella dysenteriae a1 iron, shua single, double mutants.	in this study, we constructed single mutants mts-1, mts-2 of iron and shua gene and double mutant mts of them in shigella dysenteriae a1 strain 51197 by insert and absence. the functional detection of every mutant was performed at the level of culture medium and cell experiment. the gene expression profiles of the mutants and the wild-type strains under iron-enriched and iron-limited conditions were analyzed by the sd51197 whole genomic microarray. the results showed that all the mutants grew ob ...	2006	16856494
increasing single and multi-antibiotic resistance in shigella species isolated from shigellosis patients in sana'a, yemen.	the epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella species changes over time. updated susceptibility knowledge is necessary for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. thus, this research aimed to study these changes in 2 time periods with an interval of 10 years.	2006	16883444
characterization of shigella strains in iran by plasmid profile analysis and pcr amplification of ipa genes.	to characterize shigella clinical strains, we studied 82 shigella strains recovered from 719 stool samples of patients with bloody diarrhea in shiraz, iran, over the period from april to october 2003. serological assay classified the shigella isolates as follows: 61 (74.39%) shigella sonnei isolates, 16 (19.51%) shigella flexneri isolates, 3 (3.65%) shigella boydii isolates, and 2 (2.43%) shigella dysenteriae isolates. in an antibiogram test, all shigella strains were susceptible to ceftazidime, ...	2006	16891506
verotoxin-1 induction of apoptosis in gb3-expressing human glioma cell lines.	the aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptosis induction of verotoxin-1 (vt-1) in human glioma cell lines. vt-1 is a member of the shiga-toxin family expressed by some serotypes of escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae. shiga-toxins have been shown to induce apoptosis by binding to its membrane receptor gb3. the human glioma cell lines sf-767, u-343 mg, and u-251 mg were studied together with bt4c, a rat glioma cell line. cells were first screened for gb3 ex ...	2006	16929170
preliminary pharmacological screening of bixa orellana l. leaves.	preliminary pharmacological studies were performed on the methanol extract of bixa orellana l. (bixaceae) leaves to investigate neuropharmacological, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal activity and effect on gastrointestinal motility. all studies were conducted in mice using doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight. in the pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis test, the extract statistically reduced the time for the onset of sleep at 500 mg/kg dose and (dose-dependently) increased the tot ...	2006	16963211
a multicentre study of shigella diarrhoea in six asian countries: disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology.	the burden of shigellosis is greatest in resource-poor countries. although this diarrheal disease has been thought to cause considerable morbidity and mortality in excess of 1,000,000 deaths globally per year, little recent data are available to guide intervention strategies in asia. we conducted a prospective, population-based study in six asian countries to gain a better understanding of the current disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology of shigellosis in asia.	2006	16968124
development of a serotype-specific dna microarray for identification of some shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli strains.	shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli are major causes of human infectious diseases and are responsible for millions of cases of diarrhea worldwide every year. a convenient and rapid method to identify highly pathogenic serotypes of shigella and e. coli is needed for large-scale epidemiologic study, timely clinical diagnosis, and reliable quarantine of the pathogens. in this study, a dna microarray targeting o-serotype-specific genes was developed to detect 15 serotypes of shigella and e. col ...	2006	17021058
13c nmr spectroscopy of core heme carbons as a simple tool to elucidate the coordination state of ferric high-spin heme proteins.	evidence is presented demonstrating that the magnitudes of the 13c chemical shifts originating from heme meso carbons provide a straightforward diagnostic tool to elucidate the coordination state of high-spin heme proteins and enzymes. pentacoordinate high-spin heme centers exhibit 13c meso shifts centered at approximately 250 ppm, whereas their hexacoordinate counterparts exhibit 13c shifts centered at approximately -80 ppm. the relatively small spectral window (400 to -100 ppm) covering the me ...	2006	17054345
distribution of shigella enterotoxin genes and secreted autotransporter toxin gene among diverse species and serotypes of shigella isolated from andaman islands, india.	we studied the prevalence and distribution of the newly described genes for shigella enterotoxins (shet1 and shet2, encoded by set and sen genes) and secreted auto-transporter toxin (encoded by sat gene) in clinical isolates from the andaman islands, india. a total of 153 shigella isolates obtained from hospitalized patients during 1994-2004 were analysed. these isolates included all the four species of shigella (s. dyseteriae-29, s. flexneri-75, s. sonnei-38, s. boydii-5) that belonged to diver ...	2006	17054749
carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for infectious diseases.	adhesion of pathogenic organisms to host tissues is the prerequisite for the initiation of the majority of infectious diseases. in many systems, it is mediated by lectins present on the surface of the infectious organism that bind to complementary carbohydrates on the surface of the host tissues. lectin-deficient mutants often lack the ability to initiate infection. the bacterial lectins are typically in the form of elongated submicroscopic multi-subunit protein appendages, known as fimbriae (or ...	2006	16564136
in vitro antibacterial, antifungal & cytotoxic activity of some isonicotinoylhydrazide schiff's bases and their cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes.	isonicotinoylhydrazide schiff's bases formed by the reaction of substituted and unsubstituted furyl-2-carboxaldehyde and thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with isoniazid and, their co (ii), cu (ii), ni (ii) and zn (ii) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, bacillus cereus, corynebac ...	2006	16570512
investigating bacillary dysentery: the role of laboratory, technique and people.		2006	16600682
antienterobacterial activity of hemidesmus indicus r. br. root extract.	the antienterobacterial activity of the chloroform and methanol extracts of hemidesmus indicus root was demonstrated using a variety of methods and different enterobacterial strains. although the constituents were similar in the chloroform extract (chi) and the fatty substance separated (me1) from the methanol extract (mhi), me1 was found to be more effective than chi as evident from the disc diffusion method. me1 was found to be more active than mhi, followed by chi. this may be due to the inef ...	2006	16619372
synthesis of hexa- to tridecasaccharides related to shigella dysenteriae type 1 for incorporation in experimental vaccines.	hexa- to tridecasaccharides corresponding to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of the gram-negative bacterium shigella dysenteriae type 1 were synthesized in solution phase. the syntheses utilized tetra-, octa-, and dodecasaccharide intermediates that represent one to three contiguous tetrasaccharide repeating units of the o-sp [synlett2003, 743]. these compounds were glycosylated with mono-, di-, and trisaccharide trichloroacetamidates, which were synthesized in this study. the excellent ste ...	2006	16650395
future needs and directions for shigella vaccines.		2006	16673461
the emerging strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 in bangladesh are clonal.	a total of 113 strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 isolated from patients attending the dhaka diarrhoea treatment centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research during the period 1999-2004 were studied. serotype of the isolates was confirmed using commercially available antisera. except for arabinose fermentation, all the strains had similar biochemical reactions. more than 60% of the strains were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics; only 6% (n=7) of the strains were resistan ...	2006	16684401
molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 causing dysentery outbreaks in central african republic, 2003-2004.	shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1) represents a particular threat in developing countries because of the severity of the infection and its epidemic potential. antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and plasmid profiling (pp) of sd1 isolates collected during two dysentery outbreaks (2013 and 445 cases of bloody diarrhoea) in central african republic (car) during the period 2003-2004 were reported. eleven sd1 comparison strains (cs) a ...	2006	16701761
high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among shigella isolates in the united states tested by the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system from 1999 to 2002.	shigella spp. infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the united states, resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations. since 1999, the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms) for enteric bacteria has tested every 10th shigella isolate from 16 state or local public health laboratories for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. from 1999 to 2002, narms tested 1,604 isolates. among 1,598 isolates identified to species level, 1,278 (80%) were shigella sonnei, 295 (18%) w ...	2006	16377666
low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in bangladesh.	hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) may complicate up to 15% of cases of shiga toxin (stx)-expressing enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 infections in children. administration of antimicrobials has been reported to increase the risk of stec-associated hus by >10-fold, presumably by increasing the expression and release of stx by dying stec bacteria. shigella dysenteriae type 1 also expresses stx. however, the effect of antimicrobial therapy on stx release and the risk of hus in humans ...	2006	16392080
shiga toxin exposure modulates intestinal brush border membrane functional proteins in rabbit ileum.	the activities of lactase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase (ap) were studied in intestinal brush border membranes of control and toxin-treated rabbits. purified shiga toxin (stx) exposure to ileal mucosa inhibited activities of brush border enzymes by 50%. kinetic analysis revealed that the observed decrease in bbm enzyme activities was due to reduced v(max) with no change in the affinity constants of the systems. the observed changes in enzyme activities were corroborated by western blot analy ...	2006	16444589
activities of aqueous extracts of mallotus oppositifolium on shigella dysenteriae a1-induced diarrhoea in rats.	1. mallotus oppositifolium is reported to possess medicinal properties and is traditionally used in cameroon for the treatment of diarrhoea. in the present study, we have evaluated the acute toxicity, in vitro antibacterial and in vivo antidiarrhoeal effects of an aqueous extract of these plant leaves. 2. shigella dysenteriae a(1) (sd1)-induced diarrhoeal rats were obtained by oral administration of increasing densities of the sd1 strain isolated from bloody diarrhoea occurring in east cameroon. ...	2006	16445705
fluoroquinolone resistance linked to both gyra and parc mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	we examined the quinolone resistance-determining region (qrdr) of gyra, gyrb, and parc of recently isolated fluoroquinolone-resistant s. dysenteriae type 1 strains from south asia and compared data with fluoroquinolone-susceptible strains associated with previous epidemics of 1978, 1984, and 1994. in fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, double mutations (ser83-->leu, asp87-->asn or gly) and a single mutation (ser80-->ile) were detected in the qrdrs of gyra and parc, respectively.	2006	16450072
development of a hybrid shiga holotoxoid vaccine to elicit heterologous protection against shiga toxins types 1 and 2.	the hemolytic uremic syndrome is a life-threatening sequela that occurs after infection with shiga toxin (stx)-producing escherichia coli (stec) or shigella dysenteriae type 1, and stx is responsible for initiating this syndrome. an stec isolate can express stx1, stx2, or both, but antisera to stx1 and stx2 are not cross-neutralizing. to produce a single vaccine candidate against both toxins, we created a genetic toxoid that contained the enzymatically-inactivated stxa2 subunit and the native st ...	2006	16551486
immunocapture uppcr combined with dgge for rapid detection of shigella species.	to develop an immunocapture universal primer pcr (iuppcr) combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and evaluate it as a method permitting rapid detection of shigella species and their serotypes.	2006	16553735
differences in perception of dysentery and enteric fever and willingness to receive vaccines among rural residents in china.	enteric diseases including dysentery and enteric fever remain significant public health problems in china. while vaccines offer great potential in controlling these diseases, greater understanding of factors influencing acceptance of vaccines is needed to create effective enteric disease control programs in rural china.	2006	16159688
immunogenicity of multivalent shigella-etec candidate vaccine strains in a guinea pig model.	shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli continue to be significant causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries as well as prevalent agents of traveler's diarrhea. a vaccine which provides protection against disease caused by both pathogens would serve common at-risk populations. such a vaccine would require inclusion of multiple shigella strains as well as multiple etec antigens. the use of attenuated strains of shigella as live vectors for the express ...	2006	16169130
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella species in asmara, eritrea, northeast africa.	diarrheal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. of the bacterial causes of dysentery, shigella are the major enteropathogens with outbreak potential and common development of antimicrobial resistance. this study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of different spp. of shigella in asmara, eritrea.	2006	17066201
structural studies of the o-antigenic polysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae type 3 and escherichia coli o124, a reinvestigation.	the structures of the o-antigenic part of the lipopolysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae type 3 and escherichia coli o124 have been reinvestigated. (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy in combination with selected 2d nmr techniques were used to determine the o-antigen pentasaccharide repeating units with the following structure: [see text]. from biosynthetic considerations this should also be the biological repeating unit. the structures of the repeating units also explain the previously observed ...	2006	17081507
salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice, fresh oranges, and wiping cloths collected from public markets and street booths in guadalajara, mexico: incidence and comparison of analytical routes.	a survey of the presence of salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice and related samples was conducted in guadalajara, mexico. one hundred samples of freshly squeezed orange juice were collected from 49 street booths and 51 small food service establishments. in addition, 75 fresh orange samples, each consisting of five orange units, and 75 wiping cloths were collected from the same establishments from which juice had been collected. salmonella was isolated from 14, 20, and 23% of ...	2006	17133801
effects of huoxiangzhengqi liquid on enteric mucosal immune responses in mice with bacillus dysenteriae and salmonella typhimurium induced diarrhea.	to explore effects of huoxiangzhengqi liquid (hxzq) on enteric mucosal immune responses in mice with bacillus dysenteriae and salmonella typhimurium induced diarrhea (bsd).	2006	17143954
on the regulation of collagen-fibril shape and form.		2006	1794563
transcatheter management of pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatitis.	hemorrhage from rupture of an arterial pseudoaneurysm is a potentially fatal complication of pancreatitis. seventeen patients underwent transcatheter embolization of 23 arteries for the treatment of 20 arterial pseudoaneurysms secondary to pancreatitis. their records were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the clinical benefit of transcatheter therapy. at presentation, 15 of the 17 patients had gastrointestinal, intrasplenic, retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal, or postoperative wound bleeding. t ...	2006	1797219
transcatheter management of pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatitis.	hemorrhage from rupture of an arterial pseudoaneurysm is a potentially fatal complication of pancreatitis. seventeen patients underwent transcatheter embolization of 23 arteries for the treatment of 20 arterial pseudoaneurysms secondary to pancreatitis. their records were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the clinical benefit of transcatheter therapy. at presentation, 15 of the 17 patients had gastrointestinal, intrasplenic, retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal, or postoperative wound bleeding. t ...	2006	1797219
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (mimosaceae).	ethyl acetate (ea) extract of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (cg) was analysed phytochemically and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against 17 pathogenic species isolated from patient: escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, proteus mirabilis, salmonella typhi, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter agglomerans, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus feacalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa ...	2006	20162076
antimicrobial resistence of shigella species isolated during 2004 and 2005 from selected sites in zimbabwe.	to determine the predominant serotype and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of shigella isolates during 2004 and 2005 in zimbabwe.	2006	20353132
[therapy of chronic heart failure with vasodilators].	the chronic heart insufficiency is essentially characterized by a disturbed regulative function of the peripheral circulation. these processes taking place within efforts for compensation close the chain of the vicious circle. the vasodilators with their different principles of effect affect in various places of the vegetative nervous system up to the smooth musculature of the vessels and modulate the peripheral part of the cardiovascular system. via a changed behaviour of the impedance also wit ...	2006	2870591
[therapy of chronic heart failure with vasodilators].	the chronic heart insufficiency is essentially characterized by a disturbed regulative function of the peripheral circulation. these processes taking place within efforts for compensation close the chain of the vicious circle. the vasodilators with their different principles of effect affect in various places of the vegetative nervous system up to the smooth musculature of the vessels and modulate the peripheral part of the cardiovascular system. via a changed behaviour of the impedance also wit ...	2006	2870591
thromboelastogram fails to predict postoperative hemorrhage in cardiac patients.	to determine the clinical usefulness of the thromboelastogram in the prediction of postoperative hemorrhage in cardiac patients, we related the results of routine coagulation tests (rcts) and thromboelastography with the amount of chest tube drainage postoperatively in 101 patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. our data indicated that there was no correlation between rct results and thromboelastographic variables. no single variable of rcts and thromboelastography correlated well with the am ...	2006	1540061
role of schwann cells in periaxonal ion regulation in the squid.		2006	2816437
role of schwann cells in periaxonal ion regulation in the squid.		2006	2816437
["the profession is not the cause of the crisis"].		2006	2095089
is a rise in [ca]1 responsible for rapid changes in neuronal excitability, ca currents, extracellular ions and ph0 induced by brief anoxia?		2006	2816423
is a rise in [ca]1 responsible for rapid changes in neuronal excitability, ca currents, extracellular ions and ph0 induced by brief anoxia?		2006	2816423
asbestos: the turbulent interface between science and policy.		2006	1489439
the effect of insulin treatment on hba1c, body weight and lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with secondary-failure to sulfonylureas. a five year follow-up study.	no conclusive data are available about the long-term effect of insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients failing to maximal doses of sulfonylureas and caloric restriction. in total 160 non-obese type 2 diabetic patients with secondary failure were substituted with insulin using a diabetic teaching and care program. from these 160 patients 40 died within the observation period of five years; 102 patients had a complete five year follow-up, whereas the remaining 18 patients did not come to reg ...	2006	1464414
monitoring and prevention of renal dysfunction in cardiac transplant recipients.	renal dysfunction is a common problem in cardiac transplant recipients who receive the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine. elevation in serum creatinine levels and other indicators of renal dysfunction often appear during the first year after transplant. related problems of hypertension and gout also are common. specific strategies to minimize the nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine and other potential insults to renal function can be used by nurses, physicians, and other health team members. ...	2006	1524934
health checks on patients 75 years and over in nottinghamshire after the new gp contract.	to investigate annual health checks for patients of 75 years and over required by the 1990 contract for general practitioners.	2006	1393076
adrenal tumours in chinese.	patients with adrenal tumours were identified (n = 412). among them, 43% (176 patients) had primary and 57% (236 patients) had secondary tumours. of the primary tumours, 71% were adenomas, but adrenal cortical carcinoma 6.8% (12 cases), phaeochromocytoma 9.7% (17 cases), neuroblastoma 6.2% (11 cases), ganglioneuroma 1.1% (2 cases) and myelolipoma 4% (7 cases) were also seen. rare tumours like lipoma and haemangioma were also found. most of the metastatic tumours were carcinomas (88.2%), mainly f ...	2006	1636245
[the causes of cerebral complications in patients with ischemic heart disease following myocardial revascularization operations].	in the period from jan. 1988 to jan. 1991 operations for the formation of an aortocoronary shunt were carried out in 437 patients at the department of combined affections of the coronary and peripheral arteries, bakulev research institute. in some cases the operation was combined with resection of a postinfarction aneurysm of the left ventricle. cerebral complications developed in the postoperative period in 28 (6.4%) patients. their analysis showed the prevalence of severe forms of consciousnes ...	2006	1482586
tibio-talar stability in bimalleolar ankle fractures: a dynamic in vitro contact area study.	a dynamic weight-bearing model has been developed in a cadaveric ankle model to assess the contact areas of the talus in varying degrees of bimalleolar ankle fractures. a surgically created transverse fibula osteotomy with up to 6 mm of displacement did not cause a significant change in the contact area. sectioning of the deltoid ligament, regardless of fibular displacement, created a 15% to 20% decrease in the contact area (p less than .001). this model represents a clinically relevant situatio ...	2006	1855708
tibio-talar stability in bimalleolar ankle fractures: a dynamic in vitro contact area study.	a dynamic weight-bearing model has been developed in a cadaveric ankle model to assess the contact areas of the talus in varying degrees of bimalleolar ankle fractures. a surgically created transverse fibula osteotomy with up to 6 mm of displacement did not cause a significant change in the contact area. sectioning of the deltoid ligament, regardless of fibular displacement, created a 15% to 20% decrease in the contact area (p less than .001). this model represents a clinically relevant situatio ...	2006	1855708
[calcium channel blockers in the elderly with hypertension].	administered alone, calcium entry blockers (ceb) are effective antihypertensive agents in the aged, and their blood pressure lowering action is similar to that of other antihypertensive drugs. ceb may be regarded as alternatives to diuretics in the elderly, and they should be used instead of diuretics when these are contraindicated. the effectiveness of ceb might be explained by some characteristics of old age, such as elevated mean blood pressure, reduced plasma renin activity, blunted sympathe ...	2006	1828570
component of whole cell ca current due to electrogenic na-ca-exchange in cardiac myocytes.	a carrier mechanism that mediates an exchange of na+ for ca2+ across the cell membrane is believed to be an important regulator of intracellular ca2+ and therefore the contractile strength of the heart. considerable evidence indicates that there is an unequal transfer of electrical charge during this exchange which implies that the carrier may contribute substantially to the net flow of ionic current across the sarcolemmal membrane. to detect such a component of current, nondialyzed single frog ...	2006	2435177