Publications

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[sonnei dysentery--the next in stage of the shigelloses' evolution]. 200818595478
[electrical resistance of bacterial culture suspension as indicator of epidemic and sporadic variants of shigella].for the first time method of measurement of electric resistance of bacterial suspension was used for differentiation of "epidemic" and "sporadic" (further used without quotes) variants of shigella species. study of 40 strains of s. flexneri and s. sonnei revealed significant differences in electric resistance of cultures isolated during epidemic outbreaks after the growth during 1 or 6 hours - 18.1+/-8.3 kohm and 84.6+/-7.8 kohm respectively (increase in 4.9-fold; p<0.01), while non significant ...200818597992
antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella isolates in eight asian countries, 2001-2004.shigellosis is a major health problem in developing countries, causing 91 million episodes and 414,000 deaths in asia annually. because of increasing trends towards drug resistance, this study was undertaken to monitor local resistance patterns of shigella isolates from 8 asian countries.200818473096
crystal structure of spa40, the specificity switch for the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system.the pathogenic bacterium shigella flexneri uses a type iii secretion system to inject virulence factors from the bacterial cytosol directly into host cells. the machinery that identifies secretion substrates and controls the export of extracellular components and effector proteins consists of several inner-membrane and cytoplasmic proteins. one of the inner membrane components, spa40, belongs to a family of proteins proposed to regulate the switching of substrate specificity of the export appara ...200818485071
specific detection of escherichia coli isolated from water samples using polymerase chain reaction targeting four genes: cytochrome bd complex, lactose permease, beta-d-glucuronidase, and beta-d-galactosidase.to develop a pcr-based method for reliable detection of escherichia coli that enables its differentiation from biochemically and phylogenetically related bacteria.200818489560
the response of type three secretion system needle proteins mxihdelta5, bsaldelta5, and prgidelta5 to temperature and ph.the type iii secretion system (ttss) is a specialized supramolecular injectisome composed of 25 or more proteins which form basal and extracellular domains and share gross architectural similarities with bacterial flagella. the extracellular component of the "needle complex" is primarily composed of a single monomeric subunit organized in a helical array surrounding a hollow pore and protrudes from the bacterial membrane. it is through this surface appendage that virulence factors are translocat ...200818491382
post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in children.to investigate the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgids) after an episode of acute bacterial gastroenteritis (age) in children.200818492522
enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome.haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) can be classified according to the aetiology of the different disorders from which it is composed. the most prevalent form is that induced by shigatoxin producing escherichia coli (stec) and, in some tropical regions, by shigella dysenteriae type 1. stec cause a zoonosis, are widely distributed in nature, enter the food chain in different ways, and show regional differences. not all stec are human pathogens. enterohaemorrhagic e. coli usually cause attachment an ...200818493800
fast detection of salmonella infantis with carbon nanotube field effect transistors.in this paper we report a fast, sensitive and label-free biosensor for the selective determination of salmonella infantis. it is based on a field effect transistor (fet) in which a network of single-walled carbon nantotubes (swcnts) acts as the conductor channel. anti-salmonella antibodies were adsorbed onto the swcnts and subsequently the swcnts were protected with tween 20 to prevent the non-specific binding of other bacteria or proteins. our fet devices were exposed to increasing concentratio ...200818495470
real-time pcrs and fingerprinting assays for the detection and characterization of salmonella genomic island-1 encoding multidrug resistance: application to 445 european isolates of salmonella, escherichia coli, shigella, and proteus.salmonella genomic island-1 (sgi-1) harbors a cluster of genes encoding multidrug resistance (mdr). sgi-1 is horizontally transmissible and is therefore of significant public health concern. this study presents two novel realtime pcrs detecting three sgi-1 protein-coding genes and a sgi-1 fingerprinting assay. these assays were applied to 445 european enterobacterial isolates. results from real-time pcrs were comparable to those obtained from gelbased pcrs used for the detection of sgi-1, but we ...200818500919
distinct isoforms of phospholipase a2 mediate the ability of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and shigella flexneri to induce the transepithelial migration of neutrophils.salmonella spp. and shigella spp. are responsible for millions of cases of enteric disease each year worldwide. while these pathogens have evolved distinct strategies for interacting with the human intestinal epithelium, they both induce significant proinflammatory responses that result in massive transepithelial migration of neutrophils across the intestinal mucosa. it has previously been shown with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium that the process of neutrophil transmigration is mediat ...200818505810
enteric bacteria isolated from acute diarrheal patients in the republic of korea between the year 2004 and 2006.in an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the republic of korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic escherichia coli, especially, eaec was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by staphylococcus aureus, salmonella specie ...200818604503
intracellular bacteriolysis triggers a massive apoptotic cell death in shigella-infected epithelial cells.infected epithelial cells, which act as a first barrier against pathogens, seldom undergo apoptosis. rather, infected epithelial cells undergo a slow cell death that displays hallmarks of necrosis. here, we demonstrate that rapid intracellular lysis of shigella flexneri, provoked by either the use of a diaminopimelic acid auxotroph mutant or treatment of infected cells with antibiotics of the beta-lactam family, resulted in a massive and rapid induction of apoptotic cell death. this intracellula ...200818606244
selective activation of human intestinal mast cells by escherichia coli hemolysin.mast cells (mcs) are recognized to play an important role in bacterial host defense in the murine system. in this study, we studied the interaction of human mcs, isolated from the intestine and purified to homogeneity, with different escherichia coli and shigella flexneri strains. we show that alpha-hemolysin (hly)-producing e. coli strains induce the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal mcs. in contrast, mcs were virtually unresponsive to s. flexneri a ...200818606698
safety and immunogenicity of wrsd1, a live attenuated shigella dysenteriae type 1 vaccine candidate.among shigella serotypes shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces the most severe disease, including cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome and pandemic outbreaks. wrsd1 is a live s. dysenteriae 1 strain attenuated by deletion of the virg(icsa) gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intercellular spread, and stxa and stxb, which encode the shiga toxin. in this phase i trial five groups of eight subjects ingested escalating doses of wrsd1 ranging from 10(3) to 10(7)cfu. no subject experienced fever ...200818468742
the use of clinical profiles in the investigation of foodborne outbreaks in restaurants: united states, 1982-1997.improving the efficiency of outbreak investigation in restaurants is critical to reducing outbreak-associated illness and improving prevention strategies. because clinical characteristics of outbreaks are usually available before results of laboratory testing, we examined their use for determining contributing factors in outbreaks caused by restaurants. all confirmed foodborne outbreaks reported to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) from 1982 to 1997 were reviewed. clinical pro ...200817335632
expression level of heterologous tat genes is crucial for in vivo reconstitution of a functional tat translocase in escherichia coli.the tat system has the remarkable capacity of exporting proteins in folded conformation across the cytoplasmic membrane. the functional tat translocase from gram-negative bacteria consists of tata, tatb and tatc proteins. to gain information about the species specificity of the tat translocase, we cloned tat genes from gram-negative pathogens shigella flexneri 2a str. 301, vibrio cholerae el tor n16961, pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1, thermophilic sulfolobus solfataricus p2, thermus thermophilus hb ...200717336443
shigella flexneri inhibits staurosporine-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells.shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular organism that causes bacillary dysentery. the shigella ipab protein activates caspase 1 in macrophages, which eventually leads to apoptosis. in contrast, epithelial cells infected with shigella undergo a stress response but do not die. therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if shigella has the ability to inhibit apoptosis in epithelial cells. a modified gentamicin protection assay was used to investigate if hela cells infected wit ...200717339354
genetic characterization of the escherichia coli o66 antigen and functional identification of its wzy gene.escherichia coli is a clonal species, and occurs as both commensal and pathogenic strains, which are normally classified on the basis of their o, h, and k antigens. the o-antigen (o-specific polysaccharide), which consists of a series of oligosaccharide (o-unit) repeats, contributes major antigenic variability to the cell surface. the o-antigen gene cluster of e. coli o66 was sequenced in this study. the genes putatively responsible for the biosynthesis of dtdp-6-deoxy-l-talose and gdp-mannose, ...200717342059
rapid identification of escherichia coli safety and laboratory strain lineages based on multiplex-pcr.escherichia coli k-12, b, c and w strains are the most frequently used bacterial safety and laboratory strains. lineage-specific dna fragments were detected by microplate subtractive hybridization and utilized to create a fast differentiation method using a single pcr reaction to differentiate clearly the four lineages and separate them from pathogenic variants. the method has been evaluated on a comprehensive selection of widely used laboratory strains and a variety of pathogenic e. coli repres ...200717343689
[shigella flexneri modulates host cell epigenetic information as a strategy to shape the transcriptional response]. 200717349276
luminex detection of fecal indicators in river samples, marine recreational water, and beach sand.research to understand and remediate coastal pollution is moving toward a multitiered approach in which traditional enumeration of fecal indicators is accompanied by molecular analysis of a variety of targets. technology that rapidly detects multiple microbial contaminants would benefit from such an approach. the luminex 100 system is a suspension array that assays multiple analytes rapidly in a single well of a microtiter plate. the ability of the system to simultaneously detect multiple fecal ...200717350051
characterization of sulphonamide resistance genes and class 1 integron gene cassettes in enterobacteriaceae, central african republic (car).the aim of this study was to characterize genes encoding sulphonamide resistance and gene cassettes associated with class 1 integrons in trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole resistant enterobacteriaceae recovered from bangui, central african republic (car).200717350987
[risk of hospitalisation due to foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis--secondary publication].in a matched cohort study we estimate the risk of hospitalisation due to gastroenteritis, complications and sequelae after infections with zoonotic salmonella, campylobacter spp., yersinia enterocolitica, e. coli and shigella infections. out of 52,783 patients, 7,524 (14.4%) were hospitalized with gastroenteritis, 647 (1.2%) with complications and 865 (1.7%) with long-term sequelae. in denmark in 2005 there were 6,010 registered episodes of infections with bacteria that are usually foodborne, co ...200717355849
norovirus outbreak in a district general hospital--new strain identified.media reports about norovirus outbreaks, especially in hospitals and nursing homes, have accumulated in the past years. the reasons for this increasing problem are manifold: resistance against common disinfectants, a high level of contagion (a dose of less than 100 particles may be infective); variability of the virus-genome documented by polymerase chain reaction-studies, as well as further factors concerning modern life-style. the following study describes and analyses a norovirus outbreak in ...200717299671
evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay-based stool antigen test to detect campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.an enzyme immunoassay-based antigen test (ridascreen campylobacter; r-biopharm, darmstadt, germany) was evaluated for the detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in 1050 clinical stool samples as compared with culture on selective medium. after routine inoculation for salmonella, shigella, yersinia, aeromonas, plesiomonas, and campylobacter, the same swab specimens were used for the antigen test. the positivity rate for campylobacter was 9.3% in culture, and the antigen test gav ...200717300899
the phosphothreonine lyase activity of a bacterial type iii effector family.pathogenic bacteria use the type iii secretion system to deliver effector proteins into host cells to modulate the host signaling pathways. in this study, the shigella type iii effector ospf was shown to inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) [extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2), c-jun n-terminal kinase, and p38]. ospf irreversibly removed phosphate groups from the phosphothreonine but not from the phosphotyrosine residue in the activation loop of mapks. mass sp ...200717303758
yeast functional genomic screens lead to identification of a role for a bacterial effector in innate immunity regulation.numerous bacterial pathogens manipulate host cell processes to promote infection and ultimately cause disease through the action of proteins that they directly inject into host cells. identification of the targets and molecular mechanisms of action used by these bacterial effector proteins is critical to understanding pathogenesis. we have developed a systems biological approach using the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae that can expedite the identification of cellular processes targeted by bacter ...200717305427
the role of the vacb gene in the pathogenesis of brucella abortus.brucella species are important zoonotic pathogens affecting a wide variety of mammals. therefore, the identification of new brucella virulence factors is of great interest in understanding bacterial pathogenesis and immune evasion. in this study, we have identified brucella abortus vacb gene that presents 2343 nucleotides and 781 amino acids and it shows 39% identity with shigella flexneri vacb gene that encodes an exoribonuclease rnase r involved in bacterial virulence. further, we have inactiv ...200717306588
h-ns antagonism in shigella flexneri by virb, a virulence gene transcription regulator that is closely related to plasmid partition factors.the virb protein of shigella flexneri is a positive regulator of the major virulence operons of this enteroinvasive intracellular pathogen. virb resembles no other transcription factor but is strongly homologous to plasmid partition proteins. we found that the binding of the virb protein to the promoter region of the icsb virulence gene induced hypersensitivity to cleavage by dnase i over a region to which the h-ns repressor protein binds and completely abolished the protection of this sequence ...200717307842
heme inhibits the dna binding properties of the cytoplasmic heme binding protein of shigella dysenteriae (shus).heme uptake and utilization by pathogenic bacteria are critical for virulence and disease, since heme and heme proteins are a major source of iron within the host. although the role of outer membrane heme receptors in this process has been extensively characterized at the genetic and biochemical level, the role of the cytoplasmic heme binding proteins is not yet clear. the shigella dysenteriae cytoplasmic heme binding protein, shus, has previously been shown to promote utilization of heme as an ...200717323920
conformational stability and differential structural analysis of lcrv, pcrv, bipd, and sipd from type iii secretion systems.diverse gram-negative bacteria use type iii secretion systems (t3ss) to translocate effector proteins into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. the type iii secretion apparatus (t3sa) consists of a basal body spanning both bacterial membranes and an external needle. a sensor protein lies at the needle tip to detect environmental signals that trigger type iii secretion. the shigella flexneri t3sa needle tip protein, invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad), possesses two independently folding domains in v ...200717327391
a method for fast and simple detection of major diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli in the routine diagnostic laboratory.a multiplex pcr was developed for the detection of the following genes characteristic of diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli (dec): verocytotoxins 1 (vtx1) and 2 (vtx2), characteristic of verocytotoxin-producing e. coli (vtec); intimin (eae), found in enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), attaching and effacing e. coli and vtec; heat-stable enterotoxin (esta) and heat-labile enterotoxin (elta), characteristic of enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec); and invasive plasmid antigen (ipah), characteristic of entero ...200717331124
campylobacter reactive arthritis: a systematic review.to review the literature on the epidemiology of campylobacter-associated reactive arthritis (rea).200717360026
shigella sonnei bacteremia: two adult cases and review of the literature.shigella sonnei bacteremia in adult patients is rare. we present 2 cases from our center, and 7 others from the literature are reviewed in detail. diabetes mellitus and malignancy are frequent predisposing conditions. despite severe illness at presentation, our patients achieved good outcomes with prompt initiation of antimicrobial therapy.200717366038
the type iii secretion system needle tip complex mediates host cell sensing and translocon insertion.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are essential virulence determinants of many gram-negative bacterial pathogens. the shigella t3ss consists of a cytoplasmic bulb, a transmembrane region and a hollow 'needle' protruding from the bacterial surface. physical contact with host cells initiates secretion and leads to assembly of a pore, formed by ipab and ipac, in the host cell membrane, through which proteins that facilitate host cell invasion are translocated. as the needle is implicated in host c ...200717367391
elimination by ozone of shigella sonnei in shredded lettuce and water.several outbreaks of shigellosis have been attributed to the consumption of contaminated fresh-cut vegetables. the minimal processing of these products make it difficult to ensure that fresh produce is safe for consumer. chlorine-based agents have been often used to sanitize produce and reduce microbial populations in water applied during processing operations. however, the limited efficacy of chlorine-based agents and the production of chlorinated organic compounds with potential carcinogenic a ...200717367682
low molecular weight proteins of outer membrane of salmonella typhimurium are immunogenic in salmonella induced reactive arthritis revealed by proteomics.in patients with reactive arthritis (rea)/undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (uspa), synovial fluid mononuclear cells (sfmc) show proliferation to bacterial antigens that trigger rea, i.e. chlamydia, yersinia, campylobactor, shigella and salmonella species. we have shown previously that sfmc proliferate significantly to outer membrane proteins of s typhimurium in salmonella induced rea. in the present study we characterized the immunoreactive fractions of outer membrane protein (omp) of s typh ...200717376200
inactivation of foodborne pathogens using a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma.this study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (oaugdp) for inactivation of foodborne pathogens and to evaluate the influence of growth temperature, ph, and culture age on their inactivation. escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, salmonella enteritidis, vibrio parahaemolyticus, yersinia enterocolitica, and shigella flexneri were evaluated. three-strain mixtures of each bacterium were inocula ...200717378708
antimicrobial activity of bacillus subtilis and bacillus pumilus during the fermentation of african locust bean (parkia biglobosa) for soumbala production.to examine predominant isolates of bacillus subtilis and b. pumilus isolated from soumbala for their antimicrobial activity against indicator microorganisms as micrococcus luteus, staphyloccocus aureus, bacillus cereus, enterococus facium, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae, yersinia enterocolitica, aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium roqueforti.200717381739
l-sorbose utilization by virulent escherichia coli and shigella: different metabolic adaptation of pathotypes.the frequency of l-sorbose utilization differs significantly between pathotypes of escherichia coli and shigella from 93% to 0%. among 266 strains tested, this frequency increased in the order shigella, enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec), enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec), enteroaggregative e. coli, enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), and neonatal bacterial meningitis (nbm) e. coli. this suggests an association of pathomechanism with the capability to degrade l-sorbose ...200717382590
in vitro activity of garenoxacin tested against a worldwide collection of ciprofloxacin-susceptible and ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae strains (1999-2004).garenoxacin is a novel des-f(6)-quinolone with a chemical structure that lacks the c6 position fluorine and has a unique difluoromethoxy substitution at position c8. this study evaluated the in vitro activity of garenoxacin tested against a large collection of enterobacteriaceae collected worldwide. the bacterial isolates were consecutively collected from more than 70 medical centers from bloodstream, respiratory, urinary tract, and skin and soft tissue infections. the isolates were tested again ...200717383140
small rnas controlling iron metabolism.iron is one of the most important metals in the metabolism of many organisms, including bacteria, in which it serves as a cofactor in multiple enzymatic reactions. most of the earlier research on iron regulation in bacteria has focused on the transcriptional regulator fur and its effect on the many genes involved in iron uptake. more recent work demonstrates the essential role of a small regulatory rna, ryhb, in iron metabolism. ryhb downregulates a large number of transcripts encoding iron-usin ...200717383226
assessment and interpretation of bacterial viability by using the live/dead baclight kit in combination with flow cytometry.the commercially available live/dead baclight kit is enjoying increased popularity among researchers in various fields of microbiology. its use in combination with flow cytometry brought up new questions about how to interpret live/dead staining results. intermediate states, normally difficult to detect with epifluorescence microscopy, are a common phenomenon when the assay is used in flow cytometry and still lack rationale. it is shown here that the application of propidium iodide in combinatio ...200717384309
[molecular characterization of the strain causing a shigellosis outbreak in a madrid school].the aim of this study is to describe a shigella sonnei outbreak in a school.200717386220
characterization of the outer membrane receptor shua from the heme uptake system of shigella dysenteriae. substrate specificity and identification of the heme protein ligands.shigella dysenteriae, like many bacterial pathogens, has evolved outer membrane receptor-mediated pathways for the uptake and utilization of heme as an iron source. as a first step toward understanding the mechanism of heme uptake we have undertaken a site-directed mutagenesis, spectroscopic, and kinetic analysis of the outer membrane receptor shua of s. dysenteriae. purification of the outer membrane receptor gave a single band of molecular mass 73 kda on sds-page. initial spectroscopic analysi ...200717387178
detecting low concentrations of shigella sonnei in environmental water samples by pcr.outbreaks of shigella sonnei associated with contaminated water have been reported and methods for the simultaneous detection of shigellae and enteroinvasive escherichia coli in water samples have been developed with detection limits of 10(1)-10(2) cfu ml(-1) of water. because 10(1)-10(2)shigellae can cause disease, a more sensitive detection method as an addition to the existing methods for detection of shigella sonnei in water samples is reported here. initially, 33 shigella sonnei and 72 non- ...200717391373
vitamin a deficiency in patients with diarrhea and hiv infection in ethiopia.diarrhea, micronutrient deficiencies and hiv/aids are major public health problems in developing countries, especially in sub-saharan africa. this study was aimed to investigate serum levels of vitamin a in diarrheic patients with and without hiv co-infection compared to healthy controls. two hundred eleven diarrheic patients (110 hiv infected), 87 apparently healthy controls and 41 asymptomatic hiv seropositive blood donors who visited the university of gondar hospital, in gondar, ethiopia were ...200717392128
villin severing activity enhances actin-based motility in vivo.villin, an actin-binding protein associated with the actin bundles that support microvilli, bundles, caps, nucleates, and severs actin in a calcium-dependant manner in vitro. we hypothesized that the severing activity of villin is responsible for its reported role in enhancing cell plasticity and motility. to test this hypothesis, we chose a loss of function strategy and introduced mutations in villin based on sequence comparison with capg. by pyrene-actin assays, we demonstrate that this mutant ...200717182858
structural and genetic evidence that the escherichia coli o148 o antigen is the precursor of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o antigen and identification of a glucosyltransferase gene.shigella dysenteriae type 1 is the most virulent serotype of shigella. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o148 is pathogenic and can cause diarrhoea. the following structure was established for the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the e. coli o148 o antigen: -->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcpnac-(1-->. this differs from the structure reported earlier for s. dysenteriae type 1 by having a glucose (glc) residue in place of a galactose (gal) residue. th ...200717185542
gene cluster analysis method identifies horizontally transferred genes with high reliability and indicates that they provide the main mechanism of operon gain in 8 species of gamma-proteobacteria.the formation mechanism of operons remains unresolved: operons may form by rearrangements within a genome or by acquisition of genes from other species, that is, horizontal gene transfer (hgt). one hindrance to its elucidation is the unavailability of a method to accurately identify hgt, although it is generally considered to occur. it is critically important first to select horizontally transferred (ht) genes reliably and then to determine the extent to which hgt is involved in operon formation ...200717185745
use of linear, weibull, and log-logistic functions to model pressure inactivation of seven foodborne pathogens in milk.survival curves of six foodborne pathogens suspended in ultra high-temperature (uht) whole milk and exposed to high hydrostatic pressure at 21.5 degrees c were obtained. vibrio parahaemolyticus was treated at 300 mpa and other pathogens, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus were treated at 600 mpa. all the survival curves showed a rapid initial drop in bacterial counts followe ...200717188197
polar positional information in escherichia coli spherical cells.shigella surface protein icsa and its cytoplasmic derivatives are localized to the old pole of rod-shaped cells when expressed in escherichia coli. in spherical mreb cells, icsa is targeted to ectopic sites and close to one extremity of actin-like mamk filament. to gain insight into the properties of the sites containing polar material, we studied the icsa localization in spherical cells. gfp was exported into the periplasm via the tat pathway and used as a periplasmic space marker. gfp displaye ...200717188233
case-control study of shigellosis in san francisco: the role of sexual transmission and hiv infection.shigella species infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the united states. person-to-person transmission of shigella species, which have a low infectious dose, occurs frequently, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. sexual transmission of shigella species among men who have sex with men (msm) has been inferred from outbreaks of shigellosis among that population, and limited studies have suggested the importance of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection as a ris ...200717205436
another perfect storm: shigella, men who have sex with men, and hiv. 200717205437
an h-ns-like stealth protein aids horizontal dna transmission in bacteria.the sfh protein is encoded by self-transmissible plasmids involved in human typhoid and is closely related to the global regulator h-ns. we have found that sfh provides a stealth function that allows the plasmids to be transmitted to new bacterial hosts with minimal effects on their fitness. introducing the plasmid without the sfh gene imposes a mild h-ns(-) phenotype and a severe loss of fitness due to titration of the cellular pool of h-ns by the a+t-rich plasmid. this stealth strategy seems t ...200717218529
erosion of interaction networks in reduced and degraded genomes.unlike eukaryotes, which often recruit duplicated genes into existing protein-protein interaction (ppi) networks, the low levels of gene duplication coupled with the high probability of lateral transfer of novel genes alters the manner in which ppi networks can evolve in bacteria. by inferring the ppis present in the ancestor to contemporary gammaproteobacteria, we were able to trace the changes in gene repertoires, and their consequences on ppi network evolution, in several bacterial lineages t ...200717219366
analysis of strategies to successfully vaccinate infants in developing countries against enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) disease.enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhoea in the world, annually affecting up to 400,000,000 children under 5 years of age living in developing countries (dcs). although etec possesses numerous antigens, the relatively conserved colonization factor (cf) antigens and the heat labile enterotoxin (lt) have been associated with protection and most vaccine candidates have exploited these antigens. a safe and effective vaccine against etec is a feasible go ...200717224212
antibacterial activity and in vitro anti-tumor activity of the extract of the larvae of the housefly (musca domestica).one of the significant characteristics of traditional chinese medicine is the use of insects, other terrestrial arthropods and their products as drugs. in the present work, the extract of housefly (musca domestica) larvae was studied by an agar well diffusion assay and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) determination for detection of antimicrobial activity and by mtt assay method to test its in vitro anti-tumor activity. in our studies, the extract inhibited six tested bacterial pathogens ...200717227700
immunogenicity and characterization of wrsf2g11: a second generation live attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strain.recent clinical trials involving live attenuated shigella vaccine strains sc602 and wrss1 have revealed that deletion of the virg(icsa) gene dramatically reduces virulence in human volunteers. these strains can be given at low oral doses and induce a strong, and in some cases, protective immune responses. however, residual vaccine associated reactogenicity suggests that further attenuation is required. a recent clinical trial indicated that the set and sen enterotoxin genes contribute to the sym ...200717229494
role of infection in irritable bowel syndrome.infection by pathogenic organisms leads to mucosal damage and disruption of the gut's extensive commensal flora, factors which may lead to prolonged bowel dysfunction. six to 17% of unselected irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) patients believe their symptoms began with an infection, which is supported by prospective studies showing a 4%-31% incidence of postinfectious ibs-(pi) following bacterial gastroenteritis. the wide range of incidence can be accounted for by differences in risk factors, which ...200717238025
using european travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources.the volume, extent and speed of travel have dramatically increased in the past decades, providing the potential for an infectious disease to spread through the transportation network. by collecting information on the suspected place of infection, existing surveillance systems in industrialized countries may provide timely information for areas of the world without adequate surveillance currently in place. we present the results of a case study using reported cases of shigella dysenteriae serotyp ...200717239228
high genetic stability of integrons in clinical isolates of shigella spp. of worldwide origin.over a 12-year period, 68 shigella strains (31 s. sonnei, 30 s. flexneri, 4 s. dysenteriae, and 3 s. boydii strains) were collected in a french university hospital from the stools of patients who generally had a recent history of travel to various parts of the world (91%), particularly africa (67%). these strains were often resistant (streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfonamides, 66 to 84%; ampicillin and chloramphenicol, 34 to 38%; nalidixic acid, 4%) and even multi ...200717242143
the catalase reaction of shigella species and its use in rapid screening for epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1.as epidemic dysentery caused by shigella dysenteriae type 1 is associated with high mortality, early identification of outbreaks is important. since s. dysenteriae type 1 differs from most of the enterobacteriaceae in that it does not produce catalase, a test for catalase may provide a useful screening method. the ability of a catalase test to provide rapid identification of s. dysenteriae type 1 has now been assessed, using isolates of this pathogen from five continents, shigella of other speci ...200717244412
shigella's ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: a tool box for survival?shigella, a gram-negative invasive enteropathogenic bacterium, causes the rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. this complex and aggressive process accounts for the symptoms of bacillary dysentery. the so-called invasive phenotype of shigella is linked to expression of a type iii secretory system (ttss) injecting effector proteins into the epithelial cell membrane and cytoplasm, thereby inducing local but massive changes in the cell cytoskeleton that lea ...200717213832
shigella chromosomal ipah proteins are secreted via the type iii secretion system and act as effectors.shigella possess 220 kb plasmid, and the major virulence determinants, called effectors, and the type iii secretion system (ttss) are exclusively encoded by the plasmid. the genome sequences of s. flexneri strains indicate that several ipah family genes are located on both the plasmid and the chromosome, but whether their chromosomal ipah cognates can be secreted from shigella remains unknown. here we report that s. flexneri strain, ysh6000 encodes seven ipah cognate genes on the chromosome and ...200717214743
antimicrobial resistance patterns in enterobacteriaceae isolated from an urban wastewater treatment plant.over 18 months, enterobacteria were isolated from the raw (189 isolates) and treated (156 isolates) wastewater of a municipal treatment plant. the isolates were identified as members of the genera escherichia (76%), shigella (7%), klebsiella (12%) and acinetobacter (4%). antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined using the agar diffusion method for the antibiotics amoxicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline and cephalothin, the disinfectants h ...200717250754
extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing shigella strains in israel, 2000-2004.routine susceptibility testing of 5,616 shigella isolates at the national shigella reference centre in israel over a 5-year period (2000-2004) revealed resistance to ceftriaxone in one strain of shigella boydii 2 and in two strains each of shigella flexneri 2a, s. flexneri 6, and shigella sonnei. all seven isolates were confirmed as producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) by the combination disk method, the vitek 1 system, and a modification of the double-disk synergy test, which is ...200717265070
epidemiological characterization of resistance and pcr typing of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei strains isolated from bacillary dysentery cases in southeast brazil.shigella spp are gram-negative, anaerobic facultative, non-motile, and non-sporulated bacilli of the enterobacteriaceae family responsible for "shigellosis" or bacillary dysentery, an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. however, despite this, there are very few epidemiological studies about this bacterium in brazil. we studied the antibiotic resistance profiles and the clonal structure of 60 shigella strains (30 s. flexneri and 30 s. sonnei) isolated from shigellosis cases in d ...200717273662
evaluation of the growth inhibitory activities of triphala against common bacterial isolates from hiv infected patients.the isolation of microbial agents less susceptible to regular antibiotics and the rising trend in the recovery rates of resistant bacteria highlights the need for newer alternative principles. triphala has been used in traditional medicine practice against certain diseases such as jaundice, fever, cough, eye diseases etc. in the present study phytochemical (phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid) and antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of triphala and its individual components ( ...200717273983
new animal model of shigellosis in the guinea pig: its usefulness for protective efficacy studies.it has been difficult to evaluate the protective efficacy of vaccine candidates against shigellosis, a major form of bacillary dysentery caused by shigella spp. infection, because of the lack of suitable animal models. to develop a proper animal model representing human bacillary dysentery, guinea pigs were challenged with virulent shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strains 2457t or ysh6000) or s. flexneri 5a (strain m90t) by the intrarectal (i.r.) route. interestingly, all guinea pigs administered ...200717277155
bioluminescent signal system: bioluminescence immunoassay of pathogenic organisms.the ca(2+)-regulated photoprotein obelin has been examined as a label for bioluminescence immunoassay of infective agents. the hepatitis b virus (hbsag) and the bacteria escherichia coli and shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide (lps) were chosen as model antigens. chemically synthesized obelin-corresponding antibody conjugates were used in a solid-phase microplate immunoassay. the sensitivities achieved by the assay were 0.25 ng/ml for s. sonnei lps and 0.375 ng/ml for hbsag. a novel, filter-based ...200717286244
gene expression profiling of the ph response in shigella flexneri 2a.the ph response of shigella flexneri 2a 301 was identified by gene expression profiling. gene expression profiles of cells grown in ph 4.5 or 8.6 were compared with the profiles of cells grown at ph 7.0. differential expression was observed for 307 genes: 97 were acid up-regulated, 102 were acid down-regulated, 91 were base up-regulated, and 86 were base down-regulated. twenty-seven genes were found to be both acid and base up-regulated, and 29 genes were both acid and base down-regulated. this ...200717286558
o-specific [corrected] polysaccharide conjugate vaccine-induced [corrected] antibodies prevent invasion of shigella into caco-2 cells and may be curative.the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) domain of shigella lps is both an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen for this genus. a critical level of serum igg anti-o-sp was shown to confer immunity to shigellosis, likely by complement-mediated bacteriolysis of the inoculum. conjugate shigella o-sp vaccines were shown to be safe and immunogenic in children, and, in a preliminary study, shigella sonnei vaccine was protective in young adults. characteristic of shigellosis is bacterial inv ...200717287349
capping of actin filaments by vinculin activated by the shigella ipaa carboxyl-terminal domain.shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades epithelial cells. upon bacterial-cell contact, the type iii bacterial effector ipaa binds to the cytoskeletal protein vinculin to promote actin reorganization required for efficient bacterial uptake. we show that the last 74 c-terminal residues of ipaa (a559) bind to human vinculin (hv) and promotes its association with actin filaments. polymerisation experiments demonstrated that a559 was sufficient to induce hv-dependent partial cap ...200717289036
seasonality in six enterically transmitted diseases and ambient temperature.we propose an analytical and conceptual framework for a systematic and comprehensive assessment of disease seasonality to detect changes and to quantify and compare temporal patterns. to demonstrate the proposed technique, we examined seasonal patterns of six enterically transmitted reportable diseases (eds) in massachusetts collected over a 10-year period (1992-2001). we quantified the timing and intensity of seasonal peaks of ed incidence and examined the synchronization in timing of these pea ...200717291363
study of polymorphic variable-number of tandem repeats loci in the ecor collection and in a set of pathogenic escherichia coli and shigella isolates for use in a genotyping assay.the escherichia coli (e. coli) reference collection, ecor, consists of 72 strains that are representative of the genotypic diversity, as indexed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee), in the species as a whole. mlee revealed 4 main phylogenetic groups designated a, b1, b2 and d. we present a study of the relationship between the ecor strains as determined by polymorphisms in seven variable-number of tandem repeats (vntr) loci. seven tandem repeats that were present in more than one of the ...200717291612
short report: analysis of clonal relationship among shigella sonnei isolates circulating in argentina.thirty-five isolates of shigella sonnei from patients with diarrhoea in three geographic regions of argentina were examined for genetic diversity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and plasmid profile. pfge of xbai and blni dna digests confirmed the occurrence of outbreaks in two regions caused by two separate predominant clones of s. sonnei. the third region was characterized by three circulating clones, one of which was possibly associated with an outbreak. similar plasmids were found ...200716999876
screening antimicrobial activity of various extracts of artemisia dracunculus l.the antimicrobial activities of chloroform, acetone and two different concentrations of methanol extracts of artemisia dracunculus l. were studied. these extracts were tested against nine bacteria and four yeasts strains by the disc diffusion method. the results indicated that the methanol extract of a. dracunculus is more effective against tested microorganisms than chloroform or acetone extracts. the chloroform and acetone extracts were inhibitory only towards pseudomonas aeruginosa (atcc 2785 ...200716986171
bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances produced by mexican strains of bacillus thuringiensis.bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides synthesized and secreted by bacteria and could potentially be used as natural food preservatives. here, we report the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances (bt-blis) by five mexican strains of bacillus thuringiensis. bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni (lbit 269), b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (lbit 287), b. thuringiensis subsp kenyae (lbit 404), b. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus (lbit 420) and b. thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi (lbit ...200717031616
detection of genogroup i and ii human picobirnaviruses showing small genomic rna profile causing acute watery diarrhoea among children in kolkata, india.picobirnaviruses (pbvs) with bisegmented small rna genome profile (1.75 and 1.55kbp for segment 1 and 2, respectively) were detected from 1999 to 2003 in faecal specimens of acute watery diarrhoea cases, largely children (n=20) and an adult in kolkata, india. varying degrees of dehydration necessitated their visit to hospital for further treatment and management of acute watery diarrhoea. pbv was associated with rotavirus (n=3) or astrovirus (n=3) and with both in one case. no co-infection with ...200717049316
self-chaperoning of the type iii secretion system needle tip proteins ipad and bipd.bacteria expressing type iii secretion systems (t3ss) have been responsible for the deaths of millions worldwide, acting as key virulence elements in diseases ranging from plague to typhoid fever. the t3ss is composed of a basal body, which traverses both bacterial membranes, and an external needle through which effector proteins are secreted. we report multiple crystal structures of two proteins that sit at the tip of the needle and are essential for virulence: ipad from shigella flexneri and b ...200717077085
octaplex pcr and fluorescence-based capillary electrophoresis for identification of human diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella spp.a multiplex pcr assay, amplifying seven specific virulence genes and one internal control gene in a single reaction, was developed to identify the five main pathotypes of diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella spp. the virulence genes selected for each category were stx1, stx2, and eaea for enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec), eaea for enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), stib and lti for enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec), ipah for enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) and shigella spp., and aggr for enteroa ...200717079041
o-acetylation in the o-specific polysaccharide isolated from shigella flexneri serotype 2a.shigella flexneri causes diarrheal diseases especially in infants and children in developing countries. modifications of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecule, like bacteriophage-mediated glucosylation and acetylation of the o-specific chain (o-sp), are important for the lps antigenicity and consequently for the immunogenicity of the polysaccharide-based vaccines against shigellosis. here, we report the degree of o-acetylation and the localisation of o-acetyl groups and side-chain glucose substi ...200717087926
ipad is localized at the tip of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion apparatus.type iii secretion (t3s) systems are used by numerous gram-negative pathogenic bacteria to inject virulence proteins into animal and plant host cells. the core of the t3s apparatus, known as the needle complex, is composed of a basal body transversing both bacterial membranes and a needle protruding above the bacterial surface. in shigella flexneri, ipad is required to inhibit the activity of the t3s apparatus prior to contact of bacteria with host and has been proposed to assist translocation o ...200717110044
enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, and listeria monocytogenes recruit a junctional protein, zonula occludens-1, to actin tails and pedestals.enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, and listeria monocytogenes induce localized actin polymerization at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane or within the host cytoplasm, creating unique actin-rich structures termed pedestals or actin tails. the process is known to be mediated by the actin-related protein 2 and 3 (arp2/3) complex, which in these cases acts downstream of neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) or of a listerial functional homolog of wasp family p ...200717118974
changing epidemiology of shigellosis and emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant shigellae in india. 200717122011
a microbial diagnostic microarray technique for the sensitive detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria in a background of nonpathogens.a major challenge in microbial diagnostics is the parallel detection and identification of low-bundance pathogens within a complex microbial community. in addition, a high specificity providing robust, reliable identification at least at the species level is required. a microbial diagnostic microarray approach, using single nucleotide extension labeling with gyrb as the marker gene, was developed. we present a novel concept applying competitive oligonucleotide probes to improve the specificity o ...200717123456
occurrence of campylobacter jejuni in shiraz, southwest iran.to investigate the occurrence of campylobacter jejuni among other bacterial agents of acute diarrhea.200717159366
an injected bacterial effector targets chromatin access for transcription factor nf-kappab to alter transcription of host genes involved in immune responses.phosphorylation of histone h3 at ser10 increases chromatin accessibility to transcription factor nf-kappab on a subset of genes involved in immune responses. here we report that a bacterial pathogen abrogated phosphorylation of histone h3 to 'shape' the transcriptional responses of infected host cells. we identify the shigella flexneri protein effector ospf as a dually specific phosphatase that dephosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases in the nucleus, thus preventing histone h3 phosphor ...200717159983
revisiting the molecular evolutionary history of shigella spp.the theory that shigella is derived from multiple independent origins of escherichia coli (pupo et al. 2000) has been challenged by recent findings that the virulence plasmids (vps) and the chromosomes share a similar evolutionary history (escobar-paramo et al. 2003), which suggests that an ancestral vp entered an e. coli strain only once, which gave rise to shigella spp. in an attempt to resolve these conflicting theories, we constructed three phylogenetic trees in this study: a robust chromoso ...200717160643
serological cross-reactivity of environmental isolates of enterobacter, escherichia, stenotrophomonas, and aerococcus with shigella spp.-specific antisera.using protocols designed for the isolation of shigella from environmental freshwater samples from different regions of bangladesh, 11 bacterial strains giving rise to shigella-like colonies on selective agar plates and showing serological cross-reaction with shigella-specific antisera were isolated. phylogenetic analyses revealed that three of the isolates were most closely related to escherichia coli, four to enterobacter sp., two to stenotrophomonas, and two isolates belonged to the gram-posit ...200717171463
shigella ipgb1 promotes bacterial entry through the elmo-dock180 machinery.shigella use a special mechanism to invade epithelial cells called 'the trigger mechanism of entry', which allows epithelial cells to trap several bacteria simultaneously. on contact, shigella deliver effectors into epithelial cells through the type iii secretion system. here, we show that one of the effectors, ipgb1, has a pivotal role in producing membrane ruffles by exploiting the rhog-elmo-dock180 pathway to stimulate rac1 activity. using pulldown assays, we identified engulfment and cell mo ...200717173036
vaccine potential for inactivated shigellae.we used human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) and balb/c mice as models to establish the immunogenic and protective potential of formalin-inactivated shigella spp. incubation of dc with inactivated or live bacteria induced dc maturation and cytokine release. mice immunized orally or intranasally with killed s. flexneri, s. sonnei, or s. dysenteriae developed igg and fecal iga titers to the homologous lps. following respiratory challenge with the live homologous organisms, 80-100% survival ...200717178431
shigella rewrites host transcriptional responses. 200717179964
socioeconomic correlates of antibody levels to enteric pathogens among israeli adolescents.we examined the association between socioeconomic status and the level of serum antibodies to selected faeco-orally transmitted pathogens among israeli adolescents. random samples of eighty volunteers aged 12-15 years from high (hsl), medium (msl) and low (lsl) standard of living towns were included in the study. serum samples were examined by radioimmunoassay for hav and by in-house-developed elisa systems for iga and igg antibody levels against shigella sonnei, s. flexneri, e. coli o157:h7 lip ...200716740193
porin of shigella dysenteriae activates mouse peritoneal macrophage through toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce polarized type i response.porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 coexpressed toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 and tlr6 on peritoneal cavity (perc) macrophages (mphi) of c57bl/6 mice implicating that both the tlrs are essential as a combinatorial repertoire to recognize the protein. besides tlrs, mrna for myd88 and traf6, and nuclear translocation of nf-kappab were enhanced that indicate their involvement in tandem in the activity of porin. the protein selectively up-regulated cd80 on the activated mphi together with mhc class ii ...200716750567
cholesterol is required to trigger caspase-1 activation and macrophage apoptosis after phagosomal escape of shigella.pro-inflammatory macrophage apoptosis is pivotal in the aetiology of bacillary dysentery, an acute inflammatory diarrhoea caused by shigella spp. s. flexneri triggers its uptake by macrophages, escapes the phagosome and kills the host cell by a cytotoxic pathway, which activates and requires caspase-1 [interleukin (il)-1beta-converting enzyme] and releases mature il-1beta. the bacterial type iii-secreted translocator/effector protein ipab triggers cell death and directly binds to caspase-1. here ...200716925787
in vitro efficacy of bioactive extracts of 15 medicinal plants against esbetal-producing multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria.alcoholic crude extracts and some fractions from 15 traditionally used indian medicinal plants were investigated for their ability to inhibit the growth of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbetal)-producing multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria. the test bacteria eschrichia coli and shigella were resistant to 16-23 antibiotics with intermediate or resistance to beta-lactams (minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) value range 16-1024 microg/ml). the crude plant extracts demonstrated zone of inh ...200716875811
phylogenetic analysis of enteric species of the family enterobacteriaceae using the oric-locus.phylogenetic analysis of 38 enteric species belonging to the enterobacteraceae family was carried out using the non-coding locus oric, the chromosomal replication origin. the oric loci were amplified with conserved oligonucleotides and the pcr fragments were sequenced directly. the results establish a phylogenetic tree for the classification of different species of the genera escherichia, shigella, salmonella, enterobacter, citrobacter, klebsiella, raoultella, kluyvera, cedecea and buttiauxella. ...200716904857
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