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drastic decrease of salmonella enteritidis isolated from humans in belgium in 2005, shift in phage types and influence on foodborne outbreaks.in belgium, non-typhoidal salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the two most frequently reported foodborne illnesses. during 2005, a 71% decrease of salmonella enteritidis infections compared with the average annual number cases in the period 2000-2004 was recorded by the belgian national reference centre for salmonella and shigella. after the peak of 1999, the total number of salmonellosis cases decreased gradually, with the exception of 2003 when an increase was again recorded due to the ri ...200817645812
isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of salmonella and shigella strains isolated from children in gaza, palestine from 1999 to 2006.diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis are among the leading causes of illnesses and death in infants and children throughout the world, especially in developing countries, globally, salmonella and shigella remain the major contributors to acute enteric infections and diarrhea.200817854424
role of shigella infection in endometriosis: a novel hypothesis.endometriosis is the presence of endometrial cells and stroma at ectopic sites outside the uterine cavity. the natural history of endometriosis is uncertain, its etiology unknown, the clinical presentation inconsistent, diagnosis difficult and the treatment poorly standardized. it causes significant morbidity due to pelvic pain and infertility among 15-25% of women during their reproductive age. the benign disease causes peritoneal inflammation, fibrosis, adhesions and ovarian cysts but displays ...200817888583
clostridium difficile: an under-recognized cause of reactive arthritis?reactive arthritis usually presents as a sterile, inflammatory, asymmetric oligoarthritis, affecting large lower extremity joints. extra-articular features (conjunctivitis, uveitis, enthesopathy, urethritis, balanitis, keratoderma blenorrhagicum) may occur. common causes of enteric reactive arthritis are preceding infections attributable to salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia. in contrast, clostridium difficile is an uncommon cause of reactive arthritis, with only approximately 40 ...200817902012
development of a tripartite vector system for live oral immunization using a gram-negative probiotic carrier.the mucosa represents the primary target site and thus the first barrier for most microbial pathogens. nevertheless, nearly all present-day vaccines are applied by an invasive route, target the systemic immune system, and do not confer efficient mucosal protection. currently, mucosal immunity can only be achieved by the delivery of antigens via the mucosal route. therefore, multiple efforts are under way to develop mucosal vaccines and particularly live oral vaccines as these would confer consid ...200817936683
a role for nod-like receptors in autophagy induced by shigella infection.shigella infection, the cause of bacillary dysentery, induces caspase-1 activation and cell death in macrophages, but the precise mechanisms remain poorly understood. in our recent study, we presented evidence that caspase-1 activation and il-1beta processing induced by shigella are mediated through ipaf, a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptor (nlr) family and the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein contai ...200817932464
identification of newly recognized serotype 1c as the most prevalent shigella flexneri serotype in northern rural vietnam.we investigated the identity of 37 shigella flexneri strains that had previously been isolated from northern rural vietnam (son tay province) and described as untypable. twenty-four isolates reacted with masf 1c, a monoclonal antibody specific for s. flexneri serotype 1c. a further ten untypable isolates were found to be rough mutants (no longer expressing o-antigen) that were derived from serotype 1c strains. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated that these strains consisted of many dif ...200817922932
synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of cobalt(iii) complexes with pyridine-amide ligands.the ligands 2-(n-(x-pyridyl)carbamoyl)pyridine (x=2, 3 or 4 for hl1-hl3, respectively) and 2,6-bis(n-(y-pyridyl)carbamoyl)pyridine (y=2, 3 or 4 for h2l4-h2l6, respectively) in their mono- and di-deprotonated forms have been used to synthesize kinetically stable cobalt(iii) compounds [co(l1-3)3] (1-3) and na[co(l4-6)2] (4-6), respectively. the co(iii) ion is in octahedral environment and is surrounded by three bidentate ligands in complexes 1-3 and two tridentate ligands in complexes 4-6. ligands ...200817959275
[hemolytic and uremic syndrome in the child].hemolytic and uremic syndrome (hus) is characterized by the association of hemolytic anemia with sckizocytes, thrombopenia and renal involvement secondary to thrombotic microangiopathy. the typical form is the most frequent in children occurring after an episode of diarrhea caused by escherichia coli. other microorganisms may be responsible for hus such as shigella dysenteriae or streptococcus pneumoniae. acute renal failure is reversible in most cases, but long-term renal sequelae are seen in o ...200817964233
the pattern-recognition molecule nod1 is localized at the plasma membrane at sites of bacterial interaction.the pattern-recognition molecule nod1 is a critical sensor for bacterial derived diaminopimelic acid-containing peptidoglycan fragments which induces innate immune responses in epithelial cells. here we report the subcellular localization of this protein in human epithelial cells. nod1 is localized in the cytosol and at the plasma membrane in human cells. this membrane association is dependent on the integrity of the protein, on its signalling capacity and on an intact actin cytoskeleton. signal ...200817970764
evaluating burkholderia pseudomallei bip proteins as vaccines and bip antibodies as detection agents.burkholderia pseudomallei is a biothreat agent and an important natural pathogen, causing melioidosis in humans and animals. a type iii secretion system (ttss-3) has been shown to be critical for virulence. because ttss components from other pathogens have been used successfully as diagnostic agents and as experimental vaccines, it was investigated whether this was the case for bipb, bipc and bipd, components of b. pseudomallei's ttss-3. the sequences of bipb, bipc and bipd were found to be high ...200817995960
bacterial and fungal infections among diagnostic laboratory workers: evaluating the risks.accidental infections acquired in the laboratory environment are not reportable in a formal forum outside the institution, and therefore, there is little opportunity to evaluate such occurrences and learn from them. we evaluated voluntary responses from 88 facilities, 53 large hospitals (>200 beds) or academic institutions, 32 smaller facilities (<200 beds), and 3 national reference diagnostic laboratories. thirty-eight of the laboratories (43%), 15 large and 23 small facilities, reported no kno ...200817997259
enteropathogen resource integration center (eric): bioinformatics support for research on biodefense-relevant enterobacteria.eric, the enteropathogen resource integration center (www.ericbrc.org), is a new web portal serving as a rich source of information about enterobacteria on the niaid established list of select agents related to biodefense-diarrheagenic escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pestis. more than 30 genomes have been completely sequenced, many more exist in draft form and additional projects are underway. these organisms are increasingly the focus of st ...200817999997
priming of cd4+ t cells with porin of shigella dysenteriae activates the cells toward type 1 polarization.macrophages treated with porin of shigella dysenteriae were potent stimulators of naive t(h) cells since the porin-pulsed macrophages strongly proliferated the t cells and up-regulated the activation molecules cd69 and cd25 on cd4(+) t cells in allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction. immunization of c57bl/6 mice with porin selectively induced the intracellular expression and release of ifn-gamma and had no effect on il-4 expression. in parallel to the predominant release of the t(h)1 cytokine ifn-g ...200818003602
shiga toxin 1 induces apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in human monocytic cells.shiga toxins (stxs) expressed by the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae 1 and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli are potent protein synthesis inhibitors. shiga toxins have also been shown to induce apoptosis in epithelial, endothelial and monocytic cells. the precise relationship between protein synthesis inhibition and induction of apoptosis is not known. we show that stimulation of the myelogenous leukaemia cell line thp-1 with purified stx1 induced the endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress r ...200818005243
the nlee/ospz family of effector proteins is required for polymorphonuclear transepithelial migration, a characteristic shared by enteropathogenic escherichia coli and shigella flexneri infections.enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and shigella flexneri are human host-specific pathogens that infect intestinal epithelial cells. however, each bacterial species employs a different infection strategy within this environmental niche. epec attaches to the apical surface of small intestine enterocytes, causing microvillus effacement and rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton beneath adherent bacteria. in contrast, s. flexneri invades the large intestine epithelium at the basolateral m ...200817984206
epidemiology and clinical presentation of shigellosis in children less than five years of age in rural mozambique.rectal swabs were collected from 1354 children <5 years of age with diarrhea attending manhiça district hospital and from 227 healthy community controls. shigellosis incidence was high among children aged 12-47 months (488.4/10(5) child-years at risk). fever and dysentery were prominent clinical findings. shigella was more frequently isolated from cases than controls (6.7% versus 0.4%, p = 0.004), and from dysentery than nondysenteric diarrhea (24.1% versus 3.5%, p < 0.001). shigella flexneri 2a ...200717984817
increasing spectrum in antimicrobial resistance of shigella isolates in bangladesh: resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone and decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.antimicrobial resistance of shigella isolates in bangladesh, during 2001-2002, was studied and compared with that of 1991-1992 to identify the changes in resistance patterns and trends. a significant increase in resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (from 52% to 72%, p < 0.01) and nalidixic acid (from 19% to 51%, p < 0.01) was detected. high, but unchanged, resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol, low resistance to mecillinam (resistance 3%, intermediate 3%), and to em ...200717985817
outbreaks of shigellosis in denmark and australia associated with imported baby corn, august 2007--final summary.the recently reported concurrent outbreaks of shigella sonnei infections in denmark and australia have been found to be linked to a common baby corn packing house in thailand via trace-back of the distribution chain. distribution records indicated that three additional countries received affected product from the implicated thai packing house during the period of potential contamination. these countries were notified through the world health organization's international food safety authorities n ...200717991373
cross-border investigation of a shigella sonnei outbreak in a group of norwegian tourists after a trip to russia.in early september 2006, the norwegian institute of public health was alerted to an outbreak of shigella sonnei infections (shigellosis) among 23 norwegian passengers who had taken a bus tour from kirkenes, norway to murmansk, russia. the trip lasted from 27 to 31 august, and the group stayed in various hotels and visited several restaurants in both kirkenes and murmansk during this period. stool samples from three ill passengers yielded s. sonnei; an additional 10 passengers had gastrointestina ...200717991389
acute gastrointestinal infection, respiratory illness, and noncombat injury among us military personnel during operation bright star 2005, in northern egypt.in the fall 2005, approximately 7,500 us military personnel participated in an exercise in the egyptian desert. the epidemiology of disease and noncombat injury among deployed troops is important in the context of assessing current mitigation strategies and the development of future ones.200717995535
inactivation of shigella boydii 18 idph and listeria monocytogenes scott a with power ultrasound at different acoustic energy densities and temperatures.the effect of acoustic energy density (aed) on inactivation of shigella boydii 18 idph and listeria monocytogenes scott a in a cell suspension was studied at sublethal temperatures and at aeds of 0.49, 0.85, and 1.43 w/ml. the effect of temperature on ultrasonic inactivation of l. monocytogenes scott a at 35, 50, and 65 degrees c was examined at an aed of 1.43 w/ml. increasing aed increased the rate of inactivation for both s. boydii and l. monocytogenes. the destruction of s. boydii and l. mono ...200717995776
antibacterial activity of some 3-(arylideneamino)-2-phenylquinazoline-4(3h)-ones: synthesis and preliminary qsar studies.synthesis of ten 3-(arylideneamino)-2-phenylquinazoline-4(3h)-ones is reported. all the compounds contained a common phenyl group at the 2-position, while the substituents on the arylideneamino group were varied. the compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive (staphylococcus aureus 6571 and bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli k12 and shigella dysenteriae 6) using a turbidometric assay method. it was found that the incorpora ...200717978766
shigella: a sexually transmitted infection in men who have sex with men. 200717983823
type iii secretion effectors of the ipah family are e3 ubiquitin ligases.many bacteria pathogenic for plants or animals, including shigella spp., which is responsible for shigellosis in humans, use a type iii secretion apparatus to inject effector proteins into host cells. effectors alter cell signaling and host responses induced upon infection; however, their precise biochemical activities have been elucidated in very few cases. utilizing saccharomyces cerevisiae as a surrogate host, we show that the shigella effector ipah9.8 interrupts pheromone response signaling ...200718005683
microbial pathogen-induced necrotic cell death mediated by the inflammasome components cias1/cryopyrin/nlrp3 and asc.cryopyrin (cias1, nlrp3) and asc are components of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex required for caspase-1 activation and cytokine il-1beta production. cias1 mutations underlie autoinflammation characterized by excessive il-1beta secretion. disease-associated cryopyrin also causes a program of necrosis-like cell death in macrophages, the mechanistic details of which are unknown. we find that patient monocytes carrying disease-associated cias1 mutations exhibit excessive necrosis-like dea ...200718005730
uspa of shigella sonnei.one of the strategies that bacteria utilize to combat environmental stress is to synthesize stress-responding proteins. in escherichia coli, adverse environmental factors, such as starvation, heat, and the presence of acid, oxidants, heavy metals, and antibiotics, trigger the expression of the universal stress protein (usp). the gene of the usp, uspa, in e. coli k-12 and e. coli o157:h7 has been identified and sequenced. in this study, the nucleotide sequence of uspa in a strain of shigella sonn ...200717969624
[rapid detection of three foodborne pathogenic bacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detector].a method for monitoring foodborne pathogenic bacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr)--capillary electrophoresis (ce) with a laser induced fluorescence detector was developed. three sets of primers were designed to amplify the gene segments of uida gene in e. coli. o157:h7, inva gene in salmonella and ipah gene in shigella, individually. the multiple pcr system and the separation conditions of ce were optimized. using a capillary coated with linear polyacrylamide and sieving buffer ...200717970100
multilocus sequence typing analysis of shigella flexneri isolates collected in asian countries.the multilocus sequence typing scheme used previously for phylogenetic analysis of escherichia coli was applied to 107 clinical isolates of shigella flexneri. dna sequencing of 3423 bp throughout seven housekeeping genes identified eight new allele types and ten new sequence types among the isolates. s. flexneri serotypes 1-5, x and y were clustered together in a group containing many allelic variants while serotype 6 formed a distinct group, as previously established.200717965345
a new asset for pathogen informatics--the enteropathogen resource integration center (eric), an niaid bioinformatics resource center for biodefense and emerging/re-emerging infectious disease.eric (enteropathogen resource information center) is one of the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid) bioinformatics resource centers for biodefense and emerging/re-emerging infectious disease. eric serves as a comprehensive information resource for five related pathogens: yersinia enterocolitica, yersinia pestis, diarrheagenic e. coli, shigella spp., and salmonella spp. eric integrates genomics, proteomics, biochemical and microbiological information to facilitate the in ...200717966403
[medication in infectious acute diarrhea in children].acute infectious diarrhea in children remain still a frequent cause of morbidity. 50 % of them are due to rotavirus. oral rehydration therapy and early realimentation have drastically reduced their mortality and morbidity. beside oral or eventually iv rehydration therapy no medication has proven its efficacy based on the main hmo criteria (reduction of over 30 % of the stool output) except racecadotril and loperamide which is contre-indicated for the last one in children less than 2 years old. o ...200717961811
crystal structure of an apo form of shigella flexneri arsh protein with an nadph-dependent fmn reductase activity.the arsh gene or its homologs are a frequent part of the arsenic resistance system in bacteria and eukaryotes. although a specific biological function of the gene product is unknown, the arsh protein was annotated as a member of the nadph-dependent fmn reductase family based on a conserved (t/s)xrxxsx(t/s) fingerprint motif common for fmn binding proteins. presented here are the first crystal structure of an arsh protein from shigella flexneri refined at 1.7 a resolution and results of enzymatic ...200717962405
holo- and apo-bound structures of bacterial periplasmic heme-binding proteins.an essential component of heme transport in gram-negative bacterial pathogens is the periplasmic protein that shuttles heme between outer and inner membranes. we have solved the first crystal structures of two such proteins, shut from shigella dysenteriae and phut from pseudomonas aeruginosa. both share a common architecture typical of class iii periplasmic binding proteins. the heme binds in a narrow cleft between the n- and c-terminal binding domains and is coordinated by a tyr residue. a comp ...200717925389
vinculin binding in its closed conformation by a helix addition mechanism.vinculin links integrin receptors to the actin cytoskeleton by binding to talin. vinculin is held in an inactive, closed-clamp conformation through hydrophobic interactions between its head and tail domains, and vinculin activation has long been thought to be dependent upon severing the head-tail interaction. talin, alpha-actinin, and the invasin ipaa of shigella flexneri sever vinculin's head-tail interaction by inserting an alpha-helix into vinculin's n-terminal four-helical bundle, provoking ...200717932491
[serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance rates of shigella spp. isolates in tehran, iran].in this study, antimicrobial resistance patterns and serotype distributions of shigella spp. isolated from pediatric and adult patients with diarrhea, inhabiting in tehran, were investigated. stool specimens of 1350 patients with diarrhea who were admitted to the seven different hospitals in tehran from november 2003 till march 2005 were taken into the study. antibacterial susceptibility patterns of shigella spp. isolates were determined by standard disk diffusion method. overall isolation rate ...200717933258
[viable but non-culturable form of bacteria].viable but non-culturable (vbnc) bacteria concept has been defined in 1982 when it has been shown that there exists bacteria whose metabolic activity continue and which can have the ability to reproduce in suitable conditions although they have lost their capability to reproduce in culture. recent studies have shown that most of the human pathogens (campylobacter spp., escherichia coli, francisella tularensis, helicobacter pylori, legionella pneumophila, listeria monocytogenes, mycobacterium tub ...200717933263
safety and immunogenicity of cvd 1208s, a live, oral deltaguaba deltasen deltaset shigella flexneri 2a vaccine grown on animal-free media.a previous phase 1 trial demonstrated that shigella flexneri 2a deleted in guaba, sen and set (strain cvd 1208) is well-tolerated and immunogenic after a single oral dose of 10(8) or 10(9) cfu. to facilitate further clinical development, the strain was reconstructed using animal-free media to conform to regulatory guidelines, and designated cvd1208s. healthy inpatient volunteers were randomized (double-blind) to receive a single oral dose of either cvd 1208s (10(8) [n = 7] or 10(9) [n = 7] cfu) ...200717938573
[infectious aetiologies of travelers' diarrhoea].traveler's diarrhoea (td) occurs in 20 to 60% of european or north-american travelers in intertropical areas. following return from endemic zone, malaria must always be evocated in front of febrile diarrhoea. many causative infectious agents are involved in td and their frequency may vary according to destination and seasons. the main agents involved in td are escherichia coli pathovars (especially enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative e. coli) followed by enteroinvasive bacteria (campylobacter ...200717942257
transcription-termination-mediated immunity and its prevention in bacteriophage sfv of shigella flexneri.the temperate phage sfv encodes the genes responsible for the serotype conversion of shigella flexneri strains from serotype y to 5a. bacteriophages often encode proteins that prevent subsequent infection by homologous phages; the mechanism by which this is accomplished is referred to as superinfection immunity. the serotype conversion mediated following lysogenization of sfv is one such mechanism. another mechanism is the putative lambda-like ci protein within sfv. this study reports the charac ...200717947546
[acute gastroenteritis: the cost of an ambulatory care sensitive condition].acute gastroenteritis (age) has been defined as an ambulatory care sensitive condition. the recommended treatment consists of oral rehydration and rapid reintroduction of food. nevertheless, age remains an important cause of hospitalization. the objective of the present study was to analyze the patient characteristics, management, and costs associated with hospitalizations due to age in a pediatrics department.200717949647
wasp-interacting protein (wip): working in polymerisation and much more.the migration of cells and the movement of some intracellular pathogens, such as shigella and vaccinia, are dependent on the actin-based cytoskeleton. many proteins are involved in regulating the dynamics of the actin-based microfilaments within cells and, among them, wasp and n-wasp have a significant role in the regulation of actin polymerisation. the activity and stability of wasp is regulated by its cellular partner wasp-interacting protein (wip) during the formation of actin-rich structures ...200717949983
increasing antimicrobial resistance--an emerging problem in the treatment of shigellosis.shigellosis is a major cause of diarrhoea-related morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. effective antibiotic treatment reduces the average duration of illness by reducing faecal excretion of the bacterium and preventing further transmission and potentially lethal complications. treatment of shigellosis is currently limited by the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of shigella. although fluoroquinolones are currently effective in treating adults, resistance to f ...200717953700
[dysentery in poland in 2005].the number of notified dysentery cases in the three last years (2003, 2004, 2005) is the lowest of all years since 1918 when notification started. only 80 cases were notified in the year 2005 (incidence rate 0.21 /100,000 population), while 74 cases in 2004 (incidence rate 0.19 /100,000 population. no one-death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. all together 6 outbreaks were registered, one suspected. out of three dysentery outbreaks, due to s. flexneri 3a--two ...200717956039
[epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by sanitary epidemiological station in bielsko-biala, silesia, in poland].the results of the epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by regional laboratory of sanitary epidemiological station in bielsko-biala (psse bielsko-biala), silesia voivodeship in poland are presented. from august 2005 to july 2006, stool samples from 723 diarrhea cases were examined for the presence of campylobacter as well as salmonella, shigella, yersinia, enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohaemorrhagic (ehec) e. coli. from stool samples of 163 patients 170 bacterial etiologica ...200717956062
potent inhibitors of trna-guanine transglycosylase, an enzyme linked to the pathogenicity of the shigella bacterium: charge-assisted hydrogen bonding. 200717902085
a new alpha-galactosyl-binding protein from the mushroom lyophyllum decastes.a new alpha-galactosyl binding lectin was isolated from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom lyopyllum decastes. it is a homodimer composed of noncovalently-associated monomers of molecular mass 10,276da. the lectin's amino acid sequence was determined by cloning from a cdna library using partial sequences determined by automated edman sequencing and by mass spectrometry of enzyme-derived peptides. the sequence shows no significant homology to any known protein sequence. analysis of carbohydrate ...200717904093
biochemical characterization of dtdp-d-qui4n and dtdp-d-qui4nac biosynthetic pathways in shigella dysenteriae type 7 and escherichia coli o7.o-antigen variation due to the presence of different types of sugars and sugar linkages is important for the survival of bacteria threatened by host immune systems. the o antigens of shigella dysenteriae type 7 and escherichia coli o7 contain 4-(n-acetylglycyl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (d-qui4nglyac) and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (d-qui4nac), respectively, which are sugars not often found in studied polysaccharides. in this study, we characterized the biosynthetic pathways for dtdp-d-q ...200717905981
o-antigen modal chain length in shigella flexneri 2a is growth-regulated through rfah-mediated transcriptional control of the wzy gene.shigella flexneri 2a 2457t produces lipopolysaccharide (lps) with two o-antigen (oag) chain lengths: a short (s-oag) controlled by wzzb and a very long (vl-oag) determined by wzz(phs-2). this study demonstrates that the synthesis and length distribution of the s. flexneri oag are under growth-phase-dependent regulation. quantitative electrophoretic analysis showed that the vl-oag increased during growth while the s-oag distribution remained constant. increased production of vl-oag correlated wit ...200717906147
in vitro antimicrobial activity of rifaximin against enteropathogens causing traveler's diarrhea.the in vitro activity of rifaximin against 84 diarrheagenic escherichia coli and 11 shigella sonnei causing traveler's diarrhea was evaluated. the mic of rifaximin ranged between <0.007 and 32 mg/l; other agents tested had an mic of >256 mg/l in most cases. the results showed the potential use of rifaximin to treat these infections.200717889485
[modulation of virulence expression in escherichia coli and shigella spp. by environmental factors]. 200717891998
dynamic proteome changes of shigella flexneri 2a during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase.shigella flexneri is an infectious pathogen that causes dysentery to human, which remains a serious threat to public health, particularly in developing countries. in this study, the global protein expression patterns of s. flexneri during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase in vitro were analyzed by using 2-d page combined with maldi-tof ms. in a time-course experiment with five time points, the relative abundance of 49 protein spots varied significantly. interestingly, a puta ...200717893076
the type iii secretion system of proteus mirabilis hi4320 does not contribute to virulence in the mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection.the gram-negative enteric bacterium proteus mirabilis is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (utis) in individuals with long-term indwelling catheters or with complicated urinary tracts. the recent release of the p. mirabilis strain hi4320 genome sequence has facilitated identification of potential virulence factors in this organism. genes appearing to encode a type iii secretion system (ttss) were found in a low gc-content pathogenicity island in the p. mirabilis chromosome. this islan ...200717893161
molecular characterization of antimicrobial compound produced by lactobacillus acidophilus aa11.approximately 63 strains of lactobacillus acidophilus were isolated from egyptian home-made cheese and examined for production of antagonism. only eight strains demonstrated inhibitory activity against spoilage microorganisms (i.e. staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus) and pathogens (i.e. e. coli, salmonella sp. and shigella sp.). lactobacillus acidophilus aa11 produced higher antimicrobial activity with a wide range of inhibition. the agent aa11 was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes and ret ...200717899791
an outbreak of multi-resistant shigella sonnei in australia: possible link to the outbreak of shigellosis in denmark associated with imported baby corn from thailand. 200717900420
on an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by mr. f. d'herelle, presented by mr. roux. 1917. 200717855060
evaluation of shigellosis in a turkish children's hospital.the aim of the present study was to evaluate cases of shigella and determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella species in central turkey.200717875081
close relation of the o-polysaccharide structure of escherichia coli o168 and revised structure of the o-polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 4.the o-polysaccharide was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of escherichia coli o168 and studied by chemical analyses and smith degradation along with (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopies. the following structure of the branched pentasaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide was established: [carbohydrate structure: see text] where 6-o-acetylation of glcnac is partial. reinvestigation of the o-polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 4 established earlier showed it to have the same str ...200717880932
multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for molecular typing of shigella sonnei.a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) method was developed and evaluated for the subtyping of shigella sonnei isolates. a total of 26 vntr loci were identified by exploring the repeat sequence loci in the genomic sequences of s. sonnei strains ss046 and 53g and by testing 536 isolates that had previously been characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the discriminatory power of mlva (simpson's index of diversity [d], 0.9524; 95% confidence interval [ci ...200717881552
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance conferred by qnrs1 in salmonella enterica serovar virchow isolated from turkish food of avian origin.to study the molecular characteristics of the quinolone and associated ampicillin resistance mechanisms present in salmonella enterica serovar virchow isolated from turkish foods.200717881633
a case of shigellosis with intractable septic shock and convulsions.although shigellosis is a potentially fatal disease that may cause a number of extra-intestinal manifestations, intractable septic shock is an unusual complication. here we describe a 6-month-old infant who developed severe septic shock and convulsions during an episode of dysentery caused by multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae. the case presentation demonstrates how shigellosis can lead to rare and potentially misleading complications such as septic shock when not treated adequately and pr ...200717881877
diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli and other causes of childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in children living in a wastewater-use area in hanoi, vietnam.a case-control study was conducted to identify the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in pre-school children in a suburban area of hanoi where the use of untreated wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture is a common practice. stool specimens and clinical information were collected from 111 pairs of children with diarrhoea and healthy controls. a total of 73 cases (66 %) and 41 controls (36 %) had an enteric pathogen. the pathogens most often associated with diarrhoea were rotavirus (17 % of case ...200717644717
[analysis on the status of shigella spp antimicrobial resistance through data from the national shigellosis surveillance system in china, in 2005].the ministry of public health released the national surveillance project on shigellosis in august, 2005. this study was to reveal the antimicrobial resistance status of shigella isolates through the national shigellosis surveillance system in 2005 in china, so as to provide evidence for the development of surveillance, prevention and cure of shigellosis.200717850709
transcriptional profile induced by furazolidone treatment of shigella flexneri.shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for endemic shigellosis especially in developing countries. furazolidone, a nitrofuran derivative, is very effective against the infection with s. flexneri. to examine potential effects of furazolidone on this germ, a whole-genome dna microarray was constructed and transcriptional profiles of the responses to furazolidone were determined. the expressing data revealed adaptive responses of s. flexneri to oxidative stress induce ...200717851659
prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized hiv infected versus non-hiv infected patients with diarrhoea in southern india.a prevalence study on campylobacter jejuni and other enteric bacterial pathogens was carried out in 200 hiv infected and 200 non-hiv infected subjects with diarrhoeal symptoms at an aids hospital in southern india. diarrhoeal specimens were inoculated onto standard culture media as well as onto columbia and campylobacter blood agar media for c. jejuni isolation. all the c. jejuni isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using kirby-bauer's method. a significant difference in recover ...200717852888
high prevalence of ctx-m-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase among contacts of patients with shigellosis due to shigella flexneri carrying ctx-m-15. 200717646198
study of predominant bacterial antigens triggering antibody response in salmonella reactive arthritis: apropos of a case.reactive arthritis (rea) is a sterile arthritis triggered by distal mucosal infection, which suggests a contribution from bacterial products. the pathogenesis of rea is unclear. there are no international standards for the serological methods used to confirm rea. in the present work, we analyzed the predominant bacterial component that triggered an immune response in a 24-year-old woman with acute rea. the candidate bacterial trigger was investigated by measuring the antibacterial antibodies (al ...200717642539
cross-species cluster co-conservation: a new method for generating protein interaction networks.co-conservation (phylogenetic profiles) is a well-established method for predicting functional relationships between proteins. several publicly available databases use this method and additional clustering strategies to develop networks of protein interactions (cluster co-conservation (ccc)). ccc has previously been limited to interactions within a single target species. we have extended ccc to develop protein interaction networks based on co-conservation between protein pairs across multiple sp ...200717803817
synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 7-(substituted)-aminomethyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid derivatives.gram-positive organisms have re-emerged as the major hospital pathogens, which make the unmet medical needs for antibacterial therapy even worse. in searching for potent agents against gram-positive pathogens, novel 7-(substituted)-aminomethyl-quinolone-3-carboxylic acids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antibacterial activities in vitro. many 7-monoarylaminomethyl derivatives exhibited high potency against gram-positive organisms compared to reference agents: vancomycin and p ...200717826097
identification of the mxih needle protein residues responsible for anchoring invasion plasmid antigen d to the type iii secretion needle tip.the pathogenesis of shigella flexneri requires a functional type iii secretion apparatus to serve as a conduit for injecting host-altering effector proteins into the membrane and cytoplasm of the targeted cell. the type iii secretion apparatus is composed of a basal body and an exposed needle that is an extended polymer of mxih with a 2.0-nm inner channel. invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) resides at the tip of the needle to control type iii secretion. the atomic structures of mxih and ipad have ...200717827155
etiology of acute diarrhea in children and adults in tunis, tunisia, with emphasis on diarrheagenic escherichia coli: prevalence, phenotyping, and molecular epidemiology.a total of 271 stool specimens were collected from children (diarrheagenic, n = 115 and control, n = 54) and adults (diarrheagenic, n = 73 and control, n = 29) from tunis, tunisia, and processed to detect bacterial enteropathogens, parasites, and viruses. diarrheagenic escherichia coli (dec) were identified by their virulence genes (polymerase chain reaction) and adherence patterns (tissue culture assays). the most frequently isolated enteric pathogens from diarrheagenic children were enterotoxi ...200717827382
explaining unexplained diarrhea and associating risks and infections.gastrointestinal illnesses are common afflictions. however, knowledge of their etiology is often lacking. moreover, most cases of infections with reportable enteric pathogens (campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, cryptosporidia and giardia) have sporadic modes of acquisition, yet control measures are often biased towards mitigation of risks discerned by outbreak analysis. to determine the etiology of unexplained diarrhea it is important to study populat ...200717692144
[ekiri syndrome complicating shigellosis]. 200717692219
[intrafamilial outbreak of shigella flexneri gastroenteritis in madrid]. 200717692266
use of the tna operon as a new molecular target for escherichia coli detection.a quantitative real-time pcr targeting the tnaa gene was studied to detect escherichia coli and distinguish e. coli from shigella spp. these microorganisms revealed high similarity in the molecular organization of the tna operon.200717693560
differential regulation of caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and autophagy via ipaf and asc in shigella-infected macrophages.shigella infection, the cause of bacillary dysentery, induces caspase-1 activation and cell death in macrophages, but the precise mechanisms of this activation remain poorly understood. we demonstrate here that caspase-1 activation and il-1beta processing induced by shigella are mediated through ipaf, a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptor (nlr) family, and the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containin ...200717696608
effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in persistent diarrhea in indian children: a randomized controlled trial.to evaluate the role of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) as probiotic in persistent diarrhea (pd) in children of north bengal, india.200717700424
antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (rosmarinus officinalis l. and salvia officinalis l., lamiaceae) essential oils.the essential oils of rosemary ( rosmarinus officinalis l.) and sage ( salvia officinalis l.) were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and 6 fungi, including candida albicans and 5 dermatomycetes. the most important antibacterial activity of both essential oils was expressed on escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, s. enteritidis, and shigella sonei. ...200717708648
brucella abortus requires the heme transporter bhua for maintenance of chronic infection in balb/c mice.the gene annotated bab2_1150 in the brucella abortus 2308 genome sequence is predicted to encode a homolog of the well-characterized heme transporter shua of shigella dysenteriae and accordingly has been given the designation bhua (brucella heme utilization). phenotypic analysis of an isogenic bhua mutant derived from b. abortus 2308 verified that there is a link between bhua and the ability of the parent strain to use heme as an iron source in in vitro assays. maximum expression of bhua in b. a ...200717709407
omptin proteins: an expanding family of outer membrane proteases in gram-negative enterobacteriaceae.the escherichia coli k-12 outer membrane protein ompt is a prototype of a unique family of bacterial endopeptidases known as the omptins. this family includes ompt and ompp of e. coli, sopa of shigella flexneri, pgte of salmonella enterica, and pla of yersinia pestis. despite their sequence similarities, the omptins vary in their reported functions. the ompt protease is characterized by narrow cleavage specificity defined by the extracellular loops of the beta-barrel protruding above the lipid b ...200717710644
first detection and sequence analysis of the bla-ctx-m-15 gene in lebanese isolates of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing shigella sonnei.the emergence in shigella species of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) that impart resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is a growing concern world-wide. so far, however, esbl-producing shigella have only been reported seven times, albeit from seven different countries. in lebanon, three esbl-producing clinical isolates of s. sonnei were recovered from 30 cases of shigellosis diagnosed between july 2004 and october 2005. all three were found to be resistant to amoxycillin, cefotax ...200717716434
a bacterial effector targets mad2l2, an apc inhibitor, to modulate host cell cycling.the gut epithelium self-renews every several days, providing an important innate defense system that limits bacterial colonization. nevertheless, many bacterial pathogens, including shigella, efficiently colonize the intestinal epithelium. here, we show that the shigella effector ipab, when delivered into epithelial cells, causes cell-cycle arrest by targeting mad2l2, an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (apc) inhibitor. cyclin b1 ubiquitination assays revealed that apc undergoes unscheduled ...200717719540
spontaneous zygogenesis, a wide-ranging mating process in bacteria.spontaneous zygogenesis (or z-mating) in escherichia coli, unlike f-mediated conjugation, promotes formation of complete zygotes. most z-mating products have proven to be phenotypically unstable, losing part of the phenotype for which they were selected. persistent z-mating products appear as stable genetic recombinants or yield subclones of two types: either both parental types or one of them plus a recombinant type, and the ability to promote spontaneous zygogenesis can appear in all emerging ...200717720456
bacterial, fungal and parasitic contamination of cockroaches in public hospitals of hamadan, iran.to determine the possible role of cockroaches in dissemination of medically important microorganisms, a study was carried out in public hospitals and residential areas of hamadan city, west of iran. bacteria, fungi and parasites of medical importance were isolated and identified. the total number of blattella germanica collected from hospitals were 133 as the case group. the cockroaches collected from residential areas were 45 as the control group.200717722863
effect of the nonreducing end of shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-specific oligosaccharides on their immunogenicity as conjugates in mice.endemic and epidemic shigellosis, an acute invasive disease of the lower intestines, afflicts millions of people worldwide with an estimated one million fatalities per annum at a low infectious dose. our approach to vaccine development against shigella is based on the hypothesis that serum igg antibodies to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) domains of the lps of these organisms confer protection to infection. the synthetic oligosaccharides corresponding to the tetrasaccharide repeating unit o ...200717726093
an inducible lambdoid prophage encoding cytolethal distending toxin (cdt-i) and a type iii effector protein in enteropathogenic escherichia coli.cytolethal distending toxins (cdts) are inhibitory cyclomodulins, which block eukaryotic cell proliferation and are produced by a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli strains associated with intestinal and extraintestinal infections. however, the mode of transmission of the toxin gene clusters among diverse bacterial pathogens is unclear. we found that cdt-i produced by enteropathogenic e. coli strains associated with diarrhea is encoded by a lambdoid prophage, whi ...200717726095
the significance of the number of submitted samples and patient-related factors for faecal bacterial diagnostics.the sensitivity of bacteriological testing of faecal samples from patients with diarrhoea has not been properly determined. the present study analysed the association between the results of stool sample examinations and the number of samples examined per patient and other patient-related factors. data concerning faecal specimens referred for culture for enteric bacterial pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella, shigella and yersinia) to the central microbiological laboratory in denmark between 1995 ...200717727686
role of u.s. military research programs in the development of u.s.-licensed vaccines for naturally occurring infectious diseases.u.s. military physicians and researchers have collaborated in the development of eight u.s.-licensed vaccines since 1934, when product efficacy requirements were added to product safety requirements mandated in 1902. these vaccines include influenza (1945), rubella (1969), adenovirus types 4 and 7 (1980), meningococcus a, c, y, w-135 (1981), hepatitis b (1981), oral typhoid (1989), japanese encephalitis (1992), and hepatitis a (1995). current efforts include new adenovirus and japanese encephali ...200717728025
detection of ctx-m-14 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in shigella sonnei isolates from china.shigellosis is an important cause of acute diarrheal disease and multidrug-resistant phenotype has been reported in s. sonnei. in this study, we investigate the resistance and identify extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) gene in 37 s. sonnei isolates by agar dilution procedure and the modified three-dimensional test, respectively. the bla genes of esbl-producing isolates were detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequencing. more than 50% of these strains were resistant to tetrac ...200717767959
intracellular type iii secretion by cytoplasmic shigella flexneri promotes caspase-1-dependent macrophage cell death.the gram-negative bacterium shigella flexneri triggers pro-inflammatory apoptotic cell death in macrophages, which is crucial for the onset of an acute inflammatory diarrhoea termed bacillary dysentery. the mxi-spa type iii secretion system promotes bacterial uptake and escape into the cytoplasm, where, dependent on the translocator/effector protein ipab, caspase-1 [interleukin (il)-1beta-converting enzyme] and its substrate il-1beta are activated. here, we show that in the course of a macrophag ...200717768231
site-specific modification of shigella flexneri virf mrna by trna-guanine transglycosylase in vitro.shigella flexneri is an enteropathogen responsible for severe dysentery in humans. virf is a key transcriptional regulator that activates the expression of the downstream virulence factors required for cellular invasion and cell-to-cell spread of this pathogen. there are several environmental factors that induce the translation of virf including temperature, ph, osmolarity and post-transcriptional rna modification. durand and colleagues (vacc, a virulence-associated chromosomal locus of shigella ...200717626052
core-linked lps expression of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 o-antigen in live salmonella typhi vaccine vector ty21a: preclinical evidence of immunogenicity and protection.shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (s. dysenteriae 1) causes severe shigellosis that is typically associated with high mortality. antibodies against shigella serotype-specific o-polysaccharide (o-ps) have been shown to be host protective. in this study, the rfb locus and the rfp gene with their cognate promoter regions were pcr-amplified from s. dysenteriae 1, cloned, and sequenced. deletion analysis showed that eight rfb orfs plus rfp are necessary for biosynthesis of this o-ps. a tandemly-linked ...200717629369
[prevention and treatment of acute diarrhea in infants].the prognosis of acute diarrhoea in infants is most often satisfactory in industrialized countries. however, it has been estimated that 10 to 15 children die every year in france from acute dehydration due to acute diarrhoea. in spite of an increasing use over the least few years, oral rehydration solutions (ors) are used in only 70% of infants presenting with acute diarrhoea. the use of homemade ors, plain water or fizzy drink should be strictly avoided. in case of acute diarrhoea there is no i ...200717629685
in vitro activity of cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefatrizine and cefpirome in presence of essential and trace elements.evidences supporting the introduction of metallic elements in several biological processes are rapidly accumulating. likewise, many drugs possess modified toxicological and pharmacological properties when in the form of metal complexes. in order to ascertain the role of various essential and trace element complexation on the antibacterial activity of various cephalosporins, the synergistic or antagonistic behavior of cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefatrizine and cefpirome in presence of essential and ...200717604254
rapid and simultaneous quantitation of escherichia coli 0157:h7, salmonella, and shigella in ground beef by multiplex real-time pcr and immunomagnetic separation.the objective of this study was to establish a multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous quantitation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and shigella. genomic dna for the real-time pcr was extracted by the boiling method. three sets of primers and corresponding taqman probes were designed to target these three pathogenic bacteria. multiplex real-time pcr was performed with taqman universal pcr master mix in an abi prism 7700 sequence detection system. final standard curves were calculat ...200717612065
pathogenic bacteria associated with oysters (crassostrea brasiliana) and estuarine water along the south coast of brazil.oysters and estuarine water samples were collected monthly, from june 1998 to march 1999, in the cananéia estuary, on the south coast of são paulo, brazil, and analyzed for bacterial hazards with and without depuration in filtered estuarine water. aeromonas spp., plesiomonas shigelloides, vibrio cholerae o1, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus were counted in oyster samples using the most probable number (mpn) and their presence verified in the surrounding estuarine water samples. the ...200717613090
prevalence of enterotoxigenic staphylococcus aureus and shigella spp. in some raw street vended indian foods.in india, the street food trade is a growing sector with its expansion linked with urbanisation and the need of urban populations for both employment and food. however, the microbiological status of popularly consumed raw street foods, general hygienic and vending practices are not known. we visited 75 vendors (50 having fixed stalls and 25 with mobile stalls) operating in three major locations: mandi (open market place), bus terminus and railway station in new delhi and patiala city. a total of ...200717616871
differences in the electrostatic surfaces of the type iii secretion needle proteins prgi, bsal, and mxih.gram-negative bacteria use a needle-like protein assembly, the type iii secretion apparatus, to inject virulence factors into target cells to initiate human disease. the needle is formed by the polymerization of approximately 120 copies of a small acidic protein that is conserved among diverse pathogens. we previously reported the structure of the bsal needle monomer from burkholderia pseudomallei by nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy and others have determined the crystal structure o ...200717617421
distribution of serogroups and serotypes of multiple drug resistant shigella isolates.summary200717622331
[study on molecular epidemiology of shigella in hangzhou district during 1998 to 2005]. 200717649701
the two-faced role of cad genes in the virulence of pathogenic escherichia coli.in enterobacteria, acid stress induces expression of the cad system which is involved in maintaining intracellular ph at levels compatible with cell survival. despite its crucial role, the cad operon is silenced in shigella and in other pathogenic escherichia coli. in the present review, we will address the question of why and how the cad locus has been sacrificed for the sake of optimal expression of virulence traits.200717656072
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