Publications

shigella manipulates host immune responses by delivering effector proteins with specific roles.	the intestinal epithelium deploys multiple defense systems against microbial infection to sense bacterial components and danger alarms, as well as to induce intracellular signal transduction cascades that trigger both the innate and the adaptive immune systems, which are pivotal for bacterial elimination. however, many enteric bacterial pathogens, including shigella, deliver a subset of virulence proteins (effectors) via the type iii secretion system (t3ss) that enable bacterial evasion from hos ...	2015	25999954
identification and distribution of the nbs-lrr gene family in the cassava genome.	plant resistance genes (r genes) exist in large families and usually contain both a nucleotide-binding site domain and a leucine-rich repeat domain, denoted nbs-lrr. the genome sequence of cassava (manihot esculenta) is a valuable resource for analysing the genomic organization of resistance genes in this crop.	2015	25948536
an overdose of the arabidopsis coreceptor brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated receptor kinase1 or its ectodomain causes autoimmunity in a suppressor of bir1-1-dependent manner.	the membrane-bound brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated receptor kinase1 (bak1) is a common coreceptor in plants and regulates distinct cellular programs ranging from growth and development to defense against pathogens. bak1 functions through binding to ligand-stimulated transmembrane receptors and activating their kinase domains via transphosphorylation. in the absence of microbes, bak1 activity may be suppressed by different mechanisms, like interaction with the regulatory bir (for bak1-int ...	2015	25944825
cyclic nucleotide gated channel gene family in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.	the cyclic nucleotide gated channel (cngc) is suggested to be one of the important calcium conducting channels. nevertheless, genome-wide identification and systemic functional analysis of cngc gene family in crop plant species have not yet been conducted. in this study, we performed genome-wide identification of cngc gene family in the economically important crop tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and analyzed function of the group ivb slcngc genes in disease resistance. eighteen cngc genes were ...	2015	25999969
production of the non-protein amino acid β-tyrosine in rice.		2015	25901086
bacteriophages and phage-derived proteins--application approaches.	currently, the bacterial resistance, especially to most commonly used antibiotics has proved to be a severe therapeutic problem. nosocomial and community-acquired infections are usually caused by multidrug resistant strains. therefore, we are forced to develop an alternative or supportive treatment for successful cure of life-threatening infections. the idea of using natural bacterial pathogens such as bacteriophages is already well known. many papers have been published proving the high antibac ...	2015	25666799
identification of arabidopsis candidate genes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses using comparative microarrays.	plants have evolved with intricate mechanisms to cope with multiple environmental stresses. to adapt with biotic and abiotic stresses, plant responses involve changes at the cellular and molecular levels. the current study was designed to investigate the effects of combinations of different environmental stresses on the transcriptome level of arabidopsis genome using public microarray databases. we investigated the role of cyclopentenones in mediating plant responses to environmental stress thro ...	2015	25933420
guard cell slac1-type anion channels mediate flagellin-induced stomatal closure.	during infection plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps), and this leads to stomatal closure. this study analyzes the molecular mechanisms underlying this mamp response and its interrelation with aba signaling. stomata in intact arabidopsis thaliana plants were stimulated with the bacterial mamp flg22, or the stress hormone aba, by using the noninvasive nanoinfusion technique. intracellular double-barreled microelectrodes were applied to measure the activity of plasma memb ...	2015	25932909
growth and stress response in arabidopsis thaliana, nicotiana benthamiana, glycine max, solanum tuberosum and brassica napus cultivated under polychromatic leds.	the use of light emitting diodes (leds) brings several key advantages over existing illumination technologies for indoor plant cultivation. among these are that leds have predicted lifetimes from 50-100.000 hours without significant drops in efficiency and energy consumption is much lower compared to traditional fluorescent tubes. recent advances allow leds to be used with customized wavelengths for plant growth. however, most of these led growth systems use mixtures of chips emitting in several ...	2015	27408615
whole-genome sequencing of 10 pseudomonas syringae strains representing different host range spectra.	pseudomonas syringae is a ubiquitous bacterium that readily persists in environmental habitats as a saprophyte and also is responsible for numerous diseases of crops. here, we report the whole-genome sequences of 10 strains isolated from both woody and herbaceous plants that will contribute to the elucidation of the determinants of their host ranges.	2015	25931602
novptmenzy: a database for enzymes involved in novel post-translational modifications.	with the recent discoveries of novel post-translational modifications (ptms) which play important roles in signaling and biosynthetic pathways, identification of such ptm catalyzing enzymes by genome mining has been an area of major interest. unlike well-known ptms like phosphorylation, glycosylation, sumoylation, no bioinformatics resources are available for enzymes associated with novel and unusual ptms. therefore, we have developed the novptmenzy database which catalogs information on the seq ...	2015	25931459
elongator and its epigenetic role in plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.	elongator, a six-subunit protein complex, was initially isolated as an interactor of hyperphosphorylated rna polymerase ii in yeast, and was subsequently identified in animals and plants. elongator has been implicated in multiple cellular activities or biological processes including trna modification, histone modification, dna demethylation or methylation, tubulin acetylation, and exocytosis. studies in the model plant arabidopsis thaliana suggest that the structure of elongator and its function ...	2015	25972888
polyamine metabolism in flax in response to treatment with pathogenic and non-pathogenic fusarium strains.	flax crop yield is limited by various environmental stress factors, but the largest crop losses worldwide are caused by fusarium infection. polyamines are one of the many plant metabolites possibly involved in the plant response to infection. however, in flax plants the polyamine composition, genes involved in polyamine synthesis, and in particular their regulation, were previously unknown. the aim of this study was to investigate the polyamine synthesis pathway in flax and its involvement in re ...	2015	25972886
beyond glycolysis: gapdhs are multi-functional enzymes involved in regulation of ros, autophagy, and plant immune responses.	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) is an important enzyme in energy metabolism with diverse cellular regulatory roles in vertebrates, but few reports have investigated the importance of plant gapdh isoforms outside of their role in glycolysis. while animals possess one gapdh isoform, plants possess multiple isoforms. in this study, cell biological and genetic approaches were used to investigate the role of gapdhs during plant immune responses. individual arabidopsis gapdh knockouts ...	2015	25918875
cyanobacteria as cell factories to produce plant secondary metabolites.	cyanobacteria represent a promising platform for the production of plant secondary metabolites. their capacity to express plant p450 proteins, which have essential functions in the biosynthesis of many plant secondary metabolites, makes cyanobacteria ideal for this purpose, and their photosynthetic capability allows cyanobacteria to grow with simple nutrient inputs. this review summarizes the advantages of using cyanobacteria to transgenically produce plant secondary metabolites. some techniques ...	2015	25973419
the cost of phage resistance in a plant pathogenic bacterium is context-dependent.	parasites are ubiquitous features of living systems and many parasites severely reduce the fecundity or longevity of their hosts. this parasite-imposed selection on host populations should strongly favor the evolution of host resistance, but hosts typically face a trade-off between investment in reproductive fitness and investment in defense against parasites. the magnitude of such a trade-off is likely to be context-dependent, and accordingly costs that are key in shaping evolution in nature ma ...	2015	25809535
jasmonate signalling in arabidopsis involves sgt1b-hsp70-hsp90 chaperone complexes.	plant hormones play pivotal roles in growth, development and stress responses. although it is essential to our understanding of hormone signalling, how plants maintain a steady state level of hormone receptors is poorly understood. we show that mutation of the arabidopsis thaliana co-chaperone sgt1b impairs responses to the plant hormones jasmonate, auxin and gibberellic acid, but not brassinolide and abscisic acid, and that sgt1b and its homologue sgt1a are involved in maintaining the steady st ...	2015	27054042
the pseudomonas aeruginosa pa14 abc transporter nppa1a2bcd is required for uptake of peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics.	analysis of the genome sequence of pseudomonas aeruginosa pa14 revealed the presence of an operon encoding an abc-type transporter (nppa1a2bcd) showing homology to the yej transporter of escherichia coli. the yej transporter is involved in the uptake of the peptide-nucleotide antibiotic microcin c, a translation inhibitor that targets the enzyme aspartyl-trna synthetase. furthermore, it was recently shown that the opp transporter from p. aeruginosa pao1, which is identical to npp, is required fo ...	2015	25917903
the divergent roles of staygreen (sgr) homologs in chlorophyll degradation.	degradation of chlorophyll (chl) by chl catabolic enzymes (cces) causes the loss of green color that typically occurs during senescence of leaves. in addition to cces, staygreen1 (sgr1) functions as a key regulator of chl degradation. although sgr1 mutants in many plant species exhibit a stay-green phenotype, the biochemical function of the sgr1 protein remains elusive. many recent studies have examined the physiological and molecular roles of sgr1 and its homologs (sgr2 and sgr-like) in chl met ...	2015	25913011
deficient plastidic fatty acid synthesis triggers cell death by modulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.	programmed cell death (pcd) is of fundamental importance to development and defense in animals and plants. in plants, a well-recognized form of pcd is hypersensitive response (hr) triggered by pathogens, which involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) and other signaling molecules. while the mitochondrion is a master regulator of pcd in animals, the chloroplast is known to regulate pcd in plants. arabidopsis mosaic death 1 (mod1), an enoyl-acyl carrier protein (acp) reductase esse ...	2015	25906995
early response to nanoparticles in the arabidopsis transcriptome compromises plant defence and root-hair development through salicylic acid signalling.	the impact of nano-scaled materials on photosynthetic organisms needs to be evaluated. plants represent the largest interface between the environment and biosphere, so understanding how nanoparticles affect them is especially relevant for environmental assessments. nanotoxicology studies in plants allude to quantum size effects and other properties specific of the nano-stage to explain increased toxicity respect to bulk compounds. however, gene expression profiles after exposure to nanoparticles ...	2015	25903678
small molecule fluoride toxicity agonists.	fluoride is a ubiquitous anion that inhibits a wide variety of metabolic processes. here, we report the identification of a series of compounds that enhance fluoride toxicity in escherichia coli and streptococcus mutans. these molecules were isolated by using a high-throughput screen (hts) for compounds that increase intracellular fluoride levels as determined via a fluoride riboswitch reporter fusion construct. a series of derivatives were synthesized to examine structure-activity relationships ...	2015	25910244
cyp94-mediated jasmonoyl-isoleucine hormone oxidation shapes jasmonate profiles and attenuates defence responses to botrytis cinerea infection.	induced resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea depends on jasmonate metabolism and signalling in arabidopsis. we have presented here extensive jasmonate profiling in this pathosystem and investigated the impact of the recently reported jasmonoyl-isoleucine (ja-ile) catabolic pathway mediated by cytochrome p450 (cyp94) enzymes. using a series of mutant and overexpressing (oe) plant lines, we showed that cyp94b3 and cyp94c1 are integral components of the fungus-induced jasmonate ...	2015	25903915
a vamp-associated protein, pva31 is involved in leaf senescence in arabidopsis.	vamp-associated proteins (vaps) are highly conserved among eukaryotes. here, we report a functional analysis of one of the vaps, pva31, and demonstrate its novel function on leaf senescence in arabidopsis. the expression of pva31 is highly induced in senescence leaves, and localizes to the plasma membrane as well as the ara7-positive endosomes. yeast two-hybrid analysis demonstrates that pva31 is interacted with the plasma membrane localized-vamp proteins, vamp721/722/724 but not with the endoso ...	2015	25897470
genome-wide dna binding pattern of two-component system response regulator rhpr in pseudomonas syringae.	although pseudomonas syringae uses the two-component system rhprs to modulate the expression of type iii secretion system (t3ss) genes and pathogenicity, the molecular mechanisms and the regulon of rhprs have yet to be fully demonstrated. we have performed a genome-wide analysis of rhpr binding to dna prepared from p. syringae pv. phaseolicola in order to identify candidate direct targets of rhpr-mediated transcriptional regulation, as described in our recent article [1]. the data are available ...	2015	26484202
a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides maize leaf cells to form tumors.	the biotrophic smut fungus ustilago maydis infects all aerial organs of maize (zea mays) and induces tumors in the plant tissues. u. maydis deploys many effector proteins to manipulate its host. previously, deletion analysis demonstrated that several effectors have important functions in inducing tumor expansion specifically in maize leaves. here, we present the functional characterization of the effector see1 (seedling efficient effector1). see1 is required for the reactivation of plant dna syn ...	2015	25888589
the upr branch ire1-bzip60 in plants plays an essential role in viral infection and is complementary to the only upr pathway in yeast.	the unfolded protein response (upr) signaling network encompasses two pathways in plants, one mediated by inositol-requiring protein-1 (ire1)-bzip60 mrna and the other by site-1/site-2 proteases (s1p/s2p)-bzip17/bzip28. as the major sensor of upr in eukaryotes, ire1, in response to endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress, catalyzes the unconventional splicing of hac1 in yeast, bzip60 in plants and xbp1 in metazoans. recent studies suggest that ire1p and hac1 mrna, the only upr pathway found in yeast, ...	2015	25875739
how bacterial cells keep ribonucleases under control.	ribonucleases (rnases) play an essential role in essentially every aspect of rna metabolism, but they also can be destructive enzymes that need to be regulated to avoid unwanted degradation of rna molecules. as a consequence, cells have evolved multiple strategies to protect rnas against rnase action. they also utilize a variety of mechanisms to regulate the rnases themselves. these include post-transcriptional regulation, post-translational modification, trans-acting inhibitors, cellular locali ...	2015	25878039
phylogeny and evolution of plant macrophage migration inhibitory factor/d-dopachrome tautomerase-like proteins.	the human (homo sapiens) chemokine-like protein macrophage migration inhibitory factor (hsmif) is a pivotal mediator of inflammatory, infectious and immune diseases including septic shock, colitis, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis, as well as tumorigenesis. hsmif has been found to exhibit several sequential and three-dimensional sequence motifs that in addition to its receptor binding sites include catalytic sites for oxidoreductase and tautomerase activity, which provide this ...	2015	25888527
plant immunity triggered by engineered in vivo release of oligogalacturonides, damage-associated molecular patterns.	oligogalacturonides (ogs) are fragments of pectin that activate plant innate immunity by functioning as damage-associated molecular patterns (damps). we set out to test the hypothesis that ogs are generated in planta by partial inhibition of pathogen-encoded polygalacturonases (pgs). a gene encoding a fungal pg was fused with a gene encoding a plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip) and expressed in transgenic arabidopsis plants. we show that expression of the pgip-pg chimera results i ...	2015	25870275
de novo assembly and transcriptomic profiling of the grazing response in stipa grandis.	stipa grandis (poaceae) is one of the dominant species in a typical steppe of the inner mongolian plateau. however, primarily due to heavy grazing, the grasslands have become seriously degraded, and s. grandis has developed a special growth-inhibition phenotype against the stressful habitat. because of the lack of transcriptomic and genomic information, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the grazing response of s. grandis has been prohibited.	2015	25875617
t346hunter: a novel web-based tool for the prediction of type iii, type iv and type vi secretion systems in bacterial genomes.	t346hunter (type three, four and six secretion system hunter) is a web-based tool for the identification and localisation of type iii, type iv and type vi secretion systems (t3ss, t4ss and t6ss, respectively) clusters in bacterial genomes. non-flagellar t3ss (nf-t3ss) and t6ss are complex molecular machines that deliver effector proteins from bacterial cells into the environment or into other eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, with significant implications for pathogenesis of the strains encoding ...	2015	25867189
signal regulators of systemic acquired resistance.	salicylic acid (sa) is an important phytohormone that plays a vital role in a number of physiological responses, including plant defense. the last two decades have witnessed a number of breakthroughs related to biosynthesis, transport, perception and signaling mediated by sa. these findings demonstrate that sa plays a crictical role in both local and systemic defense responses. systemic acquired resistance (sar) is one such sa-dependent response. sar is a long distance signaling mechanism that p ...	2015	25918514
transcriptional profile of sweet orange in response to chitosan and salicylic acid.	resistance inducers have been used in annual crops as an alternative for disease control. wood perennial fruit trees, such as those of the citrus species, are candidates for treatment with resistance inducers, such as salicylic acid (sa) and chitosan (chi). however, the involved mechanisms in resistance induced by elicitors in citrus are currently few known.	2015	25887907
role of acsr in expression of the acetyl-coa synthetase gene in vibrio vulnificus.	vars/vara is one of the global factors regulating diverse aspects of the metabolism and virulence of bacteria including pathogenic vibrio spp. an experiment to identify the vars/vara-regulon in v. vulnificus revealed that a putative luxr-type transcriptional regulator was down-regulated in δvara mutant. to investigate the roles of this regulatory cascade, the target gene regulated by a luxr-regulator was identified and its expression was characterized.	2015	25887971
the dominant negative arm domain uncovers multiple functions of pub13 in arabidopsis immunity, flowering, and senescence.	regulating the intensity and duration of immune responses is crucial to combat infections without deleterious side effects. arabidopsis fls2, the receptor for bacterial flagellin, activates immune signalling by association with its partner bak1. upon flagellin (flg22) perception, the plant u-box e3 ubiquitin ligases pub12 and pub13 complex with fls2 in a bak1-dependent manner, and ubiquitinate fls2 for protein degradation, thereby down-regulating flagellin signalling. domain deletion analysis in ...	2015	25873653
a novel function for arabidopsis cyclase1 in programmed cell death revealed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (itraq) analysis of extracellular matrix proteins.	programmed cell death is essential for plant development and stress adaptation. a detailed understanding of the signal transduction pathways that regulate plant programmed cell death requires identification of the underpinning protein networks. here, we have used a protagonist and antagonist of programmed cell death triggered by fumonisin b1 as probes to identify key cell death regulatory proteins in arabidopsis. our hypothesis was that changes in the abundance of cell death-regulatory proteins ...	2015	25862728
involvement of nitric oxide in the jasmonate-dependent basal defense against root-knot nematode in tomato plants.	jasmonic acid (ja) and nitric oxide (no) are well-characterized signaling molecules in plant defense responses. however, their roles in plant defense against root-knot nematode (rkn, meloidogyne incognita) infection are largely unknown. in this study, we found that the transcript levels of the ja- and no-related biosynthetic and signaling component genes were induced after rkn infection. application of exogenous ja and sodium nitroprusside (snp; a no donor) significantly decreased the number of ...	2015	25914698
integrating data on the arabidopsis npr1/npr3/npr4 salicylic acid receptors; a differentiating argument.	salicylic acid (sa) is a mandatory plant metabolite in the deployment of systemic acquired resistance (sar), a broad-spectrum systemic immune response induced by local inoculation with avirulent pathogens. the npr1 transcription co-activator is the central node positively regulating sar. sa was the last of the major hormones to be without a known receptor. recently, npr1 was shown to be the direct link between sa and gene activation. this discovery seems to be controversial. npr1 being an sa-rec ...	2015	25914712
genome sequence of a pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci strain, yuexi-1, causing wildfire disease in tobacco.	we determined the draft genome sequence of the pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci strain yuexi-1. it was isolated from tobacco sample of yuexi-1, sichuan province, china, by our laboratory. the genome contains 6,232,497 bp and has a g+c content of 58.2 mol%.	2015	25858831
identification and functional analysis of genome mutations in a fluoride-resistant streptococcus mutans strain.	it is known that fluoride-resistant microorganisms are different from fluoride-sensitive ones in growth, adherence and metabolic activity. it was hypothesized that these phenotypic differences were due to stable genotypic changes in the fluoride-resistant strains. however, until now, no studies have reported these genotypic changes. the aim of this study is to identify such changes in a fluoride-resistant streptococcus mutans strain (c180-2fr) using whole-genome shotgun (wgs) sequencing and to e ...	2015	25856576
a taxonomic framework for emerging groups of ecologically important marine gammaproteobacteria based on the reconstruction of evolutionary relationships using genome-scale data.	in recent years a large number of isolates were obtained from saline environments that are phylogenetically related to distinct clades of oligotrophic marine gammaproteobacteria, which were originally identified in seawater samples using cultivation independent methods and are characterized by high seasonal abundances in coastal environments. to date a sound taxonomic framework for the classification of these ecologically important isolates and related species in accordance with their evolutiona ...	2015	25914684
vacuolar processing enzyme in plant programmed cell death.	vacuolar processing enzyme (vpe) is a cysteine proteinase originally identified as the proteinase responsible for the maturation and activation of vacuolar proteins in plants, and it is known to be an ortholog of animal asparaginyl endopeptidase (aep/vpe/legumain). vpe has been shown to exhibit enzymatic properties similar to that of caspase 1, which is a cysteine protease that mediates the programmed cell death (pcd) pathway in animals. although there is limited sequence identity between vpe an ...	2015	25914711
differential effects of lesion mimic mutants in barley on disease development by facultative pathogens.	lesion mimic mutants display spontaneous necrotic spots and chlorotic leaves as a result of mis-regulated cell death programmes. typically these mutants have increased resistance to biotrophic pathogens but their response to facultative fungi that cause necrotrophic diseases is less well studied. the effect of altered cell death regulation on the development of disease caused by ramularia collo-cygni, fusarium culmorum and oculimacula yallundae was explored using a collection of barley necrotic ...	2015	25873675
central role of gimap5 in maintaining peripheral tolerance and t cell homeostasis in the gut.	inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) including crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is often precipitated by an abnormal immune response to microbiota due to host genetic aberrancies. recent studies highlight the importance of the host genome and microflora interactions in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation including ibd. specifically, genome-wide (gwas) and also next-generation sequencing (ngs)-including whole exome or genome sequencing-have uncovered a large number of susceptibility loci t ...	2015	25944983
cnl disease resistance genes in soybean and their evolutionary divergence.	disease resistance genes (r-genes) encode proteins involved in detecting pathogen attack and activating downstream defense molecules. recent availability of soybean genome sequences makes it possible to examine the diversity of gene families including disease-resistant genes. the objectives of this study were to identify coiled-coil nbs-lrr (= cnl) r-genes in soybean, infer their evolutionary relationships, and assess structural as well as functional divergence of the r-genes. profile hidden mar ...	2015	25922568
a novel pyrimidin-like plant activator stimulates plant disease resistance and promotes growth.	plant activators are chemicals that induce plant defense responses to a broad spectrum of pathogens. here, we identified a new potential plant activator, 5-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidin-4-ol, named ppa (pyrimidin-type plant activator). compared with benzothiadiazole s-methyl ester (bth), a functional analog of salicylic acid (sa), ppa was fully soluble in water and increased fresh weight of rice (oryza sativa) and arabidopsis plants at low concentrations. in addition, ppa a ...	2015	25849038
atp-sulfurylase, sulfur-compounds, and plant stress tolerance.	sulfur (s) stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after n, p, and k. sulfate (so4 (2-)), a form of soil-s taken up by plant roots is metabolically inert. as the first committed step of s-assimilation, atp-sulfurylase (atp-s) catalyzes so4 (2-)-activation and yields activated high-energy compound adenosine-5(')-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide (s(2-)) and incorporated into cysteine (cys). in turn, cys acts as a precursor or donor of reduced s for a range of s-compounds such a ...	2015	25904923
pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase caaldh1 interacts with xanthomonas effector avrbst and promotes effector-triggered cell death and defence responses.	xanthomonas type iii effector avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death and defence responses in pepper (capsicum annuum) and nicotiana benthamiana. little is known about the host factors that interact with avrbst. here, we identified pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (caaldh1) as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between caaldh1 and avrbst in planta. caaldh1:smgfp fluorescence was detected in the cyto ...	2015	25873668
small rnas in plants: recent development and application for crop improvement.	the phenomenon of rna interference (rnai) which involves sequence-specific gene regulation by small non-coding rnas, i.e., small interfering rna (sirna) and microrna (mirna) has emerged as one of most powerful approaches for crop improvement. rnai based on sirna is one of the widely used tools of reverse genetics which aid in revealing gene functions in many species. this technology has been extensively applied to alter the gene expression in plants with an aim to achieve desirable traits. rnai ...	2015	25883599
involvement of the caleosin/peroxygenase rd20 in the control of cell death during arabidopsis responses to pathogens.	caleosins, mostly found in lipid droplets of seeds and leaves, are believed to play physiological roles through their enzymatic capacities to produce oxylipins. we recently identified the caleosin rd20 as a peroxygenase reducing endogenous fatty acid hydroperoxides into their corresponding alcohols. such oxylipins confer tolerance to oxidative stress by decreasing reactive oxygen species accumulation and by minimizing cell death. rd20 expression being induced by pathogens, we have examined the m ...	2015	25830533
anti-toxoplasma activity of 2-(naphthalene-2-γlthiol)-1h indole.	this study was undertaken to evaluate the viability, infectivity and immunity of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites exposed to 2-(naphthalene-2-ylthio)-1h-indole.	2015	26246814
wheat homologs of yeast atg6 function in autophagy and are implicated in powdery mildew immunity.	autophagy-related atg6 proteins are pleiotropic proteins functioning in autophagy and the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-signaling pathways. arabidopsis atg6 regulates normal plant growth, pollen development and germination, and plant responses to biotic/abiotic stresses. however, the atg6 functions in wheat (triticum aestivum l.), an important food crop, are lacking.	2015	25888209
novel disease susceptibility factors for fungal necrotrophic pathogens in arabidopsis.	host cells use an intricate signaling system to respond to invasions by pathogenic microorganisms. although several signaling components of disease resistance against necrotrophic fungal pathogens have been identified, our understanding for how molecular components and host processes contribute to plant disease susceptibility is rather sparse. here, we identified four transcription factors (tfs) from arabidopsis that limit pathogen spread. arabidopsis mutants defective in any of these tfs displa ...	2015	25830627
cytoplastic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases interact with atg3 to negatively regulate autophagy and immunity in nicotiana benthamiana.	autophagy as a conserved catabolic pathway can respond to reactive oxygen species (ros) and plays an important role in degrading oxidized proteins in plants under various stress conditions. however, how ros regulates autophagy in response to oxidative stresses is largely unknown. here, we show that autophagy-related protein 3 (atg3) interacts with the cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (gapcs) to regulate autophagy in nicotiana benthamiana plants. we found that oxidative stress ...	2015	25829441
proteomic analysis of citrus sinensis roots and leaves in response to long-term magnesium-deficiency.	magnesium (mg)-deficiency is frequently observed in citrus plantations and is responsible for the loss of productivity and poor fruit quality. knowledge on the effects of mg-deficiency on upstream targets is scarce. seedlings of 'xuegan' [citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck] were irrigated with mg-deficient (0 mm mgso4) or mg-sufficient (1 mm mgso4) nutrient solution for 16 weeks. thereafter, we first investigated the proteomic responses of c. sinensis roots and leaves to mg-deficiency using two-dimensi ...	2015	25887480
hyperspectral and thermal imaging of oilseed rape (brassica napus) response to fungal species of the genus alternaria.	in this paper, thermal (8-13 µm) and hyperspectral imaging in visible and near infrared (vnir) and short wavelength infrared (swir) ranges were used to elaborate a method of early detection of biotic stresses caused by fungal species belonging to the genus alternaria that were host (alternaria alternata, alternaria brassicae, and alternaria brassicicola) and non-host (alternaria dauci) pathogens to oilseed rape (brassica napus l.). the measurements of disease severity for chosen dates after inoc ...	2015	25826369
regulation of coronafacoyl phytotoxin production by the pas-luxr family regulator cfar in the common scab pathogen streptomyces scabies.	potato common scab is an economically important crop disease that is characterized by the formation of superficial, raised or pitted lesions on the potato tuber surface. the most widely distributed causative agent of the disease is streptomyces scabies, which produces the phytotoxic secondary metabolite thaxtomin a that serves as a key virulence factor for the organism. recently, it was demonstrated that s. scabies can also produce the phytotoxic secondary metabolite coronafacoyl-l-isoleucine (c ...	2015	25826255
unmasking host and microbial strategies in the agrobacterium-plant defense tango.	coevolutionary forces drive adaptation of both plant-associated microbes and their hosts. eloquently captured in the red queen hypothesis, the complexity of each plant-pathogen relationship reflects escalating adversarial strategies, but also external biotic and abiotic pressures on both partners. innate immune responses are triggered by highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or pamps, that are harbingers of microbial presence. upon cell surface receptor-mediated recognition of ...	2015	25873923
transcriptomic profiling of arabidopsis thaliana mutant pad2.1 in response to combined cold and osmotic stress.	the contribution of glutathione (gsh) in stress tolerance, defense response and antioxidant signaling is an established fact. in this study transcriptome analysis of pad2.1, an arabidopsis thaliana mutant, after combined osmotic and cold stress treatment has been performed to explore the intricate position of gsh in the stress and defense signaling network in planta. microarray data revealed the differential regulation of about 1674 genes in pad2.1 amongst which 973 and 701 were significantly up ...	2015	25822199
roles and programming of arabidopsis argonaute proteins during turnip mosaic virus infection.	in eukaryotes, argonaute proteins (agos) associate with micrornas (mirnas), short interfering rnas (sirnas), and other classes of small rnas to regulate target rna or target loci. viral infection in plants induces a potent and highly specific antiviral rna silencing response characterized by the formation of virus-derived sirnas. arabidopsis thaliana has ten ago genes of which ago1, ago2, and ago7 have been shown to play roles in antiviral defense. a genetic analysis was used to identify and cha ...	2015	25806948
how salicylic acid takes transcriptional control over jasmonic acid signaling.	transcriptional regulation is a central process in plant immunity. the induction or repression of defense genes is orchestrated by signaling networks that are directed by plant hormones of which salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) are the major players. extensive cross-communication between the hormone signaling pathways allows for fine tuning of transcriptional programs, determining resistance to invaders and trade-offs with plant development. here, we give an overview of how sa can cont ...	2015	25859250
wrky proteins: signaling and regulation of expression during abiotic stress responses.	wrky proteins are emerging players in plant signaling and have been thoroughly reported to play important roles in plants under biotic stress like pathogen attack. however, recent advances in this field do reveal the enormous significance of these proteins in eliciting responses induced by abiotic stresses. wrky proteins act as major transcription factors, either as positive or negative regulators. specific wrky factors which help in the expression of a cluster of stress-responsive genes are bei ...	2015	25879071
functional roles of three cutin biosynthetic acyltransferases in cytokinin responses and skotomorphogenesis.	cytokinins (cks) regulate plant development and growth via a two-component signaling pathway. by forward genetic screening, we isolated an arabidopsis mutant named grow fast on cytokinins 1 (gfc1), whose seedlings grew larger aerial parts on ms medium with ck. gfc1 is allelic to a previously reported cutin mutant defective in cuticular ridges (dcr). gfc1/dcr encodes a soluble bahd acyltransferase (a name based on the first four enzymes characterized in this family: benzylalcohol o-acetyltransfer ...	2015	25803274
molecular and functional characterization of recd, a novel member of the sf1 family of helicases, from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	the annotated whole-genome sequence of mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed the presence of a putative recd gene; however, the biochemical characteristics of its encoded protein product (mtrecd) remain largely unknown. here, we show that mtrecd exists in solution as a stable homodimer. protein-dna binding assays revealed that mtrecd binds efficiently to single-stranded dna and linear duplexes containing 5' overhangs relative to the 3' overhangs but not to blunt-ended duplex. furthermore, mtrecd b ...	2015	25802334
lathyrus sativus transcriptome resistance response to ascochyta lathyri investigated by deepsupersage analysis.	lathyrus sativus (grass pea) is a temperate grain legume crop with a great potential for expansion in dry areas or zones that are becoming more drought-prone. it is also recognized as a potential source of resistance to several important diseases in legumes, such as ascochyta blight. nevertheless, the lack of detailed genomic and/or transcriptomic information hampers further exploitation of grass pea resistance-related genes in precision breeding. to elucidate the pathways differentially regulat ...	2015	25852725
hypersensitive response-like lesions 1 codes for atppt1 and regulates accumulation of ros and defense against bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis thaliana.	plants employ both basal and resistance gene (r gene)-mediated defenses in response to pathogens. reactive oxygen species (ros) are widely reported to play a central role in both basal and r gene-mediated defense; however, the nature of ros has been less well established for basal defense. in addition, spatial distribution of redox moieties and mechanisms of plant responses during basal defense are poorly understood. we investigated redox signaling in arabidopsis thaliana in response to virulent ...	2015	25557512
evaluation of eluents for the recovery of an enveloped virus from hands by whole-hand sampling.	the objective of this research is to evaluate eluents for recovery of an enveloped bacteriophage, φ6, using whole-hand sampling.	2015	25693048
the n-terminal domain of the tomato immune protein prf contains multiple homotypic and pto kinase interaction sites.	resistance to pseudomonas syringae bacteria in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is conferred by the prf recognition complex, composed of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats protein prf and the protein kinase pto. the complex is activated by recognition of the p. syringae effectors avrpto and avrptob. the n-terminal domain is responsible for prf homodimerization, which brings two pto kinases into close proximity and holds them in inactive conformation in the absence of either effector. negat ...	2015	25792750
interconnection between flowering time control and activation of systemic acquired resistance.	the ability to avoid or neutralize pathogens is inherent to all higher organisms including plants. plants recognize pathogens through receptors, and mount resistance against the intruders, with the help of well-elaborated defense arsenal. in response to some localinfections, plants develop systemic acquired resistance (sar), which provides heightened resistance during subsequent infections. infected tissues generate mobile signaling molecules that travel to the systemic tissues, where they epige ...	2015	25852723
hijacking of the jasmonate pathway by the mycotoxin fumonisin b1 (fb1) to initiate programmed cell death in arabidopsis is modulated by rglg3 and rglg4.	the mycotoxin fumonisin b1 (fb1) is a strong inducer of programmed cell death (pcd) in plants, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. here, we describe two ubiquitin ligases, ring domain ligase3 (rglg3) and rglg4, which control fb1-triggered pcd by modulating the jasmonate (ja) signalling pathway in arabidopsis thaliana. rglg3 and rglg4 transcription was sensitive to fb1. arabidopsis fb1 sensitivity was suppressed by loss of function of rglg3 and rglg4 and was increased by their overexpre ...	2015	25788731
phylogenetic spectrum and analysis of antibacterial activities of leaf extracts from plants of the genus rhododendron.	plants are traditionally used for medicinal treatment of numerous human disorders including infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. due to the increasing resistance of many pathogens to commonly used antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial compounds. plants of the genus rhododendron belong to the woody representatives of the family ericaceae, which are typically used in a range of ethno-medical applications. there are more than one thousand rhododendron specie ...	2015	25879877
goodness-of-fit tests and model diagnostics for negative binomial regression of rna sequencing data.	this work is about assessing model adequacy for negative binomial (nb) regression, particularly (1) assessing the adequacy of the nb assumption, and (2) assessing the appropriateness of models for nb dispersion parameters. tools for the first are appropriate for nb regression generally; those for the second are primarily intended for rna sequencing (rna-seq) data analysis. the typically small number of biological samples and large number of genes in rna-seq analysis motivate us to address the tr ...	2015	25787144
overexpressing cyp71z2 enhances resistance to bacterial blight by suppressing auxin biosynthesis in rice.	the hormone auxin plays an important role not only in the growth and development of rice, but also in its defense responses. we've previously shown that the p450 gene cyp71z2 enhances disease resistance to pathogens through regulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis in rice, though it remains unclear if auxin is involved in this process or not.	2015	25786239
novel type iii effectors in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic and acute infections in immunocompromised patients. most p. aeruginosa strains encode an active type iii secretion system (t3ss), utilized by the bacteria to deliver effector proteins from the bacterial cell directly into the cytoplasm of the host cell. four t3ss effectors have been discovered and extensively studied in p. aeruginosa: exot, exos, exou, and exoy. this is especially intriguing in light of p. aeru ...	2015	25784698
transcriptomic profiling of linolenic acid-responsive genes in ros signaling from rna-seq data in arabidopsis.	linolenic acid (ln) released from chloroplast membrane galactolipids is a precursor of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (ja). the involvement of this hormone in different plant biological processes, such as responses to biotic stress conditions, has been extensively studied. however, the role of ln in the regulation of gene expression during abiotic stress situations mediated by cellular redox changes and/or by oxidative stress processes remains poorly understood. an rna-seq approach has increased ...	2015	25852698
osmotin: a plant sentinel and a possible agonist of mammalian adiponectin.	osmotin is a stress responsive antifungal protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related (pr)-5 family that confers tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. protective efforts of osmotin in plants range from high temperature to cold and salt to drought. it lyses the plasma membrane of the pathogens. it is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. it is a differentially expressed and developmentally regulated protein that protects the cells from osmotic stress and invading patho ...	2015	25852715
ecological genomics in xanthomonas: the nature of genetic adaptation with homologous recombination and host shifts.	comparative genomics provides insights into the diversification of bacterial species. bacterial speciation usually takes place with lasting homologous recombination, which not only acts as a cohering force between diverging lineages but brings advantageous alleles favored by natural selection, and results in ecologically distinct species, e.g., frequent host shift in xanthomonas pathogenic to various plants.	2015	25879893
phosphorylation of trihelix transcriptional repressor asr3 by map kinase4 negatively regulates arabidopsis immunity.	proper control of immune-related gene expression is crucial for the host to launch an effective defense response. perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) induces rapid and profound transcriptional reprogramming via unclear mechanisms. here, we show that asr3 (arabidopsis sh4-related3) functions as a transcriptional repressor and plays a negative role in regulating pattern-triggered immunity (pti) in arabidopsis thaliana. asr3 belongs to a plant-specific trihelix transcription ...	2015	25770109
programmed cell death in plants: a chloroplastic connection.	programmed cell death (pcd) is an integral cellular program by which targeted cells culminate to demise under certain developmental and pathological conditions. it is essential for controlling cell number, removing unwanted diseased or damaged cells and maintaining the cellular homeostasis. the details of pcd process has been very well elucidated and characterized in animals but similar understanding of the process in plants has not been achieved rather the field is still in its infancy that see ...	2015	25760871
structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley.	the microbial communities inhabiting the root interior of healthy plants, as well as the rhizosphere, which consists of soil particles firmly attached to roots, engage in symbiotic associations with their host. to investigate the structural and functional diversification among these communities, we employed a combination of 16s rrna gene profiling and shotgun metagenome analysis of the microbiota associated with wild and domesticated accessions of barley (hordeum vulgare). bacterial families com ...	2015	25732064
myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management.	nanotechnology can offer green and eco-friendly alternatives for plant disease management. apart from being eco-friendly, fungi are used as bio-manufacturing units, which will provide an added benefit in being easy to use, as compared to other microbes. the non-pathogenic nature of some fungal species in combination with the simplicity of production and handling will improve the mass production of silver nanoparticles. recently, a diverse range of fungi have been screened for their ability to cr ...	2015	26019636
fine-mapping of a major qtl controlling angular leaf spot resistance in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.).	a major qtl for angular leaf spot resistance in the common bean accession g5686 was fine-mapped to a region containing 36 candidate genes. markers have been developed for marker-assisted selection. common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) is an important grain legume and an essential protein source for human nutrition in developing countries. angular leaf spot (als) caused by the pathogen pseudocercospora griseola (sacc.) crous and u. braun is responsible for severe yield losses of up to 80%. breedin ...	2015	25740562
the bacterial alarmone (p)ppgpp is required for virulence and controls cell size and survival of pseudomonas syringae on plants.	the stringent response, mediated by second messenger (p)ppgpp, results in swift and massive transcriptional reprogramming under nutrient limited conditions. in this study, the role of (p)ppgpp on virulence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a (pssb728a) was investigated. the virulence of the rela/spot (ppgpp(0) ) double mutant was completely impaired on bean, and bacterial growth was significantly reduced, suggesting that (p)ppgpp is required for full virulence of p. syringae. expression o ...	2015	25626964
the xanthomonas campestris type iii effector xopj proteolytically degrades proteasome subunit rpt6.	many animal and plant pathogenic bacteria inject type iii effector (t3e) proteins into their eukaryotic host cells to suppress immunity. the yersinia outer protein j (yopj) family of t3es is a widely distributed family of effector proteins found in both animal and plant pathogens, and its members are highly diversified in virulence functions. some members have been shown to possess acetyltransferase activity; however, whether this is a general feature of yopj family t3es is currently unknown. th ...	2015	25739698
effect of quorum sensing signals produced by seaweed-associated bacteria on carpospore liberation from gracilaria dura.	epiphytic and endophytic bacteria associated with green macroalgae ulva (u. fasciata and u. lactuca) and red macroalgae gracilaria (g. corticata and g. dura) have been identified from three different seasons to evaluate the effect of quorum sensing (qs) molecules on carpospores liberation from gracilaria dura. the bacterial isolates belonging to the orders bacillales, pseudomonadales, alteromonadales, and vibrionales were present in all seasons, whereas actinomycetales and enterobacteriales were ...	2015	25788899
identification of the linkage between a-polysaccharide and the core in the a-lipopolysaccharide of porphyromonas gingivalis w50.	porphyromonas gingivalis synthesizes two lipopolysaccharides (lpss), o-lps and a-lps. the structure of the core oligosaccharide (os) of o-lps and the attachment site of the o-polysaccharide (o-ps) repeating unit [ → 3)-α-d-galp-(1 → 6)-α-d-glcp-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-β-d-galnacp-(1 → ] to the core have been elucidated using the δpg1051 (waal, o-antigen ligase) and δpg1142 (wzy, o-antigen polymerase) mutant strains, respectively. the core os occurs as an "uncapped" glycoform devoid of o-ps and ...	2015	25733619
tanac1 acts as a negative regulator of stripe rust resistance in wheat, enhances susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae, and promotes lateral root development in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana.	plant-specific nac transcription factors (tfs) constitute a large family and play important roles in regulating plant developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses, but only some of them have been investigated for effects on disease reaction in cereal crops. virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is an effective strategy for rapid functional analysis of genes in plant tissues. in this study, tanac1, encoding a new member of the nac1 subgroup, was cloned from bread wheat and charac ...	2015	25774162
proteomic identification of early salicylate- and flg22-responsive redox-sensitive proteins in arabidopsis.	accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) is one of the early defense responses against pathogen infection in plants. the mechanism about the initial and direct regulation of the defense signaling pathway by ros remains elusive. perturbation of cellular redox homeostasis by ros is believed to alter functions of redox-sensitive proteins through their oxidative modifications. here we report an oxitraq-based proteomic study in identifying proteins whose cysteines underwent oxidative modificatio ...	2015	25720653
an assessment of heavy ion irradiation mutagenesis for reverse genetics in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	reverse genetic techniques harnessing mutational approaches are powerful tools that can provide substantial insight into gene function in plants. however, as compared to diploid species, reverse genetic analyses in polyploid plants such as bread wheat can present substantial challenges associated with high levels of sequence and functional similarity amongst homoeologous loci. we previously developed a high-throughput method to identify deletions of genes within a physically mutagenized wheat po ...	2015	25719507
a high-sensitivity optical device for the early monitoring of plant pathogen attack via the in vivo detection of ros bursts.	biotic stressors, especially pathogenic microorganisms, are rather difficult to detect. in plants, one of the earliest cellular responses following pathogen infection is the production of reactive oxygen species (ros). in this study, a novel optical device for the early monitoring of pseudomonas attack was developed; this device measures the ros level via oxidation-sensitive 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (h2dcfda)-mediated fluorescence, which could provide early monitoring of attac ...	2015	25767474
rna-seq analysis reveals the role of red light in resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tomato plants.	plants attenuate their responses to a variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens, leading to higher incidences of pathogen infection at night. however, little is known about the molecular mechanism responsible for the light-induced defence response; transcriptome data would likely facilitate the elucidation of this mechanism.	2015	25765075
induced resistance for plant defense.		2015	25759706
pale-green phenotype of atl31atl6 double mutant leaves is caused by disruption of 5-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis in arabidopsis thaliana.	arabidopsis ubiquitin ligases atl31 and homologue atl6 control the carbon/nitrogen nutrient and pathogen responses. a mutant with the loss-of-function of both atl31 and atl6 developed light intensity-dependent pale-green true leaves, whereas the single knockout mutants did not. plastid ultrastructure and blue native-page analyses revealed that pale-green leaves contain abnormal plastid structure with highly reduced levels of thylakoid proteins. in contrast, the pale-green leaves of the atl31/atl ...	2015	25706562
the epl1 and sm1 proteins from trichoderma atroviride and trichoderma virens differentially modulate systemic disease resistance against different life style pathogens in solanum lycopersicum.	fungi belonging to the genus trichoderma, commonly found in soil or colonizing plant roots, exert beneficial effects on plants, including the promotion of growth and the induction of resistance to disease. t. virens and t. atroviride secrete the proteins sm1 and epl1, respectively, which elicit local and systemic disease resistance in plants. in this work, we show that these fungi promote growth in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants. t. virens was more effective than t. atroviride in promoting ...	2015	25755658
the interaction of arabidopsis with piriformospora indica shifts from initial transient stress induced by fungus-released chemical mediators to a mutualistic interaction after physical contact of the two symbionts.	piriformospora indica, an endophytic fungus of sebacinales, colonizes the roots of many plant species including arabidopsis thaliana. the symbiotic interaction promotes plant performance, growth and resistance/tolerance against abiotic and biotic stress.	2015	25849363
priming of wheat with the green leaf volatile z-3-hexenyl acetate enhances defense against fusarium graminearum but boosts deoxynivalenol production.	priming refers to a mechanism whereby plants are sensitized to respond faster and/or more strongly to future pathogen attack. here, we demonstrate that preexposure to the green leaf volatile z-3-hexenyl acetate (z-3-hac) primed wheat (triticum aestivum) for enhanced defense against subsequent infection with the hemibiotrophic fungus fusarium graminearum. bioassays showed that, after priming with z-3-hac, wheat ears accumulated up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets. furthermore, leaves of seedlings ...	2015	25713338
effects of n-glycosylation site removal in archaellins on the assembly and function of archaella in methanococcus maripaludis.	in methanococcus maripaludis s2, the swimming organelle, the archaellum, is composed of three archaellins, flab1s2, flab2s2 and flab3s2. all three are modified with an n-linked tetrasaccharide at multiple sites. disruption of the n-linked glycosylation pathway is known to cause defects in archaella assembly or function. here, we explored the potential requirement of n-glycosylation of archaellins on archaellation by investigating the effects of eliminating the 4 n-glycosylation sites in the wild ...	2015	25700084
arabidopsis flower specific defense gene expression patterns affect resistance to pathogens.	we investigated whether the arabidopsis flower evolved protective measures to increase reproductive success. firstly, analyses of available transcriptome data show that the most highly expressed transcripts in the closed sepal (stage 12) are enriched in genes with roles in responses to chemical stimuli and cellular metabolic processes. at stage 15, there is enrichment in transcripts with a role in responses to biotic stimuli. comparative analyses between the sepal and petal in the open flower ma ...	2015	25750645
comparative genomic analysis of seven mycoplasma hyosynoviae strains.	infection with mycoplasma hyosynoviae can result in debilitating arthritis in pigs, particularly those aged 10 weeks or older. strategies for controlling this pathogen are becoming increasingly important due to the rise in the number of cases of arthritis that have been attributed to infection in recent years. in order to begin to develop interventions to prevent arthritis caused by m. hyosynoviae, more information regarding the specific proteins and potential virulence factors that its genome e ...	2015	25693846