Publications

comparison of the fluorescent redox dye 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet to detect metabolic activity in heat-stressed listeria monocytogenes cells.	the fluorogenic redox indicator 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride (ctc) was compared with the chromogenic p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (int) and conventional methods to assess cellular viability. mild heat treatment was used as well-controlled method for producing non-viable and sub-lethally injured cells. ctc gave an underestimation of the viability of listeria monocytogenes cells when compared with classical plating methods whereas int gave an overestimation. however, ctc proved to be a ...	1994	7989262
group a streptococci efficiently invade human respiratory epithelial cells.	although infection by group a streptococci is a model of extracellular mucosal pathogenesis, these organisms can be associated with highly invasive infections resulting in sepsis and shock. over the last 6 yr this species has renewed its reputation as a significant cause of sepsis and has piqued interest in the mechanism by which some strains are better able to breach mucosal barriers to gain access to the bloodstream than are others. an internalization assay was developed on the basis of resist ...	1994	7991594
[the purification and characteristics of listeriolysin o from listeria monocytogenes].	a scheme of the purification of listeriolysin o produced by l. monocytogenes strain nctc 7973 was developed. the isolation procedure included the cultivation of the bacteria in heart-brain broth, the concentration of culture liquid free of bacteria with ammonium sulfate, cation exchange chromatography on a column packed with cm-sepharose and mono s, gel chromatography on a column packed with superose 12. the preparation obtained with the use of this procedure was homogeneous, as confirmed by the ...	1994	7992530
a novel strictly anaerobic recovery and enrichment system incorporating lithium for detection of heat-injured listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk containing background microflora.	heat-injured cells of listeria monocytogenes were recovered from heated raw milk containing noninjured enterococcus faecium by combining a simple method for obtaining strict anaerobiosis with a novel enrichment broth, penn state university broth (psu broth). strictly anaerobic conditions were rapidly achieved by adding 0.5 g of filter-sterilized cysteine per liter to psu broth and then purging the preparation with n2 gas. little resuscitation or growth occurred in strictly anaerobic psu broth wi ...	1994	7993088
destruction of gram-negative food-borne pathogens by high ph involves disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane.	high ph has been shown to rapidly destroy gram-negative food-borne pathogens; however, the mechanism of destruction has not yet been elucidated. escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis atcc 13706, and listeria monocytogenes f5069 were suspended in nahco3-naoh buffer solutions at ph 9, 10, 11, or 12 to give a final cell concentration of approximately 5.2 x 10(8) cfu/ml and then held at 37 or 45 degrees c. at 0, 5, 10, and 15 min the suspensions were sterilely filtered and each filtrate w ...	1994	7993089
correlation of bioenergetic parameters with cell death in listeria monocytogenes cells exposed to nisin.	in listeria monocytogenes, nisin induced atp efflux, reduced the intracellular atp concentration within 1 min, and dissipated the proton motive force within 2 min. efflux accounted for only 20% of the atp depletion, suggesting that atp hydrolysis also occurred. atp efflux depended on nisin concentration and followed saturation kinetics. these results suggest that nisin breaches the membrane permeability barrier in a manner more consistent with pore formation than with a nonspecific detergent-lik ...	1994	7993099
a plasmid-encoded surface protein on enterococcus faecalis augments its internalization by cultured intestinal epithelial cells.	aggregation substance, a plasmid-encoded enterococcus faecalis surface protein, plays a role in mediating the formation of mating aggregates, resulting in plasmid transfer. the role of aggregation substance in the internalization of e. faecalis by cultured intestinal epithelial cells, namely ht-29 cells, was analyzed. it was associated with a significant increase in endocytosis of e. faecalis by ht-29 cells: numbers of internalized enterococci were fewer than of an invasive strain of listeria mo ...	1994	7995995
the actin-based motility of the facultative intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogenes.	the gram-positive bacterium listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular parasite that invades and multiplies within diverse eukaryotic cell types. an essential pathogenicity determinant is its ability to move in the host cell cytoplasm and to spread within tissues by directly passing from one cell to another. the propulsive force for intracellular movement is thought to be generated by continuous actin assembly at the rear end of the bacterium. moving bacteria that reach the plasma mem ...	1994	7997157
five listeria monocytogenes genes preferentially expressed in infected mammalian cells: plca, purh, purd, pyre and an arginine abc transporter gene, arpj.	listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial pathogen that multiplies within the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. to identify listeria genes with preferentially intracellular expression (pic genes), a library of tn917-lac insertion mutants was screened for transcriptional fusions to lacz with higher expression inside a macrophage-like cell line than in a rich broth medium. five pic genes with up to 100-fold induction inside cells were identified. three of them (purh, purd and pyre) were involved in nucleot ...	1994	7997171
cell immortalization enhances listeria monocytogenes invasion.	recent outbreaks of human listeriosis have emphasized the importance of food in the etiology of epidemic listeriosis, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract is the natural site of entry for listeria monocytogenes into the organism. l. monocytogenes invasion of finite cell lines derived from the porcine ileum exhibited a 100-fold lower penetration level, without any intracellular multiplication, when compared to caco-2 cells, a widely used in vitro model for l. monocytogenes invasion. same re ...	1994	7997188
the immediate bactericidal effect of lactic acid on meat-borne pathogens.	the kinetics of the bactericidal effect of lactic acid decontamination (lad) on meat-borne pathogens (salmonella spp., campylobacter jejuni and listeria monocytogenes) was studied in an in-vitro model. the bactericidal effect was greatest on organisms in the lactic acid film that replaced the natural fluid on the meat surface during lad. a stepwise increase in ph from 2.6 to 3.5 and 4.0 progressively reduced the bactericidal effect of decontamination. for treatment with 2% lactic acid for 30-90 ...	1994	8002475
random amplification of polymorphic bacterial dna: evaluation of 11 oligonucleotides and application to food contaminated with listeria monocytogenes.	the polymerase chain reaction was used to obtain randomly-amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) profiles from listeria spp. and enterobacteria. eleven different oligonucleotides were evaluated. only one, hr4 (19mer), generated reproducible and specific profiles for listeria spp., while results for enterobacteria were controversial. a total of 57 different listeria strains were subjected to the rapd analysis and 27 different profiles were recognized. rapd typing allowed strains of the same serotype to ...	1994	8002481
listeria monocytogenes infection enhances transcription factor nf-kappa b in p388d1 macrophage-like cells.	in the present study, we investigated the effect of listeria monocytogenes infection on the cellular level of the transcription factors nf-kappa b, ap-1, and nf-il6 in the macrophage-like cell line p388d1 by using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. infection with l. monocytogenes enhanced the formation of two nf-kappa b-like dna-protein complexes, c1 and c2, whereas the concentration of ap-1 and nf-il6 complexes remained unaffected. in supershift assays using nf-kappa b-specific antibodies, ...	1994	8005663
anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies inhibit the influx of granulocytes and monocytes into an inflammatory exudate and enhance the growth of listeria monocytogenes in various organs.	this study concerns the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor (tnf) antibodies on the course of a sterile inflammatory reaction in the peritoneum and a generalized infection with gram-positive bacteria. mice received an intravenous injection of rabbit anti-tnf serum or normal rabbit serum 24 h before an intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed listeria monocytogenes or an intramuscular injection of live l. monocytogenes. the course of the leukocytes in blood and the peritoneal cavity was followed ...	1994	8014508
effect of exogenous proline, betaine, and carnitine on growth of listeria monocytogenes in a minimal medium.	three listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from food or food-processing environments were used to assess the response of this species to salinity in a chemically defined minimal medium. growth in a minimal medium containing five essential amino acids and glucose as a carbon and energy source was comparable to growth in a rich medium (brain heart infusion broth). in the absence and presence of 3% nacl the final cell numbers reached in minimal medium were 10(9) and 10(7) cfu/ml, respectively. g ...	1994	8017923
a new model for bacterial growth in heterogeneous systems.	a general theory of spatially dependent bacterial growth in heterogeneous systems is developed by combining a structured-cell kinetic model of bacterial metabolism with reaction-diffusion equations describing the transport of nutrients in the growth medium. rate constants in the theory are determined for listeria monocytogenes by fitting the viable count batch growth data acquired in homogeneous, shake-flask cultures. the rate constants are then used to calculate the form of bacterial growth whe ...	1994	8022189
transcriptional regulation of prfa and prfa-regulated virulence genes in listeria monocytogenes.	the acta protein, the lecithinase plcb and listeriolysin are the major prfa-dependent proteins synthesized when brain-heart infusion (bhi)-cultured listeria monocytogenes is shifted to minimum essential medium (mem) in the presence of the transcriptional inhibitor rifampicin. enhanced synthesis of all three proteins under these conditions depends, however, on a short incubation (about 5 min) of the bacteria in mem without rifampicin, suggesting that induction of these proteins in mem requires de ...	1994	8022283
host cell responses to listeria monocytogenes infection include differential transcription of host stress genes involved in signal transduction.	we examined the effect of listeria monocytogenes infection of j774 macrophage-like mouse cells on induction of several stress genes, including genes for heat shock proteins (hsps) and a protein-tyrosine phosphatase (ptp), to understand the host response in various steps of the bacterial invasion process. exposure to wild-type l. monocytogenes strain egd elicited an early induction of hsp70 mrna with a corresponding early appearance of hsp70 protein. cytochalasin d pretreatment prevented the indu ...	1994	8022799
isolation and identification of cheese-smear bacteria inhibitory to listeria spp.	a newly developed hydrophobic grid membrane method was used to rapidly screen 105 traditional french cheeses for surface smear microorganisms inhibitory to listeria monocytogenes strain v7. approximately 125,000 colonies comprising a wide variety of bacteria were examined of which less than 0.1% produced visible zones of inhibition. isolates possessing antilisterial activity consisted of various strains of enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus xylosus, staphylococcus warneri and coryneform bacte ...	1994	8024975
hydrophobic interaction chromatography for the purification of cytolytic bacterial toxins.	the usefulness of hydrophobic interaction chromatography for the simple purification of cytolytic bacterial toxins was studied. conditions are described for different hydrophobic interaction chromatographic media for purifying with high yields two different kinds of such haemolysins, the thiol-activated toxin listeriolysin o from listeria monocytogenes and alpha-toxin from staphylococcus aureus. for listeriolysin o, purification on butyl-sepharose was followed by gel filtration chromatography. f ...	1994	8025627
presentation of listeria monocytogenes antigens by major histocompatibility complex class i molecules to cd8 cytotoxic t lymphocytes independent of listeriolysin secretion and virulence.	virulence and intracellular persistence of listeria monocytogenes markedly depend on secretion of listeriolysin (hly), which promotes invasion of the pathogen from the endosome into the cytosol. recent studies have provided compelling evidence that hly also facilitates recognition of listerial antigens, in association with major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules, by cd8 t lymphocytes. data presented here confirm that the hly-deficient strains, the prfa- mutant l. monocytogenes s ...	1994	8026511
evaluation of media for determining hemolytic activity and that of api listeria system for identifying strains of listeria monocytogenes.	several media were used to evaluate the hemolytic activity of listeria monocytogenes, and this property was used along with the api listeria system to identify listeria spp. all l. monocytogenes strains were identified correctly with this system, and blood agar base no. 2 and columbia blood agar base supplemented with horse blood were suitable for detection of hemolytic activity.	1994	8027330
diagnosis and epidemiological association of listeria monocytogenes strains in two outbreaks of listerial encephalitis in small ruminants.	two outbreaks of epizootic listerial encephalitis, one in sheep and one in goats, were investigated through pathology, microbiology, and dna amplification-based techniques. efforts were made to survey the diversity of listeria monocytogenes strains in the silage consumed by affected animals and to verify the causal relationship between silage and disease outbreak. in both outbreaks, l. monocytogenes was isolated from silage and brain tissue samples. random amplified polymorphic dna patterns reve ...	1994	8027356
purification and partial amino acid sequence of curvaticin fs47, a heat-stable bacteriocin produced by lactobacillus curvatus fs47.	curvaticin fs47, a bacteriocin produced by lactobacillus curvatus fs47, is inhibitory to listeria monocytogenes, as well as lactobacillus, pediococcus, enterococcus, and bacillus spp. the bacteriocin was purified by 40% ammonium sulfate precipitation, solid-phase extraction, and reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. purified curvaticin fs47 was determined to be 4.07 kda by mass spectrometry and was partially sequenced. thirty-one n-terminal amino acids were identified; the curvatic ...	1994	8031103
successful treatment of disseminated infection with listeria monocytogenes in a heart transplant recipient.		1994	8031822
[endocarditis caused by listeria monocytogenes in a valve prosthesis].		1994	8031894
assessment of the correlation between nitrite concentration and listericidal activity in cultures of resident and elicited murine macrophages.	reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) derived from l-arginine have been implicated as important anti-bacterial agents in the control of listeria monocytogenes by murine macrophages. however, not all evidence is consistent with this conclusion. in the present study, this issue was examined using a simple experimental system to assess the correlation between macrophages listericidal activity and production of nitrite (a stable end product of rni) in culture. various levels of nitrite production we ...	1994	8033406
risk factors for listeriosis in denmark, 1989-1990.	dietary risk factors for listeriosis were examined, and the risk levels of listeriosis according to specific underlying diseases were evaluated, in order to study the basis for prevention. questionnaires from 50 listeriosis patients and 40 matching control persons were analysed. unpasteurized milk was a risk food for sporadic listeriosis, and an outbreak of a european epidemic strain of listeria monocytogenes was obviously linked to a blue-mould cheese or a hard cheese. leukaemia, aids and renal ...	1994	8036473
host resistance to an intragastric infection with listeria monocytogenes in mice depends on cellular immunity and intestinal bacterial flora.	suckling and adult mice were infected intragastrically with different doses of viable listeria monocytogenes. the 50% lethal dose for the intragastric infection was 10(3.7) cfu for suckling mice, while adult mice were highly resistant and the 50% lethal dose was more than 10(9.3) cfu. when adult mice were infected intragastrically with 5 x 10(8) cfu of l. monocytogenes, no mice died. however, 35% of adult mice died when they were treated with cyclosporin a 1 day before infection. although mice d ...	1994	8039875
the virulence gene cluster of listeria monocytogenes is also present in listeria ivanovii, an animal pathogen, and listeria seeligeri, a nonpathogenic species.	most known listeria monocytogenes virulence genes cluster within a 9.6-kb chromosomal region. this region is flanked on one end by two uncharacterized open reading frames (orf a and orf b) and ldh, an orf presumably encoding the l. monocytogenes lactate dehydrogenase (j.-a. vazquez-boland, c. kocks, s. dramsi, h. ohayon, c. geoffroy, j. mengaud, and p. cossart, infect. immun. 60:219-230, 1992). we report here that the other end is flanked by prs, and orf homologous to phosphoribosyl ppi syntheta ...	1994	8039927
ultrastructural study of listeria monocytogenes entry into cultured human colonic epithelial cells.	evidence that listeria monocytogenes enters caco-2 cells through the apical surface is presented. attachment of bacteria to host cells seems to induce modifications of microvilli which are either in direct contact with the bacterial surface or in close vicinity, resulting in the formation of lamellipodia involved in the cellular uptake of the bacteria. such modifications are not induced by l. monocytogenes slcc 53, which carries a deletion in the prfa gene, although attachment of this mutant to ...	1994	8039928
the occurrence and seasonal changes in the isolation of listeria spp. in shop bought food stuffs, human faeces, sewage and soil from urban sources.	eight hundred and twenty-two shop-bought food specimens, 136 soil and 692 faecal specimens were cultured for listeria spp. in a regular, year round survey. 19.7% (162/822) of the foods, 93.9% (108/115) of the sewage, 14.7% (20/136) soils and 1% (7/692) of faeces yielded listeria spp. with 10.5% foods, 60.0% sewage, 0.7% soils and 0.6% faeces containing l. monocytogenes. no seasonal variation was noted in isolates from either sewage or foods, with l. monocytogenes and l. innocua being the commone ...	1994	8043351
resistance of listeria monocytogenes to the bacteriocin nisin.	listeria monocytogenes nctc 5105 and f6861 were evaluated for sensitivity to nisin. the results confirmed those previously published indicating marked differences in the sensitivity of the two strains. mutants with increased resistance to nisin could be isolated from the less sensitive f6861 strain at a frequency of 10(-6) to 10(-7). using a nisin specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the adsorption of nisin to the different strains and the resistant mutant were studied. at a range of nisi ...	1994	8043353
analysis of the role of natural killer cells in listeria monocytogenes infection: relation between natural killer cells and t-cell receptor gamma delta t cells in the host defence mechanism at the early stage of infection.	we have reported that t cells bearing t-cell receptors (tcr) of gamma delta type (gamma delta t cells) appear in the peritoneal cavity in a relatively early stage of primary intraperitoneal (i.p.) listeria monocytogenes infection, and play a significant role against the infection. to elucidate the protective role of natural killer cells which also appear in the early stage of l. monocytogenes infection, mice were treated with anti-nk1.1 monoclonal antibody (mab) to deplete nk cells before the in ...	1994	8045587
antilisterial activity by enterococci in a model predicting the temperature evolution of taleggio, an italian soft cheese.	enterococcus ssp. produced broad-spectrum bacteriocins, which were active against listeria innocua and listeria monocytogenes. inhibition of l. innocua in milk by different starter cultures was evaluated. milk was inoculated with a conventional starter (streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus and lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus mixed cultures) as a sole starter or in combination with inhibitory starter cultures (enterococcus ssp., bacteriocin-producing strains). tests were performed ...	1994	8046062
a six-hour in vitro virulence assay for listeria monocytogenes using myeloma and hybridoma cells from murine and human sources.	an in vitro cell culture assay using myeloma cells and hybrid lymphocytes was developed which detected pathogenic listeria strains in just 6 h. three separate hybridoma cell lines, murine ped-2e9 and em-7g1 and human ri.37 and murine myeloma ns1 cells, proved equally sensitive in responding to virulent listeria species. listeria monocytogenes along with other listeria spp., collected from food and clinical sources, were inoculated at 10(8) cfu/ml into a suspension of ped-2e9 (10(6)/ml). pathogen ...	1994	8047005
verification of causal relationships between listeria monocytogenes isolates implicated in food-borne outbreaks of listeriosis by randomly amplified polymorphic dna patterns.	food and clinical isolates of listeria monocytogenes recovered from four different outbreaks of listeriosis were analyzed by their pcr-based randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) patterns to verify their causal relationships. the generation of dna fingerprints by pcr-based rapd analysis is a fast and sensitive method for the epidemiological tracking and identification of bacteria implicated in food poisoning outbreaks. the l. monocytogenes strains used in the study were obtained from the fol ...	1994	8051257
endogenous il-1 is required for neutrophil recruitment and macrophage activation during murine listeriosis.	by using a mixture of neutralizing mabs to il-1 alpha, il-1 beta, and to the type i il-1r, we previously documented a regulatory role for il-1 in the development of anti-listeria responses in mice. both normal c.b-17 and severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice injected with this mixture of abs exhibit decreased resistance to listeria. in this study, we demonstrate that the neutralization of il-1 activity in scid mice results in a major defect in neutrophil migration to the peritoneum, in re ...	1994	8051414
dual promoters of the listeria monocytogenes prfa transcriptional activator appear essential in vitro but are redundant in vivo.	the prfa transcriptional activator is an essential determinant of listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis. prfa expression is governed by three differentially regulated promoters: prfap1 and prfap2, which are located immediately upstream of prfa coding sequences, and the adjacent plca promoter via the generation of a plca-prfa read-through transcript. a series of promoter deletion mutants were constructed to assess the roles of prfap1 and prfap2. elimination of either prfap1 or prfap2 resulted in al ...	1994	8052135
animal-associated opportunistic infections among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.	a number of animal-associated infections occur in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), including those due to toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium, microsporida, salmonella, campylo-bacter, giardia, rhodococcus equi, rochalimaea, and listeria monocytogenes. most of these infections, with the exception of those due to rochalimaea, appear to be acquired by the immunosuppressed individual from sources other than exposure to animals. drs. glaser and colleagues review our curre ...	1994	8054433
listeria monocytogenes, an invasive bacterium, stimulates map kinase upon attachment to epithelial cells.	protein tyrosine phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism for many cellular processes in eucaryotic cells. during the invasion of the gram-positive pathogen, listeria monocytogenes, into host epithelial cells, two host proteins become tyrosine phosphorylated. we have identified these major tyrosine phosphorylated species to be two isoforms of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase, the 42 and 44 kda map kinases. this activation begins within 5 to 15 min of bacterial infection. the ty ...	1994	8054686
immunotoxicological profile of morphine sulfate in b6c3f1 female mice.	this study was undertaken to investigate a number of immune parameters which may be compromised with exposure to morphine sulfate. mice were implanted subcutaneously with 8-, 25-, or 75-mg morphine sulfate pellets. placebo pellets of identical makeup to the 75-mg morphine pellet (without morphine of course) were used as a control. twenty-four hours after implantation of a 75-mg morphine pellet, blood levels reached a peak of 1610 ng/ml. corticosterone increased in parallel with morphine and reac ...	1994	8056200
temperature-sensitive mutants of bacterial pathogens: isolation and use to determine host clearance and in vivo replication rates.	temperature-sensitive mutants of bacterial pathogens are relatively easy to obtain and characterize. we have used ts mutants of a number of bacterial pathogens: e. coli and listeria monocytogenes to determine quantitatively the bacterial activities in vitro of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes; e. coli and p. cepacia to study clearance of the bacteria in vivo; and salmonella enteritidis, listeria monocytogenes, e. coli, p. aeruginosa, and p. cepacia to determine quantitatively the rep ...	1994	8057915
presence and growth of listeria monocytogenes in naturally-contaminated meats.	a total of 101 retail samples of pâté were analysed for the presence of listeria spp., with 12 and seven samples respectively, found to contain l. innocua and l. monocytogenes, and one each containing l. welshimeri and l. ivanovii. the ability of listeria spp. to grow on these pâté products was assessed over a 3-week storage period at 4 degrees c. l. monocytogenes was able to survive on the four naturally-contaminated pâtés tested, but growth was only apparent for l. innocua in a turkey-based pâ ...	1994	8060791
differences in the sensitivity to eight disinfectants of listeria monocytogenes strains as related to their origin (short note).	the efficacy of eight commercialized disinfectants proposed by several manufacturers was evaluated using the french standard in the presence of organic matter and against listeria monocytogenes and l. innocua strains isolated in a dairy plant, against other listeria strains of various origin and reference strains of staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus faecium. products containing quaternary ammonium plus peroxide or amine were shown to be efficient at the concentrations recommended by the man ...	1994	8060796
cytokine gene expression in mice at an early stage of infection with various strains of listeria spp. differing in virulence.	by using reverse transcription-pcr, cytokine gene expression was examined in mice 24 h after infection with various strains of listeria spp. differing in virulence as determined by in vivo growth and 50% lethal dose values. all the virulent strains of listeria monocytogenes induced the expression of mrnas specific for interleukin-1 alpha (il-1 alpha), gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) in the spleen of mice, while an l. monocytogenes strain incapable of pro ...	1994	8063381
identification and characterization of a salmonella typhimurium oxygen-regulated gene required for bacterial internalization.	growth of salmonella typhimurium in a low-oxygen environment induces the ability of these bacteria to enter mammalian cells. we have carried out a search for invasion genes that are expressed under low-oxygen conditions by using tn5laczy transcriptional fusions. several noninvasive oxygen-regulated laczy insertion strains have been identified. the invasion defect in one of these noninvasive s. typhimurium strains, bj66, has been complemented by introduction of a cosmid (pbdj125) from an s. typhi ...	1994	8063389
prosthetic valve endocarditis due to listeria monocytogenes. a case report with review of the literature.	we report the case of a 71-year-old man with a prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis caused by listeria monocytogenes. he was successfully treated with a combination of ampicillin and amikacin, and valve replacement surgery. this case and previously reported cases are discussed.	1994	8067179
effect of ionizing dose rate on the radioresistance of some food pathogenic bacteria.	food pathogenic bacteria including listeria monocytogenes (1a1 and atcc 19111), staphylococcus aureus (gd13 and atcc 13565), escherichia coli o157:h7 (atcc 35150), salmonella typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and campylobacter jejuni were exposed to various rates of ionizing radiation (0.78, 2.6, and 22 kgy/h) emitted by three different 60co irradiators. d10 values (d10 is the radiation dose required to eliminate 90% of a bacterial population (one logarithmic cycle r ...	1994	8069779
differentiated u937 cells exhibit increased bactericidal activity upon lps activation and discriminate between virulent and avirulent listeria and brucella species.	in the study of interactions between facultative intracellular pathogens and macrophages, monocytic cell lines have the advantages of showing defined states of activation and lacking genetic variation among donors, thus yielding reproducible results. nonpathogenic escherichia coli k12 were killed at similar rates in the u937 cell line differentiated into macrophage-like cells by phorbol myristate acetate (pma) or by the combination of retinoic acid (ra) and vitamin d3 (vd). complete elimination ...	1994	8071593
expression of superoxide dismutase in listeria monocytogenes.	the nature and expression of superoxide dismutase (sod; ec 1.15.1.1) in the gram-positive food-borne pathogen listeria monocytogenes were examined. metal depletion and reconstitution studies and resistance to h2o2 and potassium cyanide inactivation indicated that l. monocytogenes has a single sod which utilizes manganese as a metal cofactor. the specific activity of sod was unchanged in cells exposed to a heat shock at 42 degrees c or grown in the presence of paraquat-generated superoxide anion ...	1994	8074517
pulsed-field fingerprinting of listeriae: identification of genomic divisions for listeria monocytogenes and their correlation with serovar.	clamped homogeneous electric field (chef) electrophoresis was optimized for genomic analyses of listeria monocytogenes. various human, animal, food, and environmental isolates, as well as strains representing other listeria species, were separately digested with rarely cutting endonucleases. of 176 l. monocytogenes strains analyzed, the enzymes asci and apai established 63 and 72 unique restriction endonuclease digestion profiles (redp), respectively. the 22 non-l. monocytogenes strains exhibite ...	1994	8074531
effect of the bacteriocin carnocin cp5 and of the producing strain carnobacterium piscicola cp5 on the viability of listeria monocytogenes atcc 15313 in salt solution, broth and skimmed milk, at various incubation temperatures.	carnobacterium piscicola cp5, isolated from french mould-ripened soft-cheese, produced a bacteriocin named carnocin cp5 in a wide range of incubation temperatures, from 4 degrees c to 30 degrees c. the ability of a crude bacteriocin, of a partially-purified form, and of the producer strain to inhibit growth of listeria monocytogenes atcc 15313 was examined in salt solution, broth and skimmed milk between 4 degrees c and 30 degrees c. when carnocin cp5 was added to a l. monocytogenes atcc 15313 c ...	1994	8074969
choice of sampling plan and criteria for listeria monocytogenes. international commission on microbiological specifications for foods.		1994	8074975
liver abscess due to listeria monocytogenes.		1994	8075293
luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence by listeria monocytogenes: a test for rapid assessment of antimicrobial agents.	listeria monocytogenes produces chemiluminescence in brain heart infusion broth at 37 degrees c in the presence of carbonate ions and acetaldehyde. this phenomenon can be enhanced by the use of luminol rather than acetaldehyde. furthermore, there is direct relationship between the extent of growth and the level of luminescence which culminates at the end of the exponential growth. this property was used to study the susceptibility of this bacterium to two antiseptics, cetrimonium bromide and chl ...	1994	8076796
augmentation of the resistance against listeria monocytogenes by oral administration of a hot water extract of chlorella vulgaris in mice.	oral administration of a hot water extract of chlorella vulgaris(cve)(20mg/mouse, 10 consecutive days) augmented the resistance against an i.p. infection with listeria monocytogenes in mice. the numbers of bacteria in a cve-administered group were significantly lower in the peritoneal cavity or spleen than those in a control group. fcm analysis revealed that gamma delta +thy1.2+ cells in the nonadherent pec from cve-administered mice increased more prominently in number at the early stage on day ...	1994	8077606
a point-source foodborne listeriosis outbreak: documented incubation period and possible mild illness.	listeria bacteremia occurred in 2 pregnant women whose only common exposure was attendance at a party. the incubation period, the possibility of mild disease due to listeria infection, and foods associated with risk of disease were evaluated. ten (28%) of 36 party attenders met a case definition, which included isolation of listeria monocytogenes from blood or stool or two of the following: fever, musculoskeletal symptoms, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. one of 25 stool cultures was positive. the 2 ...	1994	8077731
a 92-kda human immunostimulatory protein.	we purified to apparent homogeneity a human urinary glycoprotein of 92 kda (hgp.92) that, administered intravenously at 250 micrograms/kg, fully protected mice against a lethal inoculum of listeria monocytogenes. since hgp.92 protected scid mice, which lack b and t lymphocytes, this increased resistance to listeria did not appear to be lymphocyte mediated. furthermore, inflammatory macrophages incubated with 6 nm hgp.92 inhibited the growth of lewis carcinoma cells in vitro. these two activities ...	1994	8078887
a study of the microbiological status of irish farmhouse cheeses with emphasis on selected pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms.	ninety-six 25 g samples from 25 irish farmhouse cheeses, two irish non-farmhouse cheeses and four foreign cheeses were evaluated for the presence of a variety of micro-organisms, namely, coliforms, faecal streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, yeasts, moulds, salmonellas and shigellas. seventeen cheeses, i.e. the soft and semi-soft types, were examined for listeria monocytogenes. most of the farmhouse cheeses are currently manufactured from raw milk, but some producers now use heat-treated milk. t ...	1994	7822221
effect of heating rate on the thermal inactivation of listeria monocytogenes.	in order to quantify the effect of heating rate on the thermal inactivation of listeria monocytogenes an accurate means of describing the inactivation kinetics at near instantaneous heating was used. survivor curves for l. monocytogenes, at near instantaneous heating, were obtained over the temperature range 50-64 degrees c. the use of a linear function to describe the data would have given only a poor approximation of the true inactivation kinetics. with a model based on a logistic algorithm ex ...	1994	7822230
[virulence of listeria monocytogenes in pregnant mice].	serious food-borne outbreaks of listeriosis have been reported in north america and in europe, during the past decade. the predominant risk groups appear to be immunocompromised adults, elderly people, newborn babies and pregnant women. in order to examine the relationship between alimentation, listeriosis and pregnant females, we developed an experimental model using swiss mice fed ad libitum during 4 days with pellets containing a high concentration of listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b (10(9) ...	1994	7824323
meningo-encephalitis due to listeria monocytogenes in pregnancy.		1994	7826965
characterization of the macromolecular synthesis (mms) operon from listeria monocytogenes.	the macromolecular synthesis (mms) operon consists of three genes: rpsu, which encodes the s21 ribosomal protein in bacillus subtilis (bs), rpsu is replaced by orfp23 which encodes a protein of unknown function), dnag, encoding the dna primase involved in the initiation of chromosome replication, and rpod, which encodes the principal sigma subunit of rna polymerase. the operon was cloned in three segments from listeria monocytogenes (lm), initially using a probe designed from a highly conserved ...	1994	7828867
[ascitic fluid infected by listeria monocytogenes].		1994	7831269
factors involved in the down-regulation of cytochrome p450 during listeria monocytogenes infection.	the activation of host defense mechanisms has been shown to cause a depression in hepatic cytochrome p450-mediated metabolism in rodents and humans. in a previous study, it was demonstrated that the gram-positive bacteria listeria monocytogenes causes a down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome p450 and related substrate metabolism as a result of a pretranslational depression of apoprotein synthesis. the objectives of this study were to determine whether the effect of listeria on hepatocyte cytochro ...	1994	7806432
use of the camp test for identification of listeria monocytogenes.		1994	7811061
incidence of listeria spp. and listeria monocytogenes in a poultry processing environment and in poultry products and their rapid confirmation by multiplex pcr.	the incidence of listeria spp. and listeria monocytogenes in a poultry processing plant and in raw and cooked poultry products was determined over a 6-month period. within the raw and cooked poultry processing environments, 46% (36 of 79) and 29% (51 of 173) of the samples contained listeria spp. while 26% (21 of 79) and 15% (27 of 173) contained l. monocytogenes, respectively. various sites within the processing environment were found to be consistently positive for l. monocytogenes throughout ...	1994	7811096
prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in foods in malaysia.	a total of 234 samples of food, consisting of 158 of raw and 76 samples of ready-to-eat food were examined for the presence of listeria monocytogenes. the frequencies of l. monocytogenes contamination in raw foods were: chicken portions (60%), liver (60%) and gizzard (62%), beef (50%), beansprout (85%), prawns (44%), kupang (dried oysters) (33%), bean cake (25%), satay (48%) and leafy vegetables (22%). of the ready-to-eat foods: satay (26%), prawns, squids, clams and chicken dishes (22%), cucumb ...	1994	7811569
presence, detection and growth of listeria monocytogenes in seafoods: a review.	listeria monocytogenes and other listeria spp. have been isolated from seafoods on a regular basis since 1987. a relatively high incidence of the organism (6-36%) in ready-to-eat cold smoked salmon and cooked fish products has raised concern about the survival and growth potential of this organism in seafoods, as these products are not processed further before consumption. l. monocytogenes grows well at refrigeration temperature on most seafoods, but the sources of contamination in ready-to-eat ...	1994	7811570
first trimester listeriosis with normal fetal outcome.	the case of a pregnant woman who in the 13th week of gestation presented with a non-specific influenza-like illness ultimately proven to be symptomatic of listeria monocytogenes septicemia, is described. the patient elected to continue the pregnancy and following antibiotic therapy recovered and delivered a normal infant. at 18 months of age the child was healthy with normal psychomotor development. this case underscores the need to consider the possibility of listeria monocytogenes septicemia a ...	1994	7813496
in vitro activity of fk-037, a novel parenteral cephalosporin, against bacterial isolates from neutropenic cancer patients.	the in vitro activity of fk-037, a novel parenteral cephalosporin, was compared to that of ceftazidime, aztreonam and piperacillin (agents often used in empiric regimens in cancer patients) against recent bacterial isolates from patients with cancer. fk-037 was either equal to or 2 to 16-fold more active than the comparative agents against members of the enterobacteriaceae. it was also active against acinetobacter spp., aeromonas spp., pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other pseudomonas spp. xanthomon ...	1994	7813504
[acute hepatitis caused by listeria monocytogenes infection].	we report the case of a 40 year-old woman, pregnant for 4 months, with acute hepatitis revealed by jaundice, fever and high serum aminotransferase levels. infection by listeria monocytogenes was demonstrated by blood cultures. the course of the disease was characterized by abortion and complete recovery of hepatitis within 4 weeks after antibiotic administration. this report shows that listeriosis can cause acute severe hepatitis.	1994	7813867
[fatal neonatal listeriosis after maternal infection acquired with ingestion of fresh home-made cheese].	the authors report on a newborn admitted to the intensive care unit of gaslini institute for serious respiratory insufficiency who died on the third day of life because of a sepsis due to listeria monocytogenes. the authors focus on the patient's history and clinical picture and on the histological evaluation of the lesions observed. the importance of infection in pregnancy and the possible severe consequences of listeriosis on the foetus are underlined, stressing the need for early diagnosis an ...	1994	7799887
infection of murine fetal brain cell cultures with listeria monocytogenes.	the uptake of listeria monocytogenes by different brain cells was studied in primary dissociated brain cell cultures derived from murine fetuses. in respect to the supposed intraaxonal migration of listeria monocytogenes in the pathogenesis of listeric focal brain stem encephalitis, it was examined whether the bacterium was internalized by neurons. infection rates of distinct cell types were determined by double immunofluorescence with antibodies against cell type-specific markers and the bacter ...	1994	7801522
actin filament dynamics in cell motility.		1994	7801800
characterization of two putative listeria monocytogenes genes encoding polypeptides homologous to the sensor protein chea and the response regulator chey of chemotaxis.	the nucleotide sequence of a region located downstream of the listeria monocytogenes flagellin gene, flaa, has been determined. dna sequence analysis revealed the presence of two open reading frames with a potential to encode polypeptides of 13.1 and 68.7 kda, respectively. the deduced polypeptides show a high degree of identity to the chemotactic proteins, chey and chea, respectively, from bacillus subtilis and escherichia coli. moreover, significant features of chey and chea are conserved in t ...	1994	7803815
protection by dexamethasone from a lethal infection with listeria monocytogenes in mice.	the effects of dexamethasone (dex) on a lethal infection with listeria monocytogenes were studied in mice. mice were completely protected against the lethal infection when treated with 3.3 mg per kg of dex. the effect was observed only when dex was injected before infection. the control mice died from day 3 to day 5 of infection, whereas dex-treated mice could eliminate l. monocytogenes cells from the organs by day 11 of infection. high titres of endogenous tumour necrosis factor (tnf), interleu ...	1994	7804167
cd8+ t cell-mediated protection against an intracellular bacterium by perforin-dependent cytotoxicity.	growth of listeria monocytogenes is mainly controlled by macrophages, which are activated by specific t cells. a potential role of cd8+ t cells by direct lysis of infected cells was investigated in perforin-deficient mice generated by homologous recombination. the absence of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity resulted in delayed clearance of listeria from the spleen but not the liver after primary infection, overall susceptibility to listeria however was not increased. protection against a secondary ...	1994	7805735
measurement of cellular microbicidal activity against pneumocystis carinii in vitro.	as pneumocystis carinii cysts cannot be cultivated for enumeration of colony forming cells, two alternative approaches to measuring killing of p. carinii by mouse peritoneal cells were investigated. the cells tested were either normal resident peritoneal cells, or cells which were elicited by intraperitoneal injection of the bacterium listeria monocytogenes. the latter population showed enhanced antibacterial activity against listeria organisms and enhanced production of h2o2 in the presence of ...	1994	7806265
[occurrence of listeria monocytogenes in raw milk, pasteurized type c milk and minas frescal cheese commercialized in piracicaba-são paulo].	samples of raw milk, pasteurized c type milk and minas frescal cheese were analyzed for the presence of listeria monocytogenes by a method developed for dairy products by lovett (1) and by lovett & hitchins (2). a total of 20 samples of each product and from different commercial brands were analyzed, obtained from various retail stores in piracicaba, sp. according to the pattern of sampling and methodology adopted, none of the samples of the aforesaid products was positive for the presence of l. ...	1994	7786098
[isolation of listeria seeligery from cecum of vizcacha (lagostomus maximus maximus)].	recent food listeriosis outbreaks confirm that more faithful isolation and identification methods for listeria monocytogenes or other potentially pathogen microorganisms are required. furthermore, the human and animal reservoir role in the ecology of this disease must be established. listeria spp. in the vizcacha intestinal content was determined by two isolation procedures, starting from 10 g of homogenized samples in 40 ml of pbs. i)0.1 ml was stripped on phenylethanol agar, selective agar for ...	1994	7761603
synthesis and secretion of bacterial antigens by attenuated salmonella via the escherichia coli hemolysin secretion system.	we describe a plasmid system which allows the secretion of foreign antigens in attenuated salmonella aroa strains by the secretion apparatus of e. coli hemolysin. the gene (or gene fragment) encoding the antigen is inserted in frame into a residual position of the hlya gene, encoding the hlya secretion signal (hlyas). generally, the fused gene is efficiently expressed and the synthesized antigen is in part secreted into the culture supernatant and in part exposed on the surface of the producing ...	1994	7755510
vaccination strategies using viable carrier systems against intracellular pathogens.		1994	7755511
listeria monocytogenes infection of caco-2 cells: role of growth temperature.	the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of temperature in the virulence of listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive facultative intracellular food-borne pathogen. the capacity of bacteria grown at 37, 25 and 4 degrees c to develop haemolytic activity, to enter the caco-2 enterocyte-like cell line and to multiply intracellularly was investigated. we demonstrated that l. monocytogenes penetration was not significantly influenced by the growth temperature of cultures and that bacteria ...	1994	7746957
in vitro activity of sce-2787, a new cephalosporin with potent activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa and members of the family enterobacteriaceae.	the in vitro activity of sce-2787, 7-[(z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3- yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-(1-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazinium)methy l-3- cephem-4-carboxylate, was compared with those of ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and imipenem against recent clinical isolates. sce-2787 inhibited 50% of tested isolates of the family enterobacteriaceae at < or = 0.25 micrograms/ml. sce-2787 was equally active as or more active than ceftazidime and ceftriaxone against members of the enterobacteriaceae, with t ...	1994	7695279
association of listeriolysin o with the cell surface of listeria monocytogenes.	the single amino acid substitutions were created in the c-terminal region of listeriolysin o. mutations cys484 to ala and ser showed a close relationship between surface activity of llo and presence of cysteine in this polipeptide. we demonstrated that cys484 is necessary for surface haemolytic activity. llo with cys484 is strongly connected to the surface of the cell but llo ala484 or ser484 is easy removed by the washing. listeriolysins o secreted by the mutants were active at low ph and inhib ...	1994	7740977
specific cellular and humoral reactions as markers of listeria monocytogenes infections.	the purpose of the study was to test in experimental mouse model if some immunological parameters could be helpful in recognizing listeria infections. delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) and elisa tests carried out with soluble fractions of l. innocua (serotype 6a) or l. monocytogenes (serotype 4b) seem to be useful in detecting listeriosis at an early stage. although crude antigen fractions were used in this study, very weak only nonspecific dth reactions were observed in unifected animals and ...	1994	7740984
phenotypic analysis of tnfr1-deficient mice and characterization of tnfr1-deficient fibroblasts in vitro.	in order to analyse the physiological relevance of the 55 kda tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (tnfr1) and its role in various tnf related pathological conditions, such as septic shock, we have generated mice by gene targeting deficient for tnfr1 expression. the tnfr1-deficient mice are unable to cope with listeria monocytogenes infections but mount an apparently normal immune response when challenged with vaccinia or lcmv viruses. they are resistant to the lethal effects of lipopolysaccharide ( ...	1994	7743600
evaluation of phenotypic markers associated with pathogenicity in the genus listeria.	a total of 130 listeria strains were tested in order to evaluate lecithinase production and capacity for congo red adsorption as markers of pathogenicity. the strains were identified according to acid production from sugars and by the camp test and the data were correlated with the ability to produce keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. l. monocytogenes cultures presented 51.8% and 88.8% positivity rates for congo red adsorption and lecithinase production, respectively, whereas 80.8% and 100% fo ...	1994	7732259
bacterial translocation in cultured enterocytes: magnitude, specificity, and electron microscopic observations of endocytosis.	previous in vivo evidence has shown that bacterial phagocytosis by enterocytes may be an initial step in bacterial translocation across the intestinal epithelium. this study analyzed the interactions of cultured enterocytes, namely caco-2 cells, with nine strains of enteric bacteria, tested in pure culture and in mixed culture. these nine strains had a spectrum of invasive potential and included salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes (three strains), escherichia coli (three strains), pro ...	1994	7735974
[cloning and expression of the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c gene from listeria monocytogenes].	the gene for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) of listeria monocytogenes has been cloned and shown to be expressed in escherichia coli cells from own as well as from the lactose gene promoter. the recombinant plasmid has been constructed on the basis of prit2t vector and carries the hybrid gone. 3-end of which is a fragment of protein a gene of staphylococcus aureus. 3-end is a gene for phospholipase plca, both in the same reading frame. the resultant construction is shown t ...	1994	7739595
studies with mhc-deficient knock-out mice reveal impact of both mhc i- and mhc ii-dependent t cell responses on listeria monocytogenes infection.	mutant mice with a defined genetic defect in the beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) or the h2-i-a beta chain, which are virtually devoid of functional cd8 or cd4 alpha beta t cells, respectively, were employed for analyzing immune mechanisms involved in acquired resistance against listeria monocytogenes. although the lethal dose of l. monocytogenes was markedly lower for either mouse mutant as compared with their heterozygous control littermates, both beta m -/- and a beta -/- mutants were able to r ...	1994	7726898
ethylene dibromide: evidence of systemic and immunologic toxicity without impairment of in vivo host defenses.	ethylene dibromide was administered intragastrically on 14 consecutive days to b6c3f1 female mice. host resistance was not altered after challenge with b16f10 tumor cells, listeria monocytogenes, influenza, or herpes simplex viruses. in contrast, decreases were seen in relative thymus and spleen weights, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and in alveolar macrophage, natural killer cell, t-cell, and mixed lymphocyte culture responses. increases occurred in relative kidney and liver weights, ...	1994	7727738
effect of sorbitan monolaurate polyoxyalkylene (tween 20) on the ultrastructure of some bacteria.	the ultrastructure of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas pseudomallei and pseudomonas aeruginosa treated with 0.5 and 1% tween 20 was studied by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. specific changes in the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane were observed.	1994	7539732
alpha-mannosidase: a rapid test for identification of arcanobacterium haemolyticum.	a 4-h alpha-mannosidase test for identification of arcanobacterium haemolyticum strains (n = 139) and differentiation of a. haemolyticum from actinomyces pyogenes strains (n = 30) and other gram-positive rods was evaluated. practically all a. haemolyticum strains (138 of 139) and the listeria monocytogenes type strain were alpha-mannosidase positive, while all a. pyogenes strains and corynebacterium (n = .25) strains as well as the rhodococcus equi and erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae type strains w ...	1994	7710479
transient inducible events in different tissues: in situ studies in the context of the development and expression of the immune responses to intracellular pathogens.	intracellular pathogens whether facultative like mycobacterium sp., e.g. bacillus calmette guérin, listeria monocytogenes or strictly intracellular like leishmania sp. initiate either asymptomatic infectious processes or disease depending both on factors of the host (genetic as well as environmental ones) and the infectious/pathogenic agents. in this contribution, we first summarized informations which justify to develop in situ analysis to decipher the sequential events that result in different ...	1994	7713555
macrophage activation and innate resistance to infection in scid mice.	resistance to infection against a variety of pathogens requires the co-ordinated interaction of both the innate and acquired immune responses. mice bearing the scid mutation are devoid of t and b cells but retain elements of the innate immune system including natural killer (nk) cells, macrophages, granulocytes and complement proteins. using the scid model we have identified a t cell independent mechanism of macrophage activation mediated by the secretion of ifn-gamma from nk cells. this process ...	1994	7713556
role of t cell subsets in immunity against intracellular bacteria: experimental infections of knock-out mice with listeria monocytogenes and mycobacterium bovis bcg.	the generation of knock-out mice with targeted gene deletions has already proven its enormous value for our understanding of the antimicrobial immune response. here, we describe studies with knock-out mice deficient in the tcr-beta gene, lacking alpha/beta t cells; in the tcr-delta gene, lacking gamma/delta t cells; in the beta 2m gene, lacking beta 2-microglobulin, and hence cell surface expressed mhc class i and functional cd8 t cells; and in the h-2i-a beta gene, lacking cell surface expresse ...	1994	7713565
recombinant interleukin-12 enhances resistance of mice to listeria monocytogenes infection.	the effect of recombinant murine il-12 (ril-12) or anti-il-12 antibody administration on resistance to murine listeriosis was investigated. mice given a single 0.5 micrograms dose of ril-12 had 1.5 log10 fewer listeriae in their spleens and livers as compared with control infected mice 3 days after l. monocytogenes challenge. conversely, administration of anti-il-12 igg caused an equivalent increase in the cfu of l. monocytogenes recovered from the spleens and livers as compared to control mice. ...	1994	7700134