Publications

a convenient mosquito membrane feeding system.	a convenient, electronically controlled, in situ, membrane feeding system is described. evaluation of the system for feeding single pair-mated aedes aegypti with defibrinated, refrigerated pig blood indicated no significant difference from mouse-fed controls in rat of egg maturation, fecundity, or pupal yield. the feeding system is also suitable for use with substitute protein meals.	1994	7807091
infection, dissemination, transmission, and biological attributes of dengue-2 pdk53 candidate vaccine virus after oral infection in aedes aegypti.	the capacity for oral infection, dissemination, and transmission of the dengue-2 candidate vaccine virus den-2 pdk53 and an isolate from a vaccinate individual, den-2 ia8, were compared with the parent strain den-2 16681. capacity for oral infection and dissemination to the brain and salivary gland tissues were significantly lower in the first two than in the parent strain (p < 0.001). replication was more than 100 times higher for the parent strain when compared with the dengue-2 candidate vacc ...	1994	7810824
mosquito transposable elements.	most of the transposons so far characterized from mosquito genomes are retroelements which seem to be distributed worldwide. the juan transposons constitute a family of non-ltr retroelements, or line-retroposons, which are dispersed in the genomes of several mosquito species. three different juan subfamilies have been characterized, each being amplified in the genomes of many strains, if not all, of a given mosquito species. these subfamilies have been designated respectively juan-c in culex pip ...	1994	7813911
salivarectomy effects on the ingestion of brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea) microfilariae by susceptible and refractory strains of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	ingestion of brugia pahangi buckley & edeson microfilariae by susceptible (liverpool) and refractory (bora-bora) strains of salivary duct-severed aedes aegypti (l.) was investigated. the transection at either the salivary common duct or the two lateral ducts of mosquitoes did not affect the mean number of microfilariae nor the mean amount of blood ingested per mosquito. these results indicated that mosquito salivary secretion did not have a chemotropic effect on microfilariae.	1994	7815410
antibacterial peptides in insect vectors of tropical parasitic disease.	the induction and characterization of immune peptides in two groups of medically important insects, the mosquitoes and blackflies, is currently an important research area. mosquitoes transmit a variety of viral and parasitic diseases including yellow fever, dengue, malaria and lymphatic filariasis. simuliid black flies are vectors of river blindness. the diseases are together responsible for death and morbidity in millions of people each year. the relationship between inducible peptides and bact ...	1994	7768149
effect of sublethal dosages of insecticides on chikungunya virus susceptible and refractory strains of aedes aegypti.	three strains of aedes aegypti mosquitos viz (i) crs, refractory to chikungunya (chik) virus by oral route of infection but susceptible to ddt (2) css, susceptible to chik virus and also susceptible to ddt (3) css-ddtr, susceptible to chik virus but resistant to ddt, were examined for the effect of sublethal dosages of ddt and deltamethrin on their fecundity. biochemical analysis showed that there was an increase in glutathione s-transferase activity in the css-ddtr strain which was associated w ...	1994	7777922
breeding of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) in urban housing of sibu town, sarawak.	an aedes survey using various larval survey methods was conducted in 12 urban housing areas and 29 vacant lands in sibu town proper. aedes albopictus larvae were found in all areas surveyed while aedes aegypti larvae were present in 10 localities and 4 vacant lands. there were no significant difference in the house index, breteau and larval density index of these two aedes (stegomyia) species from the survey areas. the proportion of containers positive with ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus in area ...	1994	7777923
[aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti at ile de la réunion].	aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti are both found on the island. the former, being the probable vector of dengue on the island, is highly anthropophilic. it breeds in domestic environments as well as in natural breeding sites. the latter has a more restricted distribution and is never anthropophilic. larvae of ae. aegypti are only found in natural habitats, always associated with ae. albopictus, but in small proportions. such an ecology and behaviour for the typicus form of ae. aegypti are abnor ...	1994	7726666
evaluation of the laboratory mouse model for screening topical mosquito repellents.	eight commercial repellents were tested against aedes aegypti 0 and 4 h after application in serial dilution to volunteers and laboratory mice. results were analyzed by multiple regression of percentage of biting (probit scale) on dose (logarithmic scale) and time. empirical correction terms for conversion of values obtained in tests on mice to values expected in tests on human volunteers were calculated from data obtained on 4 repellents and evaluated with data obtained on 4 others. corrected v ...	1994	7707065
aedes albopictus in muzquiz city, coahuila, mexico.	aedes albopictus was found in m. muzquiz, coahuila, mexico, in the summer of 1993. aedes albopictus larvae were collected in tires and bottles at low density. aedes aegypti, toxorhynchites theobaldi, culex quinquefasciatus, and culiseta incidens were collected in the same containers.	1994	7707068
population interaction of toxorhynchites splendens and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in the laboratory.	population interaction of toxorhynchites splendens and aedes aegypti in relation to the complexity of the breeding habitats and their initial number was studied in the laboratory. the predator and the prey were introduced in different ratios in the colony cages (1 m3) with different oviposition structures. predator-prey interaction lasted for 5-9 weeks without structural complexity of the oviposition containers. when there was a structural complexity, their interaction lasted for 18 weeks. durin ...	1994	7667726
larvicidal potential of five philippine plants against aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and culex quinquefasciatus (say).	five species of philippine plants, reported in the literature to have insecticidal properties, were selected for investigation, namely: anona squamosa ("atis" or sugar apple), eucalyptus globulus ("bagras" or olive gum eucalyptus), lansium domesticum ("lansones"), azadirachta indica ("neem") and codiaeum variegatum ("san francisco" or croton). these were screened and assayed for their larvicidal potential against aedes aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and culex quinquefasciatus (say) by exposing 3rd-4th ...	1994	7667727
dietary control of late trypsin gene transcription in aedes aegypti.	in aedes aegypti the levels of midgut trypsin activity after feeding are directly proportional to the protein concentration in the meal. the mechanisms of this up-regulatory event were investigated by analyzing the expression of the late trypsin gene under different dietary conditions. transcription of the gene was dependent on both the quality and quantity of protein in the meal. as measured by northern blot analysis, the levels of late trypsin gene expression increased up to 100-fold 24 h afte ...	1994	7519098
an ultrastructural study on the early cellular response to dirofilaria immitis (nematoda) in the malpighian tubules of aedes aegypti (refractory strains).	dirofilaria immitis living in aedes aegypti refractory strains were studied in relation to ultrastructural events in primary cells of malpighian tubules and to defense mechanisms activated by host-cells. when the microfilaria reaches the malpighian cells, its intracellular development is blocked by defense mechanisms activated by the host, resulting in lysis of the outermost cuticle of the parasite without melanin involvement. ultrastructural evidence suggests that lysis is brought about by malp ...	1994	9140500
use of the "cdc backpack aspirator" for surveillance of aedes aegypti in san juan, puerto rico.	we constructed a battery-powered backpack aspirator to collect adult aedes aegypti mosquitoes. this simple, easily constructed aspirator facilitates the indoor collection of this important vector species. the collections made with the aspirator provide useful information about the biology and behavior of ae. aegypti that can be used in education and vector control programs and in the evaluation of ultra-low volume insecticide spray programs directed against this species. the cost for constructio ...	1994	8014622
protozoan-enhanced toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis delta-endotoxin against aedes aegypti larvae.	the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) in mosquito larvae was enhanced by encapsulation in the protozoan tetrahymena pyriformis. aedes aegypti larvae which fed on t. pyriformis loaded with bti died about three times faster than when fed on the same concentrations of bti alone due to ingestion of higher toxin concentrations, reflected by shorter death times of exposed populations. the best larvicidal activities were achieved at ratios of cell/spore numbers in the range of 1 ...	1994	8021522
community-based integrated control of aedes aegypti: a brief overview of current programs.	dengue viruses are maintained in endemic transmission cycles in tropical urban areas where epidemics periodically occur. until about 30 years ago, there were long intervals (10-40 years) between epidemics but they are now occurring in many areas at 3-5-year intervals. these epidemics are most likely caused by virus strains with different epidemic potential. accompanying this increased frequency in epidemic activity has been a change in the disease pattern with cases of the severe form of dengue ...	1994	8024084
purification of an insect defensin from the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	using a new, sensitive assay of bacterial growth inhibition, inducible antibacterial activity has been identified in the haemolymph of the mosquito, aedes aegypti following inoculation with bacteria or with microfilariae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi, but not after inoculation with sterile culture medium. a lower level of antibacterial activity has also been observed in untreated individual mosquitoes. following bacterial inoculation, a basic, inducible antibacterial peptide has been d ...	1994	8025559
frequent occurrence of ige and igg4 antibodies against saliva of aedes communis and aedes aegypti mosquitoes in children.	we examined the prevalence of ige and igg4 class antibodies to the saliva of aedes communis and aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the sera of three groups of exposed children using a sensitive immunoblot method. the frequencies of ige antibodies to the major 36-kd a. communis and a. aegypti saliva antigens ranged from 82 to 90% in the 20 finnish, 17 kenyan, and 20 mexican children. the corresponding igg4 antibody frequencies were 85, 41, and 20%, respectively. the nonexposed 20 icelandic children did ...	1994	8038615
use of randomly amplified polymorphic dna amplified by polymerase chain reaction markers to estimate the number of aedes aegypti families at oviposition sites in san juan, puerto rico.	we report the application of a molecular genetic technique to estimate the number of full-sibling families of aedes aegypti contained in oviposition traps. randomly amplified polymorphic dna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction markers were used to estimate the numbers and sizes of families in traps at field locations in san juan, puerto rico. forty-nine presumptive loci were amplified with five primers in a total of 813 individuals from 26 sites. the average family size was 10.95, but the ...	1994	8059920
filaria vector competence of some anopheles species.	the filaria vector competence of anopheles stephensi was compared with brugia-susceptible aedes aegypti liverpool strain, an. gambiae badagry lagos strain and an. dirus perlis malaysia strain. an. stephensi ingested more brugia pahangi microfilariae, had the highest infectivity rate and yielded more infective mosquitoes than the other two anopheline species. the overall vector competence of an. stephensi was 0.13 times that of ae. aegypti, 0.62 times that of an. gambiae and 2.17 times that of an ...	1994	8066378
mutagenesis of two surface-exposed loops of the bacillus thuringiensis cryic delta-endotoxin affects insecticidal specificity.	site-directed mutagenesis was used to determine the role of two surface-exposed loops (gly-317-phe-320 and gln-374-pro-377) in the insecticidal specificity of the bacillus thuringiensis cryic delta-endotoxin. mutant toxins were generated by pcr using degenerate oligonucleotide primers, and expressed in escherichia coli. more than 50 mutant toxins were screened for toxicity to the lepidopteran spodoptera frugiperda sf9 cell line using an in vitro lawn assay. a panel of these mutant toxins, which ...	1994	8093015
dengue: the risk to developed and developing countries.	dengue viruses are members of the flaviviridae, transmitted principally in a cycle involving humans and mosquito vectors. in the last 20 years the incidence of dengue fever epidemics has increased and hyperendemic transmission has been established over a geographically expanding area. a severe form, dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), is an immunopathologic disease occurring in persons who experience sequential dengue infections. the risk of sequential infections, and consequently the incidence of d ...	1994	8146129
larval diet, adult size, and susceptibility of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) to infection with ross river virus.	the relationship of larval nutrition and adult body size to the susceptibility of aedes aegypti (l.) to ross river virus infection was examined. large adult mosquitoes produced by feeding larvae a high-level diet consumed significantly more virus particles than did smaller mosquitoes. however, when a correction for body size was made, smaller mosquitoes were found to consume significantly more virus per unit of body weight. a host viremia of 2.4 log10 pfu/ml failed to infect mosquitoes of any si ...	1994	8158614
control of larval aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) by cyclopoid copepods in peridomestic breeding containers.	mesocyclops longisetus (thiébaud), mesocyclops thermocyclopoides harada, mesocyclops venezolanus dussart, and macrocyclops albidus (jurine) were tested for their effectiveness in controlling aedes aegypti (l.) larvae in a variety of containers around homes in el progreso, honduras. all four cyclopoid species killed > 20 larvae per cyclopoid per d under container conditions. m. longisetus was most effective, not only because it was the most voracious predator, but also because it survived best in ...	1994	8158627
plasmodium gallinaceum: differential lysis of two developmental stages of malaria sporozoites by the alternative pathway of complement.	during sporogonic development of plasmodium gallinaceum in the mosquito vector, two developmentally distinct sporozoite stages can be isolated. sporozoites obtained from oocysts in abdomens of mosquitoes 10 days after an infective blood meal are poorly infectious to the vertebrate host (chicken); days later, sporozoites isolated from mosquito salivary glands are highly infectious. in a first step toward understanding the physiologic basis of this developmentally regulated infectivity to the vert ...	1994	8162961
the design of a community-based health education intervention for the control of aedes aegypti.	this report describes the process used to develop locally appropriate educational materials and to implement the education component of a community-based aedes aegypti control program in merida, yucatan, mexico. the process is broken into five stages: formative research, developing recommendations for behavior change, development of educational messages, development and production of educational materials, and distribution of the materials. appropriate terminology and taxonomies for dengue were ...	1994	8166346
complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of the aedes albopictus parvovirus (aapv) pathogenic for aedes aegypti larvae.	we have cloned the replicative form of the aedes albopictus parvovirus (aapv) genome and determined the complete sequence of the viral strand. the sequence is 4176 nucleotides (nt) in length. the first 134 nt at the 3' end and the terminal 182 nt at the 5' end of the viral (minus) strand can both generate by folding and annealing of complementary sequences a typical terminal t-shaped structure although they differ in their sequence. three large open reading frames (orfs), each one in a different ...	1994	8178459
effects of the insect growth regulators oms 2017 and diflubenzuron on the reproductive potential of aedes aegypti.	the effects of 2 benzoylphenylurea insect growth regulators, oms 2017 and diflubenzuron, on 4th instar larvae of aedes aegypti were investigated in the laboratory. apart from delayed lethal action, possible effects on the reproductive potential were also studied. a baseline concentration of each compound causing 30% emergence inhibition was determined. at this concentration, oms 2017 affected fecundity of the mosquito but diflubenzuron did not. the fertility of females that survived oms 2017 exp ...	1993	8126477
cultured aedes albopictus mosquito cells synthesize hormone-inducible proteins.	to provide a framework for biochemical investigation of ecdysteroid action in aedes albopictus mosquito cells, we examined the effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone on cell growth and morphology, synthesis of inducible proteins (eips), and expression of a transfected gene regulated by a synthetic ecdysteroid response element. when cells were cultured in the continuous presence of 10(-6) m 20-hydroxyecdysone, the rate of growth decreased and subtle changes in cell morphology were observed. in both aedes a ...	1993	8118617
estimation of the number of full sibling families at an oviposition site using rapd-pcr markers: applications to the mosquito aedes aegypti.	there are many species in which groups of individuals encountered in the field are known to consist of mixtures of full-sibling families. we describe a statistical technique, based on the use of random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) markers, that allows for the estimation of the number of families contained in these groups. we test the technique on full-sibling families of the mosquito aedes aegypti, a species that distributes its eggs among several locations. mix ...	1993	24194008
mass spectrometry and characterization of aedes aegypti trypsin modulating oostatic factor (tmof) and its analogs.	trypsin modulating oostatic factor (tmof), a decapeptide that directly inhibits the biosynthesis of trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like enzymes in epithelial cells of mosquito midgut and indirectly inhibits vitellogenesis in anautogenous females, has been sequenced by fourier transform mass spectrometry analysis. the peptide has a primary amino acid sequence of nh2-tyr-asp-pro-ala-(pro)6-cooh and probably exhibits left-handed helical conformation as was shown by computer stereoview simulation. the fa ...	1993	8353526
distribution, abundance and bionomics of aedes albopictus in southern texas.	a survey was conducted for aedes albopictus in southern texas during the summer of 1992. thirty-five new country records were added to the distribution of this imported mosquito in texas. aedes albopictus was widely distributed throughout the ecological regions in the survey area, but its abundance decreased in counties adjacent to the rio grande river. however, these counties had high densities of aedes aegypti.	1993	8245952
comparison of sampling efficacy of sweeping and dipping for aedes aegypti larvae in tires.	a sweep net with a flexible plastic frame was compared to a dipper for sampling efficacy for aedes aegypti larvae in different-sized tires. when known numbers of mosquito larvae were introduced into tires, from 2 to 6.8 times more larvae were recovered by sweeping than by dipping. sediment in the tires significantly reduced the recovery of larvae by both methods. sampling efficacy was affected by water level and tire size. in relation to dipping, sweeping showed less variation in percentage reco ...	1993	8245942
a parvo-like virus persistently infecting a c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus mosquito cell line and pathogenic for aedes aegypti larvae.	we have isolated and partially characterized from an apparently healthy c6/36 subclone of aedes albopictus cell line a small icosahedral non-enveloped dna virus, designated aapv. this virus proved to be highly pathogenic for aedes aegypti neonate larvae. viral infection persisted for over 4 years in the cell culture without any cytopathic effect. attempts to infect suckling mice, drosophila melanogaster adults and spodoptera littoralis larvae with aapv were unsuccessful. similarly, the aapv fail ...	1993	8212862
cloning and sequencing of the cyclodiene insecticide resistance gene from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. conservation of the gene and resistance associated mutation with drosophila.	in order to examine the conservation of the mechanism of cyclodiene insecticide resistance between species we cloned a cdna from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti homologous to the resistance gene rdl in drosophila. in d. melanogaster, resistance to cyclodienes and picrotoxinin is caused by a single amino acid substitution (alanine to serine) in the putative channel lining of a gamma-aminobutyic acid gated chloride ion channel. we report that the mosquito gene not only shows high homology ...	1993	8391473
arachidonic acid and prostaglandin e2 in malpighian tubules of female yellow fever mosquitoes.	the fatty acid compositions of malpighian tubules from adult females of the mosquito aedes aegypti were determined for total lipids, phospholipids, triacylglycerols and three phospholipid fractions, namely phosphatidylcholine (pc), phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) and phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylserine (pi/ps). the prostaglandin precursor arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) occurred in total lipids and phospholipids, but not triacylglycerols. within phospholipids, nearly all of the 20:4n-6 was detected ...	1993	8508185
aedes aegypti in new jersey.		1993	8350084
gorging response of culicine mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to blood fractions.	although anopheline mosquitoes will ingest plasma without blood cells, culex spp. and aedes spp. require the phagostimulatory effect of blood cells; this effect can be duplicated by the addition of adenine-nucleotides to plasma. because activation of platelets released adp and atp into the plasma, they were suspected as the major source of the phagostimulant. this paper describes quantitatively the role of platelets in ingestion by aedes aegypti (l.) and culex univittatus theobald. we found that ...	1993	8510110
vapour toxicity & repellence of some essential oils & terpenoids to adults of aedes aegypti (l) (diptera: culicidae).	bioefficacy of commercially used synthetic insecticides/repellents and potential of selected essential oils and terpenoids were assessed against mosquitoes. essential oils and terpenoids, were vapourised in commercially manufactured mosquito repellent electronic assemblies and effects of such vapours were tested on 6-7 days old adult female aedes aegypti. commercially available 'mats' (coir rectangles) impregnated with allethrin were used as standards for comparison of kt50 and kt90 values. fast ...	1993	8406635
differential particle uptake by larvae of three mosquito species (diptera: culicidae).	second and fourth instars of culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) and fourth instars of culiseta morsitans (theobald) were fed five size classes of latex particles ranging from 0.56 to 5.75 microns. each experimental run was done on two size classes of particles mixed in different proportions of 10:90, 50:50, and 90:10. both the gut contents and the food mixtures were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the particle percentage composition was determined. the null hypothesis that no part ...	1993	8099623
effect of the insect growth regulator methoprene on the ovipositional behavior of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus.	laboratory and field tests were conducted to determine the attractiveness of the insect growth regulator methoprene to ovipositing mosquitoes when presented at concentrations used in mosquito control programs. laboratory experiments indicated that ovipositing culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti were not attracted to methoprene. in field experiments, culex stigmatosoma and cx. quinquefasciatus larval dip counts in experimental ponds treated with methoprene briquets were not significantly dif ...	1993	8468569
effects of preblood-meal sugar on sugar seeking and upwind flight by gravid and parous aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	sugar seeking and upwind flight of gravid and parous female aedes aegypti (l.) was measured by their attraction to honey in a dual-port airflow olfactometer at selected time intervals after a blood meal. comparisons were made between pre-blood-meal sugar-fed and unfed females. sugar-fed females had greater total energy reserves, mostly because of elevated lipid levels. gravid mosquitoes in both groups showed a strong tendency to fly upwind. this appears to be a pre-ovipositional response. gravid ...	1993	8459411
regulation of epithelial shunt conductance by the peptide leucokinin.	isolated malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti spontaneously secrete nacl, kcl and water across an epithelium of modest transepithelial resistance (40-80 omega cm2) and high transepithelial voltage (30-70 mv, lumen positive). transepithelial electrochemical potentials indicate that na and k are secreted by active and cl by passive transport mechanisms. the addition of synthetic leucokinin-viii (lk-viii, insect myotropic peptide) to the peritubular bath significantly incre ...	1993	8459448
structure, expression, and hormonal control of genes from the mosquito, aedes aegypti, which encode proteins similar to the vitelline membrane proteins of drosophila melanogaster.	genomic and cdna clones of a gene expressed after a blood meal in the mosquito, aedes aegypti, were identified as having significant similarity to the vitelline membrane protein genes of drosophila melanogaster. the predicted protein had unusually high contents of alanine, histidine, and proline and contained a region of hydrophobic amino acids that was highly conserved in the predicted protein of the d. melanogaster vitelline membrane protein genes. the 15a gene was expressed from 5 to 40 hr af ...	1993	8432405
isolation, sequencing and characterization of two cdna clones coding for trypsin-like enzymes from the midgut of aedes aegypti.	in order to understand the regulation of trypsin genes by the blood meal, we constructed a cdna library from mrna isolated from midguts of blood-fed female aedes aegypti. the library was screened with a drosophila melanogaster trypsin-like gene; twelve cdnas were isolated and sequenced. two clones were 846 bp and 788 bp long with 762 bp and 716 bp open reading frames, respectively. the cdnas were identified as coding for serine proteases by the presence of conserved serine, histidine and asparti ...	1993	9087545
changes in enzyme titres with age in four geographical strains of aedes aegypti and their association with insecticide resistance.	the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, glutathione s-transferase (gst), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd), and general esterases were assayed in four strains of aedes aegypti mosquitoes aged between 1 and 30 days. microtitre plate methods were used to assay activity in the homogenates of individual mosquitoes. the levels of gst and g6pd declined with the age of the mosquitoes, while the activity for the other enzymes remained constant. soluble protein content was also found to decline with mos ...	1993	8435483
detection of multiple blood feeding in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) during a single gonotrophic cycle using a histologic technique.	we evaluated a histologic technique for its usefulness in detecting multiple blood feeding by aedes aegypti (l.) in a single gonotrophic cycle. to standardize the procedure, we carried out a laboratory study in which 166 mosquitoes imbibed two blood meals at known intervals. eighty percent (78/98) of the multiple meals were detected when the interval between meals was from 1 to < to = 24 h and the time from the second meal to fixation ranged from 0 to 12 hr. at intervals outside this range, only ...	1993	8433350
codon preference of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.	the codon bias of two aedes mosquito species was examined using a sign test. in general, there appeared to be some preference for c + g at the third base position, although this was not statistically significant. while amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine clearly displayed biases, others such as valine and serine appeared to have little or no bias for any particular codon. three homologous genes of aedes aegypti and drosophila melanogaster were compared using the chi-square test and th ...	1993	8269097
insecticide toxicity, glutathione transferases and carboxylesterase activities in the larva of the aedes mosquito.	1. toxicity evaluations of ddt, lindane, abate and carbaryl were carried out in the larvae of two wild aedes aegypti strains from kuala lumpur and klang. the kuala lumpur strain was more susceptible to the insecticides than the klang strain. 2. the lethal toxicity time was also determined. the insecticides were found to take a longer time to exert their effect in the klang strain as compared to the kuala lumpur strain. 3. carboxylesterase activity was determined to be higher in the kuala lumpur ...	1993	8097444
studies on the effect of translocation of chemical insecticides in eicchornia host plant on mansonia mosquitos--a potential control method.	a novel method for the control of mansonia larvae was developed and tested. in this method, foliar absorption and translocation of a chemical insecticide, monocrotophos, a known systemic insecticide was studied in the eicchornia plant. acetone solution of the insecticide was painted onto leaves of the plant. at daily intervals, stems were severed and divided into equal sections which were introduced into bowls. larvae of aedes aegypti were tested for the presence of monocrotophos. it was found t ...	1993	7526473
the salivary glands of the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti, express a novel member of the amylase gene family.	several cdna clones with similarity to alpha-amylases have been characterized from a library made from adult female salivary gland rna isolated from the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti. the corresponding gene, designated amylase i (amy i), is expressed specifically in the proximal-lateral lobes of the adult female salivary gland, a pattern overlapping that of another gene, mal i, involved in carbohydrate metabolism. the deduced amino acid sequence of amy i indicates that this gene encodes a prote ...	1993	7505701
[comparative study of larval and ovitrap efficacy for surveillance of dengue and yellow fever vectors].	a comparative study of the efficiency of ovitraps and larval-traps was undertaken with a view to improving the entomological survey of vectors of dengue and yellow fever-aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus-in s. paulo state, brazil. the region studied is infected only by aedes albopictus, a species that keeps to wild habitats but colonizes artificial breeding grounds as well. the first part of the study was located in a periurban area of tremembé county were 3 hollon trees, 23 ovitraps and 5 larv ...	1993	8209154
[aedes (stegomyia) aegypti l. and associated culicidae fauna in a urban area of southern brazil].	some aspects of the ecology of eleven species of culicidae that were found breeding in recipients in an urban area of southern brazil are presented. a great variety of recipients were listed as efficient breeding sites. apparently aedes aegypti has been recently introduced into the region and was limited to two areas of the city. culex quinquefasciatus, cx. coronator, ae. aegypti, ae. fluviatilis e limatus durhamii were the predominant species.	1993	8209165
effect of ivermectin on two filaria-vector pairs. brugia malayi-aedes aegypti; litomosoides sigmodontis-bdellonyssus bacoti.	the effect of ivermectin was studied on two filaria-vector pairs, brugia malayi-aedes aegypti and litomosoides sigmodontis-bdellonyssus bacoti. the rodent hosts, respectively mastomys coucha and meriones unguiculatus, were treated with ivermectin doses of 0.05 mg/kg, or 0.2 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg. batches of vectors were fed on rodents, infected or not, treated or not, from h7 to d43 post-ivermectin. vector survival was observed and dissections were performed to study the filarial development. it appe ...	1993	8215116
effect of a community-based aedes aegypti control programme on mosquito larval production sites in el progreso, honduras.	this paper describes the results of a trial to assess the efficacy in reducing the density of larval production sites of utilizing community involvement in the planning and implementation of an aedes aegypti control programme, in a dengue-endemic city in honduras. in addition to a substantial increase in knowledge about dengue transmission and prevention, a relative reduction in ae. aegypti larval infestation indices was found in those city neighbourhoods where community involvement was utilized ...	1993	8236387
insect blood meal studies using radiosodium 24na and 22na.	rabbits were infused with 3.7 gbq (100 mci) of [24na]na ion in a 100-ml sodium carbonate solution. beta particles were detected using a tennelec counting system; background counts were 1.6 +/- 1 counts per minute (cpm). counts for one nanoliter of blood ranged from 22 to 30 cpm. blood volumes on the mouthparts of tabanids following a 15-sec interrupted feeding were estimated to be 12.5 nl for tabanus fuscicostatus, 10.8 nl for t. nigrovittatus and 6.12 nl for chrysops fuliginosus. estimates of t ...	1993	8245935
oviposition response of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to different concentrations of hay infusion in trinidad, west indies.	ovitraps containing various concentrations of hay infusion and tap water were exposed weekly in the field for 15 wk to determine the oviposition patterns of aedes aegypti. the results showed 10, 20, 60 and 80% hay infusions each attracted similar numbers of ae. aegypti eggs oviposited and egg occurrences. no repellent effect was observed. in another field study, significantly more eggs and egg occurrences were collected from 25 and 50% hay infusions and tap water. the differences in these result ...	1993	8245947
blood-feeding patterns of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) collected in a rural thai village.	aedes aegypti (l.) were collected by aspiration once each week from in and around houses in a rural village in chachoengsao province. thailand, during may 1990 to june 1991. of the 1,230 specimens analyzed with a sandwich elisa, 73% reacted to one or more of the seven hosts which we tested. eighty-eight percent (789/896) of all detectable meals were identified as being from a single host (human). patent multiple meals (double and triple), of which one was always human, were detected in 7% (66/89 ...	1993	8254642
laboratory demonstration of oviposition by aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in covered water jars.	in thailand, ceramic jars (135-200 liters) covered by aluminum lids commonly are used to store water for household use. in laboratory cages, gravid female aedes aegypti (l.) were able to enter and oviposit in a covered water jar. although the aluminum lid was not a complete barrier to gravid females, it reduced the number of eggs oviposited by 77%. a vertically oriented foam rubber ring which was compressed between the lip of the jar and the flange of the lid effectively sealed the jar against o ...	1993	8254646
the gonotrophic status and diel pattern of entry to outdoor oviposition sites of female aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).	experimental observations, made outdoors during the dry and wet seasons in trinidad, confirm earlier findings regarding the diel pattern of entry to ovitraps and oviposition there and the taking of more than one bloodmeal during a single gonotrophic cycle. for 6-h but not for 6-h exposure periods, significantly more eggs were laid in the morning peak during the dry season than during the wet season. at the study site females were encountered singly, and only in ovitraps that contained eggs. with ...	1993	8257237
seasonal abundance of dengue vectors in manila, republic of the philippines.	the dengue vectors aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus were surveyed within the city of manila from august 1985 to july 1987. survey techniques included ovitraps, indoor resting collections, fay traps, and larval surveys. aedes aegypti was the principal container breeder within the residential areas, while ae. albopictus predominated in cemeteries. the ovitrap was very effective in detecting the presence of ae. aegypti, but not in measuring population changes during the year. indoor resting and fay ...	1993	8266245
codon usage patterns in chromosomal and retrotransposon genes of the mosquito anopheles gambiae.	codon usage was compiled for fourteen chromosomal genes and four retrotransposons from the mosquito anopheles gambiae. variation exists among chromosomal genes in the degree of bias. the genes showing the highest bias are probably most highly expressed. in these genes, the base composition at the third codon position is much richer in g + c than is the overall coding sequence. thus, codon usage is biased toward g- or c-ending codons. codon usage in each retrotransposon is quite different, not on ...	1993	8269095
dynamic life table model for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): analysis of the literature and model development.	the container-inhabiting mosquito simulation model (cimsim) is a weather-driven, dynamic life table simulation model of aedes aegypti (l.). it is designed to provide a framework for related models of similar mosquitoes which inhibit artificial and natural containers. cimsim is an attempt to provide a mechanistic, comprehensive, and dynamic accounting of the multitude of relationships known to play a role in the life history of these mosquitoes. development rates of eggs, larvae, pupae, and the g ...	1993	8271242
dynamic life table model for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): simulation results and validation.	the container-inhabiting mosquito simulation model (cimsim) is a weather-driven, dynamic life table simulation model of aedes aegypti (l.) and similar nondiapausing aedes mosquitoes that inhabit artificial and natural containers. this paper presents a validation of cimsim simulating ae. aegypti using several independent series of data that were not used in model development. validation data sets include laboratory work designed to elucidate the role of diet on fecundity and rates of larval devel ...	1993	8271243
cytotoxicity and adp-ribosylating activity of the mosquitocidal toxin from bacillus sphaericus ssii-1: possible roles of the 27- and 70-kilodalton peptides.	clones expressing regions of the 100-kda bacillus sphaericus ssii-1 mosquitocidal toxin (mtx) as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase were constructed, and the toxin-derived peptides were purified. the in vitro adp-ribosylation activities of these peptides and their effects on larvae and cells in culture were studied. mtx25 (amino acids 30 to 493) was found to adp-ribosylate two proteins with molecular masses of 38 and 42 kda, respectively, in culex quinquefasciatus (g7) cell extracts, ...	1993	8096838
effect of temperature on toxicity of two bioinsecticides spherix (bacillus sphaericus) and bactoculicide (bacillus thuringiensis) against larvae of four vector mosquitoes.	two bioinsecticide preparations, viz. spherix (bacillus sphaericus) and bactoculicide (bacillus thuringiensis h-14), were tested in the laboratory against larvae of anopheles culicifacies, anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti at different temperatures. the lcs50 of spherix against iii instar larvae of these species at 27 +/- 2 degrees c were 2.0, 0.19, 0.05 and > 40 mg/litre, respectively and those of bactoculicide were 0.32, 0.16, 0.06 and 0.03 mg/litre, respectively. t ...	1993	8100540
linkage map for aedes aegypti using restriction fragment length polymorphisms.	we report construction of a genetic linkage map for the mosquito, aedes aegypti, based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps). the map consists of 50 dna markers that identify 53 loci covering 134 map units across three linkage groups. determination of linkage associations between rflp markers and several mutant marker loci allowed for partial integration of the rflp markers with an existing classical genetic linkage map for a. aegypti. the rflp markers include 42 random cdna clone ...	1993	8101854
variation of larval susceptibility to lagenidium giganteum in three mosquito species.	a significantly greater number of lagenidium giganteum zoospores were found encysting on the dorsal thoracic surface of anopheles gambiae larvae than on the larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens. however, germ tube penetration in the cuticle of a. gambiae provoked an intense and diffuse melanization which encapsulated the fungus and protected 56% from death. although a small number of zoospores attach to and penetrate the cuticular surface of a. aegypti and c. pipiens approximately 99% of bo ...	1993	8104999
intracellular development of subperiodic brugia malayi influenced by mosquito thoracic muscle cells.	the in vitro development of 1-day-old intracellularly lodged larvae of brugia malayi cultured in infected excised thoraces of selected susceptible and refractory strains of aedes aegypti and anopheles quadrimaculatus was compared with larvae reared in vivo. in susceptible mosquitoes, both in vitro and in vivo, larvae developed normally and abnormally. in refractory mosquitoes this pattern of both normal and abnormal development was also observed, except that comparatively fewer larvae developed ...	1993	8105000
dengue in the south-eastern region of brazil: historical analysis and epidemiology.	the aim of the study is an historical analysis of the work undertaken by the public health organizations dedicated to the combat of the aedes aegypti, as well as an epidemiological study of persons with unexplained fever, with a view to evaluating the occurrence of dengue within the population. the mac-elisa, gac-elisa, hemagglutination inhibition, isolation and typage tests were used. organophosphate intoxication in agricultural workers was also assessed by measuring concentrations of seric cho ...	1993	8115829
cloning and sequencing of the blood meal-induced late trypsin gene from the mosquito aedes aegypti and characterization of the upstream regulatory region.	a 4.1 kb genomic clone of the late trypsin gene from the mosquito aedes aegypti was isolated, mapped and subcloned. a 1.6 kb subclone, corresponding to 1.1 kb of upstream regulatory region and 0.5 kb of coding region, was sequenced. the gene has no introns within the coding region. the 5' end of the mature mrna was mapped using primer extension analysis. a tata box consensus sequence (tataaa) was found at position -31 from the 5' end of the mature mrna. a cluster of five repeat sequences homolog ...	1993	9087537
a comparison of three methods for isolating rna from mosquitoes.	the two most common protocols for rna isolation, chirgwin et al., 1979, and chomczynski & sacchi, 1987, were compared with a protocol using glass powder. the quality of the recovered rna was tested using agarose gels and northern hybridization. with the glass powder protocol, we consistently obtained intact rna, whereas with the other protocols we often obtained degraded rna. using specific radioactive probes, we measured ribosomal rna and trypsin mrna recovered from fed adult aedes aegypti fema ...	1993	9087539
cloning and analysis of the locus for mosquito vitellogenic carboxypeptidase.	vitellogenic carboxypeptidase is a 53 kda yolk protein produced by the fat body of the female mosquito, aedes aegypti, in response to a blood meal. its expression is sex-, stage- and tissue-specific and is identical to that of the major yolk protein, vitellogenin. the gene is intronless and two alleles have been cloned and sequenced, including more than 1.5 kb on both sides of the coding region. a capsite consensus recently identified as an arthropod initiator is present at the start site of tra ...	1993	9087558
extracts of mosquito salivary gland inhibit tumour necrosis factor alpha release from mast cells.	extracts of salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti inhibit tumour cell-stimulated release of tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnf alpha) from rat mast cells, but do not inhibit antigen-induced histamine secretion. this inhibitory activity for tnf alpha is found in salivary glands of female but not in male mosquitoes. this inhibition is not mediated by bacterial contamination (lps), by calcitonin gene related peptide (cgrp), nerve growth factor (ngf), epidermal growth factor (egf ...	1993	7679483
ultra-rapid, simple, sensitive, and economical silica method for extraction of dengue viral rna from clinical specimens and mosquitoes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.	a rapid, simple and efficient single-tube procedure is described for the isolation of dengue virus rna from small amount of serum (10 microliters) followed by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). recovery of rna is based on the lysing and nuclease-inactivating properties of guanidinium thiocyanate in the presence of silica. the silica rt-pcr can be completed within 5 hours starting from rna extraction to agarose gel electrophoresis. all of the 63 dengue-3 culture-positive ...	1993	7689635
[dengue epidemic in new caledonia (1989). environmental factors and prevention].	an extensive dengue epidemic was reported in new caledonia en 1989. environmental factors (temperature and rainfalls) directly controlled the mosquitos population at the end of 1988. the introduction of a new dengue virus, transmitted by aedes aegypti, was responsible for an epidemic that occurred in january-april 1989 and lasted until july 1989. the estimated number of cases was 25,000 and the attack rate was close to 120 per thousand inhabitants for a six month-period. the epidemic involved ma ...	1993	7819798
[current situation of yellow fever in latin america].	yellow fever endemicity is currently stabilized in south america: an average of 115 cases has officially been notified each year since 25 years (between 12 and 304 annual cases). these figures are underevaluated but no epidemic has been observed since 1983. only sporadic or limited grouped cases have been reported. all declared cases correspond to people who have been infected within sylvatic areas, mainly adult forestmen. within the last years, the majority of cases have occurred in peru and bo ...	1993	7819801
[outbreak of classical fever of dengue caused by serotype 2 in araguaiana, tocantins, brazil].	we report the first outbreak of dengue fever caused by dengue 2 (den 2) in araguaina, tocantins state. four hundred people of 74 families, living at s. joão, araguaina sul and neblina districts were questioned and then bled, in order to obtain sera to test for anti-dengue antibodies. if a person was sick, a small quantity of blood was collected for virus isolation. the main clinical picture of disease was characterized by fever, headache, myalgias, arthralgias and skin rash. were obtained 1,105 ...	1993	8284598
role of the cryivd polypeptide in the overall toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	the gene encoding the cryivd protein of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis crystals was disrupted by in vivo recombination. the toxicity of the cryivd protein-free inclusions was similar to that of the wild-type crystals on anopheles stephensi larvae but was half the wild-type toxicity on culex pipiens and aedes aegypti larvae.	1993	8285695
on the transmissibility of eperythrozoon suis by stomoxys calcitrans and aedes aegypti.	the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (linnaeus), and the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (linnaeus), were utilized to determine their capability to transmit eperythrozoon suis splitter between swine. three groups of each insect in each trial were allowed to feed on a pig previously infected with e. suis and then transferred to susceptible splenectomized pigs. as a control, one group of each insect was fed on a non-infected pig and then transferred to a susceptible pig. stable flies were tran ...	1993	8291187
stable transformation of mosquito cell lines using a hsp70::neo fusion gene.	mosquito cell culture transfection will allow the advancement of genetic studies of these important disease-transmitting insects. towards this end, we report the generation of stably transformed aedes aegypti mos20 cells using a plasmid construct containing the tn5 neo gene, the drosophila melanogaster hsp70 promoter, an sv40 intron and poly adenylation sequence, and a pbr 322 backbone. the apparent frequency of transfection, as measured by transient resistance of cell colonies to geneticin (g41 ...	1993	8293995
[the effect of water temperature on the action of bacterial insecticides against mosquito larvae].	the ld50 logarithm of bacillus thuringiensis and b. sphaericus toxins effects on the larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens is in inverse correlation with the water temperature. the influence of the temperature on the toxins effect on c. pipiens larvae is higher than that for a. aegypti larvae. similarly, b. sphaericus toxin effect depends on the water temperature to a greater measure than that of b. thuringiensis toxin. the authors predict a high efficacy of b. sphaericus-based insecticides ...	1993	8336659
heterogeneity in patterns of malarial oocyst infections in the mosquito vector.	oocyst prevalence and intensity have been recorded in 349 laboratory infections of anopheles stephensi with plasmodium berghei. intensity and prevalence of infection are shown to be predictably related. the structure and heterogeneity in the infections has been analysed with the objective of describing the biological mechanisms by which the observed negative binomial oocyst distributions are generated. the analysis has revealed that the most likely processes lie within the population dynamic eve ...	1993	8341579
genetic maps of the sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina: linkage-group correlations with other dipteran genera.	linkage data and revised genetic maps for 72 autosomal loci in lucilia cuprina are presented. comparison of the linkage relationships of biochemically and morphologically similar mutations in ceratitis capitata, drosophila melanogaster, and musca domestica supports the hypothesis that the major linkage elements have survived relatively intact during evolution of the higher diptera. the relationship of the linkage groups of the mosquito aedes aegypti to these species is less clear.	1993	8349126
unreliable supply of potable water and elevated aedes aegypti larval indices: a causal relationship?	we investigated the hypothesis that a deficient supply of piped water was causing a high prevalence of water storage containers, which in turn, become important aquatic habitats of aedes aegypti in a small town in venezuela. the house (71.2%) and breteau indices (229) were considerably elevated. prevalent positive containers were: metal drums, small disposable containers (bottles, tins, etc.), tires, house plants (flowers in vases and plants in pots with earth) and tanks. most people reported fr ...	1993	8350076
identification of blood meals in aedes aegypti by antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	a comparative study of 3 elisa protocols was performed for host blood meal identification in aedes aegypti. in the sandwich-b elisa, which used a combination of heavy and heavy+light chain conjugates, specificity was improved to such a degree that conjugates no longer required cross-adsorption with heterologous sera. using the sandwich-b assay, human blood meals in laboratory reared ae. aegypti could be detected longer after feeding (100% at 32 h and 80% at 42 h) than with a direct assay (100% a ...	1993	8350077
[a study on transmission of dengue virus by culex fatigans].	patients with acute dengue fever within 2 days of onset were simultaneously bitten by culex fatigans, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, which were fed and incubated in the laboratory. isolation and quantitative assay of dengue virus and transmission experiment were conducted on specimens collected from 3 kinds of mosquitoes at different time. the result showed a positive rate of 5.13% (2/39) and an average viral titer of 2.41 logtcid50, for culex fatigans, which indicates that culex fatigans m ...	1993	8353818
three simple devices for preventing development of aedes aegypti larvae in water jars.	we developed three types of covers that are easily fabricated from plastic screen locally manufactured in thailand. the covers were designed to permit normal use of water jars for drinking, utility water uses, and water storage. tests of the covers in the laboratory and field demonstrated that they could completely prevent successful development of aedes aegypti (l.) in water jars. initial experience in a village setting demonstrated that these devices were readily manufactured and used in a com ...	1993	8357077
temperature-induced refractoriness of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to infection with the filaria brugia pahangi.		1993	8369568
phototoxicity of (1h-indenyl)thiophenes.	the (1h-indenyl)thiophene derivatives 2 and 3 were recently reported to be excellent singlet oxygen sensitizers, comparable to alpha-terthienyl (1). the phototoxicity of these compounds was compared, using human erythrocytes, aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, daphnia magna, and fish (fathead minnows, pimephales promelas). the known ranking of the photooxidation properties was found to be a good predictor of phototoxic properties in erythrocytes and mosquito larvae but not in daphnias. all three com ...	1993	8378432
experimental infection of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) by the oral route with sindbis virus.	the infectivity, dissemination, and transmissibility of wild-type sindbis (sin) virus were studied in aedes aegypti (l). there was an initial decline in the viral titer of whole mosquitoes for 3 d after ingestion of virus, followed by a gradual increase to a maximal level by day 6. immunoperoxidase staining of ae. aegypti for viral antigen showed infection of midgut epithelial cells on day 1, of the fat body by day 3, and of the brain by day 4. by day 5, there was infection of the foregut, hindg ...	1993	8384663
insecticide susceptibility status of anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti in panaji, goa.	adult and larval insecticidal tests conducted in panaji, goa, revealed that adults of an. stephensi were resistant to ddt (4.0%), dieldrin (0.4%) and malathion (5.0%). the larvae of an. stephensi were also resistant to ddt (2.5 mg/l) and malathion (3.125 mg/l). cx. quinquefasciatus adults were resistant to ddt, dieldrin, malathion and fenitrothion (1.0%), and larvae were highly resistant to ddt but showed low resistance to malathion and fenitrothion (0.125 mg/i). adults of ae. aegypti were resis ...	1993	8405597
effects on toxicity of eliminating a cleavage site in a predicted interhelical loop in bacillus thuringiensis cryivb delta-endotoxin.	when activated by treatment with mosquito (aedes aegypti) gut extract, the bacillus thuringiensis cryivb delta-endotoxin lysed a. aegypti cells in vitro. sds-page and n-terminal sequence determination showed that in addition to removal of the c-terminal half of the molecule, the activated toxin had undergone proteolytic cleavage at two internal regions producing 47-48-kda and 16-18-kda polypeptides. aligning the cryivb protein sequence with the crystallographic structure of the cryiiia toxin sug ...	1993	8405934
dengue in gujarat state, india during 1988 & 1989.	following the reports of epidemics of febrile illness from several rural and urban areas of gujarat state (india) in 1988, epidemiological investigations were carried out and dengue (den) virus activity was demonstrated in large cities such as surat and rajkot as well as several villages in sabarkantha district. two strains of dengue type-2 each were isolated from human sera from surat city and a village in sabarkantha district. six strains of dengue virus were isolated from aedes aegypti mosqui ...	1993	8406637
genetic determinants of host ranges of bacillus sphaericus mosquito larvicidal toxins.	the 51.4-kda-41.9-kda binary toxin produced by different strains of bacillus sphaericus shows differential activity toward culex quinquefasciatus, aedes atropalpus, and aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. the patterns of larvicidal activity toward all three mosquito species and growth retardation in a. aegypti have been shown to be due to the 41.9-kda protein. by using mutant toxins expressed in escherichia coli, insecticidal activity and growth retardation correlated with amino acids centered around ...	1993	8419297
pgs28 belongs to a family of epidermal growth factor-like antigens that are targets of malaria transmission-blocking antibodies.	although pgs28, a 28-kd surface protein of plasmodium gallinaceum oökinetes, was previously thought not to be a target of transmission-blocking antibodies, we found that polyclonal antisera to pgs28 completely blocked parasite infectivity to aedes aegypti mosquitoes. antisera raised against reduced pgs28 were less effective in blocking transmission than were antisera to nonreduced pgs28; thus, the target epitope(s) of transmission-blocking antibodies appears to be conformation dependent. in stag ...	1993	8426118
lessons of aedes aegypti control in thailand.	the incidence of dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) in thailand has increased cyclically since the first recognized outbreak in 1958. without an effective vaccine against dengue, and considering the clinical difficulty of treating dhf cases, vector control is needed to prevent dengue transmission. since the establishment of the who aedes research unit in 1964, continued since 1973 as the who collaborating centre at the department of medical research in bangkok, much operational research has been ca ...	1993	8435481
critical review of aedes aegypti control programs in the caribbean and selected neighboring countries.	in recent years the region of the americas has experienced increasing dengue activity with circulation of multiple virus serotypes. associated with this trend has been the occurrence of sporadic dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) cases and of dhf epidemics in both the caribbean and latin america. high vector infestation levels persist even though most countries in the caribbean conduct national aedes aegypti control programs and despite the fact that in some instances, expenditures exceed us$5 per c ...	1993	8468568
effects of plant flavonoids and other allelochemicals on insect cytochrome p-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase activity.	the plant flavonoids flavone, chrysin, apigenin, kaempferol, morin, quercetin, myricetin and phloretin were found to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the cytochrome p-450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated with adult female aedes aegypti, wandering stage larvae of drosophila melanogaster, and fat body and midgut from prewandering and wandering stage last instar larvae of manduca sexta. the concentrations of these flavonoids required to elicit a 50% inhibition of the steroi ...	1993	8485518