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mosquito dopa decarboxylase cdna characterization and blood-meal-induced ovarian expression.dopa decarboxylase (ddc) functions in insect catecholamine biochemistry to produce materials essential for cross-linking reactions that result in tanning and/or melanization, include tanning of the mosquito egg chorion and encapsulation of parasites. we have cloned ddc from the mosquito, aedes aegypti, and studied its expression in response to blood-feeding, which initiates events necessary for egg maturation in mosquitoes. the ae. aegypti ddc cdna was isolated via heterologous screening using a ...19968673262
critical examination of aedes aegypti indices: correlations with abundance.the following immature stage indices for aedes (stegomyia) aegypti surveillance were evaluated in four north queensland, australia towns with respect to their relationship to immature and adult female densities: breteau, house, container, larval density, stegomyia (and modifications thereof), and a newly created adult productivity index. spearman's correlations of indices that considered larval or immature (larvae and pupae) numbers had a better relationship with immature abundance but this was ...19968644913
cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding the antibacterial peptide, defensin a, from the mosquito, aedes aegypti.insect defensins are cationic, inducible antibacterial peptides. four full-length cdnas encoding defensin a from the mosquito aedes aegypti were cloned using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced. all four cdnas are 473 base pairs long, bearing an open reading frame of 98 amino acids with a few substitutions in the signal peptide domain. the deduced amino acid sequence of aedes aegypti defensin (aadef) contains a signal peptide sequence of 18 amino acids followed by a 40-amino acid putat ...19968814787
community involvement in the control of aedes aegypti.in the past 15 years, there has been a dramatic resurgence of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever worldwide, with increased frequency of epidemics and geographic expansion of both the mosquito vectors and the viruses. the reasons for this resurgence are not well understood, but include uncontrolled and unplanned urbanization, increased movement of people and viruses by airplane and lack of effective control of aedes aegypti, the principal mosquito vector of dengue viruses. the recommended method ...19968740894
fish digital imaging microscopy in mosquito genomics.the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, transmits pathogens that affect both humans and livestock, and has been the focus of extensive research to identify genetic loci that may be useful in control strategies. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and digital imaging microscopy have provided a rapid mechanism to populate the physical map with probes derived from genetic markers, cdnas and recombinant genomic libraries. when the physical and genetic linkage maps are aligned, map-based clon ...199615275237
toxicity of insecticides to toxorhynchites splendens and three vector mosquitos and their sublethal effect on biocontrol potential of the predator.toxicity of six larvicides ie fenthion, temephos, malathion, deltamethrin, alphamethrin (fendona), oms 3031 and five adulticides ie malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur, deltamethrin, permethrin to aedes aegypti, culex quiquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi and the predator, toxorhynchites splendens was studied for evaluating safety margin. concentrations of alphamethrin that killed 50% larvae of t. splendens were 53 and 12 times more than that which killed cx. quinquefasciatus and ae. aegypti. in ca ...19969031419
involvement of peroxidase in chorion hardening in aedes aegypti.peroxidase activity is detectable in aedes aegypti ovaries, containing developing eggs, at 24 h following blood feeding, and peak peroxidase activity is reached at 36-48 h after the blood-meal. peroxidase is associated with the chorion layer in mature eggs and the majority of the enzyme is released from the chorion layer by treating the isolated chorion fraction with sds/urea. analysis of the sds/urea solubilized chorion proteins using sds-page with tropolone/h2o2 or dopa staining verified the p ...19968900599
purification and characterization of a major glutathione s-transferase from the mosquito anopheles dirus (species b).the major form of glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity from the mosquito anopheles dirus (species b), a vector of malaria in thailand has been purified 421-fold. it constituted approx. 20% of the total measured cdnb conjugating activity in the homogenate. this enzyme appeared as a single band of 25.0 +/- 0.26 kda on sds-page and was kinetically characterized with 10 substrates and 4 inhibitors. the enzyme is capable of catalysing dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl ...19968900597
stable expression of insect gaba receptors in insect cell lines. promoters for efficient expression of drosophila and mosquito rdl gaba receptors in stably transformed mosquito cell lines.we are interested in establishing stably transformed insect cell lines efficiently expressing the insect gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor subunit gene resistance to dieldrin or rdl. in order to facilitate this we utilized a system based on stable transformation of aedes albopictus mosquito cell lines using the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene as a selected marker. here we report the production of stable mosquito cell lines carrying high copy numbers of rdl genes from both drosophila an ...19968601436
functional analysis of a mosquito gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor gene promoter.a single point mutation in the insect gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (gabar)-encoding gene (rdl) confers high levels of resistance to cyclodienes in drosophila and other insects. we were interested in studying the promoter of this gene for two reasons. firstly, to define the elements underlying rdl expression. secondly, to identify the minimum set of regulatory elements necessary for construction of a functional rdl minigene. such an insecticide-resistance-associated minigene should form a str ...19968654932
generation of expressed sequence tags and sequence-tagged sites as physical landmarks in the mosquito, aedes aegypti, genome.twenty-three clones were developed as expressed sequence tags (ests) and sequence-tagged sites (stss) that provide broad coverage of the mosquito, aedes aegypti, genome at an average spacing of about 7.2 cm. each of these clones had been mapped previously as a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) marker. nineteen of these clones represent anonymous cdnas and 4 clones represent known genes. forty-seven percent of the anonymous cdnas showed significant deduced amino acid sequence simila ...19968851807
quiescent ovarioles in the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae). 19968729634
ovulation and post-ovulation changes in the terminal region of the ovarioles of the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).detachment of the follicular epithelium from the chorion occurs prior to the passage of the mature egg into the calyx lumen, resulting in a mature oocyte lying free in an epithelial sac. the mature oocytes rupture the epithelial sac, including the tunica propria at the posterior pole, then break through the basal (or granular basal) bodies to enter the calyx lumen. just after ovulation, the formerly terminal parts of the ovariole remain attached to the posterior end of the egg sac near its openi ...19968729630
leucokinin increases paracellular permeability in insect malpighian tubulesthere are two major transport pathways across epithelia: a transcellular pathway through cells and a paracellular pathway between cells. previous electrophysiological studies in mosquito malpighian tubules suggested that the neuropeptide leucokinin-viii (lk-viii) increases the chloride permeability of the paracellular pathway. to test the effect of lk-viii on the paracellular pathway further, we measured transepithelial permeabilities of inulin and sucrose in isolated malpighian tubules from the ...19969320463
[the prevention of dengue in guadeloupe].dengue is the only disease transmitted by mosquitoes in the guadeloupe islands of french antilles. two dengue outbreaks were reported in 1992 and 1994. aedes aegypti is recognized the only vector of dengue in guadeloupe, and the 200 l drums are the most important breeding-sites. vector control in guadeloupe includes community health education, larvicide and adulticide spraying, and the destruction of the breeding-sites. however, ae. aegypti control has limitations such as the lack of participati ...19968924773
[oviposition and dispersion of aedes aegypti in an urban environment].it is generally accepted that female aedes aegypti do not fly more than 50-100 m in their entire lifetime, yet the rapidity with which this species colonizes new areas, and the explosive nature of dengue and yellow fever epidemics appear to contradict this. using molecular methods, we have confirmed that the ae. aegypti females lay small numbers of eggs at many sites. the distribution of available sites implies that the female may fly a considerable distance to deposit her whole egg batch. we de ...19968924769
central olfactory pathways in mosquitoes and other insects.studies of cns processing of olfactory information have contributed significantly to understanding olfactory-guided behaviour in insects. evidence in moths suggests that each glomerulus in the antennal lobes has a unique property: receptor-axon projections and dendritic arborizations of uniglomerular output neurons can relate to anatomically and functionally distinct glomeruli. similar correlations are not typical of the concentrically organized locust antennal lobes. insights about odour proces ...19968894298
the premise condition index: a tool for streamlining surveys of aedes aegypti.premise inspections and treatment of the larval habitats of container-breeding aedes aegypti are extremely labor intensive. since this means of control is the only one available in relation to dengue fever, this report presents an effective approach for streamlining premise surveys in north queensland, australia. from a survey of 877 premises in townsville, charters towers, and mingela/ravenswood in 1990, occupier and premise variables were collected to examine any relationships with the presenc ...19958561259
a factor xa-directed anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.salivary gland extracts from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti contain a factor xa-specific anticoagulant detectable in vitro by clotting assays. the anticoagulant is found only in female salivary glands, which is consistent with its role in bloodfeeding. extracts of adult female glands significantly delay both the prothrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time, but have no effect on the thrombin clotting time. the anticoagulant has been shown to result from the specific in ...19957498429
the apyrase gene of the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti, is expressed specifically in the adult female salivary glands.the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, expresses a gene, apyrase (apy), that encodes an atp-diphosphohydrolase. the product of this gene is a secreted enzyme that facilitates hematophagy by preventing platelet aggregation in the host. apy gene expression is limited to the cells of the distal-lateral and medial lobes of the adult female salivary glands. apyrase protein levels, detectable by antibodies, peak in the salivary glands about 4 days after adult emergence and remain high after a blood ...19957498420
non-linear dynamics of neurochemical modulation of mosquito oviduct and hindgut contractions.microphysiological techniques and computer-based methods of data acquisition and analysis were used to investigate the dynamics of neurochemical action on spontaneous contractions of continuously perfused oviducts and hindguts isolated from female mosquitoes (aedes aegypti). proctolin, leucomyosuppressin (lms), serotonin and octopamine, which are known to modulate insect muscle contractions, and a mosquito neuropeptide, aedes head peptide i (aea-hp-i), which inhibits host-seeking behavior, were ...19957490571
electrophysiological responses of receptor neurons in mosquito maxillary palp sensilla to carbon dioxide.sensilla basiconica on the maxillary palps of female aedes aegypti contain a receptor neuron which produces a phasic-tonic pattern of action potential response to low concentrations (150-300 ppm) of carbon dioxide (co2), a stimulus known to be involved with host seeking behavior. these receptor neurons respond reliably to small increments in co2 concentration (e.g., 50 ppm). we were particularly interested in evaluating the possibility that the sensitivity to step increases in co2 concentration ...19957674195
residual activity of three slow-release temephos formulations against aedes aegypti larvae.residual effectiveness of plaster matrix formulations of temephos and temephos plus an emulsifier (atlox 3409f) were evaluated against aedes aegypti larvae during an 8-wk period. formulations of 2% and 5% (ai) atlox with 5% (ai) temephos yielded 100% larval mortality for 8 wk. a 5% temephos formulation without the addition of the emulsifier produced 100% larval mortality through only 1 wk.19958551307
isolation of the insecticidal components of tagetes minuta (compositae) against mosquito larvae and adults.application of tagetes minuta floral extract to silica gel column chromatography produced 2 fractions with the hydrogenate part 20-30 times more toxic to larvae and 12-13 times more toxic to adults of aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, respectively, than the oxygenate part. further fractionation by column chromatography of the hydrogenate fraction produced 4 thiophenes, 5-(but-3-ene-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene, 5-(but-3-ene-1-ynyl)-5'-methyl-2,2'-bithiophene, 2,2',5',2"-terthiophene, and 5-meth ...19958551298
molecular cloning of a major cockroach (blattella germanica) allergen, bla g 2. sequence homology to the aspartic proteases.inhalation of allergens produced by the german cockroach (blattella germanica) elicits ige antibody formation and the development of asthma in genetically predisposed individuals. we compared the allergenic importance of two cockroach (cr) allergens, bla g 1 and bla g 2, and determined the complete amino acid sequence of the major 36-kda allergen, bla g2. a survey of 106 sera from cr allergic patients showed the prevalence of ige antibodies to bla g 1 and bla g 2 to be 30.2% and 57.6%, respectiv ...19957642642
toward a physical map of aedes aegypti.labelled recombinant cosmids were used as in situ hybridization probes to aedes aegypti metaphase chromosomes. the cosmid probes yielded paired signals, one on each arm of sister chromatids, and they were ordered along the three chromosomes. in total, thirty-seven different probes were mapped to the three chromosomes of ae. aegypti (2n = 6): twenty-eight to chromosome 1, six to chromosome 2, and six to chromosome 3. these results represent an initial stage in the generation of a physical map of ...19958589842
cloning, sequencing and functional expression of an acetylcholinesterase gene from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.a degenerate pcr strategy was used to isolate a fragment of the acetylcholinesterase gene (ace) homolog from aedes aegypti and screen for a cdna clone containing the complete open reading frame of the gene. the predicted amino acid sequence of the aedes gene shares 64% identity with ace from drosophila and 87% identity with the acetylcholinesterase gene from another mosquito species anopheles stephensi. high levels of expression of the aedes gene were achieved by infection of sf21 cells with a r ...19957635199
spread of aedes albopictus and decline of ae. aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in florida.waste tires and other types of artificial containers were sampled for immature aedes to monitor changes in the occurrence of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) in florida. the initial invasion and spread of ae. albopictus in florida occurred in the northern part of florida. throughout this region, major declines in the abundance of ae. aegypti have been associated with the expansion of ae. albopictus in both urban and rural areas. generally, the same results have occurred in central ...19957650719
improved medium for aedes aegypti tissue culture. 19957548955
control of mosquito breeding using wood scrapings treated with neem oil.wood scrapings were given shape of a ball and soaked in 5, 10 and 20% neem (azadirachta indica) oil diluted in acetone. control of anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti breeding in water storage overhead tanks (ohts) with the application of these balls was achieved for 45 days. two balls soaked in 5% neem oil produced the best results among other concentrations tested.19957589730
characterization of a salivary gland-specific esterase in the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti.esterase enzymatic activity was investigated in salivary gland lysates of adult aedes aegypti. esterases in lysates made from female glands had higher specific activity than those in lysates from male glands towards beta-naphthyl acetate but showed no difference with alpha-naphthyl butyrate as a substrate. female salivary gland lysates showed no difference in activity to alpha- and beta-forms of naphthyl acetate and no discernable activity towards alpha-naphthyl caprate. both female and male sal ...19957787844
transient expression of a promoter-reporter construct in differentiated adult salivary glands and embryos of the mosquito aedes aegypti.vector-borne pathogens develop in close association with specific tissues in their insect hosts. efforts are being made to characterize insect genes that are expressed in tissues that have important roles in pathogen propagation. successful transfection and expression of exogenous genes in terminally differentiated tissues of insects has previously proven difficult. here we report a method that should allow the analysis of genes that are expressed in adult tissues and organs. transient expressio ...19957771613
effect of ethylene bis isobutyl xanthate isolated from a marine green alga dictyosphaeria favulosa on mosquito aedes aegypti. 19957558202
[single larva sampling for aedes aegypti surveillance].buildings in araraquara city, southeastern brazil, were searched during a year for the presence of aedes larvae using single larva sampling in order to check the single-larva methodology. in those breeding places in which aedes larvae were found, one of them was collected. as a control, after the single larva had been collected, all the larvae from the breeding place were collected for later identification. this process was repeated in the laboratory. of the 447 domiciles searched, 12 were consi ...19958525326
laboratory evaluation of an ovipositional trap for mosquito adults aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).a trap was designed, fabricated and evaluated for trapping and killing ovipositing females of the yellow fever mosquito aedes. aegypti. water in which larval stages had previously dwelt for 48 hrs. formed the attractant source for ovipositing mosquito females. the trap was evaluated under different experimental conditions. single choice and double choice experiments were performed with or without glue applied to inner surfaces, to determine trap efficacy. effect of population size and alteration ...19957636150
relationship between cold hardiness and supercooling point in aedes albopictus eggs.for many insects, low temperatures are not lethal unless their tissues freeze. to determine whether freezing is the cause of low temperature mortality of aedes albopictus eggs, we measured their lower lethal temperature, the temperature that causes 50% mortality in a population, and supercooling point, the temperature at which the tissues freeze. tropical and temperate ae. albopictus eggs were tested under different diapause and cold acclimation conditions. temperate ae. albopictus eggs had a lo ...19957616187
gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii in the mitochondrial dna of culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii (coii) gene between transfer rna for leu and lys in the mitochondrial dna of culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. both the gene order and direction of transcription were identical to anopheles and drosophila. nucleotide sequences of the pcr-amplified coii genes in these two mosquitoes exhibited 88% homology, and the frequency of transition was very close to that of transversion. the h ...19957608924
partial purification of plasma phenoloxidase of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae).a nitrocellulose-based assay was developed using a dot-blot apparatus to detect phenoloxidase activity in column fractions. using this assay, plasma phenoloxidase was partially purified from aedes aegypti larvae using hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. the molecular weight (m(r)) native enzyme was 130,000, and it contained subunits of 76,000, 62,000, and 58,000. two phenoloxidase peaks were observed by ion exchange chromatography, and these f ...19957584838
resistance in some caribbean populations of aedes aegypti to several insecticides.thirty-four strains of aedes aegypti larvae from 17 caribbean countries were bioassayed for sensitivity to temephos, malathion, fenitrothion, fenthion, and chlorpyrifos. there were fairly high levels of resistance in tortola (10-12-fold resistance) and antigua (6-9-fold resistance) strains to temephos and to fenthion (tortola, 7-10-fold; antigua, 6-10-fold resistance). most other strains showed some resistance to malathion, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos, but only moderate levels. adult populati ...19957542312
reappraisal of the pore channel system in the grooved pegs of aedes aegypti.pore channels occur along the grooves of lactic acid-receptive grooved pegs on the antennae of female aedes aegypti. there are about 38 pore openings per groove or about 456 per peg. this finding is in conflict with the previous report that pore channels were extremely rare. the pore channels are of a similar electron density to the cuticle of the peg, making them difficult to see. for this reason many of the pore channels were probably overlooked in the previous study. we could not find a termi ...199518621297
comparative linkage maps for the mosquitoes, aedes albopictus and ae. aegypti, based on common rflp loci.aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti are members of the mosquito family culicidae and share a haploid chromosome complement of three. although a genetic linkage map based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp), markers exists for ae. aegypti, the extent of synteny and linkage order conservation between the two species was unknown. a comparative linkage map for ae. albopictus was constructed based mainly on cdna clones from ae. aegypti. nearly all ae. aegypti probes hybridized to ae. al ...19957742975
early trypsin activity is part of the signal transduction system that activates transcription of the late trypsin gene in the midgut of the mosquito, aedes aegypti.trypsin activity during the first hours after feeding is essential to induce late trypsin gene expression. these results are consistent with the idea that free amino acids or other products released during digestion might be the initial signal for transcriptional activation of late trypsin. besides early trypsin, some other factor(s) have to be translated for induction of late trypsin. this is the first case in which the proteolytic activity of a digestive enzyme is part of the signal transducti ...19957711754
effect of some new insect growth regulators on metamorphosis & reproduction of aedes aegypti.fourth instar larvae and pupae of ae. aegypti were treated with four most active insect growth regulators from a new series of mixed alkyl and aryl diethers based on geraniol. considerable reduction in fecundity and fertility of adults was obtained. treatment of pupae or pharate adults did not affect adult emergence. topical treatment of adult females caused great reduction in fertility and fecundity in older as compared to younger females. in addition to the effects on reproduction, adult survi ...19957883278
mosquito ecdysteroid receptor: analysis of the cdna and expression during vitellogenesis.an insect steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e), plays an important role in regulating egg maturation in mosquitoes. to better understand its role, we cloned the cdna coding for the putative ecdysteroid receptor from the mosquito, aedes aegypti (aaecr). the 4158 bp aaecr cdna has an open reading frame of 675 amino acids with 10 potential glycosylation sites and a putative phosphorylation polyserine domain. the aaecr has a dna binding domain with two zinc fingers and a ligand binding domain c ...19957711747
ovariolar 'basal body' development and physiological age of the mosquito aedes aegypti.dissection of the ovaries of the mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) revealed, in each ovariole, a group of seven to nine specialized epithelial cells in a region of the calyx wall that is enclosed by the end of the ovariolar sheath. this group of cells is termed the basal body. during ovulation, the mature oocyte passes from the ovariole into the calyx lumen through the basal body. subsequently, granulation occurs in the basal body cells. the granular basal bodies differ from all previo ...19957696694
isolation and characterization of mosquito ferritin and cloning of a cdna that encodes one subunit.ferritin, an iron storage protein, was isolated from larvae and pupae of aedes aegypti grown in an iron-rich medium. mosquito ferritin is a high molecular weight protein composed of several different, relatively small, subunits. subunits of molecular mass 24, 26, and 28 kda are equally abundant, while that of 30 kda is present only in small amounts. the n-terminal sequence of the 24 and 26 kda subunits are identical for the first 30 amino acids, while that of the 28 kda subunit differs. studies ...19957655055
[the effect of abiotic factors on the incidence of aedes aegypti in the town of 10 de octobre, ciudad de la habana province, 1982-1992].an analysis of the relation among the quantity of focuses of aedes aegypti, the rains and the temperatures in rainy and dry periods from 1982 to 1992 in 10 de octubre municipe, at city of havana, was carried out. no correlation was found between the number of focuses and the rains occurred in both seasons, and it was just the same between the number of focuses and temperatures. thus, emphasis is made in the need for a strong surveillance along all year.19959805076
larvicidal constituents of melantheria albinervia.bioactivity-guided fractionation has led to the isolation of two larvicidal diterpenes, active against the yellow fever-transmitting mosquito aedes aegypti, from a dichloromethane root extract of melantheria albinervia (asteraceae), a plant from zimbabwe. these diterpenes were identified as ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and 9(11),16-kauradien-19-oic acid. the diterpenes were also weakly active against bacillus subtilis.19958824954
survey of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in clemson, south carolina, with emphasis on aedes albopictus.a total of 530 oviposition trap samples were collected within a 10-km radius of clemson university between march 30 and october 19, 1993. from 19,664 larvae reared from collected eggs, 7 species were identified: aedes albopictus (89%), ae. triseriatus (6.5%), culex restuans (2.7%), cx. territans (0.6%), cx. pipiens complex (0.7%), toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (0.2%), and orthopodomyia signifera (0.1%). this is the first record of ae. albopictus in clemson. aedes aegypti was not found. ...19958825496
country-wide prevalence of ascogregarina culicis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae), a protozoan parasite of aedes aegypti in trinidad, west indies.the prevalence of the gregarine parasite ascogregarina culicis was determined for aedes aegypti populations in trinidad, west indies. over 5 months, a total of 5,651 ae. aegypti larvae were collected and identified from 419 sites throughout trinidad as part of a national dengue surveillance program. ascogregarina culicis infections were detected in 13.4% of 1,986 ae. aegypti larvae dissected. in 7 of 8 counties or major subdivisions where this parasite was detected in trinidad, the prevalence pe ...19958825500
genetic differentiation of aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue virus in french polynesia.in recent years the incidence of dengue fever epidemics has increased and transmission has tended to be established over a geographically expanding area, including french polynesia. an increase in air transportation contributes to the diffusion of the dengue virus from southeast asia, a region considered to be a hyperendemic dengue zone, to the pacific region. presently, little is known about the role of the vector (aedes aegypti) in the diffusion of the dengue fever virus. a study on the geneti ...19958825508
a new serovar of bacillus thuringiensis possessing 28a28c flagellar antigenic structure: bacillus thuringiensis serovar jegathesan, selectively toxic against mosquito larvae.a novel bacillus thuringiensis strain highly toxic to mosquitoes was isolated from soil samples in malaysia. this strain was shown to display a new subfraction of the h-28 flagellar antigen determining a new serovar h28a28c, which was designated serovar jegathesan. bioassays indicated that culex quinquefasciatus larvae are the most susceptible to this new isolate, whereas toxicity to anopheles maculatus and aedes aegypti larvae was 10 times lower. the potency of this new serotype is also compara ...19958825511
evaluation of entomopathogenic bacteria against aedes polynesiensis, the vector of lymphatic filariasis in french polynesia.thirteen strains among 3 species of entomopathogenic bacteria were tested against 3 medically important mosquito species in french polynesia. two strains of bacillus thuringiensis were highly toxic to aedes polynesiensis, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. six of 7 strains of bacillus sphaericus tested were highly toxic to cx. quinquefasciatus but not to the aedes spp. clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia was more toxic to ae. polynesiensis than to the other 2 species. entomopathog ...19958825516
community based dengue control in columbia: people's knowledge and practice and the potential contribution of the biological larvicide bti (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis).a study on dengue control was undertaken in a poor urban area in cúcuta, colombia. the first objective was to describe people's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue fever, the transmission of the disease and possible preventive measures. the second objective was to analyse the infestation of the community with aedes aegypti larvae, and the third objective to test the efficacy of bti (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) with respect to the level and duration of reduction of ae. aeg ...19958826104
monoclonal antibodies against manduca sexta hemocytes bind aedes aegypti hemocytes: characterization of six monoclonal antibodies that bind hemocytes from both species.the mechanisms by which hemocytes mediate a mosquito's defense response to parasites or pathogens are not well understood. this is due in part to difficulty in collecting intact mosquito hemocytes for experiments and to a lack of reagents, such as antibodies. our objectives were to collect adult aedes aegypti hemocytes under conditions suitable for immunofluorescence microscopy, and to test whether monoclonal antibodies, generated against larval manduca sexta hemocytes, bind adult ae. aegypti he ...19958773196
[human diffusion of arthropod disease vectors throughout the world].the present distribution of animals and plants throughout the world is the result of an evolutionary process involving tectonic, climatic and biotic factors. humans, since their appearance, have contributed to the spreading of many species including disease vectors and pests. when humans left their native african home, they brought with them ectoparasites such as lice and acarids. during the neolithic era, humans were leading domesticated animals which carried their own parasites into new areas. ...19958777543
a placebo controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in reducing mosquito bite induced erythema.a randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted to examine the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in the symptomatic relief of mosquito bites. sixty eight healthy volunteers were bitten under laboratory conditions by aedes aegypti mosquitoes at three spots, on the ventral aspect of the forearm. one bite was treated with the homeopathic after-bite gel, another bite with a placebo gel which was identical in appearance and smell to the homeopathic after-bite gel, and the third b ...19958751030
impact of rapid urbanization on mosquitoes and their disease transmission potential in accra and tema, ghana.the total of 75 mosquito species recorded in accra have declined to 28 species. contributing factors to this decline and the reduction in prevalence of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in accra presently include extensive water pollution and a fairly high daily mosquito mortality due to several factors including loss of natural adult resting places, use of mosquito repellents and the probable increase of anopheles arabiensis population. presently low yellow fever incidence is due inter alia to ...19958669399
cloning and developmental expression of the ecdysone receptor gene from the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana.degenerate oligonucleotides were designed on the basis of conserved amino acid sequences in the dna and ligand-binding regions of the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. using these oligonucleotides in rna-pcr, a cdna fragment was isolated from the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this cdna fragment with the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily suggested that this pcr fragment is a region of the ecdysone re ...19958641050
jungle yellow fever: clinical and laboratorial studies emphasizing viremia on a human case.the authors report the clinical, laboratorial and epidemiological aspects of a human case of jungle yellow fever. the patient suffered from fever, chills, sweating, headaches, backaches, myalgia, epigastric pains, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and prostration. he was unvaccinated and had been working in areas where cases of jungle yellow fever had been confirmed. investigations concerning the yellow fever virus were performed. blood samples were collected on several days in the course of the illnes ...19958599063
[yellow fever in mexico. the eradication of aëdes aegypti. 1966]. 19958599142
[dengue in mexico: a priority problem of public health].dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by aedes aegypti. it has been recently incorporated to the agenda of priorities in many countries in the americas. the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases is becoming a public health threat and requires the implementation of intensive surveillance and control strategies. the epidemiological panorama of dengue in mexico provides the opportunity to analyze a regional health problem and the risk factors involved in the genesis of hemorrhagic cases ...19958599144
[the role of the aedes aegypti vector in the epidemiology of dengue in mexico].the role of aedes aegypti (lineo) in the epidemiology of dengue fever in mexico is herein discussed based on the vectorial capacity model. comments on the advantages and disadvantages of each model component at the time of field determinations are also presented. emphasis is made on the impact of sampling and method bias on the results of vectorial capacity studies. the paper also addresses the need to increase vector biology knowledge as an input for epidemiological work to explain and predict ...19958599147
[vectors of dengue in mexico: a critical review)].the mosquito aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (linneaus, 1762) is the vector of dengue viruses in america. recently, another related species, aedes albopictus (skuse, 1894) was first introduced to america in 1986 in texas, usa and later on in sao paulo, brazil. since then, this mosquito has rapidly colonized new areas along the northern border states of mexico. the importance of this species as a vector of dengue virus is not clear. this work presents a revision of some characteristics of the two speci ...19958599149
understanding productivity, a key to aedes aegypti surveillance.the objective of this work was to define criteria that could be applied to achieve faster, more economical, and accurate assessment of vector populations for control of dengue viruses. during 1989-1990, 1,349 premises were surveyed in townsville, charters towers and mingela/ravenswood, queensland, australia. in each locality, 1.9-8.4% of premises contained three or more containers with aedes aegypti immature forms and were designated as key premises. comparison of surveys in townsville from 1989 ...19958561260
infection of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) and ae. aegypti with lambornella stegomyiae (ciliophora: tetrahymenidae).the transformation of lambornella stegomyiae trophonts to theronts, the distribution of invasion cysts on larval aedes albopictus cuticle, and the virulence of l. stegomyiae to ae. albopictus and aedes aegypti were studied in the laboratory. transformation of trophonts into theronts was induced by a morphogenic agent released from larval ae. albopictus homogenate. the first transformation was observed 4 hr after exposure to larval mosquito homogenate, but most transformations occurred between 12 ...19958568285
towards malaria control in nigeria: a qualitative study on the population of mosquitoes.malaria is still highly prevalent in many tropical countries and this disease can only survive in areas where mosquitoes and infected human populations are high. relevant information on the species of mosquitoes, their habitats and their population are important in planning preventative strategies in the control of malaria, hence this study. mosquito species and their habitats were investigated in both high and low density areas of benin city, edo state, nigeria. the results showed that culex pi ...19958568784
immunohistological localization of regulatory peptides in the midgut of the female mosquito aedes aegypti.the midgut of the female mosquito aedes aegypti was studied immunohistologically with antisera to various regulatory peptides. endocrine cells immunoreactive with antisera to perisulfakinin, rfamide, bovine pancreatic polypeptide, urotensin 1, locustatachykinin 2 and allatostatins a1 and b2 were found in the midgut. perisulfakinin, rfamide and bovine pancreatic polypeptide all react with the same, about 500 endocrine cells, which were evenly distributed throughout the posterior midgut, with the ...19958574883
public service deficiencies and aedes aegypti breeding sites in venezuela.the 1992 study reported here assessed relationships between potable water supply and trash collection practices and the prevalence of dengue vector mosquito (aedes aegypti) breeding sites in 30 towns located along the north coast of venezuela. within each study town, 100 homes were chosen. at each of these homes the number of water-bearing containers and containers harboring a. aegypti were determined and interviews were conducted to obtain information about the local water supply, trash collect ...19958520605
glutathion s-transferase activity and ddt-susceptibility of malaysian mosquitos.comparative ddt-susceptibility status and glutathion s-transferase (gst) activity of malaysian anopheles maculatus, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was investigated to ascertain the role of this enzyme in ddt resistance. the standardised who dose-mortality bioassay tests were used to determine ddt susceptibility in these mosquitos, whilst gst microassay (brogdon and barber, 1990) was conducted to measure the activity of this enzyme in mosquito homogenate. it appeared that ddt susceptibi ...19958525405
susceptibility of various mosquitoes of california to subperiodic brugia malayi.laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the susceptibility of six species of mosquitoes, representing three genera, to subperiodic brugia malayi. the black-eye, liverpool strain of aedes aegypti was the susceptible control. mosquitoes were fed on microfilaremic jirds (meriones unguiculatus). all mosquitoes, except wild caught culex erythrothorax, were laboratory-reared and allowed to feed when 8 to 10 days old. anopheles freeborni, anopheles hermsi, and culiseta inornata proved refrac ...19958533667
cloning and expression of a novel toxin gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan encoding a highly mosquitocidal protein.a gene, designated cry11b, encoding a 81,293-da crystal protein of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan was cloned by using a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe. the sequence of the cry11b protein, as deduced from the sequence of the cry11b gene, contains large regions of similarity with the cry11a toxin (previously cryivd) from b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. the cry11b protein was immunologically related to both cry11a and cry4a proteins. the cry11b gene was expressed in a nontoxic s ...19958534090
rotundial, a new natural mosquito repellent from the leaves of vitex rotundifolia.a new natural mosquito repellent was isolated from fresh leaves of vitex rotundifolia. its structure was elucidated by an extensive nmr spectral analysis to be a cyclopentene dialdehyde named rotundial. this compound possessed potent repelling activity against aedes aegypti.19958534996
characterization of resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in field populations of aedes aegypti from venezuela.resistance to the organophosphates (op) temephos, malathion, and pirimiphos methyl, and the carbamate propoxur was found to be low (< 5-fold) in 3 aedes aegypti populations collected from falcon and aragua states of venezuela. resistance to chlorpyrifos (op), permethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) was moderate (7-fold) in both populations. mechanisms of resistance were investigated with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (mixed function oxidase inhibitor) and s, s, s-tributyl phosphorot ...19958551300
probing and gorging responses of three mosquito species to a membrane feeding system at a range of temperatures.membrane feeding of 3 mosquito species, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and anopheles arabiensis, with formulated protein meals was carried out at a range of temperatures. the response was evaluated in terms of probing after 5 min, engorgement after 90 min, and 50% feeding time. aedes aegypti showed a satisfactory feeding response across the complete temperature range investigated, 28-40 degrees c, although engorgement was significantly faster between 36 and 40 degrees c. anopheles stephensi ...19958551304
evaluation of enemas for exposing aedes aegypti to suspensions of dengue-2 virus.to determine if enemas could be used to simulate oral exposure of aedes aegypti to dengue-2 virus, we compared infection rates of mosquitoes administered an enema of a blood suspension containing dengue-2 virus to infection rates in mosquitoes that imbibed the same suspension from a drop of blood. in 1 of 4 experiments infection rates were significantly different. more importantly, during 2 of the 4 trials, 100% of the mosquitoes in the enema treatment group were infected. we speculate that the ...19958551311
failure of immune sera to neutralize dengue-2 virus in intrathoracically inoculated aedes aegypti.aedes aegypti became infected when inoculated with a mixture of dengue-2 virus and anti-dengue-2 antibodies, but not when they were exposed to the same mixture per os. this phenomenon merits more detailed investigation. understanding why this difference in mosquito infection rate occurs may lead to improved dengue virus assays or provide insights into the nature of dengue virus-antibody interactions.19958551312
establishment and characterization of three cell lines from aedes triseriatus (diptera: culicidae).three cell lines (a.t. grip-1, 2, and 3) were established from aedes triseriatus (say) embryonated eggs or neonate larvae and their morphology, growth, karyotype, and isozyme pattern were studied. the isozyme alleles observed in the 3 cell lines also were found in adults of the original mosquito colony. each cell line differed in enzymatic, morphological, and karyotypical patterns. la crosse encephalitis (lac) and snowshoe hare (ssh) viruses, members of the california encephalitis virus group, w ...19958551501
the 1993 epidemic of dengue fever in mangalore, karnataka state, india.an epidemic of febrile illness with hemorrhagic manifestations occurred in certain parts of mangalore city, karnataka state, india, from the last week of july 1993. the epidemic reached its peak by mid-august and then started declining. sporadic cases, however, continued to occur till early december. about 200 cases were reported covering all age groups and both sexes. the cases presented with pyrexia, myalgia, arthralgia and headache. palatal petechiae, magenta colored tongue with central coati ...19959139379
rapid and efficient removal of immature aedes aegypti in metal drums by sweep net and modified sweeping method.a modified sweeping method was developed using a cotton sweep net for control of ae. aegypti immatures in 200 liter (44 gallon) metal drums which are major sources of breeding in yangon. laboratory experiments revealed that with only 4 sweeps (approximately 10 minutes duration), the mean % removal (+/- sd) of ae. aegypti fourth stage larvae was 88.5% +/- 1.47. this was followed by a field study undertaken in sanchaung township, yangon. twenty-eight drums with moderate (< 500 immatures) to high ( ...19959139390
effects of two insect growth regulators on ecdysteroid production in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).diflubenzuron and oms 2017 are insect growth regulators that affect larval to adult development in aedes aegypti (l.) by altering ecdysis. when larvae were exposed to sublethal concentrations, surviving adults express reduced reproductive potential. in mosquitoes, ecdysteroids are important in larval and adult ovarian development. we applied 30% emergence reduction concentrations (ei30) of oms 2017 and diflubenzuron to 4th-instar ae. aegypti to determine if changes in ecdysteroid production may ...19957473612
feeding the mosquito aedes aegypti with tmof and its analogs; effect on trypsin biosynthesis and egg development.female aedes aegypti that were given a blood meal by enema deposited yolk in their oocytes and synthesized trypsinlike enzymes in their midgut. when females were given an enema of aea-tmof (trypsin modulating oostatic factor) (nh2-ydpapppppp-cooh) and blood both egg development and trypsin biosynthesis were inhibited. similar results were observed if tmof was mixed with the blood meal and fed to female mosquitoes through a membrane. renin inhibitor (nh2-phpfhffvyk-cooh) or poly proline given by ...19957480877
aedes aegypti control in the lao people's democratic republic, with reference to copepods.an evaluation of the lao aedes aegypti control program and of the predatory abilities of copepods from vientiane, lao people's democratic republic was undertaken before a field release of copepods in thongkankam village, vientiane. copepods were transported to australia for evaluation of predatory abilities and their survival under various nutrient and ph conditions. mesocyclops guangxiensis was chosen for release over m. aspericornis due to its higher reproduction rate and its ability to surviv ...19957485682
a simulation model of the epidemiology of urban dengue fever: literature analysis, model development, preliminary validation, and samples of simulation results.we have developed a pair of stochastic simulation models that describe the daily dynamics of dengue virus transmission in the urban environment. our goal has been to construct comprehensive models that take into account the majority of factors known to influence dengue epidemiology. the models have an orientation toward site-specific data and are designed to be used by operational programs as well as researchers. the first model, the container-inhabiting mosquito simulation model (cimsim), a wea ...19957485707
isolation and identification of novel toxins from a new mosquitocidal isolate from malaysia, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan.a new mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis subsp., jegathesan, has recently been isolated from malaysia. parasporal crystal inclusions were purified from this strain and bioassayed against fourth-instar larvae of culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti, aedes togoi, aedes albopictus, anopheles maculatus, and mansonia uniformis. the 50% lethal concentration of crystal inclusions for each species was 0.34, 8.08, 0.34, 17.59, 3.91, and 120 ng/ml, respectively. these values show that parasporal inclus ...19957487029
two genes encoding midgut-specific maltase-like polypeptides from anopheles gambiae.full-length cdna clones of two genes have been isolated from the african malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae. these genes, designated agm1 and agm2, encode maltase-like polypeptides of 498 and 599 residues, respectively. deduced amino acid sequences contain a putative signal peptide sequence and four potential glycosylation sites. agm1 and agm2 show highest similarities to the mal1 gene from aedes aegypti and three clustered maltase genes from drosophila melanogaster. both genes are locat ...19957498424
plasmodium gallinaceum: sporozoite invasion of aedes aegypti salivary glands is inhibited by anti-gland antibodies and by lectins.there is evidence which suggests that malaria sporozoites recognize mosquito salivary glands by specific receptor-ligand interactions. we are interested in identifying the putative salivary gland receptor(s) for sporozoite invasion. we used an in vivo bioassay for sporozoite invasion of salivary glands. in this assay, purified sporozoites from mature oocytes of plasmodium gallinaceum were injected into aedes aegypti mosquitoes and salivary glands were dissected at different time points after inj ...19957498430
aedes aegypti: a quantitative trait locus (qtl) influencing filarial worm intensity is linked to qtl for susceptibility to other mosquito-borne pathogens.because intensity of infection was significantly increased in a substrain of aedes aegypti selected for susceptibility to the filarial worm, brugia malayi, experiments were designed to assess numbers of microfilariae (mf) ingested and midgut penetration by mf in this susceptible substrain as compared to a refractory substrain selected from the same parental stock. refractory mosquitoes ingested significantly fewer mf than susceptible mosquitoes and significantly fewer numbers of mf penetrated th ...19957498432
plasmodium gallinaceum: mosquito peritrophic matrix and the parasite-vector compatibility.transmission of malaria parasites occurs by relatively few species of mosquitoes. one proposed mechanism of refractoriness is an inability of certain plasmodium spp. to cross the peritrophic matrix (pm) in the midgut of an incompatible mosquito. we have tested this hypothesis by studying sporogonic development of plasmodium gallinaceum in susceptible (aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae g3) and refractory (anopheles stephensi) mosquito species in the presence and absence of the pm. in the presen ...19957498435
unique specificity of in vitro inhibition of mosquito midgut trypsin-like activity correlates with in vivo inhibition of malaria parasite infectivity.synchrony in the egress of plasmodium ookinetes from the food bolus and enzymatic digestion of the blood meal in the mosquito midgut suggests that digestive enzymes play a role in the successful transmission of malaria parasites. previously, we found that parasite-produced chitinase is essential for parasite transmission and can be activated by mosquito midgut protease. to determine the suitability of developing a transmission-blocking vaccine directed against mosquito trypsin-like enzyme(s), ae ...19957534722
hemocyte alterations during melanotic encapsulation of brugia malayi in the mosquito armigeres subalbatus.the involvement of hemocytes in melanotic encapsulation reactions against brugia malayi was assessed in armigeres subalbatus. hemocyte populations, epitope changes, phenol oxidase (po) activity, and the presence of an 84-kda polypeptide were investigated in mosquitoes exposed to a b. malayi-infective bloodmeal (= immune-activated), in mosquitoes given a noninfective bloodmeal (= controls), in nonbloodfed mosquitoes (= naive), or in some combination of these. total hemocyte populations in immune- ...19957535848
analysis of a vitellogenin gene of the mosquito, aedes aegypti and comparisons to vitellogenins from other organisms.a genomic clone of the aedes aegypti vitellogenin a1 gene was sequenced including 2015 bp of 5' untranscribed sequence, 6369 bp of open reading frame interrupted by two introns, and a short 3' untranslated region. primer extension was used to identify the transcription initiation site. the amino termini of the large and small subunits were located by n-terminal sequencing of vitellin purified from eggs. the length of the signal sequence and the position of the cleavage site between the two subun ...19957550249
mosquito sensitivity to a scorpion neurotoxin expressed using an infectious sindbis virus vector.the scorpion, androctonus australis hector, produces an insect-specific toxin (aahit) encoded by the scotox gene. to assess the toxicity of aahit for mosquitoes, we have taken a novel approach to express the scotox gene in vivo. we have engineered a double subgenomic sindbis (dssin) virus that contains the scotox gene in the viral genome and intrathoracically inoculated the virus (te/3'2j/scotox) into mosquitoes (aedes aegypti, ae. triseriatus and culex pipiens), houseflies (musca domestica) and ...19957551198
venezuelan equine encephalitis--colombia, 1995.an outbreak of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) that began in northwestern venezuela in april 1995 has spread westward to the guajira peninsula and to colombia (figure 1), resulting in an estimated minimum of 13,000 cases in humans and an undetermined number of equine deaths. governments of both countries have initiated efforts to control the spread of this outbreak by quarantining and vaccinating equines and applying insecticides. this report summarizes the ongoing investigation of the outb ...19957565549
full sequence and characterization of two insect defensins: immune peptides from the mosquito aedes aegypti.we report the complete amino acid sequence and biological activity of two immune peptides, from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti, that are induced in response to infection. both peptides display biological activity against the gram positive microbe micrococcus luteus and substantial sequence homology to insect defensins, small heat-stable, antibiotic peptides previously described from several non-vector insects. these mosquito peptides, designated ae. aegypti defensins a and b, are isofor ...19957568275
aminopropeptide of human procollagen type i: a marker for the identification of blood from children in the mosquito blood meal.a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to distinguish between blood from children and adults in the mosquito blood meal was examined using the alpha 1 chain of the aminopropeptide of human procollagen type i (pinp) as antigenic marker. rabbit anti-human pinp (alpha 1) antibody was used as catching antibody, and either normal serum from 288 african and 58 caucasian children and adults, or blood meals from 93 fed aedes aegypti, were examined. pinp in excess of 40 optical density units ...19957570897
post-inoculation changes in enzyme activity of aedes aegypti infected with chikungunya virus.levels of acetylcholinesterase, non-specific esterases, glutathione-s-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes inoculated intrathoracally with chikungunya virus were elevated, as compared to uninoculated control insects. a number of these enzymes are important in the insects defence mechanism against xenobiotics, such as pesticides. malathion bioassays indicated a reduction in the susceptibility of experimentally injected insects with virus or virus-free ...19957572467
laboratory evaluation of a new repellent camouflage face paint.a combined formulation of the u.s. army's camouflage face paints and the new extended duration topical insect/arthropod repellent was tested on human volunteers to determine repellency and duration of protection (2-12 h) against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi. under laboratory conditions (27 degrees c and 80% rh), the face paint/repellent formulation provided > or = 95% repellency or better for up to 6 h for ae. aegypti and 8 h for an. stephensi. an analysis of variance showed no signific ...19957595441
impact of deltamethrin-impregnated bednets on biting rates of mosquitoes in zaire.in a rural area of zaire, the whole population of a village was protected by deltamethrin-impregnated mosquitoes bednets. a similar village was observed as a control. biting rates for mosquitoes were recorded in both villages. the principal man-biting species were mansonia africana, mansonia uniformis, and aedes aegypti. in the village protected by the impregnated mosquito bednets, the number of mansonia bites was reduced 96% indoors and at a lesser rate outdoors. biting rates of ae. aegypti dro ...19957595444
aedes albopictus and other aedes (stegomyia) species in fiji.during an assessment of the dengue situation in fiji in early 1992, a house-to-house survey of container-breeding aedes was made. discarded tires and water drums were identified as key breeding sites for the 4 potential dengue vectors: aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes pseudoscutellaris, and aedes polynesiensis. aedes albopictus were detected on viti levu, vanua levu, and on taveuni. examination of early records and of used tire importation suggests entry into fiji after july 1985 but well ...19957595450
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