Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: a note of caution. | recent methods for detection of clostridium difficile toxin by counterimmunoelectrophoresis might lead to errors. false-positives may be attributable to soluble cell surface antigens reacting with impure antitoxin. | 1981 | 7287891 |
| pseudomembranous enterocolitis and the aetiological role of clostridium difficile. an overview of the recent literature. | 1981 | 7292202 | |
| nonantibiotic-associated enterocolitis caused by clostridium difficile in an infant. | 1981 | 7299553 | |
| occurrence of toxin-producing clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhea in sweden. | from 1324 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) 1643 stool samples were analyzed by a cell test for clostridium difficile toxin in stool filtrates and cultivation for occurrence of c. difficile strains. in patients with no detectable toxin in their stool strains of c. difficile were isolated in 2.2% whereas when toxin was detectable, the isolation rate varied from 17% to 36%. furthermore, there was a correlation between toxin titre in stool filtrate and production of cytotoxin in vi ... | 1981 | 7300801 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhea with vancomycin. | toxigenic clostridium difficle is the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis and is susceptible to vancomycin at fecal concentrations achieved with oral therapy. the effect of oral vancomycin was studied in 16 patients with c. difficile-related diarrhea or colitis, 12 of whom had colitis documented by endoscopy, biopsy, and/or barium enema. four patients had antibiotic-associated diarrhea and possibly antibiotic-associated colitis, because sigmoidoscopy either showed normal results (two pa ... | 1981 | 7304654 |
| suppression of clostridium difficile by normal hamster cecal flora and prevention of antibiotic-associated cecitis. | administration of normal cecal homogenates decreased numbers of viable clostridium difficile and prevented cecitis in antibiotic-challenged hamsters. cecal anaerobes appeared to suppress c. difficile. | 1981 | 7309245 |
| agglutination, toxigenicity and sorbitol fermentation of clostridium difficile. | a total of 79 clostridium difficile strains from different sources (50 strains from the fecal specimens of healthy adults, 13 from patients receiving antibiotics without gastrointestinal complications, 13 from antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) or diarrhea patients, and three strains from atcc) were investigated for agglutinability, using formol-treated cells as antigen, in relation to toxigenicity. c. difficile strains tested were divided into four serovars, i, ii, iii, and iv ... | 1981 | 7311886 |
| [the role of clostridium difficile in diarrhea appearing after antibiotic treatment: a study of 87 cases]. | 1981 | 7315125 | |
| [the absorption, excretion and influence on bowel flora of oral paromomycin sulfate (author's transl)]. | the absorption, excretion and influence on bowel flora of oral paromomycin sulfate (aminosidine, prm) were studied in ten normal volunteers taking a normal diet, and the following results were obtained. 1. serum levels of prm were observed 0.46 micrograms/ml at a half hour, 1.14 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 1.48 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 0.70 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 0.29 micrograms at 6 hours and were almost faded out at 12 hours after 4 grams of oral administration. 2. during 0 approximately 2 ho ... | 1981 | 7321186 |
| [clostridium difficile colitis without previous antibiotic therapy]. | 1981 | 7321698 | |
| comparative in vitro activity of new beta-lactam antibiotics against anaerobic bacteria. | several new beta-lactam antimicrobial agents have been introduced in the last few years. in this investigation, the in vitro activities of several recently introduced cephalosporins (cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftizoxime), moxalactam, and n-formimidoyl thienamycin were compared with those of cefoxitin, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 203 strains of anaerobic bacteria. at achievable serum levels, all of the antimicrobial agents were active against essentially 100% of the s ... | 1981 | 7325628 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in a rabbit following antibiotic therapy for pasteurellosis. | 1981 | 7332710 | |
| comparison of two toxins produced by clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile was shown to produce a toxin which could be biochemically separated from the previously described cytotoxin of the same organism. the two proteins differ in biological activity and physical properties. antiserum prepared to the second toxin does not neutralize the biological activity of the cytotoxin, and immunological cross-reactivity could not be demonstrated. however, some relationship may exist between the two toxins, since the newly described toxin degrades on polyacry ... | 1981 | 7333662 |
| clostridium difficile--a toxigenic pathogen. | 1981 | 7334919 | |
| clostridium difficile isolated from a goat. | 1981 | 7336534 | |
| [clostridium difficile in antibiotics induced colitis (author's transl)]. | 1981 | 7342624 | |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. | clostridium difficile is the most important cause of antibiotic-associated colitis, but its epidemiology remains unknown. using a selective medium for the isolation of c. difficile, cultures were obtained from the environment and contacts of hospitalized patients carrying c. difficile in their stools. in areas where carriers had diarrhea, 85 (9.3%) of 910 cultures of floors and other surfaces, especially those subject to fecal contamination, were positive. in areas where there were no known carr ... | 1981 | 7217711 |
| studies on the epidemiology of colitis due to clostridium difficile in hamsters. | hamsters treated with vancomycin developed enterocolitis significantly more often in a conventional animal room than in a room designed to prevent cross-infection with clostridium difficile. in the conventional room c. difficile was isolated from cages, food racks, floors, buckets, the hands of caretakers, and the stools of animals with enterocolitis but not from untreated hamsters, air, or food from freshly opened bags. c. difficile was not isolated from environmental sources in the clean room. ... | 1981 | 7217712 |
| recurrent pseudomembranous colitis unassociated with prior antibiotic therapy. | fulminant and recurring pseudomembranous colitis developed in an elderly woman without prior antibiotic administration within the previous year. stool culture yielded clostridium difficile, and tissue cultures showed c difficile cytotoxin. treatment with vancomycin hydrochloride was initially successful, but a serious relapse after its discontinuation necessitated low-dose long-term prophylaxis. clostridium difficile may be responsible for pseudomembranous colitis unassociated with antibiotic th ... | 1981 | 7224749 |
| a second relapse of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1981 | 7216943 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis with sparing of transplanted colon. | there is strong evidence that pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is caused by the toxin of clostridium difficile. a case of pmc which occurred in a patient who underwent colon interposition for a benign oesophageal stricture is presented, which had all the features of a florid pmc, but the changes were confined to the normally sited colon, and did not occur in the interposed loop. no similar case report could be found in the literature. this case is in accord with the view that pmc is produced by th ... | 1981 | 7231256 |
| spectrum of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | in an attempt to find the extent to which clostridium difficile could be implicated as the cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, the stools of 53 patients who had diarrhoea after a course of antibiotics were investigated for the presence of c. difficile toxin. ten of the patients (19%) were found to be positive, but the stools of four out of 53 patients without diarrhoea after a course of antibiotics were also found to contain c. difficile toxin (7.5%). the titre of toxin in patients both wi ... | 1981 | 7461475 |
| clostridium difficile-associated. | 1981 | 7469474 | |
| spread of clostridium difficile among patients receiving non-absorbable antibiotics for gut decontamination. | 1981 | 6789988 | |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from the small bowel. | 1981 | 6789993 | |
| diet as a coadjuvant for development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). | during a study of the effects of nutrition on experimental tumors in hamsters, fatal diarrhea developed. to determine the role of diet in this condition and the relationship between diet and antibiotics, two diets were used, ground commercial diet and a purified diet. two antibiotics were used, neomycin sulfate and vancomycin. diarrhea was evident soon after the animals were given the combination of purified diet and neomycin sulfate. vancomycin initially acted as a suppressor of diarrhea, but h ... | 1981 | 6790835 |
| effects of clostridium difficile, lactobacillus casei, bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus sp. on anomalous lower bowel function on germfree mice. | 1981 | 6793297 | |
| non-clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis responding to both vancomycin and metronidazole. ? | 1981 | 6794714 | |
| acute arthritis associated with clostridium difficile colitis. | 1981 | 6794747 | |
| immunological analysis of the edta-soluble antigens of clostridium difficile and related species. | antigens were extracted with edta from 32 strains representing 10 species of clostridium. when these antigens were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, marked cross-reactions were observed between c. difficile, c. sordellii and c. bifermentans. the cross-reactive antigen, visualized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, was carbohydrate. | 1981 | 6798159 |
| pseudomembranous colitis after topical application of clindamycin. | abdominal cramping and diarrhea developed in a 24-year-old woman with facial acne vulgaris five days after she started topical therapy with 1% clindamycin hydrochloride. a stool specimen contained a significant titer of a toxin produced by clostridium difficile. findings from sigmoidoscopy and a colonic biopsy specimen were consistent with pseudomembranous colitis. the patient became asymptomatic after ten days of supportive care and oral vancomycin hydrochloride therapy. this case is presented ... | 1981 | 6452096 |
| [influence of cefotiam (sce-963, ctm) on bowel flora (author's transl)]. | the influence on bowel flora of ctm was studied in 5 children who were taking normal diet. 1) in the cases following no diarrhea, administration of ctm caused no significant changes in bowel flora. in the cases following diarrhea, administration of ctm caused a fall in coliform, bep group, lactobacillus and peptostreptococcus. however, after the administration was discontinued, the reduced bowel flora was returned to the normal range within a few days. 2) no overgrowth of bowel flora by pseudomo ... | 1981 | 6270414 |
| is pseudomembranous colitis infectious? | a cluster of eight patients in two adjacent hospital wards acquired acute diarrhoea within a period of 11 days. all their stool samples contained clostridium difficile toxin and c. difficile was isolated in every case. three patients had rectal biopsy findings compatible with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). all the patients responded to treatment with oral vancomycin. until the possibility of pmc being acquired by cross-infection is clarified such patients should be nursed in isolation with stri ... | 1981 | 6109999 |
| enterotoxin(s) of clostridium difficile. | 1981 | 6114310 | |
| purified clostridium difficile cytotoxin stimulates guanylate cyclase activity and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. | antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis has been linked with clostridium difficile toxin. we examined the effect of toxins from four strains of c. difficile isolated from patients with pseudomembranous colitis on colonic adenylate (ec 4.6.1.1) and guanylate cyclase (ec 4.6.1.2) activities. partially purified toxins had a cytotoxic effect on hamster fibroblasts in culture at a concentration of 10 ng/ml. likewise, these toxins enhanced colonic guanylate cyclase activity two- to threefold, w ... | 1981 | 6114928 |
| gas-liquid chromatography as screening test for clostridium difficile. | 1981 | 6118541 | |
| gas-liquid chromatography and clostridium difficile. | 1981 | 6118692 | |
| intoxication of cultured human lung fibroblasts with clostridium difficile toxin. | the cytopathogenic effect of partially purified toxin from clostridium difficile on cultured human lung fibroblasts was studied. conditions for determination of 50% tissue culture dose were standardized. the cytopathogenic effect of the toxin was dependent on toxin concentration, exposure time, and density of the cells. transfer of the cells to 0 degrees c did not inhibit binding of toxin to the fibroblast surface, but prevented the development of the cytopathogenic effect. both binding of toxin ... | 1981 | 6167521 |
| pseudomembranous colitis. a complication of sulfasalazine therapy in a patient with crohn's colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is a potentially life-threatening acute medical problem usually associated with a history of previous antibiotic exposure. presented here is a case of sulfasalazine associated pseudomembranous colitis in a patient with known crohn's colitis. the diagnosis was confirmed by identifying clostridium difficile toxin in the stool. this a newly reported complication of sulfasalazine therapy. | 1981 | 6119900 |
| therapeutic implications of clostridium difficile toxin during relapse of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile toxin was present in the stools of six patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease during symptomatic relapse. only two of these individuals had received antibiotics known to cause pseudomembranous colitis, and on proctoscopy none had pseudomembranes. in all patients disappearance of toxin, either with vancomycin therapy (five patients) or spontaneously (one patient), was associated with symptomatic improvement. cl. difficile toxin may complicate chronic inflammatory b ... | 1980 | 6101841 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a role in inflammatory bowel disease? | 56 patients with diarrhoea were screened for the presence of clostridium difficile toxin in their stool. the test was positive in 9: 5 had severe inflammatory bowel disease and were receiving systemic steroids; 2 were on steroids for other conditions; 1 had been on antibiotics; and in 1 there was no apparent predisposing factor. in each case clearance of the toxin was associated with clinical improvement. evidently cl. difficile toxin is not specific for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, but is a ... | 1980 | 6101842 |
| clostridium difficile and chronic bowel disease. | 1980 | 6101850 | |
| clostridium difficile and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. | 1980 | 6103129 | |
| clostridium difficile and non-antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1980 | 6106775 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin as a confounding factor in enterovirus isolation. | a peculiar cytotoxic effect, occasionally encountered in the course of inoculating cell cultures with fecal specimens for routine enterovirus isolation attempts, was shown to be produced by clostridium difficile toxin. | 1980 | 6273451 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin on tissue-cultured cells. | a partially purified toxin of clostridium difficile induced similar morphologic changes in three different tissue-cultured mammalian cell lines. the morphologic changes were not associated with biochemical changes indentical to those caused by the enterotoxins of vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli. although the mechanisms responsible for the noncytotoxic morphologic effects remain to be delineated, the toxin appears to exert its effects by directly affecting membrane constituents. | 1980 | 6245152 |
| [transferable tetracycline resistance in "clostridium difficile" (author's transl)]. | tetracycline (tc) resistance is transferable from a resistant strain of clostridium difficile to a sensitive strain and this resistance is not curable. resistances to erythromycin and clindamycin are curable but not transferable. these results suggest for these resistances a plasmid determinism. it is shown that a plasmid-mediated tc resistance (pip401) of c. perfringens is also transferable to c. difficile. tc resistance is inducible in c. perfringens and constitutively expressed in c. difficil ... | 1980 | 6247949 |
| antibacterial activities of a new stabilized thienamycin, n-formimidoyl thienamycin, in comparison with other antibiotics. | the in vitro activity of a new crystalline derivative of thienamycin, n-formimidoyl thienamycin (mk0787), was tested against 46 laboratory reference strains and 2,158 clinical isolates of gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including anaerobes, and compared with cefoxitin, cefaxolin, carbenicillin, and amikacin. mk0787 was significantly more active than the reference antibiotics against most bacteria tests. mk0787 was 16- to 500-fold more active than the other antibiotics against staphylococcu ... | 1980 | 6931548 |
| antibiotic associated colitis and clostridium difficile. a symposium held at the swedish medical society, stockholm, sweden, august 23, 1979. | 1980 | 6937943 | |
| experimental studies of antibiotic associated colitis. | clostridium difficile has been implicated as the major cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. the laboratory diagnostic test of choice is a tissue culture assay that demonstrates the presence of a cytopathic toxin neutralized by antitoxin to clostridium sordelli. this toxin is found in stools from patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and in stools from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. neutralization of toxin by antitoxin to c. sordelli appea ... | 1980 | 6937944 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated enterocolitis in sweden. laboratory and epidemiological aspects. | over a 32-week period 1979, 256 fecal samples from 132 patients with antibiotic-associated enterocolitis were analyzed for the presence of c. difficile bacteria and/or toxin. the toxin test was positive in 35 patients (27%) and the bacterium was present in 14 patients (11%). seventy-three patients with enterocolitis were investigated with regard to age, sex, antibiotic therapy, and clinical symptoms by analysis of their records. a positive toxin titre had an apparent predictive value of 69% for ... | 1980 | 6937945 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile and its differentiation from clostridium sporogenes by automatic head-space gas chromatography. | although 47 strains of clostridium difficile and clostridium sporogenes were studied by gas chromatography. acidic and neutral volatile products, formed after 96 h of incubation in glucose-containing peptone yeast-extract medium, were chromatographed. all strains produced appreciable amounts of fatty acids, which were tentatively identified by gas chromatographic retention data. chromatograms obtained when analysing diethyl ether extracts of culture media of all 47 strains were virtually identic ... | 1980 | 6937946 |
| the experimental pathogenesis of antibiotic related colitis. | findings from several countries now closely associate clostridium difficile and its toxin with pmc. in fact, testing for the toxin by means of tissue culture assay is being used more and more to define the proportion of patients with clinically significant antibiotic associated colitis. reproduction of a similar entity in hamsters appears to fulfil the koch-henle postulates, establishing c. difficile as the cause of the syndrome. antibiotic treatment creates susceptibility to infection rather th ... | 1980 | 6937947 |
| clostridium difficile from a peri-anal abscess. | 1980 | 7185937 | |
| inhibition of binding of clostridium difficile toxin by steroids. | no detectable inhibition of binding of clostridium difficile toxin to human erythrocyte lysate was found with alpha-d-(+)-fucose, 1-(-)-fucose, ribose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, xylose, galactosamine, glucosamine, mannosamine, n-acetyl glucosamine, n-acetyl galactosamine, n-acetyl mannosamine, n-acetyl neuraminic acid, lactose, sucrose, lactulose, neuraminidase, saponin, or amantadine. inhibition was found, however, with a number of sterols and bile acids. in general, bile acids were more a ... | 1980 | 6772711 |
| mucosal damage mediated by clostridial toxin in experimental clindamycin-associated colitis. | a toxin produced by clostridium difficile has been implicated in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated colitis in humans and experimental animals. this study was undertaken in order to define the sequential evolution of caecal mucosal lesions in the hamster and to relate those lesions directly to the clostridial toxin. sterile filtrates from a culture of c. difficile and from caecal contents of clindamycin-treated hamsters were studied with respect to their effects on the caecal mucosa and o ... | 1980 | 6776012 |
| bacitracin therapy in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | two patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, and stool positive for clostridium difficile cytotoxin were successfully treated with oral bacitracin. one patient had previously suffered two relapses of pseudomembranous colitis following successful treatment with vancomycin and one patient was allergic to vancomycin. bacitracin appears to be a reasonable choice to treat patients with antibiotic-associated colitis who are allergic to vancomycin. further studies comparing vancomy ... | 1980 | 6903494 |
| toxigenicity of clostridium difficile isolates from patients and healthy adults. | 1980 | 7464571 | |
| antimicrobial agent-associated colitis and diarrhea. | although antimicrobial agent-associated colitis has been recognized as a clinicopathologic entity for years, the cause of this disease has been determined only recently. virtually all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and some cases of antimicrobial agent-associated nonspecific colitis or diarrhea have been shown to be caused by a toxin of clostridium difficile. methods for cultivating c difficile from feces and for detecting the toxin have been developed. oral administration of vancomycin has p ... | 1980 | 7233892 |
| clostridium difficile: a new enteric pathogen. | 1980 | 7233895 | |
| clostridium difficile in relation to enteric bacterial pathogens. | all feces samples (n = 2,390) sent to the bacteriological laboratory, göteborg, sweden over 43 days were, in addition to the standard procedure, cultivated to detect clostridium difficile by using a special selective medium. c. difficile was found in 81 of the 2,390 samples (3%). these 81 samples represented 56 patients. fifty of the 56 patients had diarrhea. in 20 of the 56 patients (36%), salmonella, campylobacter, or yersinia were also found. of the 2,390 samples 252 (11%) from 132 patients r ... | 1980 | 7217331 |
| arthritis in pseudomembranous colitis associated with an antibody to clostridium difficile toxin. | 1980 | 7230227 | |
| cephalosporin-associated colitis and clostridium difficile. | a case of cephalosporin-associated colitis occurred in which a tissue-cultured morphologic-altering activity was demonstrated in the patient's feces during the active episode. neutralization of the tissue culture activity by antiserum directed against a partially purified toxin of clostridium difficile provided a more suggestive link between the colitis and this clostridial species. | 1980 | 7362397 |
| binding of clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins. | cholestyramine and colestipol were tested for binding of clostridium difficile cytotoxin with use of batch absorption and column chromatography. the toxin was bound by both resins and could not be eluted from cholestyramine with either an ionic of a ph gradient. vancomycin bound to cholestyramine more strongly than to colestipol. cholestyramine and vancomycin were also tested for therapeutic efficacy in the hamster model of clindamycin-induced cecitis. both compounds delayed death and reduced le ... | 1980 | 7365273 |
| bacitracin treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile toxin. | four cases of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile were successfully treated with oral bacitracin, 25,000 units four times daily for 7-10 days. diarrhea resolved in all of the cases, in 2 days, with disappearance of clostridium difficile toxin in the stools in 3 out of 4 patients so measured. two of the patients treated had relapses after vancomycin, while the other 2 were experiencing the first episodes. one patient relapsed after bacitracin treatment, but ... | 1980 | 7372074 |
| isolation of toxin producing clostridium difficile from two children with oxacillin- and dicloxacillin-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile was isolated from the feces of two infants who had developed watery diarrhea with blood-tinged stain. one child suffered from diarrhea after five days of parenteral oxacillin therapy; the diarrhea subsided within three days of cessation of therapy. the other infant developed diarrhea following four days of oral dicloxacillin; the diarrhea subsided within two days of cessation of therapy. c difficile was no longer detectable in the stools of the infants at that time. tissue ... | 1980 | 7375240 |
| clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. | germfree mice associated with clostridium difficile developed intestinal disease characterized by polymorphonuclear cell infiltration of the lamina propria, diarrhea, and cecal cytotoxin concentrations positive at a 10(-6) dilution. the numbers of viable bacteria never exceeded 10(10) colony-forming units per g (dry weight). despite the high toxin levels and chronic inflammation over a 30-day period, the mortality rate was low (less than 2%). daily treatment of these animals with two oral doses ... | 1980 | 7380566 |
| identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | a counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) technique which reacted positively with culture filtrates of clostridium difficile was developed and compared with a cytotoxicity assay in human embryonic lung cell cultures. cie, employing c. sordellii antitoxin, detected 17 of 17 c. difficile strains. of those positive by cie, 13 were cytotoxic in cell culture. fourteen clostridium species other than c. difficile, c. sordellii, and c. bifermentans were negative by cie. c. sordellii and c. bifermentans gave ... | 1980 | 7381011 |
| treatment of antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile diarrhea with oral vancomycin. | 1980 | 7381635 | |
| clostridium difficile isolated from the stool of a patient with pseudomembranous colits following ampicillin plus flucloxacillin (magnapen) therapy. | a case is reported of the isolation of clostridium difficile from the stool of a patient with antibiotic-related pseudomembranous colitis. | 1980 | 7383956 |
| colitis associated with metronidazole therapy. | a 46-year-old woman was treated with oral metronidazole for trichomonal vaginitis and developed diarrhea, which persisted for five weeks. tissue culture assay of stool supernatant showed a cytopathic toxin that was neutralized by clostridium sordellii antitoxin, and cultures yielded clostridium difficile, which produced a similar or identical cytotoxin in vitro. this isolate proved sensitive to metronidazole at 0.25 microgram/ml. prior reports have indicated that metronidazole may also be used t ... | 1980 | 7391617 |
| relapse of antibiotic-associated colitis after vancomycin therapy. | antibiotic-associated colitis, although occasionally fatal, is a disease which is considered to be self-limiting and non-recurring. recently, specific treatment with oral vancomycin directed at the trigger organism, clostridium difficile, has been shown to be effective. a case in which antibiotic-associated colitis was treated with vancomycin and subsequently recurred is described. the fact that such relapse can occur indicates that further evaluation of the efficacy of vancomycin is required. | 1980 | 7393060 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis. | in vitro susceptibility tests were performed on 84 strains of clostridium difficile to 11 antimicrobial agents. all isolates were from the stools of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis in which there was a cytopathic toxin that was neutralized by clostridium sordellii antitoxin. over 95% of the strains were susceptible to vancomycin, penicillin g, ampicillin, and metronidazole at concentrations of 4 microgram/ml. susceptibility to clindamycin was variable; 60% of the strains ... | 1980 | 7396460 |
| production of clostridium difficile antitoxin. | we have produced antitoxin to the toxin of clostridium difficile in rabbits and in goats. antitoxin dilutions of 1/8,000 and 1/5,120 were capable of neutralizing lethal doses of the toxin in mice and in tissue culture, respectively. | 1980 | 7399686 |
| role of clostridium difficile in a case of nonantibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | a 57-yr-old woman with chronic diarrhea, mild azotemia, and red cell casts in her urine was found to have pseudomembranous colitis. she had not received antimicrobial agents for at least 2 yr. membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was found in kidney biopsy, and her renal function improved spontaneously. pseudomembranous colitis was diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy. her stool contained a cytophatic toxin that was neutralized by clostridium sordellii antitoxin, and clostridium difficile was cult ... | 1980 | 7419019 |
| vancomycin therapy for clostridium difficile. | 1980 | 7421667 | |
| vancomycin therapy clostridium difficile. | 1980 | 7421668 | |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of clostridium difficile. | the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 78 strains of clostridium difficile isolated from patients with and without gastrointestinal symptoms were determined and compared. strains from patients with symptoms were more likely to show resistance to antibiotics. the antimicrobial susceptibilities of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains were found to be similar. | 1980 | 7430354 |
| clinical and laboratory observations in clostridium difficile colitis. | 1980 | 7435423 | |
| studies on the epidemiology of antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile colitis. | vancomycin protects hamsters from the development of clostridium difficile colitis after treatment with clindamycin, and vancomycin is useful in treatment of humans with the disease. relapses have occurred in both hamsters and humans when vancomycin is discontinued. vancomycin appears to enhance susceptibility to colonization with c. difficile by eliminating competing intestinal organisms. the nature of these organisms is not known, but various tools are now available to aid in identifying them. ... | 1980 | 7435424 |
| epidemiological aspects of clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea and colitis. | clostridium difficile has been shown to be a cause of antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and colitis. the source from which this organism gains access to the gastrointestinal tract is not known. cultures of the hospital environments of six of eight patients whose fecal cultures were positive for c. difficile yielded this organism, whereas cultures of control hospital sites were almost invariably negative. these data suggest that hospital environmental contamination may be a potential source ... | 1980 | 7435425 |
| epidemiology of experimental enterocecitis due to clostridium difficile. | hamsters can survive a course of clindamycin if they are held in a protected environment. inoculation of clostridium difficile regularly results in fatal enterocecitis in such animals but is without effect in untreated animals. these findings suggest that in the development of enterocecitis, clindamycin treatment and infection with c. difficile are separate events, and they imply that hamsters usually acquire c. difficile from environmental sources. environments appear to differ in the risk of e ... | 1980 | 7441010 |
| [antibiotic-related colitis and clostridium difficile]. | 1980 | 7445210 | |
| [pseudomembranous entercolitis after antibiotic treatment: vancomycin therapy]. | after reporting the case of a child suffering from pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) rapidly cured by vancomycin, the authors present current knowledge which had led to this new mode of therapy. a patient of 2 years 7 months was treated with amoxycillin per os for 8 days for otitis media. a week after this treatment, diffuse abdominal pains appeared, with 8-12 diarrhoeic stools per day containing blood and mucus and recurrent episodes of rectal prolapsus. pmc was diagnosed after rectoscopy and rect ... | 1980 | 7451238 |
| [rate of isolation of "c. difficile" from stools of hospitalized patients: susceptibility of 75 strains (author's transl)]. | seventy-five strains of clostridium difficile were recovered from 1,276 stools from patients. fifty-six of these strains were found to be toxigenic. the rate of isolation of c. difficile was high in culture of stools from patients in surgical intensive care units and in pediatrics units. the susceptibility of these isolates to 13 antimicrobial agents was tested by agar dilution technics. vancomycin, metronidazole, penicillin and ampicillin at 4 micrograms/ml inhibited all the strains. cefoxitin, ... | 1980 | 7458111 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile and the new therapeutic approach (author's transl)]. | 1980 | 6787148 | |
| implantation of bacteria from the digestive tract of man and various animals into gnotobiotic mice. | fourteen microbial strains isolated from conventional rats were inoculated into axenic rats and mice receiving identical diets. the populations of these organisms which became established in the feces of gnotobiotic adult recipient rats and mice were quite similar. the only major difference was that one strain, belonging to the genus clostridium, disappeared from the feces of gnotobiotic mice, whereas this strain became established in gnotobiotic rats. most of the strictly anaerobic strains were ... | 1980 | 7001883 |
| clostridium difficile-associated cecitis in guinea pigs exposed to penicillin. | penicillin treatment resulted in lethal hemorrhagic cecitis in seven of eight guinea pigs. cecal contents at necropsy from all seven animals contained a cytopathic toxin which was neutralized by clostridium sordellii and c difficile antitoxins. bacteriologic cultural examinations of these specimens yielded penicillin-sensitive strains of c difficile which produced a similar or identical cytotoxin in vitro. stools obtained before penicillin administration and cecal contents from control animals l ... | 1980 | 6969561 |
| interaction of cytopathogenic toxin from clostridium difficile with cells in tissue culture. | partially purified cytopathogenic toxin from clostridium difficile induced morphological changes in five cell lines in tissue culture. the relative sensitivity scale of the cell lines was human lung and intestinal fibroblasts greater than chinese hamster ovary cells much greater than mouse adrenal cells greater than mouse neuroblastoma cells. the cytopathogenic effect did not occur in toxin-treated lung fibroblasts incubated at 0 degree c. pre-incubation of lung fibroblasts with 2,4-dinitropheno ... | 1980 | 7010532 |
| therapeutic trials of antibiotic associated colitis. | since september 1977 we have seen 63 patients with clostridium difficile and a faecal toxin, but only 33 had histological evidence of pseudomembranous colitis. we have conducted separate double blind trials of an antibiotic, vancomycin and an anion-exchange resin, colestipol, in patients with post-operative diarrhoea. vancomycin was extremely effective at eradicating the organism and its faecal toxin. these changes were associated with a marked symptomatic improvement. colestipol proved ineffect ... | 1980 | 7010533 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxin in human feces. | fifty fecal specimens were tested by three methods, bacterial isolation, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and tissue culture, for clostridium difficile and its toxin. ten specimens (20%) were positive by all three methods. an additional eight specimens were toxin positive only by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. although counterimmunoelectrophoresis and tissue culture are of equivalent sensitivity, the additional dilution necessary for tissue culture assay may be critical when only small concentration ... | 1980 | 7031079 |
| neutralizing activity against clostridium difficile toxin in the supernatants of cultured colostral cells. | human colostral specimens were obtained from 60 japanese postpartum women within the first 3 days after delivery. neutralizing activity against clostridium difficile toxin was evaluated with y1 adrenal cells in miniculture. when y1 adrenal cells were exposed briefly to the toxin, they showed a rounding response in culture, resembling that effected by escherichia coli enterotoxin; however, preincubation of the toxin with aqueous phase of colostrum significantly reduced its cytopathic effect on y1 ... | 1980 | 7216424 |
| effect of environmental stress on clostridium difficile toxin levels during continuous cultivation. | a method for the continuous culture of clostridium difficile has been described. it has been shown that subjecting continuous cultures of this microorganism to environmental stress results in increased levels of toxin in culture medium. factors found to cause this release include alteration of the eh from --360 to +100 mv or increasing the temperature from 37 to 45 degrees c. the increased toxin levels were not associated with a change in viable cell density or the numbers of spores present. add ... | 1979 | 44176 |
| prevention of clindamycin-induced colitis in hamsters by clostridium sordellii antitoxin. | toxins produced by clostridium difficile have been implicated in the etiology of antibiotic-induced colitis. clostridium difficile antitoxin is not available, but recent studies have shown that toxins present in the feces of patients with this disease are neutralized by clostridium sordellii antitoxin. we found that c. sordellii antitoxin neutralized toxins produced in broth cultures of either c. sordellii or c. difficile and that passive immunization with c. sordellii antitoxin before challenge ... | 1979 | 759263 |
| clindamycin-induced colitis. | the hamster model of enterocolitis after the administration of clindamycin was used to study various drugs used in treatment of the disease in humans. current evidence strongly suggests toxigenic, clindamycin-resistant clostridium difficile is a cause of the disease in hamster and man. this organism is susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, and the disease could be prevented in the hamster so long as the antibiotics were given orally. a fatal colitis almost invariably ensued once they were ... | 1979 | 760500 |
| effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on the oral, throat and faecal microflora of man. | phenoxymethylpenicillin in capsules was given orally in doses of 800 mg twice daily for 7 days to 10 subjects. saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken up to 29 days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. no changes in the normal flora in saliva, throat or faeces were noticed during the observation period. clindamycin was given orally in doses of 150 mg 4 times daily to 10 other subjects. no changes in the aerobic oral flora were observed, while a significant decrease in the nu ... | 1979 | 118526 |
| experimental reproduction of neonatal diarrhea in young gnotobiotic hares simultaneously associated with clostridium difficile and other clostridium strains. | clostridium difficile, c. perfringens, and c. tertium are very often present simultaneously in the feces of conventional diarrheic young hares, whereas these three bacterial species are rarely encountered and never present simultaneously in the feces of healthy young hares. when a strain of each of the three bacterial species was monoassociated with axenic young hares, the appearance of pathological disorders was only observed in animals monoassociated with c. difficile, when the number of c. di ... | 1979 | 222683 |
| diarrhea and colitis associated with antimicrobial therapy in man and animals. | antimicrobial agent-induced ileocecitis of laboratory animals and colitis of man share common features. the significance of a newly described toxin in these two entities, the apparent source of the toxin (clostridium difficile) and characteristics of the toxin are reviewed. methods of toxin detection, isolation and rapid identification of c. difficile, and possible modes of therapy for antimicrobial agent-associated colitis of man are discussed. | 1979 | 367148 |
| selective and differential medium for isolation of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a recognized cause of pseudomembranous (antimicrobial agent-associated) colitis and may be one of the causes of antimicrobial agent-induced diarrhea. a selective and differential agar medium that contains cycloserine, cefoxitin, fructose, and egg yolk (ccfa) was developed to facilitate the isolation of c. difficile from fecal specimens. quantitative cultures of 16 stock strains of c. difficile on this medium (and on a medium containing cycloserine, fructose, and egg yolk ... | 1979 | 429542 |
| [a case of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile and treated with vancomycin]. | 1979 | 449466 |