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simultaneous detection of oseltamivir- and amantadine-resistant influenza by oligonucleotide microarray visualization.presently, the resistance of influenza a virus isolates causes great difficulty for the prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infection. it is important to establish a drug-resistance detection method for epidemiological study and personalized medicine in the clinical setting. consequently, a cost-effective oligonucleotide microarray visualization method, which was based on quantum dot-catalyzed silver deposition, was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous detection of neuraminidas ...201323451169
antigenic variation of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza viruses in japan and vietnam.the antigenicity of the influenza a virus hemagglutinin is responsible for vaccine efficacy in protecting pigs against swine influenza virus (siv) infection. however, the antigenicity of siv strains currently circulating in japan and vietnam has not been well characterized. we examined the antigenicity of classical h1 sivs, pandemic a(h1n1)2009 (a(h1n1)pdm09) viruses, and seasonal human-lineage sivs isolated in japan and vietnam. a hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay was used to determine ant ...201323435952
efficient synthesis of 3h,3'h-spiro[benzofuran-2,1'-isobenzofuran]-3,3'-dione as novel skeletons specifically for influenza virus type b inhibition.an efficient and novel two step synthetic procedure to prepare various substituted 3h,3'h-spiro[benzofuran-2,1'-isobenzofuran]-3,3'-diones a, was established from very simple and easily available starting materials. the developed method is a robust and general approach for the synthesis of these structures. the prepared compounds were tested against influenza virus type a viz., a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/hong kong/8/68 (h3n2) and type b viz., b/panama/45/90, b/taiwan/2/62, b/lee/40, b/brisbane/60/2 ...201323419738
cross-protective immunity against multiple influenza virus subtypes by a novel modified vaccinia ankara (mva) vectored vaccine in mice.development of an influenza vaccine that provides cross-protective immunity remains a challenge. candidate vaccines based on a recombinant modified vaccinia ankara (mva) viral vector expressing antigens from influenza (mva/flu) viruses were constructed. a vaccine candidate, designated mva/ha1/c13l/np, that expresses the hemagglutinin from pandemic h1n1 (a/california/04/09) and the nucleoprotein (np) from highly pathogenic h5n1 (a/vietnam/1203/04) fused to a secretory signal sequence from vaccini ...201323376279
validation of the modified hemagglutination inhibition assay (mhai), a robust and sensitive serological test for analysis of influenza virus-specific immune response.the hemagglutination inhibition assay (hai) is universally regarded as the gold standard in influenza virus serology. nevertheless, difficulties in titre readouts are common and interlaboratory variations are frequently reported.201323375739
guidance for clinical and public health laboratories testing for influenza virus antiviral drug susceptibility in europe.two classes of antiviral drugs are licensed in europe for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza; the m2 ion-channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine acting against type a influenza viruses only and the neuraminidase enzyme inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir acting against type a and type b influenza viruses. this guidance document was developed for but not limited to the european union (eu) and other european economic area (eea) countries on how and when to test for influenza virus antivir ...201323375738
infection of the upper respiratory tract with seasonal influenza a(h3n2) virus induces protective immunity in ferrets against infection with a(h1n1)pdm09 virus after intranasal, but not intratracheal, inoculation.the clinical symptoms caused by infection with influenza a virus vary widely and depend on the strain causing the infection, the dose and route of inoculation, and the presence of preexisting immunity. in most cases, seasonal influenza a viruses cause relatively mild upper respiratory tract disease, while sometimes patients develop an acute severe pneumonia. heterosubtypic immunity induced by previous infections with influenza a viruses may dampen the development of clinical symptoms caused by i ...201323365444
comparison of a multiplex real-time pcr assay with a multiplex luminex assay for influenza virus detection.we describe the development of a multiplex reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) with luminex microarray hybridization for detection of influenza virus subtypes (flulum). performance of flulum was evaluated by comparing it to our real-time rt-pcr influenza virus assay on samples collected during two influenza seasons. both assays targeted the matrix genes of influenza virus a (flua m) and influenza virus b (flub m) and the hemagglutinin genes of seasonal h3n2 (h3) and h1n1 (h1) and 2009 pandemic h1 ...201323345299
host microrna molecular signatures associated with human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses reveal an unanticipated antiviral activity for mir-146a.while post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by micrornas (mirnas) has been shown to be involved in influenza virus replication cycle, only a few studies have further investigated this aspect in a human cellular model infected with human influenza viruses. in this study, we performed mirna global profiling in human lung epithelial cells (a549) infected by two different subtypes of human influenza a viruses (h1n1 and h3n2). we identified a common mirna signature in response to infecti ...201323343627
cross-reactive influenza-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibodies in the absence of neutralizing antibodies.a better understanding of immunity to influenza virus is needed to generate cross-protective vaccines. engagement of ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) abs by nk cells leads to killing of virus-infected cells and secretion of antiviral cytokines and chemokines. adcc abs may target more conserved influenza virus ags compared with neutralizing abs. there has been minimal interest in influenza-specific adcc in recent decades. in this study, we developed novel assays to assess the specificity ...201323319732
in vivo selection of h1n2 influenza virus reassortants in the ferret model.although the ferret model has been extensively used to study pathogenesis and transmission of influenza viruses, little has been done to determine whether ferrets are a good surrogate animal model to study influenza virus reassortment. it has been previously shown that the pandemic 2009 h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus was able to transmit efficiently in ferrets. in coinfection studies with either seasonal h1n1 or h3n2 strains (h1n1s or h3n2s, respectively), the h1n1pdm virus was able to outcompete these st ...201323302886
surveillance of influenza viruses in the post-pandemic era (2010-2012) in northern italy.the activity and circulation of influenza viruses in lombardy - northern italy - (a region with nearly 10 out of the 60 million inhabitants of italy) were investigated during two consecutive seasons (2010-2011 and 2011-2012), as part of the italian influenza surveillance network. the molecular characteristics of the hemagglutinin (ha) sequence of circulating viruses were analyzed to investigate the emergence of influenza viral variants. in the surveyed area, the influenza activity of these two p ...201323302775
double dose vs. standard dose influenza vaccination in patients with heart failure: a pilot study.influenza infection leads to increased morbidity and mortality in those with heart failure, and individuals with heart failure exhibit reduced antibody responses to influenza vaccine. we hypothesized that patients with heart failure randomized to double dose (dd) influenza vaccine will mount more vigorous humoral immune responses compared with those given standard dose (sd) vaccine.201323291729
consequences of resistance: in vitro fitness, in vivo infectivity, and transmissibility of oseltamivir-resistant influenza a viruses.the development of drug resistance is a major drawback to any antiviral therapy, and the specific anti-influenza drugs, the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), are not excluded from this rule. the impact of drug resistance depends on the degree of reduction in fitness of the particular drug-resistant virus. if the resistance mutations lead to only a modest biological fitness cost and the virus remains highly transmissible, the effectiveness of antiviral use is likely to be reduced. this review ...201323279897
assays for monitoring susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors.close monitoring of drug susceptibility among human influenza viruses was necessitated by widespread resistance to m2 inhibitors in influenza h1n1 (pre-pandemic and 2009 pandemic) and h3n2 viruses, and of oseltamivir resistance in pre-pandemic h1n1 viruses. the fda-approved neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), oseltamivir and zanamivir, as well as investigational nais, peramivir and laninamivir, are currently the principal treatment options for managing influenza infection. however, there are c ...201323279896
influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: antiviral action and mechanisms of resistance.there are two major classes of antivirals available for the treatment and prevention of influenza, the m2 inhibitors and the neuraminidase inhibitors (nais). the m2 inhibitors are cheap, but they are only effective against influenza a viruses, and resistance arises rapidly. the current influenza a h3n2 and pandemic a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses are already resistant to the m2 inhibitors as are many h5n1 viruses. there are four nais licensed in some parts of the world, zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, a ...201323279894
molecular signature of high yield (growth) influenza a virus reassortants prepared as candidate vaccine seeds.human influenza virus isolates generally grow poorly in embryonated chicken eggs. hence, gene reassortment of influenza a wild type (wt) viruses is performed with a highly egg adapted donor virus, a/puerto rico/8/1934 (pr8), to provide the high yield reassortant (hyr) viral 'seeds' for vaccine production. hyr must contain the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of wt virus and one to six 'internal' genes from pr8. most studies of influenza wt and hyrs have focused on the ha gene. the ...201323776579
evaluation of the pan influenza detection kit utilizing the plex-id and influenza samples from the 2011 respiratory season.a comparison study was performed between the plex-id and the cdc rt-pcr method for the detection and identification of influenza a viruses using nasopharyngeal samples (n=75) collected between january and may 2011. overall agreement was 89.3% (67/75 kappa=0.57 95% ci 0.3-0.89). positive percent agreement was 92.3% (60/65); negative percent agreement was 70% (7/10). h1n1 pdm09 identified: 42.6% (32/75) and 54.7% (41/75) by plex-id and cdc rt-pcr, respectively. h3n2 identified: 29.3% (22/75) and 3 ...201323764420
virological self-sampling to monitor influenza antiviral susceptibility in a community cohort.to perform antiviral susceptibility monitoring of treated individuals in the community during the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in england.201323759670
development and evaluation of a paramagnetic nanoparticle based immunochromatographic strip for specific detection of 2009 h1n1 influenza virus.influenza a/h1n1 virus spreads worldwide and has been a threat to human health and the poultry industry. although h1n1 lateral-flow immunoassay strips are available for the detection of 2009/a/h1n1 antigens, the specificity and sensitivity of these strips are limited. because of the monodispersity, the strong magnetic signal and the stable brown color of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, which were employed in this study as label instead of commonly used colloidal gold particles. two different mo ...201323755574
prevalence and correlates of influenza-a in piggery workers and pigs in two communities in lagos, nigeria.worldwide, three influenza-a virus subtypes (h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2) in swine are major public health issues. in nigeria, the existence of these subtypes in pigs has not been well studied. this study aimed at determining the prevalence and correlates of influenza-a viruses circulating in piggery workers and pigs in oke-aro and goshen communities in lagos, nigeria.201324711881
[development and validation of the real-time pcr assay for the identification of viral agents causing acute respiratory infections in humans].the real time pcr assay targeting influenza a and b virus, 5 subtypes of influenza a virus (seasonal h1n1, pandemic h1n1 (2009), seasonal h3n2, pathogenic for human subtypes of avian influenza h5 and h7), respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus was developed. the analytical sensitivity of the developed assay was 1 x 10(3) genome equivalents per ml. the diagnostic sensitivity of the method was 1 x l0(3)-10(4) viral particles per ml. experiments with human dna/cdna and viral cdna showed a mark ...201324645276
generation and characterization of a new panel of broadly reactive anti-ns1 mabs for detection of influenza a virus.influenza a virus (iav) non-structural protein 1 (ns1) has multiple functions, is essential for virus replication and may be a good target for iav diagnosis. to generate broadly cross-reactive ns1-specific mabs, mice were immunized with a/hong kong/1/1968 (h3n2) 6×his-tagged ns1 and hybridomas were screened with glutathione s-transferase-conjugated ns1 of a/puerto rico/8/1934 (h1n1). mabs were isotyped and numerous igg-type clones were characterized further. most clones specifically recognized n ...201323223621
an in vitro network of intermolecular interactions between viral rna segments of an avian h5n2 influenza a virus: comparison with a human h3n2 virus.the genome of influenza a viruses (iav) is split into eight viral rnas (vrnas) that are encapsidated as viral ribonucleoproteins. the existence of a segment-specific packaging mechanism is well established, but the molecular basis of this mechanism remains to be deciphered. selective packaging could be mediated by direct interaction between the vrna packaging regions, but such interactions have never been demonstrated in virions. recently, we showed that the eight vrnas of a human h3n2 iav form ...201323221636
impaired dendritic cell maturation in response to pandemic h1n109 influenza virus.infection with pandemic a/h1n1/2009 influenza virus led to hospitalisation of patients not expected to be at risk of severe disease from seasonal influenza infection.201323218952
evaluation of influenza virus antiviral susceptibility testing in europe: results from the first external quality assessment exercise.the first antiviral susceptibility testing external quality assessment (eqa) was held for european influenza reference laboratories during winter 2010/11.201323201459
influenza a virus infection dynamics in swine farms in belgium, france, italy and spain, 2006-2008.avian-like h1n1 and reassortant h3n2 and h1n2 influenza a viruses with a human-like haemagglutinin have been co-circulating in swine in europe for more than a decade. we aimed to examine the infection dynamics of the three swine influenza virus (siv) lineages at the farm level, and to identify possible regional and seasonal variations in their circulation. sera were collected from six successive generations of fattening pigs (2006-2008) in a total 80 farrow-to-finish herds in belgium, italy, fra ...201323201246
receptor characterization and susceptibility of cotton rats to avian and 2009 pandemic influenza virus strains.animal influenza viruses (aivs) are a major threat to human health and the source of pandemic influenza. a reliable small-mammal model to study the pathogenesis of infection and for testing vaccines and therapeutics against multiple strains of influenza virus is highly desirable. we show that cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) are susceptible to avian and swine influenza viruses. cotton rats express α2,3-linked sialic acid (sa) and α2,6-linked sa residues in the trachea and α2,6-linked sa residues ...201323192875
germacrone inhibits early stages of influenza virus infection.highly pathogenic influenza viruses pose a serious public health threat to humans. although vaccines are available, antivirals are needed to efficiently control disease progression and virus transmission due to the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains. in this study, germacrone, which is a major component of the essential oils extracted from rhizoma curcuma, was found to inhibit influenza virus replication. germacrone showed antiviral activity against the h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses a ...201324095670
genesis and genetic constellations of swine influenza viruses in thailand.swine influenza virus (siv) is one of the most important zoonotic agents and the origin of the most recent pandemic virus. asia is considered to be the epicenter for genetic exchanging of influenza a viruses and southeast asia including thailand serves as a reservoir to maintain the persistence of the viruses for seeding other regions. therefore, searching for new reassortants in this area has been routinely required. although sivs in thailand have been characterized, collective information rega ...201324095146
the french military influenza surveillance system (miss): overview of epidemiological and virological results during four influenza seasons--2008-2012.influenza is a viral infection caused by a pathogen with considerable ability for genetic mutation, which is responsible for seasonal outbreaks as well as pandemics. this article presents the results of epidemiological and virological monitoring of four successive influenza outbreaks in the french armed forces, for the period 2008 to 2012.201324089257
snatch-farrowed, porcine-colostrum-deprived (sf-pcd) pigs as a model for swine infectious disease research.the current study tested the benefit of commercially available spray-dried bovine colostrum (the saskatoon colostrum company, saskatoon, saskatchewan) in raising snatch-farrowed, porcine-colostrum-deprived (sf-pcd) pigs. in experiment 1, 12 sf-pcd pigs received a liquid diet composed mainly of bovine colostrum from birth to day 10; 6 remained on the same liquid diet (col), and the other 6 were fed a diet composed mainly of milk replacer (rpl) until weaning. in experiment 2, 12 sf-pcd pigs were f ...201324082397
population susceptibility to north american and eurasian swine influenza viruses in england, at three time points between 2004 and 2011.age-stratified sera collected in 2004, 2008 and 2010 in england were evaluated for antibody to swine influenza a(h3n2) and a(h1n1) viruses from the united states or europe as a measure of population susceptibility to the emergence of novel viruses. children under 11 years of age had little or no measurable antibody to recent swine h3n2 viruses despite their high levels of antibody to recent h3n2 seasonal human strains. adolescents and young adults (born 1968–1999) had higher antibody levels to s ...201324079379
a new macrolide from a marine-derived fungus aspergillus sp.a new 16-membered macrolide named aspergillide d (1), along with six known compounds, including two polyketones (2-3) and four alkaloids (4-7), were isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived fungus aspergillus sp. scsgaf 0076. the structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of nmr and mass spectra. compound 5 showed an obvious inhibitory effect on influenza virus strains h1n1 and h3n2.201324079185
haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein replicon particle vaccination of swine protects against the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus.the recent emergence of the pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) and h3n2 variant influenza a viruses (iav) in 2009 and 2011-2012, respectively, highlight the zoonotic potential of influenza viruses and the need for vaccines capable of eliciting heterosubtypic protection. in these studies, single-cycle, propagation-defective replicon particle (rp) vaccines expressing iav haemagglutinin (ha) and nucleoprotein (np) genes were constructed and efficacy was evaluated in homologous and heterologous pig challenge stu ...201324078226
virological surveillance of influenza viruses during the 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 seasons in tunisia.the data contribute to a better understanding of the circulation of influenza viruses especially in north-africa.201324069267
heterogeneity of the mdck cell line and its applicability for influenza virus research.single-cell clones have been established from the mdck cell line, characterized for their morphology and evaluated for their suitability for influenza virus research. three discrete cell morphotypes were identified using light microscopy. besides morphological features, the cell types can be distinguished by the level of expression of surface glycans recognized by peanut agglutinin (pna). all clones were susceptible to infection by influenza viruses of different subtypes of influenza a virus (h1 ...201324058646
influenza a virus induction of oxidative stress and mmp-9 is associated with severe lung pathology in a mouse model.infection by different strains of influenza virus presents different pictures. whether the pathogenicity of influenza virus is defined by the ability of the virus to induce differential immunopathological responses in the lungs still remains unclear. we compared the immunopathological response induced by influenza virus a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and that by a/panama-like (h3n2) virus in c57bl/6 mice. wsn virus, in contrast to panama-like virus, induced high mortality and severe lung pathology accompanied ...201324055463
influenza a virus with a human-like n2 gene is circulating in pigs.a novel reassortant influenza a virus, h1avn2hu, has been found in danish swine. the virus contains an h1 gene similar to the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of h1n1 avian-like swine viruses and an n2 gene most closely related to the neuraminidase (na) gene of human h3n2 viruses from the mid-1990s.201324051313
prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices--united states, 2013-2014.this report updates the 2012 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccines for the prevention and control of seasonal influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2012;61:613-8). routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months. for the 2013-14 influenza season, it is expected that trivalen ...201324048214
the first detection of influenza in the finnish pig population: a retrospective study.swine influenza is an infectious acute respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza a virus. we investigated the time of entry of swine influenza into the finnish pig population. we also describe the molecular detection of two types of influenza a (h1n1) viruses in porcine samples submitted in 2009 and 2010.this retrospective study was based on three categories of samples: blood samples collected for disease monitoring from pigs at major slaughterhouses from 2007 to 2009; blood samples from p ...201324047612
genetic and biological characterisation of an avian-like h1n2 swine influenza virus generated by reassortment of circulating avian-like h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in denmark.the influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 are the most prevalent subtypes in swine. in 2003, a reassorted h1n2 swine influenza virus (siv) subtype appeared and became prevalent in denmark. in the present study, the reassortant h1n2 subtype was characterised genetically and the infection dynamics compared to an "avian-like" h1n1 virus by an experimental infection study.201324047399
evidence of transmission and risk factors for influenza a virus in household dogs and their owners.the possible transmission of influenza a virus between dogs and humans is important, as in mexico city there are approximately 1·2 million dogs. we present the first evidence of influenza a virus infection in household dogs in mexico.201324034782
emergence of h3n2pm-like and novel reassortant h3n1 swine viruses possessing segments derived from the a (h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus, korea.human-to-swine transmission of the pandemic h1n1 2009 [a(h1n1)pdm09] virus in pig populations resulted in reassortment events with endemic swine influenza viruses worldwide.201324034626
a mutant influenza virus that uses an n1 neuraminidase as the receptor-binding protein.in the vast majority of influenza a viruses characterized to date, hemagglutinin (ha) is the receptor-binding and fusion protein, whereas neuraminidase (na) is a receptor-cleaving protein that facilitates viral release but is expendable for entry. however, the nas of some recent human h3n2 isolates have acquired receptor-binding activity via the mutation d151g, although these isolates also appear to retain the ability to bind receptors via ha. we report here the laboratory generation of a mutati ...201324027333
airborne detection and quantification of swine influenza a virus in air samples collected inside, outside and downwind from swine barns.airborne transmission of influenza a virus (iav) in swine is speculated to be an important route of virus dissemination, but data are scarce. this study attempted to detect and quantify airborne iav by virus isolation and rrt-pcr in air samples collected under field conditions. this was accomplished by collecting air samples from four acutely infected pig farms and locating air samplers inside the barns, at the external exhaust fans and downwind from the farms at distances up to 2.1 km. iav was ...201323951164
neutralizing antibodies against previously encountered influenza virus strains increase over time: a longitudinal analysis.antigenic diversity shapes immunity in distinct and unexpected ways. this is particularly true of the humoral response generated against influenza a viruses. although it is known that immunological memory developed against previously encountered influenza a virus strains affects the outcome of subsequent infections, exactly how sequential exposures to antigenically variant viruses shape the humoral immune response in humans remains poorly understood. to address this important question, we perfor ...201323946196
co-incorporation of the pb2 and pa polymerase subunits from human h3n2 influenza virus is a critical determinant of the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes.the influenza virus rna polymerase, composed of the pb1, pb2 and pa subunits, has a potential role in influencing genetic reassortment. recent studies on the reassortment of human h3n2 strains suggest that the co-incorporation of pb2 and pa from the same h3n2 strain appears to be important for efficient virus replication; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. here, we reconstituted reassortant ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complexes and demonstrated that the rnp activity was severely impa ...201323939981
antiviral protein of momordica charantia l. inhibits different subtypes of influenza a.the new antiviral activity of the protein extracted from momordica charantia was determined with different subtypes of influenza a. the protein was purified from the seed of m. charantia using an anion exchanger and a fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) system. at the concentration of 1.401 mg/ml, the protein did not exhibit cytotoxicity in madin-darby canine kidney cells (mdck) but inhibited 1 × 10(5) ffu influenza a/pr/8/34 h1n1 virus at 56.50%, 65.72%, and 100% inhibition by the protein ...201323935676
the frequency and seasonality of influenza and other respiratory viruses in tennessee: two influenza seasons of surveillance data, 2010-2012.in 2010, the tennessee department of health, in collaboration with the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), expanded influenza surveillance in tennessee to include other respiratory viruses.201323962104
reduced replication capacity of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus during the 2010-2011 winter season in tottori, japan.a novel swine-origin influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus has been circulating in humans since march-april, 2009. the 2009-2010 epidemic involved predominantly a single subtype of a(h1n1)pdm09 (at 96%, 46/48) in the sentinel sites of this study. however, a(h1n1)pdm09 started to circulate together with other type/subtype (49%, 33/68) at the first peak in the next epidemic season in 2010-2011: a(h1n1)pdm09/a(h3n2) (9%, 6/68), a(h1n1)pdm09/b (35%, 24/68), and a(h1n1)pdm09/a(h3n2)/b (4%, 3/68). single infec ...201323983181
clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent surface antigen seasonal influenza vaccine produced in mammalian cell culture and administered to young and elderly adults with and without a(h1n1) pre-vaccination.vaccination against influenza is an important means of reducing morbidity and mortality in subjects at risk. the prevalent viral strains responsible for seasonal epidemics usually change annually, but the who recommendations for the 2011/2012-season in the northern hemisphere included the same antigens as for the previous season. we conducted a single-center, single-arm study involving 62 younger (18-60 years) and 64 older (>60 years) adults to test the immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of ...201323976960
[meta analysis on the immunogenicity of domestic influenza virus vaccines].to evaluate the immunogenicity of domestic influenza virus vaccines.201324011163
genome sequence of a circulating human-like swine-origin influenza a virus h3n2 strain.the full-genome sequence of a/swine/henan/1/2010, a strain of influenza a virus isolated in central china, was determined. phylogenetic analyses show that its eight genomic segments are human-like, and some of its segments have appeared in swine h1n2, swine h1n1, and human h1n2 influenza viruses.201324233586
recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2013-2014.the purpose of this statement is to update recommendations for routine use of seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. highlights for the upcoming 2013-2014 season include (1) this year's trivalent influenza vaccine contains an a/california/7/2009 (h1n1) pdm09-like virus (same as 2012-2013); an a/texas/50/2012 (h3n2) virus (antigenically like the 2012-2013 strain); and a b/massachusetts/2/2012-like virus (a b/yamagata lineage ...201323999962
signal-processing-based bioinformatics approach for the identification of influenza a virus subtypes in neuraminidase genes.neuraminidase (na) genes of influenza a virus is a highly potential candidate for antiviral drug development that can only be realized through true identification of its sub-types. in this paper, in order to accurately detect the sub-types, a hybrid predictive model is therefore developed and tested over proteins obtained from the four subtypes of the influenza a virus, namely, h1n1, h2n2, h3n2 and h5n1 that caused major pandemics in the twentieth century. the predictive model is built by the fo ...201324110375
standard trivalent influenza virus protein vaccination does not prime antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in macaques.yearly vaccination with the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) is recommended, since current vaccines induce little cross neutralization to divergent influenza strains. whether the tiv can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) responses that can cross-recognize divergent influenza virus strains is unknown. we immunized 6 influenza-naive pigtail macaques twice with the 2011-2012 season tiv and then challenged the macaques, along with 12 control macaques, serially with ...201324109221
replication characteristics of swine influenza viruses in precision-cut lung slices reflect the virulence properties of the viruses.precision-cut lung slices of pigs were infected with five swine influenza a viruses of different subtypes (a/sw/potsdam/15/1981 h1n1, a/sw/bad griesbach/idt5604/2006 h1n1, a/sw/bakum/1832/2000 h1n2, a/sw/damme/idt5673/2006 h3n2, a/sw/herford/idt5932/2007 h3n2). the viruses were able to infect ciliated and mucus-producing cells. the infection of well-differentiated respiratory epithelial cells by swine influenza a viruses was analyzed with respect to the kinetics of virus release into the superna ...201324225030
kinetics of influenza a virus nucleoprotein antibody (igm, iga, and igg) in serum and oral fluid specimens from pigs infected under experimental conditions.indirect influenza a virus (iav) nucleoprotein (np) antibody elisas were used to compare the kinetics of the np igm, iga, and igg responses in serum and pen-based oral fluid samples collected from 82 pigs followed for 42 days post inoculation (dpi). treatment categories included vaccination (0, 1) and inoculation (0, 1) with contemporary h1n1 or h3n2 isolates. antibody ontogeny was markedly affected by vaccination status, but no significant differences were detected between h1n1 and h3n2 inocula ...201324200976
phase i/ii trial of a replication-deficient trivalent influenza virus vaccine lacking ns1.the non-structural protein ns1 of the influenza virus counteracts the interferon-mediated immune response of the host. we investigated the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent formulation containing influenza h1n1, h3n2 and b strains lacking ns1 (delns1-trivalent).201324183981
serum antibody response to influenza virus vaccination during chemotherapy treatment in adult patients with solid tumours.higher rates of hospitalization and mortality are described in oncology patients with influenza virus infection compared to the general population. yearly influenza vaccination is recommended for patients treated with chemotherapy. the optimal moment to administer the vaccine during a treatment cycle has not been studied extensively.201324176495
the anti-influenza virus effect of phellinus igniarius extract.herbal medicine has been used in the orient for thousands of years to treat large and small ailments, including microbial infections. although there are treatments for influenza virus infection, there is no treatment for drug-resistant viruses. it is time that we explored and exploited the multi-component nature of herbal extracts as multi-drug combination therapies. here, we present data on the anti-influenza virus effect of a medicinal mushroom, phellinus igniarius. the p. igniarius water extr ...201324173646
humoral and cellular responses to a non-adjuvanted monovalent h1n1 pandemic influenza vaccine in hospital employees.the efficacy of the h1n1 influenza vaccine relies on the induction of both humoral and cellular responses. this study evaluated the humoral and cellular responses to a monovalent non-adjuvanted pandemic influenza a/h1n1 vaccine in occupationally exposed subjects who were previously vaccinated with a seasonal vaccine.201324238117
different evolutionary trends of swine h1n2 influenza viruses in italy compared to european viruses.european h1n2 swine influenza viruses (eu h1n2sivs) arose from multiple reassortment events among human h1n1, human h3n2, and avian influenza viruses. we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of 53 italian h1n2 strains by comparing them with eu h1n2 sivs. hemagglutinin (ha) phylogeny revealed italian strains fell into four groups: group a and b (41 strains) had a human h1 similar to eu h1n2sivs, which probably originated in 1986. however group b (38 strains) formed a subgroup that had a two-ami ...201324289094
development and evaluation of a sybr green-based real time rt-pcr assay for detection of the emerging avian influenza a (h7n9) virus.most recently a novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus emerged in china and has been associated with lots of human infection and fatal cases. genetic analysis of the viral genome revealed that this reassortant virus might be better adapted to humans than other avian influenza viruses. molecular diagnostic methods are thus urgently needed in public health laboratories. in this study, a sybr green-based one-step real time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) was developed to detect the novel h7 ...201324278234
population dynamics of cocirculating swine influenza a viruses in the united states from 2009 to 2012.understanding the ecology and evolution of influenza a viruses (iav) in mammalian hosts is critical to reduce disease burden in production animals and lower zoonotic infection risk in humans. recent advances in influenza surveillance in us swine populations allow for timely epidemiological, phylogenetic, and virological analyses that monitor emergence of novel viruses and assess changes in viral population dynamics.201324224819
swine influenza virus vaccine serologic cross-reactivity to contemporary us swine h3n2 and efficacy in pigs infected with an h3n2 similar to 2011-2012 h3n2v.swine influenza a virus (iav) reassortment with 2009 h1n1 pandemic (h1n1pdm09) virus has been documented, and new genotypes and subclusters of h3n2 have since expanded in the us swine population. an h3n2 variant (h3n2v) virus with the h1n1pdm09 matrix gene and the remaining genes of swine triple reassortant h3n2 caused outbreaks at agricultural fairs in 2011-2012.201324224818
anti-influenza activity of alchemilla mollis extract: possible virucidal activity against influenza virus particles.influenza virus infection is a major public health problem that leads to significant morbidity and mortality. the emergence of resistance to the currently available anti-influenza agents has necessitated the development of new drugs with novel targets. studying known ethno-medicinal plants is a promising approach for the discovery of new antiviral compounds. alchemilla mollis is used in traditional medicine in europe for different indications, including minimizing the symptoms of a sore throat. ...201324270383
tmprss2 is essential for influenza h1n1 virus pathogenesis in mice.annual influenza epidemics and occasional pandemics pose a severe threat to human health. host cell factors required for viral spread but not for cellular survival are attractive targets for novel approaches to antiviral intervention. the cleavage activation of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) by host cell proteases is essential for viral infectivity. however, it is unknown which proteases activate influenza viruses in mammals. several candidates have been identified in cell culture studie ...201324348248
substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution.the molecular basis of antigenic drift was determined for the hemagglutinin (ha) of human influenza a/h3n2 virus. from 1968 to 2003, antigenic change was caused mainly by single amino acid substitutions, which occurred at only seven positions in ha immediately adjacent to the receptor binding site. most of these substitutions were involved in antigenic change more than once. equivalent positions were responsible for the recent antigenic changes of influenza b and a/h1n1 viruses. substitution of ...201324264991
influenza virus surveillance in pakistan during 2008-2011.there is little information about influenza among the pakistani population. in order to assess the trends of influenza-like-illness (ili) and to monitor the predominant circulating strains of influenza viruses, a country-wide lab-based surveillance system for ili and severe acute respiratory illness (sari) with weekly sampling and reporting was established in 2008. this system was necessary for early detection of emerging novel influenza subtypes and timely response for influenza prevention and ...201324260327
severity of the two post-pandemic influenza seasons 2010-11 and 2011-12 in northern greece.since the pandemic in 2009, the two following post pandemic influenza seasons have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in northern greece. the scope of this short report is to provide relevant epidemiological information, an evaluation of the efficacy of the seasonal vaccine and antiviral drugs. molecular analysis revealed the close match of a(h1n1) 2009 pandemic and post-pandemic 2010-11 viruses with the vaccine virus. however, a proportion of the influenza a(h3n2) and ...201324376321
genetics, evolution, and the zoonotic capacity of european swine influenza viruses.the european swine influenza virus lineage differs genetically from the classical swine influenza viruses and the triple reassortants found in north america and asia. the avian-like swine h1n1 viruses emerged in 1979 after an avian-to-swine transmission and spread to all major european pig-producing countries. reassortment of these viruses with seasonal h3n2 viruses led to human-like swine h3n2 viruses which appeared in 1984. finally, human-like swine h1n2 viruses emerged in 1994. these are trip ...201323011571
high prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza a virus isolated in gyeonggi province, south korea, during 2005-2010.amantadine resistance among influenza a viruses was investigated in south korea in 2005-2010. of 308 influenza a viruses examined, 229 had the s31n substitution in the m2 protein. the frequency of amantadine resistance was 30 %, 100 %, and 76 % in influenza a/h1n1, pandemic a/h1n1 2009(a/h1n1pdm), and a/h3n2 subtypes, respectively. the amantadine-resistant influenza a/h1n1pdm and a/h3n2 viruses were circulating continuously from 2008 to 2009 and from 2005 to 2006, respectively. amantadine resist ...201323011311
efficacy and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in hiv-infected children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.hiv-infected children are at heightened risk for severe influenza illness; however, there is no study on the efficacy or effectiveness of influenza vaccine in these children. we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of nonadjuvanted, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) against confirmed seasonal influenza virus illness in hiv-infected children.201323032417
clinical accuracy of a plex-id flu device for simultaneous detection and identification of influenza viruses a and b.respiratory tract infections caused by influenza a and b viruses often present nonspecifically, and a rapid, high-throughput laboratory technique that can identify influenza viruses is clinically and epidemiologically desirable. the plex-id flu assay (abbott molecular inc., des plaines, il) incorporates multilocus pcr and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry to detect and differentiate influenza a 2009 h1n1 (h1n1-p), seasonal h1n1 (h1n1-s), influenza a h3n2, and influenza b viruses in nasop ...201323077123
influenza a viruses grow in human pancreatic cells and cause pancreatitis and diabetes in an animal model.influenza a viruses commonly cause pancreatitis in naturally and experimentally infected animals. in this study, we report the results of in vivo investigations carried out to establish whether influenza virus infection could cause metabolic disorders linked to pancreatic infection. in addition, in vitro tests in human pancreatic islets and in human pancreatic cell lines were performed to evaluate viral growth and cell damage. infection of an avian model with two low-pathogenicity avian influenz ...201323097451
a comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabbing for the detection of influenza virus by real-time pcr.we tested the hypothesis that swabs from the nasopharynx carry a higher viral load than swabs from the oropharynx in patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-confirmed influenza infection. using flocked swabs, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal samples were harvested from hospital-admitted influenza patients no later than 3 days after the initial detection of influenza virus. comparison of cycle threshold (ct) values was performed to assess differences in viral load in the specimens ...201323052986
anti-influenza virus activity of ginkgo biloba leaf extracts.we examined the influence of ginkgo biloba leaf extract (egb) on the infectivity of influenza viruses in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. plaque assays demonstrated that multiplication of influenza viruses after adsorption to host cells was not affected in the agarose overlay containing egb. however, when the viruses were treated with egb before exposure to cells, their infectivity was markedly reduced. in contrast, the inhibitory effect was not observed when mdck cells were treated with ...201323179317
comparative effectiveness of isolation techniques for contemporary influenza a virus strains circulating in exhibition swine.the current study sought to compare the effectiveness of 2 virus isolation methods for the recovery of contemporary influenza a virus (fluav) strains circulating in swine at agricultural exhibitions. following the emergence of the influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 virus, increased surveillance of fluav strains among swine was recommended for early detection of emerging strains that threaten animal and human health. the increase in genetic drift and genomic reassortment among fluav strains infecting swine ...201323242667
human t-cells directed to seasonal influenza a virus cross-react with 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) and swine-origin triple-reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses.virus-specific cd8(+) t-cells contribute to protective immunity against influenza a virus (iav) infections. as the majority of these cells are directed to conserved viral proteins, they may afford protection against iavs of various subtypes. the present study assessed the cross-reactivity of human cd8(+) t-lymphocytes, induced by infection with seasonal a (h1n1) or a (h3n2) influenza virus, with 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus [a(h1n1)pdm09] and swine-origin triple-reassortant a (h3n2) [a ...201323152369
the genetic match between vaccine strains and circulating seasonal influenza a viruses in vietnam, 2001-2009.vietnam is currently developing domestic capability to manufacture influenza vaccines but information on the genetic and antigenic characteristics of locally circulating seasonal influenza viruses is limited. to assess the relevance of who recommended vaccine strains to the situation in vietnam, we analyzed the genetic relatedness of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of seasonal influenza a viruses circulating in vietnam from 2001 to 2009 to who recommended vaccine strains over the same period.201323137010
protection of guinea pigs by vaccination with a recombinant swinepox virus co-expressing ha1 genes of swine h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses.swine influenza (si) is an acute respiratory infectious disease of swine caused by swine influenza virus (siv). siv is not only an important respiratory pathogen in pigs but also a potent threat to human health. here, we report the construction of a recombinant swinepox virus (rspv/h3-2a-h1) co-expressing hemagglutinin (ha1) of siv subtypes h1n1 and h3n2. immune responses and protection efficacy of the rspv/h3-2a-h1 were evaluated in guinea pigs. inoculation of rspv/h3-2a-h1 yielded neutralizing ...201323135159
influenza surveillance from november 2008 to 2011; including pandemic influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 in bhutan.describe the influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in bhutan.201322813389
comprehensive global amino acid sequence analysis of pb1f2 protein of influenza a h5n1 viruses and the influenza a virus subtypes responsible for the 20th-century pandemics.pb1f2 is the 11th protein of influenza a virus translated from +1 alternate reading frame of pb1 gene. since the discovery, varying sizes and functions of the pb1f2 protein of influenza a viruses have been reported. selection of pb1 gene segment in the pandemics, variable size and pleiotropic effect of pb1f2 intrigued us to analyze amino acid sequences of this protein in various influenza a viruses.201322788742
swine influenza virus vaccines: to change or not to change-that's the question.commercial vaccines currently available against swine influenza virus (siv) are inactivated, adjuvanted, whole virus vaccines, based on h1n1 and/or h3n2 and/or h1n2 sivs. in keeping with the antigenic and genetic differences between sivs circulating in europe and the us, the vaccines for each region are produced locally and contain different strains. even within a continent, there is no standardization of vaccine strains, and the antigen mass and adjuvants can also differ between different comme ...201322976350
a meta-analysis of intradermal versus intramuscular influenza vaccines: immunogenicity and adverse events.to determine immunogenicity and safety of intradermal (id) influenza vaccines compared with intramuscular (im) administration and effect of dose and age.201322974174
increased symptom severity but unchanged neuraminidase inhibitor effectiveness for a(h1n1)pdm09 in the 2010-2011 season: comparison with the previous season and with seasonal a(h3n2) and b.no studies of the clinical symptoms before starting therapy or of the effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) have been carried out of the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons that compare a(h1n1)pdm09 or the three circulating types of influenza virus.201322897904
"trivalent influenza vaccination of healthy adults 3 years after the onset of swine-origin h1n1 pandemic: restricted immunogenicity of the new a/h1n1v constituent?".influenza vaccination is advised annually to reduce the burden of influenza disease. for sufficient vaccine campaigns also a continuous adoption of influenza vaccines are necessary, due to particularly high genetic variability of influenza a virus. therefore, we evaluate the effectiveness of the trivalent influenza vaccine 2010/2011, against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2) and influenza b. immune response was investigated in paired sera from 92 healthcare workers with the hemagglutination inhibition as ...201322986732
analytical detection of influenza a(h3n2)v and other a variant viruses from the usa by rapid influenza diagnostic tests.the performance of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) that detect influenza viral nucleoprotein (np) antigen has been reported to be variable. recent human infections with variant influenza a viruses that are circulating in pigs prompted the investigation of the analytical reactivity of ridts with these variant viruses.201322984843
antiviral activity of acidic polysaccharides from coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformi, a green alga, against an in vitro human influenza a virus infection.the extracts prepared from green algae are reported to possess a variety of biological activities including antioxidant, antitumor and antiviral activities. the acidic polysaccharide fraction from a green alga coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformi (cmaps) was isolated and the antiviral action on an in vitro infection of influenza a virus was examined. cmaps inhibited the growth and yield of all influenza a virus strains tested, such as a/h1n1, a/h2n2, a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 pandemic strains. the 50% inhibitory ...201322856509
structural analysis of the hemagglutinin from the recent 2013 h7n9 influenza virus.in march 2013, the chinese center for disease control and prevention reported human infections with an h7n9 influenza virus, and by 20 july 2013, the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases had climbed to 134, including 43 fatalities and 127 hospitalizations. the newly emerging h7n9 viruses constitute an obvious public health concern because of the apparent severity of this outbreak. here we focus on the hemagglutinins (has) of these viruses and assess their receptor binding phenotype in relation ...201324027325
serological evidence for avian h9n2 influenza virus infections among romanian agriculture workers.in recent years, wild birds have introduced multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections in romanian poultry. in 2005 hpai infections were widespread among domestic poultry and anecdotal reports suggested domestic pigs may also have been exposed. we sought to examine evidence for zoonotic influenza infections among romanian agriculture workers. between 2009 and 2010, 363 adult participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional, seroepidemiological study. confined animal f ...201323999337
understanding the dynamics of seasonal influenza in italy: incidence, transmissibility and population susceptibility in a 9-year period.influenza surveillance systems have been established in many countries in the world, yielding timely information about the intensity and features of seasonal outbreaks. such data have also been used to estimate epidemiological parameters and to evaluate the effect of factors on infection dynamics. however, little is known about the extent of under-reporting in surveillance data, and thus of the true influenza incidence in the population.201322694182
history and epidemiology of swine influenza in europe.in europe, swine influenza is considered one of the most important primary pathogens of swine respiratory disease and infection is primarily with h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses. the antigenetic characteristics of these viruses distinguish them from others circulating at a global level in pigs. these viruses have remained endemic in european pig populations but significant differences in the circulation of these strains occur at a regional level across europe. the dynamic of co-circulati ...201322234411
distinction of subtype-specific antibodies against european porcine influenza viruses by indirect elisa based on recombinant hemagglutinin protein fragment-1.serological investigations of swine influenza virus infections and epidemiological conclusions thereof are challenging due to the complex and regionally variable pattern of co-circulating viral subtypes and lineages and varying vaccination regimes. detection of subtype-specific antibodies currently depends on hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays which are difficult to standardize and unsuitable for large scale investigations.201323898799
serologic evidence of human influenza virus infections in swine populations, cambodia.this study was conducted from 2006 to 2010 and investigated the seroprevalence of influenza a viruses in cambodian pigs, including human h1n1, h3n2, 2009 pandemic h1n1 (a(h1n1)pdm09), and highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza a viruses.201322642704
the 2009 pandemic influenza virus: where did it come from, where is it now, and where is it going?around 2008 or 2009, an influenza a virus that had been circulating undetected in swine entered human population. unlike most swine influenza infections of humans, this virus established sustained human-to-human transmission, leading to a global pandemic. the virus responsible, 2009 pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm), is the result of multiple reassortment events that brought together genomic segments from classical h1n1 swine influenza virus, human seasonal h3n2 influenza virus, north american avian influ ...201322638836
immune response to influenza vaccine in hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure.chronic renal failure and dialysis belong to contraindications to vaccination with live vaccines. the objective of this study was to evaluate the humoral response to influenza vaccination consisting of the formation of antibodies against hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure. the study included 173 patients treated at a dialysis station in the silesian region in poland. the patients were assigned to the following groups: group a- ...201322836646
enhanced replication of swine influenza viruses in dexamethasone-treated juvenile and layer turkeys.frequent transmission of swine influenza viruses (sivs) to turkeys has been reported since 1980s. experimental studies also showed that sivs can infect turkeys with varying replication and transmission efficiency depending on the strain. however, host factors involved in infection/replication efficiency remain unclear. to investigate whether the immune status of turkeys might play a role in the susceptibility of turkeys to sivs, we studied the replication efficiency of two recent sivs (human-lik ...201323123174
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