Publications

purification and characterization of chitinase from streptomyces sp. m-20.	chitinase (ec 3.2.1.14) was isolated from the culture filtrate of streptomyces sp. m-20 and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, deae-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, and sephadex g-100 gel filtration. no exochitinase activity was found in the culture filtrate. the molecular mass of the purified chitinase was 20 kda, estimated by a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was confirmed by activity staining with calcofluor white m2r. chitinase was optimally acti ...	2003	12689517
non-conventional methods for the control of post-harvest pear diseases.	pears are highly perishable products, especially during the post-harvest phase, when considerable losses can occur. among the fungal diseases, blue mold caused by penicillium expansum, grey mould caused by botrytis cinerea, mucor rot caused by mucor piriformis are common on pear fruits. other (weak) pathogens like phialophora malorum, alternaria spp., and cladosporium herbarum tend to infect wounds and senescent fruits. a post-harvest fungicide treatment can reduce decay but effectiveness decrea ...	2003	12694440
role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in plant disease resistance.	membrane damage caused by the non-specific fungal toxin fusaric acid was less on pretreated than on control leaves when tobacco leaves were pretreated with anti-senescence plant hormones, such as kinetin, benzyladenine or the anti-ozonant n-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)]ethyl-n'-phenylurea. similarly, the necrosis caused by mercuric chloride was reduced by the above anti-senescence agents. in addition, in in vitro tests, leaves from selected paraquat-tolerant tobacco plants were less sensitive to ...	2003	12701708
cyclopentenone isoprostanes induced by reactive oxygen species trigger defense gene activation and phytoalexin accumulation in plants.	lipid peroxidation may be initiated either by lipoxygenases or by reactive oxygen species (ros). enzymatic oxidation of alpha-linolenate can result in the biosynthesis of cyclic oxylipins of the jasmonate type while free-radical-catalyzed oxidation of alpha-linolenate may yield several classes of cyclic oxylipins termed phytoprostanes in vivo. previously, we have shown that one of these classes, the e1-phytoprostanes (ppe1), occurs ubiquitously in plants. in this work, it is shown that ppe1 are ...	2003	12713542
germination and adhesion of fungal conidia on polycarbonate membranes and on apple fruit exposed to mycoactive acetate esters.	the adhesion and germination of conidia of nine fungal species were assessed on polycarbonate membranes or on the skin of apple fruit in sealed glass bottles injected or not injected with acetate esters. adhesion was determined after dislodging conidia from surfaces using a sonication probe. adhesion and germination of conidia of aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger, penicillium citrinum, penicillium claviforme, or trichoderma sp. on membranes after 48 h were not increase ...	2003	12718401
identification of a copper chaperone from tomato fruits infected with botrytis cinerea by differential display.	differential display was used to isolate tomato genes responding to fungal infection. here we describe the isolation and characterization of a gene that is down-regulated in tomato fruits infected with the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea. the cdna identified encodes a protein that shares sequence similarity to the amino terminal region of cch, a copper chaperone from arabidopsis thaliana, that participates in intracellular copper homeostasis by delivering cu to the secretory pathway. the fact tha ...	2003	12727232
a semi-quantitative rt-pcr method to readily compare expression levels within botrytis cinerea multigenic families in vitro and in planta.	a straightforward and easy-to-apply semi-quantitative rt-pcr method was developed to study multigenic expression in the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. this procedure is based on the one-step reverse transcription-amplification of a specific transcript within total rna and product amount determination by densitometric analysis of ethidium bromide fluorescence upon gel electrophoresis. the semi-quantitative analysis is achieved, at a fixed pcr cycle-number, within a range of total rna co ...	2003	12740713
a critical evaluation of the role of alternative oxidase in the performance of strobilurin and related fungicides acting at the qo site of complex iii.	mitochondrial respiration conserves energy by linking nadh oxidation and electron-coupled proton translocation with atp synthesis, through a core pathway involving three large protein complexes. strobilurin fungicides block electron flow through one of these complexes (iii), and disrupt energy supply. despite an essential need for atp throughout fungal disease development, strobilurins are largely preventative; indeed some diseases are not controlled at all, and several pathogens have quickly de ...	2003	12741518
disruption of botrytis cinerea pectin methylesterase gene bcpme1 reduces virulence on several host plants.	the pectinolytic enzyme pectin methylesterase (pme) hydrolyses pectin in methanol and polygalacturonic acid. in the expressed sequence tag library of botrytis cinerea t4, we identified a 1,041 bp bcpme1 cdna potentially encoding a 346-amino acid protein of 37 kda showing 46.8% identity with aspergillus sp. pmes. bcpme1 is a single copy gene and is similarly expressed in glucose and pectin containing media. to evaluate the role of bcpme1 in botrytis cinerea virulence, a mutant in bcpme1 was gener ...	2003	12744465
nonspecific lipid-transfer protein genes expression in grape (vitis sp.) cells in response to fungal elicitor treatments.	nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsltps) are small, basic cystein-rich proteins believed to be involved in plant defense mechanisms. three cdnas coding nsltps from grape (vitis vinifera sp.) were cloned by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and pcr. the expression of nsltp genes was investigated in 41b-rootstock grape cell suspension, in response to various defense-related signal molecules. ergosterol (a fungi-specific sterol) and a proteinaceous elicitor purified from ...	2003	12744517
a tomato metacaspase gene is upregulated during programmed cell death in botrytis cinerea-infected leaves.	programmed cell death (pcd) in plant cells is often accompanied by biochemical and morphological hallmarks similar to those of animal apoptosis. however, orthologs of animal caspases, cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases that constitute the core component of animal apoptosis, have not yet been identified in plants. recent studies have revealed the presence of a family of genes encoding proteins with distant homology to mammalian caspases, designated metacaspases, in the arabidopsis thaliana ge ...	2003	12783227
the endopolygalacturonase 1 from botrytis cinerea activates grapevine defense reactions unrelated to its enzymatic activity.	a purified glycoprotein from botrytis cinerea (strain t4), identified as endopolygalacturonase 1 (t4bcpg1) by mass spectrometry analysis, has been shown to activate defense reactions in grapevine (vitis vinifera cv. gamay). these reactions include calcium influx, production of active oxygen species, activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases, defense gene transcript accumulation, and phytoalexin production. most of these defense reactions were also activated in grapevine in response to ...	2003	12795381
hplc-dad-ms/ms esi characterization of unusual highly glycosylated acylated flavonoids from cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) agroindustrial byproducts.	in a recent program to investigate the possible use of vegetable handling and commercialization wastes and residues as a source of potentially bioactive extracts, we have studied cauliflower byproducts. a total of twenty-eight compounds were characterized by hplc-dad-ms, of these, twenty-two are produced naturally by the plant. the main compounds found were kaempferol 3-diglucoside-7-glucoside and its combinations with different hydroxycinnamic acids. moreover, some flavonoids with an unusual hi ...	2003	12797762
combinations of pulsed white light and uv-c or mild heat treatment to inactivate conidia of botrytis cinerea and monilia fructigena.	the use of pulses of intense white light to inactivate conidia of the fungi botrytis cinerea and monilia fructigena, responsible for important economical losses during postharvest storage and transport of strawberries and sweet cherries, was investigated in this study. in the first stage, a light treatment applying pulses of 30 micros at a frequency of 15 hz was investigated, resulting in a treatment duration varying from 1 to 250 s. the conidia of both fungi showed similar behaviour to pulsed l ...	2003	12810282
fabin, a novel calcyon-like and glucanase-like protein with mitogenic, antifungal and translation-inhibitory activities from broad beans.	a protein with an n-terminal sequence displaying similarities to n-terminal sequences of human calcyon and barley endo-1,4-glucanase, and to c-terminal sequences of human translation initiation factor 4 gamma and yeast superkiller viralicidic activity, was isolated from the broad bean vicia faba. the protein, termed fabin, has a molecular mass of 34 kda in sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. antifungal activity of the protein was observed against several fungal species including rhizoctonia ...	2003	12817478
n-linked glycosylation of native and recombinant cauliflower xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 16a.	the gene encoding a xet (xyloglucan endotransglycosylase) from cauliflower ( brassica oleracea var. botrytis ) florets has been cloned and sequenced. sequence analysis indicated a high degree of similarity to other xet enzymes belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (gh16). in addition to the conserved gh16 catalytic sequence motif eidfe, there exists one potential n-linked glycosylation site, which is also highly conserved in xet enzymes from this family. purification of the corresponding pro ...	2003	12826015
antifungal activity of brassica oleracea var. botrytis fresh aqueous juice.	the antifungal activity of fresh, aqueous brassica oleracea var. botrytis juice against candida albicans and other pathogenic fungi was investigated. the juice was found to be effective both in inhibiting the growth of blastoconidia and reducing the appearance of c. albicans germ tubes. furthermore, the juice inhibited the growth of some pathogenic, filamentous fungi.	2003	12837360
melanin in the extracellular matrix of germlings of botrytis cinerea.	previous work on the composition of the extracellular matrix of germlings of the plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea demonstrated the presence of carbohydrate, protein, and simple lipids; which, together, comprised 50-60% of the dry weight. here we show that most of the remaining mass of the extracellular matrix consists of a chemically inert dark pigment with the electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics of a melanin. scanning electron micrographs of the purified pigment, and transmi ...	2003	12842141
ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling affect the npr1-independent expression of defense genes without impacting resistance to pseudomonas syringae and peronospora parasitica in the arabidopsis ssi1 mutant.	salicylic acid (sa), ethylene, and jasmonic acid (ja) are important signaling molecules in plant defense to biotic stress. an intricate signaling network involving sa, ethylene, and ja fine tunes plant defense responses. sa-dependent defense responses in arabidopsis thaliana are mediated through npr1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. we have previously shown that activation of an npr1-independent defense mechanism confers enhanced disease resistance and constitutive expression of the pathog ...	2003	12848424
arabidopsis local resistance to botrytis cinerea involves salicylic acid and camalexin and requires eds4 and pad2, but not sid2, eds5 or pad4.	salicylic acid (sa) is an important regulator of plant defense responses, and a variety of arabidopsis mutants impaired in resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens show defects in sa accumulation, perception, or signal transduction. nevertheless, the role of sa-dependent defense responses against necrotrophic fungi is currently unclear. we determined the susceptibility of a set of previously identified arabidopsis mutants impaired in defense responses to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen ...	2003	12848825
scarabaecin, a novel cysteine-containing antifungal peptide from the rhinoceros beetle, oryctes rhinoceros.	a novel antifungal peptide, scarabaecin (4080da), was isolated from the coconut rhinoceros beetle, oryctes rhinoceros. scarabaecin cdna was cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcr) using a primer based on the n-terminal amino acid sequence. the amino acid sequence deduced from scarabaecin cdna showed no significant similarity to those of reported proteins. chemically synthesized scarabaecin indicated antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi such as pyricularia ...	2003	12859949
synthesis and fungicidal activity of lipophylic n- and o-acyl derivatives of beta-hydroxy dl-alpha-amino acids.	synthesis of n- and o-acyl derivatives of dl-serine and threo-dl-phenylserine was accomplished by a regioselective acylation of the corresponding amino acid. the residues introduced into amino acid structure contain hydrophobic long chain or aromatic, namely lauroyl, myristoyl and phenylacetyl moieties. the fungicidal activity against six strains of fungi was studied. several compounds were found to be effective against growth of fungi, and o-myristoyl-dl-serine 2 and n-phenylacetyl-threo-dl-phe ...	2003	12872931
mode of action and antifungal properties of two cold-adapted chitinases.	the mode of action of two chitinases from the antarctic arthrobacter sp. strain tad20 on n-acetyl-chitooligomers and chitin polymers has been elucidated. identification of the length of chitin oligomers following enzymatic hydrolysis was verified by using hplc-based analysis. it was observed that the length of the oligomer is important for enzyme action. the enzymes cannot effectively hydrolyze chitin oligomers with a degree of polymerization lower than four. archia is an endochitinase which hyd ...	2003	12884086
the saccharomyces cerevisiae chitinase, encoded by the cts1-2 gene, confers antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea to transgenic tobacco.	the saccharomyces cerevisiae chitinase, encoded by the cts1-2 gene has recently been confirmed by in vitro tests to possess antifungal abilities. in this study, the cts1-2 gene has been evaluated for its in planta antifungal activity by constitutive overexpression in tobacco plants to assess its potential to increase the plant's defence against fungal pathogens. transgenic tobacco plants, generated by agrobacterium-mediated transformation, showed stable integration and inheritance of the transge ...	2003	12885170
characterisation of a new species of pythium isolated from a wheat field in northern france and its antagonism towards botrytis cinerea causing the grey mould disease of the grapevine.	a new species, pythium bifurcatum, isolated from soil samples taken from a wheat field in lille in northern france is described here. the oomycete occurred thrice out of 50 samples. the type specimen is f-91, which is a slow-growing saprophyte living on vegetable debris and which can be recognised by its antheridial as well as oogonial characteristics, which are different from other known species of pythium. when grown together with botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of the grey mould disease of ...	2003	12892885
dendrocin, a distinctive antifungal protein from bamboo shoots.	an antifungal protein, with a molecular weight of 20 kda and an inhibitory action on mycelial growth in the fungi fusarium oxysporum, botrytis cincerea, and mycosphaerella arachidicola, was isolated from fresh bamboo shoots. the protein, designated dendrocin, was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose and adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-sepharose. dendrocin showed only limited similarity in n-terminal sequence to thaumatin-like proteins, unlike other thaumatin-like proteins which closely resemble eac ...	2003	12893287
cicerarin, a novel antifungal peptide from the green chickpea.	a peptide designated cicerarin, with an n-terminal amino acid sequence vkstgradddlavktkylpp dissimilar from known proteins and peptides and a molecular mass of 8kda, was isolated from seeds of the green chickpea cicer arietinum cv green chickpea. cicerarin was isolated with a procedure that involved ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, and gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on superdex 75. cicerarin was unadsorbed on deae- ...	2003	12895650
molecular mapping of or, a gene inducing beta-carotene accumulation in cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis).	the cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) or gene is a semi-dominant, single-locus mutation that induces the accumulation of high levels of beta-carotene in various tissues of the plant, turning them orange. as part of a map-based cloning strategy, molecular mapping of the or gene in the cauliflower genome was undertaken in a mapping population consisting of 195 f2 individuals. by using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) in conjunction with bulked segregant analysis, we ide ...	2003	12897867
cynodontin: a fungal metabolite with antifungal properties.	a red pigment that accumulates in cultures of a drechslera avenae pathotype with specificity for avena sterilis was isolated and identified as the anthraquinone cynodontin (3-methyl-1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone). satisfactory yield of the compound was obtained with 20-60 day incubations at temperatures between 20 and 27 degrees c. cynodontin was tested in vitro for fungitoxicity and was found to be a potent inhibitor of the growth of sclerotinia minor, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and botrytis ...	2003	12903946
targeted activation tagging of the arabidopsis nbs-lrr gene, adr1, conveys resistance to virulent pathogens.	a transgenic arabidopsis line containing a chimeric pr-1::luciferase (luc) reporter gene was subjected to mutagenesis with activation tags. screening of lines via high-throughput luc imaging identified a number of dominant arabidopsis mutants that exhibited enhanced pr-1 gene expression. here, we report the characterization of one of these mutants, designated activated disease resistance (adr) 1. this line showed constitutive expression of a number of key defense marker genes and accumulated sal ...	2003	12906111
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of botrytis cinerea, simple purification of monokaryotic transformants and rapid conidia-based identification of the transfer-dna host genomic dna flanking sequences.	the agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transfer of foreign dna to the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea was investigated. fifteen stable transformants per 10(6) conidia were consistently produced. monokaryons were purified in a single step and their molecular analysis demonstrated the random integration of predominantly single or tandem copies of the foreign dna into their genome. thermal asymmetric interlaced pcr performed directly on conidia led to the rapid identification of the genomic ...	2003	12937946
systemic acquired resistance in sunflower (helianthus annuus l.).	systemic acquired resistance (sar) to infection by botrytis cinerea in the leaves of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) plants was induced following cotyledon inoculation with b. cinerea or treatment with abiotic inducers. salicylic acid (sa), benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic s-methyl ester (bth), 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (ina) or edta protected sunflower plants against botrytis infection, that was revealed by a reduction in the number and area of the necrotic lesions in upper leaves a ...	2003	12945177
disruption of botrytis cinerea class i chitin synthase gene bcchs1 results in cell wall weakening and reduced virulence.	to get a better insight into the relationship between cell wall integrity and pathogenicity of the fungus botrytis cinerea, we have constructed chitin synthase mutants. a 620 bp class i chitin synthase gene fragment (bcchs1) obtained by pcr amplification was used to disrupt the corresponding gene in the genome. disruption of bcchs1 occurred at a frequency of 8%. nine independent mutants were obtained and the bcchs1 mutant phenotype compared to that of transformants in which the gene was not disr ...	2003	12948512
vulgarone b, the antifungal constituent in the steam-distilled fraction of artemisia douglasiana.	antifungal activity of the steam distilled essential oil fraction of artemisia douglasiana was detected by bioautography on silica gel tlc plates against three colletotrichum spp. the active principle was isolated by bioassay-directed fractionation using column chromatography followed by crystallization and was characterized as vulgarone b by 1h and 13c nmr and gc-ms. antifungal activity of vulgarone b was further evaluated using 96-well microtiter assay against colletotrichum acatatum, c. fraga ...	2003	12956506
characterization of bc-hch, the botrytis cinerea homolog of the neurospora crassahet-c vegetative incompatibility locus, and its use as a population marker.	the botrytis cinerea homolog (bc-hch) of nc-het-c and pa-hch (vegetative incompatibility loci of neurospora crassa and podospora anserina respectively) was cloned and sequenced. the gene structure of bc-hch is very close to those of nc-het-c and pa-hch. a pcr-rflp approach on a 1171 bp fragment was used to screen polymorphism at this locus among 117 natural isolates of b. cinerea. restriction patterns by the restriction enzyme hhai fell into two allelic types. moreover, haplotypes at the bc-hch ...	2003	21156611
resistance to fungal pathogens triggered by the cf9-avr9 response in tomato and oilseed rape in the absence of hypersensitive cell death.	summary in tomato and related species, the cf9 resistance gene induces hypersensitive cell death and activates downstream defence pathways upon recognition of the avr9 elicitor. we investigated whether the cf9-avr9 response without hypersensitive cell death symptoms increases resistance to several fungi. a low avr9 dose that does not cause hypersensitive cell death was injected in cf9 tomato and transgenic cf9 oilseed rape plants. subsequently, the injected leaves were infected with different fu ...	2002	20569306
functional analysis of an extracellular catalase of botrytis cinerea.	summary there is evidence that the necrotrophic fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea is exposed to oxidative processes within plant tissues. the pathogen itself also generates active oxygen species and h(2)o(2) as pathogenicity factors. our aim was to study how the pathogen may defend itself against cellular damage caused by the accumulation of h(2)o(2) and the role of an extracellular catalase in its detoxification during the infection of tomato and bean plants by b. cinerea. chloronaphthol stainin ...	2002	20569330
t-dna tagging of a pathogen inducible promoter in arabidopsis thaliana.	summary many events associated with the plant defence responses are regulated on the transcriptional level. here we report the results of a promoter tagging approach to identify promoters that are induced upon pathogen attack in arabidopsis thaliana. a line was identified in a t-dna uida tagged arabidopsis library with induced gus expression after botrytis cinerea infection around the site of fungal infection. the upstream sequence was isolated and fused to the uida gene and tested in transgenic ...	2002	20569331
the adenylate cyclase (bac) in botrytis cinerea is required for full pathogenicity.	summary the grey mould botrytis cinerea is an economically important plant pathogen. previously we found that null mutants of bcg1 encoding one of the two galpha subunits of heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins differed in colony morphology and showed reduced pathogenicity. to further understand the mechanisms involved in infection, we cloned the bac gene encoding adenylate cyclase, the enzyme that catalyses production of camp from atp. the deduced protein sequence consists of 2300 amino acids, t ...	2002	20569351
the sa-dependent defense pathway is active against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco.	the importance of salicylic acid (sa) in plant defense against pathogen attack has been elaborately documented. benzothiadiazole (bth, bion), a chemical analogue of sa, also induces resistance through the sa-dependent pathway. we investigated the role of sa in both basal defense and induced resistance of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) and tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) against oidium neolycopersici (a biotrophic pathogen) and botrytis cinerea (a necrotrophic pathogen). a comparison of nahg transg ...	2002	12701417
growth and sporulation of some pathogenic fungi in the presence of grapefruit extract.	development of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, f. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, botrytis cinerea and b. elliptica in the presence of grapefruit extract (ge) was evaluated. amendment of potato-dextrose agar with 40 micrograms of ge/cm3 inhibited linear growth of tested species at least in 50%. addition of 40 micrograms of ge/cm3 of medium inhibited spore germination of f. oxysporum f.sp. cyclaminis about 34% whereas germ tube growth was suppressed in 87%. in case of botrytis species, b. cinerea ...	2002	12701438
ee-cbp, a hevein-type antimicrobial peptide from bark of the spindle tree (euonymus europaeus l.).	ee-cbp, a hevein-type antimicrobial peptide was isolated from the bark of the spindle tree (euonymus europaeus l.). this 4992.5 da protein exhibited a very strong antifungal activity against five different fytopathogenic fungi that were tested. concentrations required to inhibit the growth of botrytis cinerea in agar diffusion assays and microtiterplate assays were 5 micrograms/ml and 1 microgram/ml, respectively. comparative tests further indicated that ee-cbp is a more potent antifungal protei ...	2002	12701440
biological control of grey mould (botrytis cinerea) with the antagonist ulocladium atrum.	the competitive saprophytic fungus ulocladium atrum was selected on the basis of its antagonistic potential for the control of grey mould caused by the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea. field trials were carried out to asses the efficacy of u. atrum as a biocontrol agent against b. cinerea in grapevine. the results demonstrated that under moderate disease pressure u. atrum had the potential to control grey mould, whereas under high disease pressure the efficacy was not sufficient to substi ...	2002	12701443
antifungal activities of n-arylbenzenesulfonamides against phytopathogens and control efficacy on wheat leaf rust and cabbage club root diseases.	a set of n-arylbenzenesulfonamides with various substituents at the arylamine and benzenesulfonyl positions were prepared, and their antifungal properties were measured in vitro against such plant pathogenic fungi as pythium ultimum, phytophthora capsici, rhizoctonia solani, and botrytis cinerea. compounds 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24 and 27 had antifungal activity over a broad spectrum of the phytopathogenic fungi tested, where 50% of inhibition (ed50) was in the range of 3-15 microg/ ...	2002	12596866
photosynthetic responses of lemna minor exposed to xenobiotics, copper, and their combinations.	the effects on the photosynthetic process of copper and pesticides, used in vineyards, and their combinations, were investigated by measuring different chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in lemna minor. cu and flumioxazin had a severe impact on duckweed since a decrease in their photosynthetic capacity was detected after 24h of exposure to 200 and 1 microg.l(-1), respectively. however, fungicides used to control botrytis cinerea (procymidone, pyrimethanil, and fludioxonil) seem to have no marke ...	2002	12485590
the microbial oxidation of (-)-beta-pinene by botrytis cinerea.	(-)-beta-pinene, a flavor and fragrance monoterpene is an important constituent of essential oils of many aromatic plants. it was oxidized by a plant-pathogenic fungus, botrytis cinerea to afford four metabolites characterized as (-)-6a-hydroxy-beta-pinene, (-)-4beta,5beta-dihydroxy-beta-pinene, (-)-2beta,3beta-dihydroxypinane, and (-)-4beta-hydroxy-beta-pinene-6-one by detailed spectroscopic studies along with other known metabolites.	2002	12240997
yeast diversity and persistence in botrytis-affected wine fermentations.	culture-dependent and -independent methods were used to examine the yeast diversity present in botrytis-affected ("botrytized") wine fermentations carried out at high ( approximately 30 degrees c) and ambient ( approximately 20 degrees c) temperatures. fermentations at both temperatures possessed similar populations of saccharomyces, hanseniaspora, pichia, metschnikowia, kluyveromyces, and candida species. however, higher populations of non-saccharomyces yeasts persisted in ambient-temperature f ...	2002	12324335
bcmfs1, a novel major facilitator superfamily transporter from botrytis cinerea, provides tolerance towards the natural toxic compounds camptothecin and cercosporin and towards fungicides.	bcmfs1, a novel major facilitator superfamily gene from botrytis cinerea, was cloned, and replacement and overexpression mutants were constructed to study its function. replacement mutants showed increased sensitivity to the natural toxic compounds camptothecin and cercosporin, produced by the plant camptotheca acuminata and the plant pathogenic fungus cercospora kikuchii, respectively. overexpression mutants displayed decreased sensitivity to these compounds and to structurally unrelated fungic ...	2002	12324349
differentiation of phytophthora infestans sporangia from other airborne biological particles by flow cytometry.	the ability of two different flow cytometers, the microcyte (optoflow) and the pas-iii (partec), to differentiate sporangia of the late-blight pathogen phytophthora infestans from other potential airborne particles was compared. with the pas-iii, light scatter and intrinsic fluorescence parameters could be used to differentiate sporangia from conidia of alternaria or botrytis spp., rust urediniospores, and pollen of grasses and plantain. differentiation between p. infestans sporangia and powdery ...	2002	11772606
rapid detection of lytic antimicrobial activity against yeast and filamentous fungi.	a rapid method for assessing the lytic activity of antimicrobial agents against yeast and fungi has been developed. the assay is based on the release of the intracellular enzyme, maltase (alpha-glucosidase). the released maltase activity was measured colorimetrically by the production of p-nitrophenol from p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (pnpg). the lytic activity of different antimicrobial compounds was measured against yeast cells or germinating spores of filamentous fungi. lytic anti-ye ...	2002	11777578
novel fungitoxicity assays for inhibition of germination-associated adhesion of botrytis cinerea and puccinia recondita spores.	botrytis cinerea and puccinia recondita spores adhere strongly to polystyrene microtiter plates coincident with germination. we developed assays for inhibition of spore adhesion in 96-well microtiter plates by using sulforhodamine b staining to quantify the adherent spores. in both organisms, fungicides that inhibited germination strongly inhibited spore adhesion, with 50% effective concentrations (ec(50)s) comparable to those for inhibition of germination. in contrast, fungicides that acted aft ...	2002	11823196
abscisic acid determines basal susceptibility of tomato to botrytis cinerea and suppresses salicylic acid-dependent signaling mechanisms.	abscisic acid (aba) is one of the plant hormones involved in the interaction between plants and pathogens. in this work, we show that tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill. cv moneymaker) mutants with reduced aba levels (sitiens plants) are much more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea than wild-type (wt) plants. exogenous application of aba restored susceptibility to b. cinerea in sitiens plants and increased susceptibility in wt plants. these results indicate that aba plays a ...	2002	11842153
isolation of a new cyclophilin-like protein from chickpeas with mitogenic, antifungal and anti-hiv-1 reverse transcriptase activities.	a protein designated chickpea cyclophilin-like antifungal protein (clap) was isolated from seeds of the chickpea (cicer arietinum). chickpea clap was characterized by a molecular weight of 18 kda and an n-terminal sequence homologous to cyclophilins. the protein was isolated with a procedure involving affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel and ion exchange chromatography on cm-sepharose. in addition to an inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi including rhizoctonia solani, mycosphaerella ...	2002	11848297
post-harvest biological control by pantoea agglomerans (cpa-2) on golden delicious apples.	to investigate the potential of pantoea agglomerans to control the major post-harvest diseases on golden delicious apples.	2002	11849352
the symbiosis of bacillus subtilis l-forms with chinese cabbage seedlings inhibits conidial germination of botrytis cinerea.	to establish whether germination of botrytis cinerea was affected by the symbiosis of bacillus subtilis l-form bacteria with chinese cabbage.	2002	11849491
infection of arabidopsis with a necrotrophic pathogen, botrytis cinerea, elicits various defense responses but does not induce systemic acquired resistance (sar).	botrytis cinerea is a non-specific necrotrophic pathogen that attacks more than 200 plant species. in contrast to biotrophs, the necrotrophs obtain their nutrients by first killing the host cells. many studies have shown that infection of plants by necrosis-causing pathogens induces a systemic acquired resistance (sar), which provides protection against successive infections by a range of pathogenic organisms. we analyzed the role of sar in b. cinerea infection of arabidopsis. we show that altho ...	2002	11855728
esa1, an arabidopsis mutant with enhanced susceptibility to a range of necrotrophic fungal pathogens, shows a distorted induction of defense responses by reactive oxygen generating compounds.	an arabidopsis thaliana mutant, esa1, that shows enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogens alternaria brassicicola, botrytis cinerea and plectosphaerella cucumerina, but has wild-type levels of resistance to the biotrophic pathogens pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and peronospora parasitica. the enhanced susceptibility towards necrotrophic pathogens correlated with a delayed induction of phytoalexin accumulation and delayed induction of the plant defensin gene pdf1.2 upon inoculation ...	2002	11862946
aigialomycins a-e, new resorcylic macrolides from the marine mangrove fungus aigialus parvus.	aigialomycins a-e (2-6), new 14-membered resorcylic macrolides, were isolated together with a known hypothemycin (1) from the mangrove fungus, aigialus parvus bcc 5311. structures of these compounds, including absolute configuration, were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, chemical conversions, and x-ray crystallographic analysis. hypothemycin and aigialomycin d (5) exhibited in vitro antimalarial activity with ic(50) values of 2.2 and 6.6 microg/ml, respectively, while other analogues were in ...	2002	11871887
map kinase signalling cascade in arabidopsis innate immunity.	there is remarkable conservation in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by innate immune responses of plants, insects and mammals. we developed an arabidopsis thaliana leaf cell system based on the induction of early-defence gene transcription by flagellin, a highly conserved component of bacterial flagella that functions as a pamp in plants and mammals. here we identify a complete plant map kinase cascade (mekk1, mkk4/mkk5 and mpk3/mpk6) and wrky22/wrky29 transcrip ...	2002	11875555
characterization of molecular markers for specific and sensitive detection of botrytis cinerea pers.: fr. in strawberry (fragariaxananassa duch.) using pcr.	random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assays were applied on 34 fungal strains isolated from strawberry and other host plants, in order to detect polymorphism to consequently identify and isolate molecular markers specific to botrytis cinerea. among the 26 10-mer primers tested, one primer mainly amplified a 750-bp product present in all the b. cinerea strains and absent in the other species and genera examined. this product was cloned and sequenced in order to design a specific 20-mer primer ...	2002	12007801
mycoactive acetate esters from apple fruit stimulate adhesion and germination of conidia of the gray mold fungus.	ethyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, butyl acetate (ba), and hexyl acetate were detected by solid-phase microextraction and gas-liquid chromatography inside slices of golden delicious apple and in water droplets on the skin of slices incubated in sealed glass jars. conidial adhesion and germination of the gray mold fungus, botrytis cinerea, was assessed on apple slices after exposure or no exposure to the esters in the headspaces of glass jars. attached conidia were dislodged by sonication and ...	2002	12009975
antimycotic activities of selected plant flora, growing wild in lebanon, against phytopathogenic fungi.	petroleum ether (pe) and methanolic extracts of nine wild plant species were tested in vitro for their antimycotic activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi. the efficacy of pe extracts against all pathogens tested was higher than that of methanolic extracts. wild marjoram (origanum syriacum) pe extract showed the highest and widest range of activity. it resulted in complete inhibition of mycelial growth of six of eight fungi tested and also gave nearly complete inhibition of spore germinatio ...	2002	12009988
a mixed green vegetable and fruit beverage decreased the serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients.	the effects of a canned mixed green vegetable and fruit beverage, containing broccoli (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis l.) and cabbage (brassica oleracea l. var. capitata l.) as main materials, on serum lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic patients were investigated. thirty-one adult subjects were administered two cans of the beverage (160 g/can) per day for 3 weeks. their serum total cholesterol (tc) levels significantly decreased from 6.7 +/- 0.8 to 6.1 +/- 0.6 mmol/l, and, more strikingly, ...	2002	12010009
the putative role of botrydial and related metabolites in the infection mechanism of botrytis cinerea.	phytotoxic assays, performed both in vitro and in vivo on leaves of phaseolus vulgaris, with metabolites excreted by the fungus b. cinerea are evaluated. exogenous application of the phytotoxin botrydial has been found to produce severe chlorosis and cell collapse and facilitated fungal penetration and colonization of plant tissue. the results also show a light-dependent action mechanism for the phytotoxin and seem to indicate that botrydial is a non-host-specific toxin involved in fungal infect ...	2002	12049236
[added information and corrections on the continuing education section "indoor allergens"].		2002	12053700
constitutive expression of ethylene-response-factor1 in arabidopsis confers resistance to several necrotrophic fungi.	infection of a plant by a pathogen induces a variety of defense responses that imply the action of several signaling molecules, including salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja) and ethylene (e). here we describe the role of ethylene-response-factor1 (erf1) as a regulator of ethylene responses after pathogen attack in arabidopsis. the erf1 transcript is induced on infection by botrytis cinerea, and overexpression of erf1 in arabidopsis is sufficient to confer resistance to necrotrophic fungi suc ...	2002	12060224
genetic transformation of cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) by direct dna uptake into mesophyll protoplasts.	mesophyll protoplasts of brassica oleracea var. botrytis were successfully transformed using polyethylene glycol (peg). the success of plant transformation depended on both gene transfer and plant regeneration. parameters, such as peg and vector concentrations and heat shock conditions were tested in experiments on transient expression of the beta-glucuronidase (ec 3.2.1.31) gene and the most suitable conditions for dna uptake were determined. two antibiotic resistance marker genes for neomycin ...	2002	12060266
biotransformation of (-)-a-pinene by botrytis cinerea.	(-)-alpha-pinene (1), a major constituent of many aromatic plants was biotransformed by the plant pathogenic fungus, botrytis cinerea to afford three new metabolites, characterized as 3beta-hydroxy-(-)-beta-pinene (10%) (3), 9-hydroxy-(-)-a-pinene (12%) (4), 4beta-hydroxy-(-)-alpha-pinene-6-one (16%) (5) by physical and spectroscopic methods. a known metabolite verbenone (2) was also obtained.	2002	12064731
effect of an extract of cauliflower (leaf) on the labeling of blood elements with technetium-99m and on the survival of escherichia coli ab1157 submitted to the treatment with stannous chloride.	the labeling of red blood cells (rbc) with technetium-99m (99mtc) depends on a reducing agent and stannous chloride (sncl(2)) and is widely utilized. this labeling may also be altered by drugs, and sncl(2) reduces the survival of escherichia coli cultures. cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) is used in folk medicine and we evaluated its influence on (i) the labeling of blood elements with 99mtc, and (ii) on the survival of an e. coli strain. blood was withdrawn from rats that drank ...	2002	12065213
cicerin and arietin, novel chickpea peptides with different antifungal potencies.	two antifungal peptides with novel n-terminal sequences, designated cicerin and arietin were isolated from seeds of the chickpea (cicer arietinum), respectively. both peptides were adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-sepharose and exhibited a molecular weight of approximately 8.2 and 5.6 kda, respectively. arietin was more strongly adsorbed on cm-sepharose than cicerin and manifested a higher translation-inhibiting activity in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and a higher antifungal potency ...	2002	12084511
air contaminants in different european farming environments.	farmers are known to be at high risk from the development of occupational airway disease. the first stage of the european farmers' study has shown that pig farmers in denmark and germany, poultry farmers in switzerland and greenhouse workers in spain were at highest risk for work-related respiratory symptoms. therefore, the aim of this study was to determine exposure levels at relevant farm workplaces. dust and endotoxin levels as well as microbiological concentrations were determined in 213 cro ...	2002	12088396
antifungal stilbenoids from stemona collinsae.	fifteen new stilbenoids including 11 phenylbenzofurans, the stemofurans a-k (1-11), and four dihydrostilbenes, the stilbostemins a (15), c (17), e (19), and f (20), were isolated and identified from a methanolic extract of stemona collinsae roots together with five known derivatives, the stilbenes pinosylvin (13) and 4'-methylpinosylvin (14), the dihydrostilbenes, stilbostemins b (16) and d (18), and the dihydrophenanthrene racemosol (12) as well as (+)-sesamin, coniferyl alcohol, and stigmaster ...	2002	12088422
copper complexes with bioactive ligands. part ii--antifungal activity.	antifungal activity of new copper(ii) complexes of 2-methylthionicotinate (2-mesnic) of the composition cu(2-mesnic)2(menia)(2).4h2o (where menia is n-methylnicotinamide), and cu(2-mesnic)2(nia)(2).2h2o (where nia is nicotinamide) and cu(2-mesnic)2l2 (where l is isonicotinamide, inia, or ethyl nicotinate, etnic) were tested on various strains of filamentous fungi by the macrodilution method. most sensitive against copper(ii) adducts with bioactive ligands were rhizopus oryzae and microsporum gyp ...	2002	12094729
production of lytic enzymes by trichoderma spp. and their effect on the growth of phytopathogenic fungi.	the production of beta-1,3-glucanases and chitinases by three strains of trichoderma in submerged cultures was determined. the synthesis of enzymes was induced by cell wall biopolymers of phytopathogenic fungi (botrytis cinerea, fusarium culmorum and f. oxysporum). t. hamatum produced the highest beta-1,3-glucanase activity; the most effective inducer of enzyme synthesis was the biomass of f. oxysporum. all examined strains of trichoderma inhibited phytopathogen growth in biotic tests. the diffu ...	2002	12094738
a new antifungal peptide from rice beans.	a peptide, possessing a molecular mass of 5 kda and demonstrating remarkable sequence homology to the cowpea 10 kda protein precursor and garden pea disease resistance response protein, was isolated from rice bean seeds. the peptide was adsorbed on cm-sepharose and affi-gel blue gel. it inhibited mycelial growth in the fungi botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum, rhizoctonia solani and mycosphaerella arachidicola. it stimulated incorporation of methyl [3h] thymidine into mouse splenocytes, inhibi ...	2002	12102720
the role of ethylene and wound signaling in resistance of tomato to botrytis cinerea.	ethylene, jasmonate, and salicylate play important roles in plant defense responses to pathogens. to investigate the contributions of these compounds in resistance of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) to the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea, three types of experiments were conducted: (a) quantitative disease assays with plants pretreated with ethylene, inhibitors of ethylene perception, or salicylate; (b) quantitative disease assays with mutants or transgenes affected in the production of or the ...	2002	12114587
ascalin, a new anti-fungal peptide with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase-inhibiting activity from shallot bulbs.	an isolation procedure comprising ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on sp-sepharose and gel filtration on superdex 75 was used to isolate an anti-fungal peptide from the bulbs of the shallot allium ascalonicum. the peptide demonstrated a molecular weight of 9.5kda, and possessed an n-terminal sequence yqcgqgg somewhat similar to chitinases from other allium species which are however much larger in molecular we ...	2002	12126728
an osmosensing histidine kinase mediates dicarboximide fungicide resistance in botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinerea).	a two-component histidine protein kinase gene, homologous to os-1 from neurospora crassa, was cloned and sequenced from a single ascospore isolate of botryotinia fuckeliana. a series of nine spontaneous mutants resistant to dicarboximide fungicides was selected from this strain and characterized with respect to fungicide resistance and osmotic sensitivity. genetic crosses of the mutants with an authentic daf1 strain showed that the phenotypes mapped to this locus. single point mutations (seven t ...	2002	12135574
isolation of a novel peroxidase from french bean legumes and first demonstration of antifungal activity of a non-milk peroxidase.	a novel antifungal protein with its n-terminal sequence bearing similarity to the c-terminal sequences of peroxidases was isolated from french bean legumes. the protein, which possessed a molecular weight of 37 kda, was adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-sepharose. the protein exhibited peroxidase activity with a km of 58 microm and a vmax of 3.36 u/nmol. optimal peroxidase activity was found at 22 degrees c and ph 4. it exerted antifungal activity against a variety of fungal species including ...	2002	12137913
isolation of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from kiwi fruits.	a single-chain 21 kda protein exhibiting antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea and some suppressive effects on mycosphaerella arachidicola and coprinus comatus was isolated from kiwi fruits. the protein, designated kiwi fruit thaumatin-like protein, did not inhibit translation in the cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system but inhibited hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. it was purified to apparent homogeneity using a procedure involving saline extraction, (nh(4))(2)so(4) precipitation, ion ...	2002	12165295
biological control of stem canker of greenhouse tomatoes caused by botrytis cinereal.	experiments were conducted to study the effect of various chemical and biological agents on stem canker caused by botrytis cinerea pers.: fr. on tomato plants grown in sawdust under near-commercial greenhouse conditions. lesion lengths following treatment with rootshield and strain s33 of rhodosporidium diobovatum newell & hunter, applied as post-inoculation sprays, were significantly smaller than those in inoculated controls. these treatments also increased fruit yield and decreased the number ...	2002	12166682
[effect of a fungal elicitor on levels of sanguinarine and polyphenoloxidase activity in a suspension culture of papaver somniferum l].	the opium poppy (papaver somniferum l.) is still a source for isolation of codeine and morphine. cell cultures from this plant lose their ability to produce morphinans. their major alkaloid is sanguinarine. the elicitation of the opium poppy cell cultures by fungal preparation lead to a nine-fold increase in the content of sanguinarine. the specific activity of polyphenoloxidase (ppo) was three-times higher in the elicited compared to the nonelicited cells. two isoforms of ppo (mr 63 kda, 41 kda ...	2002	12183905
kinetics and uptake mechanisms for monomethylmercury between freshwater algae and water.	uptake kinetics of monomethylmercury chloride (mehgcl) were measured for two species of green algae (selenastrum capricomutum and cosmarium botrytis), one blue-green algae (schizothrix calcicola), and one diatom (thalassiosira weissflogii), algal species that are commonly found in natural surface waters. species differences were found with the two green algae giving the highest uptake rates, and one of them (cosmarium) showing differences between cultures having widely different cell age (expone ...	2002	12214648
validity of detection of microbial growth in buildings by trained dogs.	microbial growth in buildings may evoke respiratory and other symptoms in the occupants and promote decay of construction materials. the decay in wood is usually caused by dry-rot fungus, leading to the decomposition of cellulose and lignin. there are also some mold fungi and bacteria that can use wood as a nutrient. in this study, two trained dogs were used to detect microbial growth present in buildings. the rot fungi serpula lacrymans, coniophora puteana and antrodia sinuosa were used in the ...	2002	12222611
delandin, a chitinase-like protein with antifungal, hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory and mitogenic activities from the rice bean delandia umbellata.	an antifungal protein with a chitinase-like n-terminal sequence, designated delandin, was isolated from the rice bean. the protein exhibited a molecular weight of 28 kda and was adsorbed on both blue affi-gel and sp-toyopearl. it exerted antifungal action toward mycosphaerella arachidicola, botrytis cinerea, fu- sarium oxysporum, rhizoctonia solani, and colletotrichum gossypii and inhibited the activity of human immunodeficiency virus 1 reverse transcriptase. the protein inhibited translation in ...	2002	11922770
resveratrol acts as a natural profungicide and induces self-intoxication by a specific laccase.	the grapevine (vitis) secondary metabolite resveratrol is considered a phytoalexin, which protects the plant from botrytis cinerea infection. laccase activity displayed by the fungus is assumed to detoxify resveratrol and to facilitate colonization of grape. we initiated a functional molecular genetic analysis of b. cinerea laccases by characterizing laccase genes and evaluating the phenotype of targeted gene replacement mutants. two different laccase genes from b. cinerea were characterized, bc ...	2002	11929539
inactivation of conidia of botrytis cinerea and monilinia fructigena using uv-c and heat treatment.	the effect of uv-c (lambda = 254 nm) and heat treatment was investigated on the inactivation of conidia of botrytis cinerea and monilinia fructigena, two major postharvest spoilage fungi of strawberries and cherries, respectively. both fungi were grown at 21 degrees c in the dark and conidia were isolated after 1 week by washing the mycelium with a mild detergent solution. after filtration and resuspension in phosphate buffer to a titer of 10(5) to 10(6) cfu/ml, the conidia were subjected to dif ...	2002	11930952
purification of angularin, a novel antifungal peptide from adzuki beans.	an antifungal peptide was isolated from the adzuki bean with a procedure involving affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel and ion exchange chromatography on cm-sepharose. the protein designated angularin was adsorbed on both types of chromatographic media and possessed a molecular weight of 8 kda. angularin exhibited antifungal activity against a variety of fungal species including mycospharella arachidiocola and botrytis cinerea. it inhibited mycelial growth in b. cinerea with an ic50 of ...	2002	11931582
thiourea derivatives and their nickel(ii) and platinum(ii) complexes: antifungal activity.	we have synthesized two thiourea derivatives of methyl anthranilate (1, 2) and their complexes with nickel (3) and platinum(ii) (4). we have also prepared the complexes of nickel(ii) with two benzoylthiourea derivatives (5, 6). the obtained compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic methods (ft-ir, uv-vis, nmr), mass spectrometry and thermal analysis. compound 1, c(20)h(23)n(3)o(2)s, crystallizes in monoclinic space group p21/n, with z=4, and unit cell parameters, a=8.8042 ...	2002	11931966
using survival analysis to investigate the effect of uv-c and heat treatment on storage rot of strawberry and sweet cherry.	ultraviolet light and heat treatment are proposed as alternative techniques for the use of chemicals to reduce the development of the spoilage fungi botrytis cinerea and monilinia fructigena on strawberry and sweet cherry, respectively, during storage. in order to investigate the effect of both physical techniques on microbial inactivation and on fruit quality, inoculated berries were subjected to different temperatures (40-48 degrees c) and uv-c doses (0.05-1.50 j/cm2). for each condition, 20 b ...	2002	11934026
its region of pythium canariense sp. nov., its morphology and its interaction with botrytis cinerea.	a new species pythium canariense (ci-07), isolated from soil samples taken in the san nicolas region of the canary islands (gran canaria, spain), is being described here. this species is characterised by its spherical to pyriform, intercalary to catenulate sporangia, smooth-walled terminal oogonia supplied with monoclinous and diclinous antheridia which at times are branched and wrap around the female gametangia. the fungus has an antagonistic effect on botrytis cinerea, the grey mould fungus. m ...	2002	11934507
metabolism of cymoxanil and analogs in strains of the fungus botrytis cinerea using high-performance liquid chromatography and ion-pair high-performance thin-layer chromatography.	the metabolism of cyano-oxime fungicide 1-(2-cyano-2-methoxyiminoacetyl)-3-ethylurea (cymoxanil) and analogs was studied on several strains of the fungus botrytis cinerea owing to their difference in sensitivity towards cymoxanil. chromatographic analysis of the unextracted culture medium was simpler and more accurate, particularly for ionizable metabolites because it avoids problems associated with extraction. reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was applied to compare the decr ...	2002	11936693
potential ochratoxin a producers from wine grapes in argentina and brazil.	the aim was to identify the normal mycoflora in wine grapes from argentina and brazil. we collected 50 grapes samples from malbec and chardonnay varieties in each country during the 1997-98 harvest. yeasts were a major component of the fungal population, and the most frequent genera of filamentous fungi isolated were: aspergillus, penicillium and botrytis. other genera identified (in decreasing order) were: phythophthora, moniliella, alternaria and cladosporium. from grapes, the mean frequency o ...	2002	11962699
improvement of candida sake biocontrol activity against post-harvest decay by the addition of ammonium molybdate.	to improve the efficacy of candida sake by adding ammonium molybdate to control post-harvest decay in golden delicious apples.	2002	11972698
potential of a novel antibiotic, 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate, as a biocontrol agent against fusarial wilt of crucifers.	screening for newer bioactive compounds from microbial metabolites resulted in the isolation of a novel antibiotic from the culture filtrate, streptomyces sp 201, of a soil. the bioactive compound, with antifungal and antibacterial activity, was identified as 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate. the antifungal activity of live culture, culture broth and the isolated bioactive compound showed marked inhibition against dominant soil-borne phytopathogens such as fusarium oxysporum schlect, f moniliforme s ...	2002	11975177
identification of novel hexapeptides bioactive against phytopathogenic fungi through screening of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library.	the purpose of the present study was to improve the antifungal activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi of the previously identified hexapeptide paf19. we describe some properties of a set of novel synthetic hexapeptides whose d-amino acid sequences were obtained through screening of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library in a positional scanning format. as a result of the screening, 12 putative bioactive peptides were identified, synthesized, and assayed. the peptides paf26 (ac-rkkwfw ...	2002	11976121
a novel abc transporter gene, pmr5, is involved in multidrug resistance in the phytopathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum.	we have cloned a novel abc transporter gene pmr5 from the phytopathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum by rt-pcr using degenerate primers. the deduced amino acid sequence of pmr5 showed 37% identity to pmr1 from the same fungus, 71% identity to atrb from aspergillus nidulans, and 65% identity to bcatrb from botrytis cinerea. disruption mutants for pmr5 were generated in two independent p. digitatum strains and their phenotypes were characterized. these mutants displayed increased sensitivity to ...	2002	11976961
secretion of beta-1,3-glucanases by the yeast pichia membranifaciens and its possible role in the biocontrol of botrytis cinerea causing grey mold disease of the grapevine.	pichia membranifaciens strain fy-101, isolated from grape skin, was found to be antagonistic to botrytis cinerea, the causal organism of the grey mold disease of the grapevine. when grown together on solid as well as in liquid media, the yeast brings about the inhibition of botrytis cinerea, which in turn loses its ability to produce the grey mold symptoms on the grapevine plantlets. the secretion of beta-1,3-glucanases by p. membranifaciens is one of the possible mechanisms related to this anta ...	2002	12000987
infection of leaves of arabidopsis thaliana by botrytis cinerea: changes in ascorbic acid, free radicals and lipid peroxidation products.	infection of leaves of arabidopsis thaliana with conidial suspensions of the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea resulted in a large decrease in the level of ascorbic acid and increases in intensity of a single-peak free radical and fe(iii) (g=4.27) signals in electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectra. these changes were not confined to the spreading lesions or associated areas of chlorosis, but extended to other apparently healthy tissues in the infected leaves. they are, therefore, cons ...	2002	11807124
osmotic dehydration of apple slices with cacl2 and sucrose limits decay caused by penicillium expansum, colletotrichum acutatum, and botrytis cinerea and does not promote listeria monocytogenes or total aerobic population growth.	the interaction of penicillium expansum link, colletotrichum acutatum, and botrytis cinerea pers.:fr. with listeria monocytogenes on osmotically dehydrated apple slices was evaluated. in mineral analyses of the slices, the calcium content of the peel and flesh tissues increased by 4- and 11-fold, respectively, when processed in 2% cacl2. these slices also exhibited less decay by p. expansum, c. acutatum, and b. cinerea. inoculation of slices with p. expansum resulted in a decrease in the ph of t ...	2002	11808790