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update from the advisory committee on immunization practices.the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) consists of medical and public health experts who develop recommendations on vaccine use in the united states. the acip meets 3 times per year, and members and centers for disease control (cdc) staff present findings and discuss vaccine research, vaccine effectiveness (ve) and safety, clinical trial results, and labeling/package insert information. outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccine shortages are also discussed. nonvoting ...201627856770
epidemiological and clinical features of enteroviral acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized paediatric patients in a malaysian tertiary center.human enteroviruses (hevs) have been recognized to cause a significant number of respiratory tract infections in many regions. previous studies conducted to analyse enteroviral respiratory tract infections focused on outbreaks. data in the southeast asian region is still rather limited to date.201628064293
inhibitory effects of bee venom and its components against viruses in vitro and in vivo.bee venom (bv) from honey bee (apis melifera l.) contains at least 18 pharmacologically active components including melittin (mlt), phospholipase a2 (pla2), and apamin etc. bv is safe for human treatments dose dependently and proven to possess different healing properties including antibacterial and antiparasitidal properties. nevertheless, antiviral properties of bv have not well investigated. hence, we identified the potential antiviral properties of bv and its component against a broad panel ...201627888461
cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of calcium-dependent atpases with antiviral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide, yet no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. to search for new anti-rsv agents, we developed a cell-based assay that measures inhibition of rsv-induced cytopathic effect (cpe) and identified cyclopiazonic acid (cpa), an intracellular calcium atpase inhibitor as a rsv inhibitor (ec50 values 4.13 μm) by screening of natural product library. cpa i ...201627210812
prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to common respiratory viruses in intravenous immunoglobulin and in healthy donors in southern china.acute respiratory infections (aris) are a leading cause of death among children under the age of 5. however, there are no effective drugs for most of these severe viral infections. passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma or hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin (h-ivig) is a potential therapeutic option for serious viral infections. it is important to find a suitable source of convalescent plasma and of h-ivig containing high titer neutralizing antibodies (nabs).201627162653
cell fusion assay by expression of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein to analyze the mutation of palivizumab-resistant strains.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) consists of fusion (f), glyco (g), and small hydrophobic (sh) proteins as envelope proteins, and infects through cell fusion. f protein is expressed on the surface of infected cells, and induces cell fusion. in the present report, expression plasmids of the f, g and sh proteins were constructed and cell fusion activity was investigated under t7 rna polymerase. f protein alone induced cell fusion at a lower concentration than previously reported, and co-expressio ...201626794681
immunogenicity of an adeno-vector vaccine expressing the f protein of a respiratory syncytial virus manufactured from serum-free suspension culture.we have developed an efficient cell culture process to scale up the production of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses the membrane-trunked fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv; ad-f0δtm). adherent cells of human embryonic kidney (hek) 293-derived cell, 293a, which supports the production of e1/e3-deleted ad-f0δtm when cultured in the presence of fetal bovine serum (fbs), were adapted to suspension growth under serum-free medium. in doing so, we studied the immunogenicity of ad- ...201627001351
therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule gs-5734 against ebola virus in rhesus monkeys.the most recent ebola virus outbreak in west africa, which was unprecedented in the number of cases and fatalities, geographic distribution, and number of nations affected, highlights the need for safe, effective, and readily available antiviral agents for treatment and prevention of acute ebola virus (ebov) disease (evd) or sequelae. no antiviral therapeutics have yet received regulatory approval or demonstrated clinical efficacy. here we report the discovery of a novel small molecule gs-5734, ...201626934220
current views and advances on paediatric virology: an update for paediatric trainees.paediatric virology is a bold new scientific field, which combines paediatrics with virology, epidemiology, molecular medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical governance, quality improvement, pharmacology and immunology. the workshop on paediatric virology, which took place on saturday october 10, 2015 in athens, greece, provided an overview of recent views and advances on viral infections occurring in neonates and children. it was included in the official programme of the 20th world congress ...201626889211
a generic screening platform for inhibitors of virus induced cell fusion using cellular electrical impedance.fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membranes is an essential step in the life cycle of all enveloped viruses. despite such a clear target for antiviral drug development, few anti-fusion drugs have progressed to market. one significant hurdle is the absence of a generic, high-throughput, reproducible fusion assay. here we report that real time, label-free measurement of cellular electrical impedance can quantify cell-cell fusion mediated by either individually expressed recombinant viral ...201626976324
basic chemokine-derived glycosaminoglycan binding peptides exert antiviral properties against dengue virus serotype 2, herpes simplex virus-1 and respiratory syncytial virus.chemokines attract leukocytes to sites of infection in a g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) and glycosaminoglycan (gag) dependent manner. therefore, chemokines are crucial molecules for proper functioning of our antimicrobial defense mechanisms. in addition, some chemokines have gpcr-independent defensin-like antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. recently, high affinity for gags has been reported for the positively charged cooh-terminal region of the chemokine cxcl9. in addition to ...201626551597
anti-respiratory syncytial virus compounds from two endophytic fungi isolated from nigerian medicinal plants.background: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is known to cause severe respiratory infections particularly in infants younger than 2 years of age. the only approved drug, ribavirin, is expensive and is not likely to improve therapeutic outcome, thereby necessitating the search for safer and more potent alternatives from natural sources such as endophytic fungi. the present study aimed to investigate the anti-rsv activity of compounds from endophytic fungi. methods: two endophytic fungi colletotr ...201627463031
high frequency jet ventilation in respiratory failure secondary to respiratory syncytial virus infection: a case series.to describe the utility of high frequency jet ventilation (hfjv) as a rescue therapy in patients with respiratory failure secondary to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) that was refractory to conventional mechanical ventilation (cmv).201627626028
virus infection facilitates the development of severe pneumonia in transplant patients with hematologic malignancies.allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) is an effective therapy for patients with hematologic malignancies. severe pneumonia is associated with high mortality rate in hsct recipients. viral co-infection indicates a poor prognosis of hsct recipients. in this study, a total of 68 allogeneic hsct recipients were included. cytomegalovirus (cmv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was assessed by testing peripheral blood and oropharynx swabs, respectively, collected in t ...201627340772
how efficacious are vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle?bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a paramyxovirus that is the major cause of pneumonia in calves. vaccines for this important pathogen have been available since the late 1970's. this review is a critical assessment of the literature including, experimental challenge studies and field trials, that address the efficacy of commonly used vaccines to control respiratory disease caused by brsv.201628024854
molecular evolution of the fusion protein gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a.we studied the molecular evolution of the fusion protein (f) gene in the human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a (hrsv-a). we performed time-scaled phylogenetic analyses using the bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method. we also conducted genetic distance (p-distance), positive/negative selection, and bayesian skyline plot analyses. furthermore, we mapped the amino acid substitutions of the protein. the mcmc-constructed tree indicated that the hrsv f gene diverged from the bovine rs ...201627291709
bovine gamma delta t cells contribute to exacerbated il-17 production in response to co-infection with bovine rsv and mannheimia haemolytica.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children under five years of age. il-17 and th17 responses are increased in children infected with hrsv and have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic roles during infection. bovine rsv (brsv) is genetically closely related to hrsv and is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections in young cattle. while brsv infection in the calf parallels many aspects of human infection w ...201626942409
γδ t cells and the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection.γδ t cells are a subset of nonconventional t cells that play a critical role in bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. γδ t cells are particularly abundant in ruminant species and may constitute up to 60% of the circulating lymphocyte pool in young cattle. the frequency of circulating γδ t cells is highest in neonatal calves and declines as the animal ages, suggesting these cells may be particularly important in the immune system of the very young. bovine respiratory syncyti ...201626923879
adverse effects of a 10-day course of ibuprofen in holstein calves.nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are recommended for various conditions in cattle. ibuprofen is an inexpensive short-acting nsaid and is readily available in liquid formulation for administration to bottle-fed calves. we compared the adverse effects of a 10-day course of ibuprofen and placebo in 16 five- to six-week-old holstein bull calves that were being treated for experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. ibuprofen was administered as a liquid in milk ...201626876241
bovine respiratory syncytial virus outbreak reduced bulls' weight gain and feed conversion for eight months in a norwegian beef herd.cost-benefit evaluation of measures against respiratory disease in cattle requires accounting with the associated production losses. investigations of naturally occurring respiratory infections in a herd setting are an opportunity for accurate estimates of the consequences. this article presents estimates based on individual monitoring of weight and concentrate intake of several hundred bulls previous to, during and after a respiratory infection outbreak with bovine respiratory syncytial virus ( ...201626810215
host immune response to histophilus somni.histophilus somni is known to cause several overlapping syndromes or to be found in genital or upper respiratory carrier states in ruminants. vaccines have been used for decades, yet efficacy is controversial and mechanisms of protective immunity are not well understood. since h. somni survives phagocytosis, it has sometimes been considered to be a facultative intercellular parasite, implying that cell-mediated immunity would be critical in protection. however, h. somni not only inhibits phagocy ...201626728062
bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine coronavirus antibodies in bulk tank milk - risk factors and spatial analysis.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and bovine coronavirus (bcov) are considered widespread among cattle in norway and worldwide. this cross-sectional study was conducted based on antibody-elisa of bulk tank milk (btm) from 1347 herds in two neighboring counties in western norway. the study aims were to determine the seroprevalence at herd level, to evaluate risk factors for brsv and bcov seropositivity, and to assess how these factors were associated with the spatial distribution of posit ...201627720029
neutrophil extracellular traps cause airway obstruction during respiratory syncytial virus disease.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease (lrtd) in young children worldwide. extensive neutrophil accumulation in the lungs and occlusion of small airways by dna-rich mucus plugs are characteristic features of severe rsv-lrtd. activated neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (nets), extracellular networks of dna covered with antimicrobial proteins, as part of the first-line defence against pathogens. nets can tr ...201626468056
dexamethasone treatment differentially alters viral shedding and the antibody and acute phase protein response after multivalent respiratory vaccination in beef steers.our objective was to examine immunosuppression induced by dexamethasone (dex) administration in cattle on immunological responses to a multivalent respiratory vaccine containing replicating and nonreplicating agents. steers ( = 32; 209 ± 8 kg) seronegative to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), and parainfluenza-3 virus (pi3v) were stratified by bw and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) acute immun ...201627695816
effects of injectable trace minerals on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpes virus 1 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus following administration of a modified-live virus vaccine in dairy calves.our objective was to evaluate the effect of an injectable trace mineral (itm) supplement containing zinc, manganese, selenium, and copper on the humoral and cell mediated immune (cmi) responses to vaccine antigens in dairy calves receiving a modified-live viral (mlv) vaccine containing bvdv, bhv1, pi3v and brsv. a total of 30 dairy calves (3.5 months of age) were administered a priming dose of the mlv vaccine containing bhv1, bvdv1 & 2, brsv, pi3v, and an attenuated-live mannheimia-pasteurella b ...201627496747
efficacy of intranasal vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1 for protection of seronegative and seropositive calves against respiratory disease.objective to evaluate efficacy and duration of immunity of the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) fraction of a trivalent vaccine also containing parainfluenza virus-3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus fractions administered intranasally (in) for protection of calves against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr). design controlled challenge study. animals 120 dairy calves (3 to 8 days old) seronegative for antibody against bhv-1 (experiments 1 and 2) or seropositive for maternally derived ...201627172345
metagenomic characterization of the virome associated with bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle identified novel viruses and suggests an etiologic role for influenza d virus.bovine respiratory disease (brd) is the most costly disease affecting the cattle industry. the pathogenesis of brd is complex and includes contributions from microbial pathogens as well as host, environmental and animal management factors. in this study, we utilized viral metagenomic sequencing to explore the virome of nasal swab samples obtained from feedlot cattle with acute brd and asymptomatic pen-mates at six and four feedlots in mexico and the usa, respectively, in april-october 2015. twen ...201627154756
detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease.this study investigated viruses in bovine respiratory disease (brd) cases in feedlots, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine coronaviruses (bocv) and parainfluenza-3 virus (pi3v). nasal swabs were collected from 114 cattle on initial brd treatment. processing included modified live virus (mlv) vaccination. seven brd necropsy cases were included for 121 total cases. mean number of days on feed before first sa ...201627108192
associations between exposure to viruses and bovine respiratory disease in australian feedlot cattle.bovine respiratory disease (brd) is the most important cause of clinical disease and death in feedlot cattle. respiratory viral infections are key components in predisposing cattle to the development of this disease. to quantify the contribution of four viruses commonly associated with brd, a case-control study was conducted nested within the national bovine respiratory disease initiative project population in australian feedlot cattle. effects of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (bvdv ...201626972273
one year duration of immunity of the modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 and bovine herpesvirus-1 fractions of vista® once sq vaccine.three studies were performed to determine the duration of immunity of the bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 (bvdv-1 and bvdv-2) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) fractions of a commercially prepared modified-live vaccine. vista® once sq (vista®) vaccine contains five modified-live viruses, bvdv-1, bvdv-2, bhv-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine parainfluenza 3 virus, and two modified-live bacteria, pasteurella multocida and mannheimia haemolytica. for all three studies, ...201626859238
efficacy of four commercially available multivalent modified-live virus vaccines against clinical disease, viremia, and viral shedding in early-weaned beef calves exposed simultaneously to cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and cattle acutely infected with bovine herpesvirus 1.to evaluate the efficacy of 4 commercially available multivalent modified-live virus vaccines against clinical disease, viremia, and viral shedding caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) in early-weaned beef calves.201626709942
[a case of bronchiolitis obliterans secondary to human metapneumovirus bronchiolitis].human metapneumovirus (hmpv), formerly classified in paramyxoviridae family is now moved into pneumoviridae, which was described as a novel family. it causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) usually in children younger than five years old. the recent epidemiological studies indicated that hmpv is the second most frequently detected virus in lrtis of young children, following the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). bronchiolitis obliterans (bo) is a chronic obstructive lung dis ...201628124966
comparison of point-of-care-compatible lysis methods for bacteria and viruses.nucleic acid sample preparation has been an especially challenging barrier to point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests in low-resource settings. here we provide a head-to-head comparison of methods for lysis of, and nucleic acid release from, several pathogenic bacteria and viruses-methods that are adaptable to point-of-care usage in low-resource settings. digestion with achromopeptidase, a mixture of proteases and peptidoglycan-specific hydrolases, followed by thermal deactivation in a bo ...201627424294
aetiology of childhood pneumonia in a well vaccinated south african birth cohort: a nested case-control study of the drakenstein child health study.pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children globally. the cause of pneumonia after introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) has not been well studied in low-income and middle-income countries, and most data are from cross-sectional studies of children admitted to hospital. we aimed to longitudinally investigate the incidence and causes of childhood pneumonia in a south african birth cohort.201627117547
absence of bordetella pertussis among infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis in finland, 2008-2010.in 169 finnish infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis at age <6 months in 2008-2010, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested by polymerase chain reaction for bordetella pertussis and 16 viruses. respiratory viruses were detected in 89% (71% with respiratory syncytial virus), but no infant had b. pertussis. the latter finding may reflect a positive effect from the broadening of the finnish pertussis vaccination program in 2005.201626551447
anti-infectious human vaccination in historical perspective.a brief history of vaccination is presented since the jenner's observation, through the first golden age of vaccinology (from pasteur's era to 1938), the second golden age (from 1940 to 1970), until the current period. in the first golden age, live, such as bacille calmette guérin (bcg), and yellow fever, inactivated, such as typhoid, cholera, plague, and influenza, and subunit vaccines, such as tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, have been developed. in the second golden age, the cell culture techn ...201626606466
phosphorylation of human metapneumovirus m2-1 protein upregulates viral replication and pathogenesis.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a major causative agent of upper- and lower-respiratory-tract infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals worldwide. like all pneumoviruses, hmpv encodes the zinc binding protein m2-1, which plays important regulatory roles in rna synthesis. the m2-1 protein is phosphorylated, but the specific role(s) of the phosphorylation in viral replication and pathogenesis remains unknown. in this study, we found that hmpv m2-1 is phosphorylated at a ...201627252537
antiviral activity of favipiravir (t-705) against a broad range of paramyxoviruses in vitro and against human metapneumovirus in hamsters.the clinical impact of infections with respiratory viruses belonging to the family paramyxoviridae argues for the development of antiviral therapies with broad-spectrum activity. favipiravir (t-705) has demonstrated potent antiviral activity against multiple rna virus families and is presently in clinical evaluation for the treatment of influenza. here we demonstrate in vitro activity of t-705 against the paramyxoviruses human metapneumovirus (hmpv), respiratory syncytial virus, human parainflue ...201627185803
a reverse genetics approach for the design of methyltransferase-defective live attenuated avian metapneumovirus vaccines.avian metapneumovirus (ampv), also known as avian pneumovirus or turkey rhinotracheitis virus, is the causative agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and is associated with swollen head syndrome in chickens. ampv belongs to the family paramyxoviridae which includes many important human pathogens such as human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3). the family also includes highly lethal emerging pathogens such as nipah virus and hen ...201627076293
engineering and expression of a rhoa peptide against respiratory syncytial virus infection in plants.main conclusion : a rhoa-derived peptide fused to carrier molecules from plants showed enhanced biological activity of in vitro assays against respiratory syncytial virus compared to the rhoa peptide alone or the synthetic rhoa peptide. a rhoa-derived peptide has been reported for over a decade as a potential inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection both in vitro and in vivo and is anticipated to be a promising alternative to monoclonal antibody-based therapy against rsv infectio ...201626474991
urine metabolomic profiling of children with respiratory tract infections in the emergency department: a pilot study.clinicians lack objective tests to help determine the severity of bronchiolitis or to distinguish a viral from bacterial causes of respiratory distress. we hypothesized that children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection would have a different metabolomic profile compared to those with bacterial infection or healthy controls, and this might also vary with bronchiolitis severity.201627549246
metagenomics study of viral pathogens in undiagnosed respiratory specimens and identification of human enteroviruses at a thailand hospital.numerous pathogens cause respiratory infections with similar symptoms. routine diagnostics detect only a limited number of pathogens, leaving a gap in respiratory illness etiology surveillance. this study evaluated next-generation sequencing for unbiased pathogen identification. respiratory samples collected in thailand, philippines, bhutan, and nepal, that were negative by several molecular and immunofluorescence assays, underwent viral cultivation. samples which demonstrated cytopathic effect ...201627352877
potential sirna molecules for nucleoprotein and m2/l overlapping region of respiratory syncytial virus: in silico design.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in the pediatric population, elderly and in immunosuppressed individuals. respiratory syncytial virus is also responsible for bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary infections in all age groups. with this high disease burden and the lack of an effective rsv treatment and vaccine, there is a clear need for discovery and development of novel, effective and safe drugs to prevent ...201627303618
current landscape of antiviral drug discovery.continued discovery and development of new antiviral medications are paramount for global human health, particularly as new pathogens emerge and old ones evolve to evade current therapeutic agents. great success has been achieved in developing effective therapies to suppress human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv); however, the therapies are not curative and therefore current efforts in hiv and hbv drug discovery are directed toward longer-acting therapies and/or developin ...201626962437
n-desmethylclozapine, fluoxetine, and salmeterol inhibit postentry stages of the dengue virus life cycle.around 10,000 people die each year due to severe dengue disease, and two-thirds of the world population lives in a region where dengue disease is endemic. there has been remarkable progress in dengue virus vaccine development; however, there are no licensed antivirals for dengue disease, and none appear to be in clinical trials. we took the approach of repositioning approved drugs for anti-dengue virus activity by screening a library of pharmacologically active compounds. we identified n-desmeth ...201627572397
baicalin from scutellaria baicalensis blocks respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and reduces inflammatory cell infiltration and lung injury in mice.the roots of scutellaria baicalensis has been used as a remedy for inflammatory and infective diseases for thousands of years. we evaluated the antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, the leading cause of childhood infection and hospitalization. by fractionation and chromatographic analysis, we determined that baicalin was responsible for the antiviral activity of s. baicalensis against rsv infection. the concentration for 50% inhibition (ic50) of rsv infection wa ...201627767097
transcriptional analysis of antiviral small molecule therapeutics as agonists of the rlr pathway.the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prr) during viral infection initiates the induction of antiviral signaling pathways, including activation of the interferon regulator factor 3 (irf3). we identified small molecule compounds that activate irf3 through mavs, thereby inhibiting infection by viruses of the families flaviviridae (west nile virus, dengue virus and hepatitis c virus), filoviridae (ebola virus), orthomyxoviridae (influenz ...201626981429
respiratory syncytial virus and cellular stress responses: impact on replication and physiopathology.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, is a major cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, elderly and immunocompromised adults. despite decades of research, a complete integrated picture of rsv-host interaction is still missing. several cellular responses to stress are involved in the host-response to many virus infections. the endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by altered endoplasmic reticulum (er) function leads to activat ...201627187445
fulminant ecchymosis as the initial manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome (aps) triggered by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection: a case report and review of the literature.we present a unique and informative instance of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (aps), and discuss this case in the context of the literature addressing the immunopathogenesis of aps associated with diverse infections. we describe the case of a 43-year-old man with no significant past medical history who presented with the acute onset of fever, hemoptysis, and extensive bullous, ecchymotic lesions in both lower extremities. punch biopsy of th ...201627920986
hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections among infants in the canadian arctic: a cohort study.it is unknown whether this burden of disease of lower respiratory tract infections is comparable across the canadian arctic. the objectives of this surveillance study were to compare the rates of hospital admission for lower respiratory tract infection and the severity of infection across arctic canada, and to describe the responsible viruses.201628018874
lack of association between viral load and severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants.to investigate the correlation between respiratory syncytial viral load and length of hospitalization in infants with acute wheezing episodes.201627832233
viruses as sole causative agents of severe acute respiratory tract infections in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a viruses are known to cause severe acute respiratory tract infections (saris) in children. for other viruses like human rhinoviruses (hrvs) this is less well established. viral or bacterial co-infections are often considered essential for severe manifestations of these virus infections.201626964038
histophilus somni stimulates expression of antiviral proteins and inhibits brsv replication in bovine respiratory epithelial cells.our previous studies showed that bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) followed by histophilus somni causes more severe bovine respiratory disease and a more permeable alveolar barrier in vitro than either agent alone. however, microarray analysis revealed the treatment of bovine alveolar type 2 (bat2) epithelial cells with h. somni concentrated culture supernatant (ccs) stimulated up-regulation of four antiviral protein genes as compared with brsv infection or dual treatment. this suggested ...201626859677
are respiratory viruses involved in preseasonal symptoms or severity in japanese cedar pollinosis?respiratory virus infections are involved in asthma exacerbations. however, there are no reports of the relationship between respiratory virus infections and japanese cedar pollinosis.201627658182
progress in pediatrics in 2015: choices in allergy, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, haematology, infectious diseases, neonatology, nephrology, neurology, nutrition, oncology and pulmonology.this review focuses key advances in different pediatric fields that were published in italian journal of pediatrics and in international journals in 2015. weaning studies continue to show promise for preventing food allergy. new diagnostic tools are available for identifying the allergic origin of allergic-like symptoms. advances have been reported in obesity, short stature and autoimmune endocrine disorders. new molecules are offered to reduce weight gain and insulin-resistance in obese childre ...201627566421
prevalence and seasonal distribution of respiratory viruses during the 2014 - 2015 season in istanbul.acute respiratory tract infection (arti) is one of the most common infections worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality.201627800148
epidemiology and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infections among children and adults in mexico.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in children. however, little information is available regarding rsv infections in latin american countries, particularly among adult patients.201627439650
epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia and implications for vaccination of children living in developing and newly industrialized countries: a systematic literature review.this systematic review evaluated the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children <6 y of age within 90 developing and newly industrialized countries. literature searches (1990-2011), based on medline, embase, cochrane, cab global health, who, unicef, country-specific websites, conferences, health-technology-assessment agencies, and the reference lists of included studies, yielded 8,734 records; 62 of 340 studies were included in this review. the highest incidence rate among included ...201627269963
follicular bronchiolitis in a nigerian female child: a case report and review of the literature.small airways diseases are not uncommon in childhood. they account for about 28.4% of hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections in south west nigeria, most of which are due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. noninfectious causes of small airways diseases, on the other hand, are poorly recognized and rarely feature in the differential diagnoses of chronic/recurrent lower respiratory tract disease in our environment. we present a case of follicular bronchiolitis in a ...201627313935
identification of viral and bacterial pathogens from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory illness in lusaka, zambia, 2011-2012: a cross-sectional study.morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections are higher in resource-limited countries than developed countries, but limited studies have been conducted in resource-limited settings to examine pathogens from patients with acute respiratory infections. influenza surveillance has been conducted in zambia since 2008; however, only 4.3% of patients enrolled in 2011-2012 were positive for influenza. therefore, we examined non-influenza respiratory pathogens in children with severe acute respira ...201525888024
importance of viruses in acute otitis media.acute otitis media occurs as a complication of viral upper respiratory tract infection. bacterial otopathogens and respiratory viruses interact and play important roles in acute otitis media development. a better understanding of viral and bacterial interactions may lead to innovative ways to lessen the burden of this common childhood disease.201525514574
toward primary prevention of asthma. reviewing the evidence for early-life respiratory viral infections as modifiable risk factors to prevent childhood asthma.a first step in primary disease prevention is identifying common, modifiable risk factors that contribute to a significant proportion of disease development. infant respiratory viral infection and childhood asthma are the most common acute and chronic diseases of childhood, respectively. common clinical features and links between these diseases have long been recognized, with early-life respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus (rv) lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) being strongl ...201525369458
communicable diseases prioritized according to their public health relevance, sweden, 2013.to establish strategic priorities for the public health agency of sweden we prioritized pathogens according to their public health relevance in sweden in order to guide resource allocation. we then compared the outcome to ongoing surveillance. we used a modified prioritization method developed at the robert koch institute in germany. in a delphi process experts scored pathogens according to ten variables. we ranked the pathogens according to the total score and divided them into four priority gr ...201526397699
the role of host genetic factors in respiratory tract infectious diseases: systematic review, meta-analyses and field synopsis.host genetic factors have frequently been implicated in respiratory infectious diseases, often with inconsistent results in replication studies. we identified 386 studies from the total of 24,823 studies identified in a systematic search of four bibliographic databases. we performed meta-analyses of studies on tuberculosis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, sars-coronavirus and pneumonia. one single-nucleotide polymorphism from il4 gene was significant for pooled respiratory infections (rs ...201526524966
problem of immunoglobulin m co-detection in serological response to bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens among children suspected of legionellosis.the objective of this research was an analysis of the serological response to respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens, in 156 children admitted to hospital in warsaw with a suspicion of legionellosis. levels of immunoglobulin (ig) m to bordetella pertussis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenoviruses, human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) t. 1-4 and influenza t. a + b viruses were determined retrospectively by elisas. in the prospective examinations (only legionella pneum ...201526557031
prevalence and correlation of infectious agents in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections in central china.acute respiratory tract infections (artis) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children under the age of 5 years. almost 2 million children die from artis each year, and most of them are from developing countries. the prevalence and correlation of pathogens in artis are poorly understood, but are critical for improving case prevention, treatment, and management. in this study, we investigated the prevalence and correlation of infectious agents in chil ...201525751402
viral etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adolescents and adults with mild or moderate severity and its relation to age and severity.better knowledge of distribution of respiratory viruses (rvs) in adolescents and adults with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is needed.201525812108
the aetiology of community associated pneumonia in children in nanjing, china and aetiological patterns associated with age and season.viral and atypical bacterial pathogens play an important role in respiratory tract infection. using the pneumoslide igm test, the presented study explored the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and investigated further whether there was an association between age or season and aetiological organisms.201525879996
priming of the respiratory tract with immunobiotic lactobacillus plantarum limits infection of alveolar macrophages with recombinant pneumonia virus of mice (rk2-pvm).pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is a natural rodent pathogen that replicates in bronchial epithelial cells and reproduces many clinical and pathological features of the more severe forms of disease associated with human respiratory syncytial virus. in order to track virus-target cell interactions during acute infection in vivo, we developed rk2-pvm, bacterial artificial chromosome-based recombinant pvm strain j3666 that incorporates the fluorescent tag monomeric katushka 2 (mkate2). the rk2-pvm pa ...201526537680
comparison of respiratory virus shedding by conventional and molecular testing methods in patients with haematological malignancy.respiratory viruses (rv) are a leading cause of infection-related morbidity and mortality for patients undergoing treatment for cancer. this analysis compared duration of rv shedding as detected by culture and pcr among patients in a high-risk oncology setting (adult patients with haematological malignancy and/or stem cell transplant and all paediatric oncology patients) and determined risk factors for extended shedding. rv infections due to influenza virus, parainfluenza virus (piv), human meta ...201526711433
high prevalence of bordetella pertussis in children under 5 years old hospitalized with acute respiratory infections in lima, peru.pertussis diagnosis may go unrecognized when other pathogens, such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) circulate.201526626910
detection and characterization of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory illness and asthma exacerbation in children during three different season (2011-2014) in mexico city.viral infections play a significant role as cause of acute respiratory infections (aris) and exacerbations of chronic diseases. aris are now the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. recently human rhinovirus (hrv) infection has been emerged as an important cause of pneumonia and asthma exacerbation.201526289993
demographic buffering: titrating the effects of birth rate and imperfect immunity on epidemic dynamics.host demography can alter the dynamics of infectious disease. in the case of perfectly immunizing infections, observations of strong sensitivity to demographic variation have been mechanistically explained through analysis of the susceptible-infected-recovered (sir) model that assumes lifelong immunity following recovery from infection. when imperfect immunity is incorporated into this framework via the susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible (sirs) model, with individuals regaining full susc ...201525589567
dose-response models for selected respiratory infectious agents: bordetella pertussis, group a streptococcus, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.dose-response assessment is one step in quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra). four infectious microbes capable of causing respiratory diseases important to public health, and for which dose-response functions have not been available are: bordetella pertussis (whooping cough), group a streptococcus (pharyngitis), rhinovirus (common cold) and respiratory syncytial virus (common cold). the objective of this study was to fit dose-response functions for these microbes to published experiment ...201525880210
clinical presentation and microbiological diagnosis in paediatric respiratory tract infection: a systematic review.antibiotic prescribing decisions for respiratory tract infection (rti) in primary care could be improved if clinicians could target bacterial infections. however, there are currently no evidence-based diagnostic rules to identify microbial aetiology in children presenting with acute rtis.201525624310
genetic variation in nfkbie is associated with increased risk of pneumococcal meningitis in children.streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis are frequent pathogens in life-threatening infections. genetic variation in the immune system may predispose to these infections. nuclear factor-κb is a key component of the tlr-pathway, controlled by inhibitors, encoded by the genes nfkbia, nfkbie and nfkbiz. we aimed to replicate previous findings of genetic variation associated with invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd), and to assess whether similar associations could be found in invasive men ...201526870821
protein crystallography in vaccine research and development.the use of protein x-ray crystallography for structure-based design of small-molecule drugs is well-documented and includes several notable success stories. however, it is less well-known that structural biology has emerged as a major tool for the design of novel vaccine antigens. here, we review the important contributions that protein crystallography has made so far to vaccine research and development. we discuss several examples of the crystallographic characterization of vaccine antigen stru ...201526068237
bronchiectasis exacerbations: the role of atypical bacteria, respiratory syncytial virus and pulmonary function tests.aside from the known role of common bacteria, there is a paucity of data regarding the possible role of atypical bacteria and viruses in exacerbations of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.201525874735
targeting innate immunity for antiviral therapy through small molecule agonists of the rlr pathway.the cellular response to virus infection is initiated when pathogen recognition receptors (prr) engage viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). this process results in induction of downstream signaling pathways that activate the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3). irf3 plays a critical role in antiviral immunity to drive the expression of innate immune response genes, including those encoding antiviral factors, type 1 interferon, and immune modulatory cytokin ...201526676770
characterization of a prefusion-specific antibody that recognizes a quaternary, cleavage-dependent epitope on the rsv fusion glycoprotein.prevention efforts for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) have been advanced due to the recent isolation and characterization of antibodies that specifically recognize the prefusion conformation of the rsv fusion (f) glycoprotein. these potently neutralizing antibodies are in clinical development for passive prophylaxis and have also aided the design of vaccine antigens that display prefusion-specific epitopes. to date, prefusion-specific antibodies have been shown to target two antigenic sites o ...201526161532
relating plaque morphology to respiratory syncytial virus subgroup, viral load, and disease severity in children.viral culture plaque morphology in human cell lines are markers for growth capability and cytopathic effect, and have been used to assess viral fitness and select preattenuation candidates for live viral vaccines. we classified respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) plaque morphology and analyzed the relationship between plaque morphology as compared to subgroup, viral load and clinical severity of infection in infants and children.201526107392
the role of phosphodiesterase 12 (pde12) as a negative regulator of the innate immune response and the discovery of antiviral inhibitors.2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (oas) enzymes and rnase-l constitute a major effector arm of interferon (ifn)-mediated antiviral defense. oas produces a unique oligonucleotide second messenger, 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5a), that binds and activates rnase-l. this pathway is down-regulated by virus- and host-encoded enzymes that degrade 2-5a. phosphodiesterase 12 (pde12) was the first cellular 2-5a- degrading enzyme to be purified and described at a molecular level. inhibition of pde12 may up-regul ...201526055709
shp-2 contributes to anti-rsv activity in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells by interfering with the ifn-α-induced jak/stat1 pathway.src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (shp-2) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including antiviral interferon signalling pathways. in this study, we investigated the role of shp-2 in the host cell interactions of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). we report significant changes in the expression of shp-2 in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (a549) upon rsv infection. we also report that blocking shp-2 does not affect viral ...201526119280
fc receptors and their influence on efficacy of therapeutic antibodies for treatment of viral diseases.the lack of vaccines against several important viral diseases necessitates the development of therapeutics to save lives and control epidemics. in recent years, therapeutic antibodies have received considerable attention due to their good safety profiles and clinical success when used against viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, ebola virus and hendra virus. the binding affinity of these antibodies can directly impact their therapeutic efficacy. however, we and others have also demonstra ...201526466016
self-assembling protein nanoparticles in the design of vaccines.for over 100 years, vaccines have been one of the most effective medical interventions for reducing infectious disease, and are estimated to save millions of lives globally each year. nevertheless, many diseases are not yet preventable by vaccination. this large unmet medical need demands further research and the development of novel vaccines with high efficacy and safety. compared to the 19th and early 20th century vaccines that were made of killed, inactivated, or live-attenuated pathogens, mo ...201526862374
design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of novel ribonucleosides of 1,2,3-triazolylbenzyl-aminophosphonates.a novel series of ribonucleosides of 1,2,3-triazolylbenzyl-aminophosphonates was synthesized through the kabachnik-fields reaction using i2 as catalyst followed by copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of the azide-alkyne reaction (cuaac). all structures of the newly prepared compounds were characterized by (1) h nmr, (13) c nmr, and hrms spectra. the structures of 2e, 2f, 3d, and 3g were further confirmed by x-ray diffraction analysis. these compounds were tested against various strains of dna and rna ...201526575425
relationships among dissemination of primary parainfluenza virus infection in the respiratory tract, mucosal and peripheral immune responses, and protection from reinfection: a noninvasive bioluminescence-imaging study.respiratory paramyxoviruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv1) to hpiv4 infect virtually all children by the age of 2 to 5 years, leading to partial but incomplete protection from reinfection. here, we used luciferase-expressing reporter sendai viruses (the murine counterpart of hpiv1) to noninvasively measure primary infection, immune responses, and protection from reinfection by either a lethal challenge or natural transmission in living mice ...201525589649
initiation and regulation of paramyxovirus transcription and replication.the paramyxovirus family has a genome consisting of a single strand of negative sense rna. this genome acts as a template for two distinct processes: transcription to generate subgenomic, capped and polyadenylated mrnas, and genome replication. these viruses only encode one polymerase. thus, an intriguing question is, how does the viral polymerase initiate and become committed to either transcription or replication? by answering this we can begin to understand how these two processes are regulat ...201525683441
immunostimulatory defective viral genomes from respiratory syncytial virus promote a strong innate antiviral response during infection in mice and humans.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe respiratory illness in children and susceptible adults. rsv blocks the development of the innate antiviral immune response and can grow to high titers in the respiratory tract. here we demonstrate that immunostimulatory defective viral genomes (idvgs) that are naturally generated during rsv replication are strong inducers of the innate antiviral response to rsv in mice and humans. in mice, rsv idvgs stimulated the expression of a ...201526336095
replication-competent influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus luciferase reporter strains engineered for co-infections identify antiviral compounds in combination screens.myxoviruses such as influenza a virus (iav) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are major human pathogens, mandating the development of novel therapeutics. to establish a high-throughput screening protocol for the simultaneous identification of pathogen- and host-targeted hit candidates against either pathogen or both, we have attempted co-infection of cells with iav and rsv. however, viral replication kinetics were incompatible, rsv signal window was low, and an iav-driven minireplicon report ...201526307636
immunological response to single pathogen challenge with agents of the bovine respiratory disease complex: an rna-sequence analysis of the bronchial lymph node transcriptome.susceptibility to bovine respiratory disease (brd) is multi-factorial and is influenced by stress in conjunction with infection by both bacterial and viral pathogens. while vaccination is broadly used in an effort to prevent brd, it is far from being fully protective and cases diagnosed from a combination of observed clinical signs without any attempt at identifying the causal pathogens are usually treated with antibiotics. dairy and beef cattle losses from brd are profound worldwide and genetic ...201526121276
respiratory infectious phenotypes in acute exacerbation of copd: an aid to length of stay and copd assessment test.to investigate the respiratory infectious phenotypes and their impact on length of stay (los) and the copd assessment test (cat) scale in acute exacerbation of copd (aecopd).201526527871
intrapulmonary recombinant factor viia for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children.diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (dah) is a life-threatening pulmonary complication in patients with hematologic malignancies or autoimmune disorders, and it has a high mortality rate. the current treatment options of corticosteroids, transfusions, and immunosuppressants have been limited and largely unsuccessful, and they can be accompanied by multiple complications. intrapulmonary administration of recombinant activated factor vii (rfviia) has been reported in adults, but there are scarce data on i ...201525548333
zinc binding activity of human metapneumovirus m2-1 protein is indispensable for viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a member of the pneumovirinae subfamily in the paramyxoviridae family that causes respiratory tract infections in humans. unlike members of the paramyxovirinae subfamily, the polymerase complex of pneumoviruses requires an additional cofactor, the m2-1 protein, which functions as a transcriptional antitermination factor. the m2-1 protein was found to incorporate zinc ions, although the specific role(s) of the zinc binding activity in viral replication and pathogen ...201525855728
serologic, trace element, and fecal parasite survey of free-ranging, female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in eastern washington, usa.blood and fecal samples collected from 97 free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), from four distinct herds during the spring of 2000 or 2001 in eastern washington, us, were tested for exposure to selected pathogens, concentrations of trace elements, and presence of parasites in feces. antibodies were detected to the following: leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava (4%), leptospira interrogans serovar canicola (1%), leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa (13%), bovine viral diarrh ...201525380366
estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in australian live export cattle.the prevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease (brd) was investigated in cattle prior to export. a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect nucleic acids from the following viruses and bacteria in nasal swab samples: bovine coronavirus (bocv; betacoronavirus 1), bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (bvdv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), his ...201525525134
effects of oral meloxicam administration to beef cattle receiving lipopolysaccharide administration or vaccination against respiratory pathogens.this study evaluated the effects of oral meloxicam administration on metabolic, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses of beef cattle receiving a lipopolysaccharide (lps) challenge (exp. 1; d -1 to 6) or vaccinated against respiratory pathogens (exp. 2; d 7 to 21). twenty-one angus steers ( = 11) and heifers ( = 10) were housed in individual pens on d -15 and were offered free-choice water, mineral-vitamin mix, and hay until d 21. in exp. 1, cattle were ranked on d -1 by sex and bw and assigned ...201526523594
effects of vaccination against respiratory pathogens on feed intake, metabolic, and inflammatory responses in beef heifers.the objective of this study was to evaluate intake, metabolic, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses in beef heifers vaccinated against pathogens that cause bovine respiratory disease (brd). eighteen weaned angus heifers (initial bw 257 ± 3 kg; initial age 245 ± 2 d) were ranked by bw and allocated to 2 groups, which were assigned to 2 experiments of 7 d and the following treatments on d 1 of each experiment: 1) revaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza-3 viru ...201526440344
prediction of respiratory disease and diarrhea in veal calves based on immunoglobulin levels and the serostatus for respiratory pathogens measured at arrival.failure of passive transfer is a common problem in calves destined for veal production. at present it is unknown whether the risk for respiratory disease (brd) or neonatal calf diarrhea (ncd) in the veal herd is associated with total immunoglobulin (ig) and/or on the serostatus for respiratory pathogens measured at arrival. therefore, the first objective of this prospective longitudinal cohort study was to determine associations between serum protein fractions as determined by routine electropho ...201525937168
mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) and other respiratory viruses in dromedary camels in sudan, an abattoir study.this study was intended to determine the role played by peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in causing respiratory infections in camels and its association with other respiratory viruses. a total of 474 lung specimens showing pneumonia were collected from clinically healthy camels in slaughterhouses at five different areas in sudan. using immunocapture elisa (icelisa), 214 specimens (45.1 %) were found to be positive for ppr antigen. the highest prevalence was found in central sudan (59.9 %) then n ...201525904508
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