Publications

detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna in pharyngeal epithelium biopsy samples obtained from infected cattle: investigation of possible sites of virus replication and persistence.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral infection of significant financial importance to the export and trade of agricultural products. the occurrence of persistently infected "carriers" of fmd-virus (fmdv) in ruminant species adds further complications to disease control. there have been significant discrepancies in reports regarding the pathogenesis of fmdv infection in cattle with specific emphasis on the anatomical sites involved in early and persistent virus replication. i ...	2011	21831538
in-vitro and in-vivo phenotype of type asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses utilizing two non-rgd receptor recognition sites.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) uses a highly conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) triplet for attachment to host cells and this motif is believed to be essential for virus viability. previous sequence analyses of the 1d-encoding region of an fmdv field isolate (asia1/js/cha/05) and its two derivatives indicated that two viruses, which contained an arg-asp-asp (rdd) or an arg-ser-asp (rsd) triplet instead of the rgd integrin recognition motif, were generated serendipitously upon short-term evolution ...	2011	21711567
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the breath of infected cattle using a hand-held device to collect aerosols.	exhaled air of individual cattle infected experimentally with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was sampled to assess the feasibility of a rapid, non-invasive general screening approach for identifying sources of fmdv infection. the air sampler used was a handheld prototype device employing electrostatic particle capture in a microchip chamber of 10-15╬╝l and was shown to effectively capture a high percentage of airborne microorganisms. the particles were eluted subsequently from the chip cham ...	2011	21723882
[foot and mouth disease virus keeps lurking around the corner].		2011	21702179
predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the south african territories (sat) types using virus neutralization data.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outer capsid proteins 1b, 1c and 1d contribute to the virus serotype distribution and antigenic variants that exist within each of the seven serotypes. this study presents phylogenetic, genetic and antigenic analyses of south african territories (sat) serotypes prevalent in sub-saharan africa. here, we show that the high levels of genetic diversity in the p1-coding region within the sat serotypes are reflected in the antigenic properties of these viruses and t ...	2011	21697350
a dna vaccine encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus b and t-cell epitopes targeted to class ii swine leukocyte antigens protects pigs against viral challenge.	development of efficient and safer vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a must. previous results obtained in our laboratory have demonstrated that dna vaccines encoding b and t cell epitopes from type c fmdv, efficiently controlled virus replication in mice, while they did not protect against fmdv challenge in pigs, one of the fmdv natural hosts. the main finding of this work is the ability to improve the protection afforded in swine using a new dna-vaccine prototype (pcmv-apc ...	2011	21820470
in silico analysis of ires rnas of foot-and-mouth disease virus and related picornaviruses.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) uses an internal ribosome entry site (ires), a highly structured segment of its genomic rna, to hijack the translational apparatus of an infected host. computational analysis of 162 type ii picornavirus ires rna sequences yielded secondary structures that included only base pairs supported by comparative or experimental evidence. the deduced helical sections provided the foundation for a hypothetical three-dimensional model of fmdv ires rna. the model was furt ...	2011	21681504
recombinant vp1, an akt inhibitor, suppresses progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing apoptosis and modulation of ccl2 production.	the application of viral elements in tumor therapy is one facet of cancer research. recombinant capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus has previously been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines. here, we aim to further investigate its apoptotic mechanism and possible anti-metastatic effect in murine models of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), one of the most common human cancers worldwide.	2011	21826248
Comparative study of codon substitution patterns in foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype O).	We compared genetic variations in the VP1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) isolated since 2000 according to the region of the world from. We analyzed relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) and phylogenetic relationship between geographical regions, and calculated the genetic substitution patterns between Korean isolate and those from other countries. We calculated the ratios of synonymously substituted codons (SSC) to all observed substitutions and developed a new analytical parame ...	2011	21825834
rapid typing of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia 1 by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	a reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was rapidly used to detect serotype asia 1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) within 45 min at 61°c. all fmdv serotype asia 1 reference strains were positive by rt-lamp, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes o, c, a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and japanese encephalitis virus remained negative. furthermore, fmdv sreotype as ...	2011	22040459
transmission risks and control of foot-and-mouth disease in the netherlands: spatial patterns.	in 2001 the epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in great britain, the netherlands and france have shown how fast fmdv may spread between farms. the massive socio-economic impact of these epidemics and the intervention measures taken demonstrate the need for quantitative assessments of the efficacy of candidate intervention strategies. here we use a mathematical model to describe the spatial transmission of fmdv in the netherlands and use the dutch 2001 outbreak data to estimate mode ...	2010	21352775
estimating risk factors for farm-level transmission of disease: foot and mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in great britain.	controlling an epidemic would be aided by establishing whether particular individuals in infected populations are more likely to transmit infection. however, few analyses have characterised such individuals. such analyses require both data on who infected whom and on the likely determinants of transmission; data that are available at the farm level for the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic in great britain. using these data a putative number of daughter infected premises (ips) resulting from ...	2010	21352781
short-lived carriage of foot-and-mouth disease virus in human nasal cavities after exposure to infected animals.	a quarantine period for potentially contaminated personnel can be used to reduce the risk of transfer of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from infected to susceptible premises. this is set at 72 hours in the uk, on the basis of results from laboratory studies and field observations. previous analysis of fmdv carriage within human nasal cavities has relied upon virus isolation by culture in susceptible cells. this study, involving 51 people, evaluated a pcr method, which detected viral genomic ...	2010	21262692
analysis of sat1 type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins: influence of receptor usage on the properties of virus particles.	the three sat serotype viruses, endemic in africa, are well known for their difficulty to adapt to cell culture. the viral mechanism involved in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) tissue tropism and cell-entry is not well understood. a recombinant, small plaque-forming virus (vsat1tc), derived from a tissue culture-adapted sat1 virus (sar/9/81tc), revealed four amino acid substitutions (vp3 asp192→tyr; vp3 ser217→ile; vp1 ala69→gly and vp1 asn110→lys) in the capsid, compared to the sar/9/81wt i ...	2010	21167231
a differential elisa based on recombinant immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene of shv-1 in a baculovirus-insect cell system to discriminate between pigs infected naturally with pseudorabies and vaccinated pigs.	in the present study, the fragment corresponding to the immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene (gepi) from the cl15 argentinean strain of pseudorabies virus was expressed successfully in a baculovirus-insect cell system that contained the m6 gene of bluetongue virus, which encodes the ns1 nonstructural protein. this protein has the ability to polymerize into highly immunogenic tubules inside infected cells that can be purified at large quantities by ultracentrifugation. previously, the ns1 prote ...	2010	21168443
integrity of foot-and-mouth disease virions bound to the cells.	in this study, we examined the integrity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles during their binding to the surface of bhk-21 cells under physiological condition. for monitoring of the virus integrity we used blocking of the endocytosis with dynasore and cytochalasin d followed by rt-pcr for viral protein vp1 and the resistance of fmdv to the treatment of rnase a. our results showed that integrin binding to vp1 did not cause a substantial conformational change in the viral capsid. furt ...	2010	21175256
effect of the route of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of piglets on the course of disease.	three different routes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection of piglets, namely intranasal (i.n.) through drops, intradermal (i.d.) into the foot, and intramuscular (i.m.) were compared regarding the onset and severity of the disease. the results showed that the i.d. injection of the virus resulted in the fastest onset of the disease. the i.m. injection led to a delayed onset, but the final effect was identical with i.d. injection. moreover, the i.m. injection was simpler to perform a ...	2010	21175257
foot-and-mouth disease virus exhibits an altered tropism in the presence of specific immunoglobulins, enabling productive infection and killing of dendritic cells.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an acute vesicular disease of farm animals. the development of successful control strategies is limited by an incomplete understanding of the immune response to fmdv. dendritic cells (dc) mediate the induction of immunity to pathogens, but their role in fmdv infection of cattle is uncharacterized. bovine monocyte-derived dc (modc) were exposed to integrin-binding and cell culture-adapted strains of fmdv in vitro. modc were not largely susceptible to inf ...	2010	21177807
a single amino acid substitution in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus can increase acid resistance.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles lose infectivity due to their disassembly at ph values slightly below neutrality. this acid-dependent disassembly process is required for viral rna release inside endosomes. to study the molecular determinants of viral resistance to acid-induced disassembly, six fmdv variants with increased resistance to acid inactivation were isolated. infection by these mutants was more sensitive to drugs that raise the endosomal ph (nh(4)cl and concanamycin a) tha ...	2010	21177816
induction of foot-and-mouth disease virus-specific cytotoxic t cell killing by vaccination.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) continues to be a significant threat to the health and economic value of livestock species. this acute infection is caused by the highly contagious fmd virus (fmdv), which infects cloven-hoofed animals, including large and small ruminants and swine. current vaccine strategies are all directed toward the induction of neutralizing antibody responses. however, the role of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) has not received a great deal of attention, in part because of the t ...	2010	21177918
custom-engineered chimeric foot-and-mouth disease vaccine elicits protective immune responses in pigs.	chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) of which the antigenic properties can be readily manipulated is a potentially powerful approach in the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in sub-saharan africa. fmd vaccine application is complicated by the extensive variability of the south african territories (sat) type viruses, which exist as distinct genetic and antigenic variants in different geographical regions. a cross-serotype chimeric virus, vknp/sat2, was engineered by replacing the ...	2010	21177923
the use of soluble african horse sickness viral protein 7 as an antigen delivery and presentation system.	we have investigated the use of soluble chimeric trimers of the major capsid protein vp7 of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) as a vaccine delivery system by targeting some of the natural hydrophilic loops on the vp7 top domain for the insertion of foreign peptides. key to this trimer display strategy is the solubility of ahsv vp7 and how the solubility of this hydrophobic protein can be manipulated by inserting peptides into the top domain. to investigate, we generated different cloning vecto ...	2010	21195731
inhibitors of foot and mouth disease virus targeting a novel pocket of the rna-dependent rna polymerase.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that infects cloven-hoofed animals and leads to severe losses in livestock production. in the case of an fmd outbreak, emergency vaccination requires at least 7 days to trigger an effective immune response. there are currently no approved inhibitors for the treatment or prevention of fmdv infections.	2010	21203539
structures of ev71 rna-dependent rna polymerase in complex with substrate and analogue provide a drug target against the hand-foot-and-mouth disease pandemic in china.	enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the major causative agents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), has caused more than 100 deaths among chinese children since march 2008. the ev71 genome encodes an rnadependent rna polymerase (rdrp), denoted 3d(pol), which is central for viral genome replication and is a key target for the discovery of specific antiviral therapeutics. here we report the crystal structures of ev71 rdrp (3d(pol)) and in complex with substrate guanosine-5'-triphosphate and analog 5- ...	2010	21203964
development of a foot-and-mouth disease infection model in severe combined immunodeficient mice for the preliminary evaluation of antiviral drugs.	recent european guidelines facilitate the use of emergency vaccines during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease. antiviral drugs could be used as a complementary measure. this study aimed at developing a small animal model to assess the in vivo activity of early antiviral lead molecules with anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) activity in vitro. in a first attempt, several fmdv strains were titrated in balb/c mice. inoculations with o₁ manisa or c₁ noville did not induce clinical disease, wh ...	2010	21029400
multiplex pcr for rapid detection of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus variants with amino acid deletion at position 59 of the capsid protein vp3.	in india, there has been co-circulation, extinction and emergence of genotypes/lineages within serotype a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. at present an antigenically heterogeneous, unique lineage within genotype vii dominates the field outbreaks. this genetic cluster has amino acid deletion at position 59 of vp3 (vp3(59)-deletion group), considered to be critical antigenically. the emergence of this group warrants rapid and accurate detection to facilitate early planning and implementation o ...	2010	21029752
enhancement of dna vaccine (p12a3c-pcdna) efficacy against foot-and-mouth disease by coadministration of interleukin-18-expressing (il18 pcdna) plasmid in guinea-pigs.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals causing considerable economic loss in the affected countries. the presently used tissue-cultured inactivated vaccine protects the vaccinated animals for a short duration of immunity. as one of the approaches to develop alternative vaccines, p12a3c-pcdna (containing p12a and 3c coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus) and bovine il18 pcdna plasmids were constructed and the immune response of these constr ...	2010	21039923
preparation and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against fmdv serotype o with synthetic peptide antigen.	a short linear peptide was designed according to the antigenic site analysis of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth virus (fmdv) serotype o and synthesized as the peptide immunogen. the peptide, which covers the region from amino acid 133 to 160 of vp1 of fmdv, was linked to the n-terminal cysteine and conjugated with the carrier protein of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh). normal 6- to 8-week-old balb/c mice were immunized with the 20 μg dose conjugated peptide antigen four times. the splenocytes from ...	2010	21050041
structural analysis provides insights into the modular organization of picornavirus ires.	picornavirus rna translation is driven by the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element. the impact of rna structure on the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires activity has been analyzed using selective 2'hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (shape) and high throughput analysis of rna conformation by antisense oligonucleotides printed on microarrays. shape reactivity revealed the self-folding capacity of domain 3 and evidenced a change of rna structure in a defective gnra mutan ...	2010	21056890
risk evaluation of nonvaccinated, weaned calves transported through areas under systematic foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccination.	the recurrence and persistence of foot and mouth disease (fmd) could be the consequence of cyclic and massive transportation of calves. for this reason, in south america, vaccination strategies related to livestock dynamic are being promoted. in order to aid the evaluation of such strategies, a method for predicting the risk of transportation of nonvaccinated weaned calves was developed; this method combines expert opinion and empirical evidence using bayesian estimators. it was applied through ...	2010	21071104
regulation of iga responses in cattle, humans and mice.	secretory iga (siga) constitutes the largest component of the humoral immune system of the body with gram quantities of this isotype produced by mammals on a daily basis. secretory iga (siga) antibodies function by both blocking pathogen/commensal entry at mucosal surfaces and virus neutralization. several pathways of induction of iga responses have been described which depend on t cells (t cell dependent or td) pathways or are independent of t cells (t-independent or ti) and are mediated by den ...	2010	21074276
the epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in sarpang and zhemgang districts of bhutan.	this study was undertaken to compare the epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in two districts of sarpang and zhemgang in bhutan. zhemgang district recorded a significantly higher cumulative incidence in all species (26.9%) as well as for cattle (29.3%) compared to sarpang (6.5% and 7.4%, respectively). the case fatality for cattle in zhemgang (14.1%) was significantly higher than in sarpang (3.3%). a total of 404 cattle and 73 pigs died of fmd in zhemgang, ...	2010	21078083
promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus type o in swine.	in order to develop a completely safe immunogen to replace the traditional inactivated vaccine, a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) type o was developed. it contained three copies each of residues 141 to 160 and 200 to 213 of vp1 of the o/china/99 strain of fmdv coupled with a swine immunoglobulin g heavy-chain constant region (scigg). the data showed that the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine elicited high titers of anti-fmdv ...	2010	21084463
development of a dot immunoblot method for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus from vaccinated animals using non-structural proteins expressed prokaryotically.	five non-structural proteins (nsps) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were expressed in e. coli to develop a dot immunoblot (dot blot) assay for the differentiation of fmdv infected animals from vaccinated animals (diva). the five nsps were 3a (24 kda), 3b (15 kda), major b-cell epitope regions of 2c (23 kda), partial 3d (44 kda) and 3abc (59 kda). the criteria for the dot blot were determined and are described as follows: a test sample is considered positive if four or more nsps demonstrat ...	2010	21087638
phylogeography of foot-and-mouth disease virus types o and a in malaysia and surrounding countries.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in the countries of mainland southeast asia where it represents a major obstacle to the development of productive animal industries. the aim of this study was to use genetic data to determine the distribution of fmd virus (fmdv) lineages in the southeast asia region, and in particular identify possible sources of fmdv causing outbreaks in malaysia. complete vp1 sequences, obtained from 214 samples collected between 2000 and 2009, from fmd outbreaks in six ...	2010	21093614
fmd subunit vaccine produced using a silkworm-baculovirus expression system: protective efficacy against two type asia1 isolates in cattle.	cattle vaccinated with a single dose of subunit vaccine containing the capsid and 3c proteinase coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) asia i/hnk/cha/05 strain were protected when challenged 28 days later with a homologous virus. here, the 50% bovine protective dose (pd(50)) test was performed to assess the potency of the subunit vaccine. when challenged with two chinese isolates, the subunit vaccine could achieve 6.5 pd(50) (challenged with asia i/hnk/cha/05 strain) and 5.2 pd(50 ...	2010	21109368
foot-and-mouth disease virus utilizes an autophagic pathway during viral replication.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the type species of the aphthovirus genus within the picornaviridae family. infection of cells with positive-strand rna viruses results in a rearrangement of intracellular membranes into viral replication complexes. the origin of these membranes remains unknown; however induction of the cellular process of autophagy is beneficial for the replication of poliovirus, suggesting that it might be advantageous for other picornaviruses. by using confocal microscop ...	2010	21112602
evolutionary analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat 1 isolates from east africa suggests two independent introductions from southern africa.	in east africa, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat 1 is responsible for occasional severe outbreaks in livestock and is known to be maintained within the buffalo populations. little is known about the evolutionary forces underlying its epidemiology in the region. to enhance our appreciation of the epidemiological status of serotype sat 1 virus in the region, we inferred its evolutionary and phylogeographic history by means of genealogy-based coalescent methods using 53 vp1 coding sequence ...	2010	21118525
an induced hypersensitive-like response limits expression of foreign peptides via a recombinant tmv-based vector in a susceptible tobacco.	by using tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vectors, foreign epitopes of the vp1 protein from food-and-month disease virus (fmdv) could be fused near to the c-terminus of the tmv coat protein (cp) and expressed at high levels in susceptible tobacco plants. previously, we have shown that the recombinant tmv vaccines displaying fmdv vp1 epitopes could generate protection in guinea pigs and swine against the fmdv challenge. recently, some recombinant tmv, such as tmvfn20 that contains an epitope fn20 ...	2010	21124743
immune responses to the oral administration of recombinant bacillus subtilis expressing multi-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus and a cholera toxin b subunit.	bacillus subtilis has been engineered successfully to express heterologous antigens for use as a vaccine vehicle that can elicit mucosal and systemic immunity response. in this study, a recombinant b. subtilis expressing the b subunit of cholera toxin (ct-b) and an epitope box constituted with antigen sites from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia 1 was constructed and named 1a751/ctb-tepias. its capability to induce mucosal, humoral, and cellular responses in mice and guinea pigs was ...	2010	21129406
quantitative trait loci for variation in immune response to a foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide.	infectious disease of livestock continues to be a cause of substantial economic loss and has adverse welfare consequences in both the developing and developed world. new solutions to control disease are needed and research focused on the genetic loci determining variation in immune-related traits has the potential to deliver solutions. however, identifying selectable markers and the causal genes involved in disease resistance and vaccine response is not straightforward. the aims of this study we ...	2010	21138580
the role of african buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in uganda.	to study the role of african buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in uganda, serum samples were collected from 207 african buffalos, 21 impalas (aepyceros melampus), 1 giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), 1 common eland (taurotragus oryx), 7 hartebeests (alcelaphus buselaphus) and 5 waterbucks (kobus ellipsiprymnus) from four major national parks in uganda between 2005 and 2008. serum samples were screened to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus ...	2010	21143994
characterisation and epitope mapping of neutralising monoclonal antibodies to a24 cruzeiro strain of fmdv.	characterisation of seven neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mabs) produced against foot-and-mouth disease virus a(24) cruzeiro revealed three reactivity groups. gr-i recognised linear epitopes where as gr-ii was conformation-dependent and trypsin-insensitive. the gr-iii was also conformation-dependent, but trypsin-sensitive. mar (mab neutralisation resistant)-mutants could only be produced against gr-i and gr-iii mabs. capsid sequence comparison of gr-i mar-mutants with parent virus revealed c ...	2010	21144677
efficient and stable expression of gfp through wheat streak mosaic virus-based vectors in cereal hosts using a range of cleavage sites: formation of dense fluorescent aggregates for sensitive virus tracking.	a series of wheat streak mosaic virus (wsmv)-based expression vectors were developed by engineering a cycle 3 gfp (gfp) cistron between p1 and hc-pro cistrons with several catalytic/cleavage peptides at the c-terminus of gfp. wsmv-gfp vectors with the foot-and-mouth disease virus 1d/2a or 2a catalytic peptides cleaved gfp from hc-pro but expressed gfp inefficiently. wsmv-gfp vectors with homologous nia-pro heptapeptide cleavage sites did not release gfp from hc-pro, but efficiently expressed gfp ...	2010	21145088
sequence-based prediction for vaccine strain selection and identification of antigenic variability in foot-and-mouth disease virus.	identifying when past exposure to an infectious disease will protect against newly emerging strains is central to understanding the spread and the severity of epidemics, but the prediction of viral cross-protection remains an important unsolved problem. for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) research in particular, improved methods for predicting this cross-protection are critical for predicting the severity of outbreaks within endemic settings where multiple serotypes and subtypes commonly co- ...	2010	21151576
beyond the consensus: dissecting within-host viral population diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus by using next-generation genome sequencing.	the diverse sequences of viral populations within individual hosts are the starting material for selection and subsequent evolution of rna viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). using next-generation sequencing (ngs) performed on a genome analyzer platform (illumina), this study compared the viral populations within two bovine epithelial samples (foot lesions) from a single animal with the inoculum used to initiate experimental infection. genomic sequences were determined in duplic ...	2010	21159860
porcine type i interferon rapidly protects swine against challenge with multiple serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. current inactivated vaccines require approximately 7 days to induce protection, but before this time vaccinated animals remain susceptible to disease. previously, we demonstrated that intramuscular (im) inoculation of a replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vector containing a porcine interferon α gene (pifnα) can protect swine challenged 1 day later by intradermal (id) injection with f ...	2010	20874428
improved immune response by id-pvac: a secretory dna vaccine construct delivered by plg micro particles against foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks usually have devastating effects on the economy of countries were disease is endemic due to direct and indirect cost; most of them related to international trade embargoes of animals and animal products. although currently used inactivated vaccine provides protection, it has several drawbacks like short duration of immunity, and the requirement for containment facilities. a dna vaccine construct which expresses the secretary antigens, delivered through micr ...	2010	20884037
recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing p12a and 3c of fmdv can partially protect piglets against fmdv challenge.	one of the crucial factors for evaluation of an effective genetically engineered vaccine is whether susceptible animals are protected from virus challenge after vaccination. in this study, a recombinant pseudorabies virus (prv-p12a3c) that expressed capsid precursor polypeptide p12a and nonstructural protein 3c of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was used as a vaccine. the expression of p12a3c and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against fmdv challenge were measured. humoral and cel ...	2010	20947111
development and validation of a lateral flow immunoassay using colloidal gold for the identification of serotype-specific foot-and-mouth disease virus o, a and asia 1.	a lateral flow immunoassay (lfi) was developed to identify and diagnose foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes o, a and asia 1. antibodies obtained from rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with cell-culture-adapted virus strains (o/cha/99, a/gs/lx/66, asia 1/chn/05) and suckling-mouse adapted virus strains (o/av99(l), a/av88(l), asia 1/ynbs/58) were used as capture antibodies. the diagnostic kit included three immunochromatographic strips of types o, a and asia 1, and the type-specific resu ...	2010	20951743
b cell epitopes within vp1 of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus for detection of viral antibodies.	in this study, the coding region of type o fmdv capsid protein vp1 and a series of codon optimized dna sequences coding for vp1 amino acid residues 141-160 (epitope1), tandem repeat 200-213 (epitope2 (+2)) and the combination of two epitopes (epitope1-2) was genetically cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pp(ro)exhtb and pgex4t-1, respectively. vp1 and the fused epitopes gst-e1, gst-e2 (+2) and gst-e1-2 were successfully solubly expressed in the cytoplasm of escherichia coli and wester ...	2010	20960280
identification of a conformational epitope on the vp1 g-h loop of type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus defined by a protective monoclonal antibody.	although neutralizing antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be defined by selection of monoclonal antibody (mab) escape mutants, no conformational neutralizing epitope on the major antigenic site located on the g-h loop of type asia1 fmdv has been precisely mapped. in this study, we generated a potent neutralizing mab 3e11, which recognized a conformation-dependent epitope and neutralized fmdv asia1/ys/cha/05 in vitro. importantly, a dose of 5.5 nt(50) of the mab 3e11 comple ...	2010	20961714
identification of a conserved linear epitope on the vp1 protein of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus by neutralising monoclonal antibody 8e8.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o remains an important threat to animal husbandry worldwide, and the variability of the virus presents a major problem for fmdv vaccine design. high-affinity neutralising antibodies against a conserved epitope could provide protective immunity against diverse subtypes of fmdv serotype o and protect against future pandemics. we generated a novel monoclonal antibody (mab) 8e8 that potently neutralised infection of fmdv o/ys/cha/05 both in vitro and in v ...	2010	20974198
hsv-1 amplicon vectors that direct the in situ production of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens in mammalian cells can be used for genetic immunization.	hsv-1 amplicon vectors encoding heterologous antigens were capable to mediate in situ generation of protein synthesis and to generate a specific immune response to the corresponding antigens. in this study, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus antigens were used to generate a genetic vaccine prototype. the amplicons were designed to provide a high safety profile as they do not express any hsv-1 genes when packaged using a helper virus-free system, and they are able to encapsidate several copies of ...	2010	20851082
induction of a cross-reactive cd8(+) t cell response following foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccination.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoofed animals. current inactivated fmdv vaccines generate short-term, serotype-specific protection, mainly through neutralizing antibody. an improved understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity would aid design of more effective vaccines. we have previously reported the presence of virus-specific cd8(+) t cells in fmdv-vaccinated and -infected cattle. in the current study, we aimed to identify cd8(+) t ...	2010	20861264
development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous identification of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16.	human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are two major aetiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. recently there have been several large outbreaks of hfmd in vietnam and the asia-pacific region. in this study, a multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed in order to detect simultaneously hev71, cva16 and other human enteroviruses. enterovirus detection was performed with a mixture of three pairs of oligonucleotide primers: one pair of published primers f ...	2010	20863857
expression of the major epitope regions of 2c integrated with the 3ab non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its potential for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.	in recent years, the potential value of the non-structural proteins (nsp) 2c and 3abc has been well documented for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from vaccinated animals (diva). in order to develop a more sensitive approach to detect animals infected naturally in herds of fmdv-vaccinated animals, a 47.6kd fusion protein named 2c3ab was expressed in bacteria which incorporated two major b-cell epitope regions of 2c and the whole 3ab within the nsp of ...	2010	20863858
a multi-step process of viral adaptation to a mutagenic nucleoside analogue by modulation of transition types leads to extinction-escape.	resistance of viruses to mutagenic agents is an important problem for the development of lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy. previous studies with rna viruses have documented that resistance to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue ribavirin (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1-h-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is mediated by amino acid substitutions in the viral polymerase that either increase the general template copying fidelity of the enzyme or decrease the incorporation of ribavirin into rna. here we ...	2010	20865120
serological evidence of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in randomly surveyed goat population of orissa, india.	india is endemic for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), and goats constitute the second largest susceptible population of domestic livestock. fmd surveillance and control strategies in the country largely ignore small ruminants, known to be critical in the epidemiology of the disease. here, serological investigations were carried out to generate estimates of antibody prevalence in goats of orissa state to both non-structural (nsp-ab) and structural proteins (sp-ab) of fmd. the apparent overall nsp-ab ...	2010	20723161
sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the non-structural 3a and 3b protein-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype a iran 05.	the a iran 05 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) subtype was detected in iran during 2005 and has proven to be highly virulent. this study was undertaken to focus on molecular and phylogenetic analysis of 3a and 3b coding-regions in the a iran 05 field isolate. to assess the genetic relatedness of a iran 05 isolate the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the 3ab region of type a fmdv isolates were compared with twenty previously described type a fmdv isolates. the phylogenetic tree ...	2010	20706032
phylogenetic analyses of the polyprotein coding sequences of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease viruses in east africa: evidence for interserotypic recombination.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in east africa with the majority of the reported outbreaks attributed to serotype o virus. in this study, phylogenetic analyses of the polyprotein coding region of serotype o fmd viruses from kenya and uganda has been undertaken to infer evolutionary relationships and processes responsible for the generation and maintenance of diversity within this serotype. fmd virus rna was obtained from six samples following virus isolation in cell culture and in one ca ...	2010	20731826
competition-colonization dynamics: an ecology approach to quasispecies dynamics and virulence evolution in rna viruses.	a single and purified clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus diversified in cell culture into two subpopulations that were genetically distinct. the subpopulation with higher virulence was a minority and was suppressed by the dominant but less virulent one. these two populations follow the competitioncolonization dynamics described in ecology. virulent viruses can be regarded as colonizers because they killed the cells faster and they spread faster. the attenuated subpopulation resembles competit ...	2010	20798818
genetic characterization of the cell-adapted panasia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/fujian/cha/5/99 isolated from swine.	according to office international des epizooties (oie) bulletin, the panasia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was invaded into the people's republic of china in may 1999. it was confirmed that the outbreaks occurred in tibet, hainan and fujian provinces. in total, 1280 susceptible animals (68 cattle, 1212 swine) were destroyed for the epidemic control.to investigate the distinct biological properties, we performed plaque assay, estimated the pathogenicity in suckling mice and determ ...	2010	20807416
study of a chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus dna vaccine containing structural genes of serotype o in a genome backbone of serotype asia 1 in guinea pigs.	since foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes display a great genetic and antigenic diversity, there is a constant requirement to monitor the performance of fmdv vaccines in the field with respect to their antigenic coverage. to avoid possible antigenic changes in field fmdv isolates during their adaptation to bhk-21 cells, a standard step used in production of conventional fmdv vaccines, the custom-made chimeric conventional or dna vaccines, in which antigenic determinants are replaced wi ...	2010	20822311
alternative way to test the efficacy of swine fmd vaccines: measurement of pigs median infected dose (pid50) and regulation of live virus challenge dose.	foot-and -mouth disease to pigs is serious recently around the world. "vaccination prevention" is still an important policy. oie specifies 10,000 tcid50(0.2 ml) of virulent virus for challenge test in pigs to test the potency of fmd vaccine by intradermal route inoculating the virus in the heel bulbs of one foot or by intramuscular route administering into one site of the neck behind the ear. convenience and speediness are available in the process of potency test of commercial fmd vaccine. we se ...	2010	20822547
two-dimensional heteronuclear saturation transfer difference nmr reveals detailed integrin αvβ6 protein-peptide interactions.	we report the first example of peptide-protein heteronuclear two-dimensional (2d) saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (std nmr). this method, resulting in dramatically reduced overlap, was applied to the interaction of the integrin αvβ6 with a known peptide ligand and highlights novel contact points between the substrate and target protein.	2010	20838674
specific detection of rinderpest virus by real-time reverse transcription-pcr in preclinical and clinical samples from experimentally infected cattle.	a highly sensitive detection test for rinderpest virus (rpv), based on a real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr)system, was developed. five different rpv genomic targets were examined, and one was selected and optimized to detect viral rna in infected tissue culture fluid with a level of detection ranging from 0.59 to 87.5 50% tissue culture infectious doses (tcid(50)) per reaction depending on the viral isolate. the strain sensitivity of the test was validated on 16 rpv strains belonging ...	2010	20844216
a mutant of infectious asia 1 serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus with the deletion of 10-amino-acid in the 3a protein.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1 is one of the most predominant endemic serotypes in china. our previous study has generated a full-length cdna clone (pbsas) of an asia 1 serotype fmdv (as1/cha/05) isolated from bovine. to further study the properties of this virus, a mutant in the 3a region of the cdna clone (pbsas-3a10d), containing the deletion at position 93-102 of the 3a protein of as1/cha/05, was generated by pcr and cloning. after synthesis of rna in vitro and transfect ...	2010	20844943
coexpression of double or triple copies of the rabies virus glycoprotein gene using a 'self-cleaving' 2a peptide-based replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 vector.	rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a major structural protein and antigen of rabies virus that induces a highly immunogenic response. in the present study, we have used 2a self-cleaving sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to express double or triple copies of the rvg from a single open reading frame derived from human adenovirus 5 (adhu5). the recombinant adenoviruses produce similar virus titers, indicating that the insertion of double or triple copies of the rvg gene linked wit ...	2010	20682459
development of an in process control filtration-assisted chemiluminometric immunoassay to quantify foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-capsid proteins in vaccine-antigen batches.	in many countries, foot and mouth disease (fmd) is controlled by vaccination and surveillance against non-capsid proteins (ncp); therefore vaccines are required not to induce antibodies against ncp. vaccine purity is evaluated by repeated inoculation of naïve cattle, an expensive and time consuming protocol that raises several animal welfare concerns. we have developed an in process control filtration-assisted chemiluminometric immunoassay (fal-elisa), to detect and quantify ncp in vaccine-antig ...	2010	20685600
antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (vicugna vicugna) population in the argentinean andean altiplano.	serum samples from 128 wild vicuñas (vicugna vicugna) were tested for antibodies (ab) to rotavirus (rv), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv-1), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), bluetongue virus (btv), equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), and influenza a virus equine (eiv). samples were collected in cieneguillas province of jujuy, in northern argentina. feces from 44 vicuñas were also collected to investigate rv shedding. llamas (la ...	2010	20688660
survey for foot-and-mouth disease in the endangered marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus) from marshlands of the parana river basin, brazil.	habitat fragmentation and diseases have resulted in a decline of the marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus) throughout its south american range. our objectives were to determine whether marsh deer intended for translocation from a region of the rio paraná basin had been infected previously by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and whether they were carrying virus. we captured marsh deer from june to october 1998 and collected blood from 108 animals and esophageal-pharyngeal fluid from 53. serum wa ...	2010	20688701
serotype specificity of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle in selected districts in uganda.	uganda had an unusually large number of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks in 2006, and all clinical reports were in cattle. a serological investigation was carried out to confirm circulating antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by elisa for antibodies against non-structural proteins and structural proteins. three hundred and forty-nine cattle sera were collected from seven districts in uganda, and 65% of these were found positive for antibodies against the non-structural p ...	2010	20696028
the efficacy of fmd vaccine reduced non-structural proteins with a mab against 3b protein.	a monoclonal antibody, 3bigg, against the prokaryotically expressed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-structural protein (nsp) 3b was obtained. the 3bigg-sepharose conjugant (3bmab-6bff) was prepared by adding the purified 3bigg into epoxy-activated sepharose 6bff, incubating with the inactivated fmdv, and then removing the sepharose by centrifugation. the vaccine was made from the supernatant emulsified with oil-adjuvant isa206. ten guinea pigs, 26 pigs and six cattle were vaccinated, and ...	2010	20512625
functional expression of secreted proteins from a bicistronic retroviral cassette based on foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a can be position dependent.	the expression of two or more genes from a single viral vector has been widely used to label or select for cells containing the transgenic element. identification of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a cleavage peptide as a polycistronic linker capable of producing equivalent levels of transgene expression has greatly improved this approach in the field of gene therapy. however, as a consequence of 2a posttranslational cleavage the upstream protein is left with a residual 19 amino acids f ...	2010	20528679
foot and mouth disease in animals in sharkia governorate - egypt.	this study was carried out to determine the current state of foot and mouth disease (fmd) in different animal species in sharkia governorate in egypt. in addition, we investigated the spreading of the virus through water and soil in the animal environment as well as by rodents. the isolation rates of fmd virus in tissue culture were 39.6%, 11.4%, 41.2% and 100% for cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat respectively. all animals did not show any clinical signs for fmd. in addition, the virus was isolat ...	2010	20537095
chitosan can stop or postpone the death of the suckling mice challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in the study, a method called "hardening in liquid phase" for preparing chitosan granules with glutaraldehyde as crosslinker and tween 80 as surfactant and paraffin liquid as dispersant was established. the chitosan granules were light yellow and insoluble in water or oil, but they swelled in acid solution and narrowed in neutral or alkaline solution. furthermore, some of characteristics of the chitosan granules were revealed. (a) stability: their shapes were stable at ph 7.0 and ph 8.0 and -30 ...	2010	20540780
antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in african buffalos (syncerus caffer) in selected national parks in uganda (2001-2003).	in east africa, the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) isolates have over time included serotypes o, a, c, southern african territories (sat) 1 and sat 2, mainly from livestock. sat 3 has only been isolated in a few cases and only in african buffalos (syncerus caffer). to investigate the presence of antibodies against fmdv serotypes in wildlife in uganda, serological studies were performed on buffalo serum samples collected between 2001 and 2003. thirty-eight samples from african buffalos ...	2010	20561289
multiple shrnas driven by u6 and cmv promoter enhances efficiency of antiviral effects against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically significant animal disease because of the speed of its transmission. the current vaccine for fmd provides no protection until 7 days post-vaccination, thus reducing its effectiveness in the case of an outbreak. small interfering rna (sirna) is a promising antiviral approach because it can induce a protective response much more rapidly. this study is the first report to apply multiple short hairpin rna (shrna) expression systems to inhibit foot-and- ...	2010	20561543
letter to the editor. loss of plasmacytoid dendritic cell function coincides with lymphopenia and viremia during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.		2010	20565298
qualitative assessment of the commodity risk for spread of foot-and-mouth disease associated with international trade in deboned beef.	the risk of importing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) restricts trade in livestock and their products from parts of the world where the virus is present. this reduces trade opportunities and investment in the livestock sector of many developing countries and constrains global food supply. this review focuses on the risks associated with trade in deboned beef (db) from foot-and-mouth disease (fmd)-infected cattle, countries or zones. a definition of db is provided along with a description of ...	2010	20569417
status of foot-and-mouth disease in pakistan.	the present study reports the distribution of different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in pakistan during the period 1952-2007. during this time, a total of 1,543 epithelial samples out of 2,484 tested were found positive for various serotypes of fmdv. serotype o was found to be the most prevalent (p < 0.001) followed by serotype asia-1 and a. serotype c was detected only in 1954, 1963 and 1995. the disease was found to be more prevalent (p < 0.0001) in cattle than buffaloes. t ...	2010	20571838
[fusion expression of asia i type fmdv neutralizing epitope with heavy chain constant region of sheep igg and the assessment of its immunogenicity].	vp1 is a major antigenic protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus(fmdv), which induces the immune response against fmdv infection, and contains several epitopes of the virus. we designed and chemically synthesized a dna fragment which encoding a tandem repeat protein of 136-160aa and 198-211aa of a strain of type asia i fmdv, and cloned the gene of heavy chain constant region of sheep igg. by using the bamh i, ecor i and xho i sites, both genes were cloned into pproexhtb vector in turn to form a ...	2010	20575432
a simulation model for the potential spread of foot-and-mouth disease in the castile and leon region of spain.	a spatial stochastic model was used to simulate the spread of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epidemic in the castile-and-leon (cyl) region of spain. the model was fitted using information available on premises demographics and on assumptions for animal movements, indirect contacts, and airborne exposure. control measures dictated by spanish and european union regulations constituted a reference strategy to which six alternative control strategies were compared. for the reference strategy, the me ...	2010	20579754
domain disruptions of individual 3b proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus do not alter growth in cell culture or virulence in cattle.	picornavirus rna replication is initiated by a small viral protein primer, 3b (also known as vpg), that is covalently linked to the 5' terminus of the viral genome. in contrast to other picornaviruses that encode a single copy of 3b, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) encodes three copies of 3b. viruses containing disrupted native sequence or deletion of one of their three 3b proteins were derived from a fmdv a24 cruzeiro full-length cdna infectious clone. mutant viruses had growth characterist ...	2010	20580394
baculovirus treatment fully protects mice against a lethal challenge of fmdv.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious and economically devastating disease that affects cattle, swine, goat and sheep among others. fmdv is able to overcome the initial host innate immune response by inhibiting the induction of antiviral molecules at both the transcriptional and the translational levels. it has been demonstrated that fmdv a/arg/2001 causes the death of adult c57bl/6 mice within 72h. we evaluated the capacity of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis ...	2010	20580746
the early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after aerosol inoculation. identification of the nasopharynx as the primary site of infection.	to characterize the early events of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in cattle subsequent to simulated natural exposure, 16 steers were aerosol inoculated with fmdv and euthanized at various times. samples were collected from each steer antemortem (serum, nasal swabs, and oral swabs) and postmortem (up to 40 tissues per animal) and screened for fmdv by virus isolation and for fmdv rna by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. tissues that tested positive for fmdv ...	2010	20587691
foot-and-mouth disease virus replicates only transiently in well-differentiated porcine nasal epithelial cells.	three-dimensional (3d) porcine nasal mucosal and tracheal mucosal epithelial cell cultures were developed to analyze foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) interactions with mucosal epithelial cells. the cells in these cultures differentiated and polarized until they closely resemble the epithelial layers seen in vivo. fmdv infected these cultures predominantly from the apical side, primarily by binding to integrin alphav beta6, in an arg-gly-asp (rgd)-dependent manner. however, fmdv replicated onl ...	2010	20592089
a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody completely protects mice against lethal challenge with venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.	a recombinant humanized antibody to venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) was constructed in a monocistronic adenoviral expression vector with a foot-and-mouth-disease virus-derived 2a self-cleavage oligopeptide inserted between the antibody heavy and light chains. after expression in mammalian cells, the heavy and light chains of the humanized antibody (hu1a4a1igg1-2a) were completely cleaved and properly dimerized. the purified hu1a4a1igg1-2a retained veev binding affinity and neutralizi ...	2010	20600509
co-circulation of two extremely divergent serotype sat 2 lineages in kenya highlights challenges to foot-and-mouth disease control.	amongst the sat serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the sat 2 serotype is the most widely distributed throughout sub-saharan africa. kenyan serotype sat 2 viruses have been reported to display the highest genetic diversity for the serotype globally. this complicates diagnosis and control, and it is essential that patterns of virus circulation are known in order to overcome these difficulties. this study was undertaken to establish patterns of evolution of fmdv serotype sat 2 in ken ...	2010	20614146
[prokaryotic expression, protein purification and reactivity analysis of the vp1 and its c terminus of a south african isolate of fmdv serotype sat2].	to induce the expression of structure protein vp1 and its c terminus of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype sat2 in e.coli and analyze their reactivities with fmdv positive antiserum.	2010	20619084
diversity and transboundary mobility of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus in east africa: implications for vaccination policies.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus serotype o has been responsible for most reported outbreaks of the disease in east africa. a sustained campaign for the past 40 years to control fmd mainly by vaccination, combined with quarantine and zoosanitary measures has been undertaken with limited success. we investigated the genetic relationships among serotype o strains in eastern africa using complete vp1 coding region sequences obtained from 46 fmd virus isolates collected in kenya in the years 1964- ...	2010	20619358
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected from sudan.	the aim of this study was to characterize foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses collected between 2004 and 2008 from sudan, a country where fmd is endemic. using virus isolation and antigen elisa, three fmd virus serotypes (o, a and sat2) were detected in 24 samples that were submitted to the fao world reference laboratory for fmd. pan-serotypic real-time rt-pcr assays targeting the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) and 3d genes of fmd virus were also used to contribute to the laboratory diagnosis o ...	2010	20626708
high-resolution in vivo imaging of breast cancer by targeting the pro-invasive integrin alphavbeta6.	the integrin alphavbeta6 is expressed only on epithelia and then usually only during processes of tissue remodelling including cancer, where its high expression correlates with reduced survival. thus, alphavbeta6 represents an important target for imaging and therapy of cancer and new molecular-specific targeting agents are required. we have developed a20fmdv2, a peptide derived from the vp1 coat protein of foot-and-mouth-disease virus that binds specifically and stably to alphavbeta6. using a n ...	2010	20629113
adjuvant effect of cliptox on the protective immune response induced by an inactivated vaccine against foot and mouth disease virus in mice.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is an acute disease caused by foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) which causes important economy losses, this is why it is necessary to obtain a vaccine that stimulates a rapid and long-lasting protective immune response. cliptox is a mineral microparticle that in earlier studies has shown adjuvant activity against different antigens. in this study we have examined the effects of cliptox on the magnitude and type of immunity elicited in response to inactivated fmdv ( ...	2010	20637310
mapping of amino acid residues responsible for adhesion of cell culture-adapted foot-and-mouth disease sat type viruses.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infects host cells by adhering to the alpha(v) subgroup of the integrin family of cellular receptors in a arg-gly-asp (rgd) dependent manner. fmd viruses, propagated in non-host cell cultures are reported to acquire the ability to enter cells via alternative cell surface molecules. sequencing analysis of sat1 and sat2 cell culture-adapted variants showed acquisition of positively charged amino acid residues within surface-exposed loops of the outer capsid stru ...	2010	20637812
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase inhibits dsrna-induced type i interferon transcription by decreasing interferon regulatory factor 3/7 in protein levels.	the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been identified as an interferon-beta (ifn-beta) antagonist that disrupts the integrity of transcription factor nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab). in this study, we showed that the reduction of double stranded rna (dsrna)-induced ifn-alpha1/beta expression caused by l(pro) was also associated with a decrease of interferon regulatory factor 3/7 (irf-3/7) in protein levels, two critical transcription factors for activation o ...	2010	20638368
confidence in indirect assessment of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency and vaccine matching carried out by liquid phase elisa and virus neutralization tests.	the necessity of avoiding the use of animals in vaccine potency testing has been widely recognized. the repeatability and reproducibility of the expected percentage of protection (epp) as a serological potency surrogate for a24 cruzeiro foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain was assessed, and compared with the results obtained with challenge in the protection against podal generalization (ppg) test. to determine the epps, the serum titers obtained by liquid phase blocking competitive elisa ( ...	2010	20643090
translation driven by picornavirus ires is hampered from sindbis virus replicons: rescue by poliovirus 2a protease.	alphavirus replicons are very useful for analyzing different aspects of viral molecular biology. they are also useful tools in the development of new vaccines and highly efficient expression of heterologous genes. we have investigated the translatability of sindbis virus (sv) subgenomic mrna bearing different 5'-untranslated regions, including several viral internal ribosome entry sites (iress) from picornaviruses, hepatitis c virus, and cricket paralysis virus. our findings indicate that all th ...	2010	20643140
application of two bicistronic systems involving 2a and ires sequences to the biosynthesis of carotenoids in rice endosperm.	coordination of multiple transgenes is essential for metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways. here, we report the utilization of two bicistronic systems involving the 2a sequence from the foot-and-mouth disease virus and the internal ribosome entry site (ires) sequence from the crucifer-infecting tobamovirus to the biosynthesis of carotenoids in rice endosperm. two carotenoid biosynthetic genes, phytoene synthase (psy) from capsicum and carotene desaturase (crti) from pantoea, were linked ...	2010	20649940