Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| plasma viral load in hiv-1 and hiv-2 singly and dually infected individuals in guinea-bissau, west africa: significantly lower plasma virus set point in hiv-2 infection than in hiv-1 infection. | the intriguing differences in the natural course, transmissibility, and epidemiological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 are still insufficiently explained. differences in plasma viral load are an obvious possibility, but this has been difficult to investigate because of the lack of tests for hiv-2 rna. | 2000 | 11088091 |
| translation is not required to generate virion precursor rna in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected t cells. | the retroviral primary transcription product is a multifunctional rna that is utilized as pre-mrna, mrna, and genomic rna. the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) unspliced transcripts used as mrna for viral protein synthesis and as virion precursor rna (vprna) for encapsidation remains an important question. we developed a biochemical assay to evaluate the hypothesis that prior utilization as mrna template for protein synthesis is necessary to generate vprna. hiv-1- ... | 2000 | 11090150 |
| syntheses of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- and 1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]- derivatives of 5-substituted-2,4-difluorobenzene: unnatural acyclo thymidine mimics for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. | a group of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- (12) and 1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]- (13) derivatives of 2,4-difluorobenzene possessing a variety of c-5 substituents (r = me, h, i, no2) were designed with the expectation that they may serve as acyclic 5-substituted-2'-deoxyuridine (thymidine) mimics. compounds 12 and 13 (r = me, h, i) were inactive as anticancer agents (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-4) m range), whereas the 5-nitro compounds (12d, 13d) exhibited weak-to-moderate cytotoxicity (cc50 = 10( ... | 2000 | 11092311 |
| a survey of some indian medicinal plants for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity. | india has an extensive area of forest enriched with plant diversity. several of these plants have been used as folklore medicines. however, the medicinal plants have rarely been investigated for anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. hence, some indian medicinal plants were screened in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 2000 | 11094851 |
| surveillance of hiv-1 genetic subtypesand diversity in the us blood supply. | recent reports of variant (non-subtype b) hiv infections in us populations have raised concerns about the sensitivity of subtype b virus-based donor screening and diagnostic assays. this study was designed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of hiv subtypes in us blood donors over the last two decades. | 2000 | 11099672 |
| characteristics of salivary diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome in west africa. | to determine the prevalence of diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (dils) in the minor salivary glands of 30 african cameroonian adults with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). | 2000 | 11100056 |
| cross-protection in nyvac-hiv-1-immunized/hiv-2-challenged but not in nyvac-hiv-2-immunized/shiv-challenged rhesus macaques. | immunization with attenuated poxvirus-hiv-1 recombinants followed by protein boosting had protected four of eight rhesus macaques from hiv-2sbl6669 challenge. the present study was designed to confirm this result and to conduct the reciprocal cross-protection experiment. | 2000 | 11101054 |
| construction of infectious siv/hiv-2 chimeras. | to construct siv/hiv-2 chimeras (shiv) that replicate in vivo. these would be valuable tools to elucidate the mechanism by which hiv-2 can bypass protection conferred by live attenuated siv vaccines. | 2000 | 11101058 |
| suppression of maternal virus load with zidovudine, didanosine, and indinavir combination therapy prevents mother-to-fetus hiv transmission in macaques. | recently, we developed a maternal-fetal macaque model using a highly pathogenic hiv-2 strain, hiv-2287, to study the time course of hiv transmission in utero. most pregnant macaques (macaca nemestrina) infected with hiv-2287 (10-103 infective doses) transmitted hiv to their fetuses, as verified by positive identification of virus-infected mononuclear cells and free viral rna in fetal blood. to determine whether an antiretroviral drug combination therapy composed of two dideoxynucleosides, azidot ... | 2000 | 11103044 |
| retinopathy as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection. | 2000 | 11115268 | |
| human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 infection among replacement blood donors in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993-96, blood donated by 12,235 replacement blood donors was screened by various enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 according to the guidelines specified by indian--food and drug administration. 222 replacement blood donors (1.81%) were found to be seropositive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. furthermore, the immunocomb ii hiv 1 & 2 bispot rapid sandwich elisa in a comb format was used ... | 2000 | 11271723 |
| planning a hepatitis c postexposure management program for health care workers. issues and challenges. | 1. approximately 4 million individuals in the united states are infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv), many of whom are unaware of this infection. thus, health care workers are faced with the potential for needlestick and blood exposure to another bloodborne pathogen in addition to hepatitis b and hiv. 2. the centers for disease control and prevention recommended that health care facilities follow guidelines from the u.s. public health service for prevention and control of hcv infection. 3. hosp ... | 2000 | 11760299 |
| reduced immune activation and t cell apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 compared with type 1: correlation of t cell apoptosis with beta2 microglobulin concentration and disease evolution. | this study analyzes the degree of immune activation and characterizes apoptosis in lymphocytes from healthy west african donors or patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 or -2. the lower decline of cd4 t cells in hiv-2- compared with hiv-1-infected donors is associated with lower levels of immune activation, evaluated by hla-dr expression on lymphocytes and sera concentrations of igg and beta2 microglobulin (beta2m). ex vivo apoptosis was found in both infections in all lymp ... | 2000 | 10608752 |
| a second target for the peptoid tat/transactivation response element inhibitor cgp64222: inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by blocking cxc-chemokine receptor 4-mediated virus entry. | the peptoid cgp64222 has been previously demonstrated to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tat/transactivation response element complex formation. it has previously been shown that cgp64222 selectively inhibits hiv-1 long terminal repeat-driven gene expression and hiv-1(lav) replication in lymphocytes. here, we show that cgp64222 inhibits the replication of a wide range of laboratory strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in mt-4 cells. however, cgp64222 proved inactive in mt-4 cells against hi ... | 2000 | 10617686 |
| a putative g protein-coupled receptor, rdc1, is a novel coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | more than 10 g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to act as coreceptors for infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we have isolated hiv-1 variants infectious to primary brain-derived cd4-positive cells (bt-3 and bt-20/n) and u87/cd4 glioma cells that are resistant to t-cell line-tropic (t-tropic), macrophage-tropic (m-tropic), and t- and m-tropic (dualtropic) (x4, r5, and r5x4) hiv-1 strains. these primary brain-de ... | 2000 | 10623723 |
| low plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 2 viral load is independent of proviral load: low virus production in vivo. | levels of virus in the plasma are closely related to the pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). hiv-2 is much less pathogenic than hiv-1, and infection with hiv-2 leads to significantly lower plasma viral load. to identify the source of this difference, we measured both viral rna and proviral dna in matched samples from 34 hiv-2-infected individuals. nearly half had undetectable viral rna loads (<100 copies/ml), but levels of proviral dna were relatively high and confirmed ... | 2000 | 10627569 |
| the hiv-2 genotype and the hiv-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype are associated with a lower virus replication in dendritic cells. | during sexual transmission, hiv infects the mucosal dendritic cells and is transferred to cd4 t cells. whether hiv variants of a particular genetic (sub)type or phenotype selectively infect dendritic cells (dc) or are preferentially transferred to t cells remains highly controversial. to avoid the cumbersome use of primary dendritic cells, in vitro dendritic cell models were generated from precursors, either hematopoietic progenitor cells (hpc) or monocytes (mo). productive infection in the dend ... | 2000 | 10630963 |
| broadening of coreceptor usage by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 does not correlate with increased pathogenicity in an in vivo model. | the pathogenic properties of four primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates and two primary hiv-2 biological clones were studied in an in vivo human-to-mouse chimeric model. the cell-associated viral load and the ability to reduce the severity of the induced graft-versus-host disease symptoms, the cd4/cd8 ratio and the level of repopulation of the mouse tissues by the graft, were determined. all hiv-2 strains, irrespective of their in vitro biological phenotype, replicated to ... | 2000 | 10644850 |
| performance of a multiplex qualitative pcr lcx assay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m subtypes, group o, and hiv-2. | early detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in blood and blood products can be achieved by a sensitive nucleic acid amplification-based assay. we report on the performance of a pcr-based qualitative assay that detects both hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 with a sensitivity of 20 to 50 copies/ml. the assay has a specificity of 99.6% and an inhibition rate of 1.7%. one milliliter of sample is processed with a manifold system and qiagen columns, and one-third of the extracted sample is used ... | 2000 | 10655373 |
| secretor polymorphism and human immunodeficiency virus infection in senegalese women. | the fut2 gene encodes the enzyme alpha (1,2) fucosyltransferase, which determines expression of blood-group antigens on mucosal epithelial cell surfaces and in secretions. homozygotes for a specific stop mutation in fut2 (nonsecretors) cannot produce this enzyme and thus are unable to express blood group antigens. nonsecretor status is associated with a decreased risk of several respiratory viral infections. by use of molecular genotyping, 2 populations of senegalese women were examined for poly ... | 2000 | 10669366 |
| hiv-2 protease is inactivated after oxidation at the dimer interface and activity can be partly restored with methionine sulphoxide reductase. | human immunodeficiency viruses encode a homodimeric protease that is essential for the production of infectious virus. previous studies have shown that hiv-1 protease is susceptible to oxidative inactivation at the dimer interface at cys-95, a process that can be reversed both chemically and enzymically. here we demonstrate a related yet distinct mechanism of reversible inactivation of the hiv-2 protease. exposure of the hiv-2 protease to h(2)o(2) resulted in conversion of the two methionine res ... | 2000 | 10677347 |
| tsao-t analogues bearing amino acids at position n-3 of thymine: synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. | novel analogues of the anti-hiv-1 lead compound [1-[2',5'-bis-o-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-d-ribofuranosyl]thymine]- 3'-spiro-5'-(4"-amino-1",2"-oxathiole-2',2'-dioxide) (tsao-t) bearing different amino acids at position n-3 of thymine were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of hiv replication. the synthesis of the target compounds was accomplished by coupling of the appropriate tsao intermediate with a conveniently protected (l) amino acid in the presence of bop and triethylamine, followe ... | 2000 | 10693655 |
| interaction with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 predicts hiv type 1 genotype. | in west africa, india, and certain regions of europe, both human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are known to cocirculate. to investigate the hiv-1 subtypes involved in dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections, we sequenced the envelope c2-v3 region from 29 dually infected female commercial sex workers from senegal. the majority of women (23 of 29) were infected by hiv-1 subtype a. within the hiv-1 subtype a sequences, 14 of 23 (60.8%) clustered with the west african associated a ... | 2000 | 10704348 |
| potent anti-hiv (type 1 and type 2) activity of polyoxometalates: structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action. | a series of polyoxometalates have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hiv-1(iii(b)) and hiv-1(rod) replication in mt-4 cells. all compounds showed activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2, but the antiviral potency of the heteropolytungstates varied considerably depending on their chemical structure. the antiviral activity of single, double, and triple keggin-type of compounds against hiv-1(iii(b)) replication was comparable (ic(50): 0.4-0.5 microgram/ml), whereas hiv-2(rod) a ... | 2000 | 10715146 |
| resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro as a surrogate of vaccine-induced protective immunity. | an in vitro assay developed as a correlate of vaccine-induced protection from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was validated in populations with relative resistance to hiv-1 as well as in hiv vaccine recipients. cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were challenged with 10 tcid50 of hiv-1mn or hiv-1bal, titered in pbmc from normal controls (n=57). pbmc from hiv-1-infected persons with low viremia (n=17), exposed uninfected persons (n=23), and hiv-2-infected senegalese prostitut ... | 2000 | 10720510 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in portugal: clinical spectrum, circulating subtypes, virus isolation, and plasma viral load. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is responsible for 4. 5% of aids cases in portugal. six hiv-2 subtypes have been described so far, subtype a being proposed as more pathogenic than the rest. the relationship between the clinical status and levels of both cellular and plasma hiv-2 viraemia is not well known, nor their modifications under antiretroviral therapy. thirty-two consecutive hiv-2 infected persons (17 men, 15 women) attending two different hospitals in lisbon in 1997 were ... | 2000 | 10745242 |
| emergence of drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected subjects undergoing antiretroviral therapy. | the reverse transcriptase (rt) and protease genes from 12 human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected individuals who had been exposed to antiretroviral drugs for longer than 6 months were examined for the presence of mutations which could be involved in drug resistance. four individuals carried virus genotypes with amino acid substitutions potentially associated with resistance to nucleoside analogues: two at codon 70 (k-->r) and two at codon 184 (m-->v). moreover, the latter two patie ... | 2000 | 10747109 |
| rapid shift from virally infected cells to germinal center-retained virus after hiv-2 infection of macaques. | lymphoid tissues are the primary target during the initial virus dissemination that occurs in hiv-1-infected individuals. recent advances in antiretroviral therapy and techniques to monitor virus load in humans have demonstrated that the early stages of viral infection and host response are major determinants of the outcome of individual infections. relatively little is known about immunopathogenic events occurring during the acute phase of hiv infection. we analyzed viral dissemination within l ... | 2000 | 10751345 |
| hiv-1 reverse transcriptase-pseudoknot rna aptamer interaction has a binding affinity in the low picomolar range coupled with high specificity. | systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) is a powerful method for the identification of small oligonucleotides that bind with high affinity and specificity to target proteins. such dnas/rnas are a new class of potential chemotherapeutics that could block the enzymatic activity of pathologically relevant proteins. we have conducted a detailed biochemical study of the interaction of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) with a selex-derived pseu ... | 2000 | 10751399 |
| children and adolescents living with hiv and aids: a review. | worldwide, more than one million children are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and in the united states it has become the sixth leading cause of death among 15-24-year-olds. despite the trend of increasing rates of infection, advances in therapies have led to survival past 5 years of age for more than 65% of infected children. this global health threat will therefore continue to have a significant impact on child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology. this paper reviews curren ... | 2000 | 10763677 |
| properties of cyanovirin-n (cv-n): inactivation of hiv-1 by sessile cyanovirin-n (scv-n). | cyanovirin-n (cv-n) is a novel anti-hiv protein isolated and characterized from a cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum. cv-n protein is a single 101 amino acid chain containing two intrachain disulphide bonds and considerable internal sequence duplication, but no significant homology to previously described proteins or to the transcription products of known nucleotide sequences. in solution, cv-n exists largely as a beta-sheet protein with internal two-fold pseudosymmetry. cv-n irreversibly inact ... | 2000 | 10794101 |
| apelin peptides block the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | the orphan g protein-coupled receptor apj has been shown to be a coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv and siv) strains. we have determined that some hiv and siv strains use apj as a coreceptor to infect the brain-derived np-2/cd4 cells. because apelin is an endogenous ligand for the apj receptor, we examined the inhibitory effects of apelin peptides on hiv infection, and found that the apelin peptides inhibit the entry of some hiv-1 and hiv-2 into the np-2/cd4 cells expres ... | 2000 | 10802050 |
| evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, hepatitis b surface antigen, and syphilis in ho chi minh city, vietnam. | an evaluation of three new rapid diagnostic test kits for human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1/2), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), and syphilis involved a two-phase comparison of rapid diagnostic assays using prospectively collected from hospitals and clinics in ho chi minh city, vietnam. after specificity and sensitivity testing, three new rapid diagnostic test kits were tested in parallel with six commonly used diagnostic test kits. the determine hiv-1/2 test had fewer indete ... | 2000 | 10813489 |
| structure-activity relationship studies on potential non-nucleoside dabo-like inhibitors of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. | using 2,6-dichloro-4-aminopyrimidine, a number of uracil and cytosine derivatives with both arylthio and alkoxy moieties were prepared. these novel pyrimidines share chemical similarities with dabos and hepts, two classes of non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis), which have been widely studied of late. all new derivatives were tested in mt-4 cells to explore their potential in vivo anti-hiv activity. like other nnrtis, they selective ... | 2000 | 10819436 |
| the double-stranded rna-binding protein staufen is incorporated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence for a role in genomic rna encapsidation. | human staufen (hstau), a double-stranded rna (dsrna)-binding protein that is involved in mrna transport, is incorporated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and in other retroviruses, including hiv-2 and moloney murine leukemia virus. sucrose and optiprep gradient analyses reveal cosedimentation of hstau with purified hiv-1, while subtilisin assays demonstrate that it is internalized. hstau incorporation in hiv-1 is selective, is dependent on an intact functional dsrna-binding domain, ... | 2000 | 10823848 |
| differential narrow focusing of immunodominant human immunodeficiency virus gag-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses in infected african and caucasoid adults and children. | cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) activity plays a central role in control of viral replication and in determining outcome in cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. incorporation of important ctl epitope sequences into candidate vaccines is, therefore, vital. most ctl studies have focused upon small numbers of adult caucasoid subjects infected with clade-b virus, whereas the global epidemic is most severe in sub-saharan african populations and predominantly involves clade-c i ... | 2000 | 10823876 |
| risk factors for hiv-2 seropositivity among older people in guinea-bissau. a search for the early history of hiv-2 infection. | because the seroprevalence of hiv-2 has been shown to be high in older age groups, we conducted a survey of all persons aged 50 years or over in two districts in bissau, investigating the presence of hiv antibodies and possible risk factors for hiv infection with a particular emphasis on age, the impact of the war of independence (1963-74), traditional marital and extramarital sex patterns, blood contact and contact with monkeys. in 670 participants, the hiv-2 prevalence was 14.3%; 16.1% in wome ... | 2000 | 10826903 |
| varying effects of temperature, ca(2+) and cytochalasin on fusion activity mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 glycoproteins. | we examined fusion mediated by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) envelope glycoproteins under various experimental conditions. incubation of hela cells expressing hiv-2(rod) and hiv-2(sbl/isy) envelope glycoproteins with hela-cd4 target cells resulted in fusion at temperatures >/=25 degrees c whereas fusion with cells expressing hiv-1(lai) occurred only at >/=31 degrees c. hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion proceeded in the absence of ca(2+) in the cultu ... | 2000 | 10838094 |
| squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva as initial presenting sign in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) due to human immunodeficiency virus type-2. | 2000 | 10845028 | |
| cleavage of vimentin by different retroviral proteases. | proteases (prs) of retroviruses cleave viral polyproteins into their mature structural proteins and replication enzymes. besides this essential role in the replication cycle of retroviruses, prs also cleave a variety of host cell proteins. we have analyzed the in vitro cleavage of mouse vimentin by proteases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), bovine leukemia virus (blv), mason-pfizer monkey virus (m-pmv), myeloblastosis-associated virus (mav), and two active-site ... | 2000 | 10845700 |
| the c-terminal proline-rich tail of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx is necessary for nuclear localization of the viral preintegration complex in nondividing cells. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), like other lentiviruses, is capable of infecting nondividing t cells and macrophages. the present work shows that in hiv-2-infected cells, vpx is necessary for efficient nuclear import of the preintegration complex. in agreement with this finding, the subcellular localization of a gfp-vpx fusion protein was found to be predominantly nuclear. however, deletion of the proline-rich c-terminal 11 residues of vpx resulted in a shift of the fusion protein t ... | 2000 | 10846100 |
| interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx and invariant chain. | vpx is a virion-associated protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency viruses. the yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify invariant chain (ii) as a cellular protein that interacts with hiv-2 vpx. vpx-ii interaction was confirmed in cell-free reactions using bacterially expressed glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins and by coimmunoprecipitation in transfected and infected cells. in chronically infected cells expressing vpx, ii levels were markedl ... | 2000 | 10846101 |
| fine characterization of a v3-region neutralizing epitope in human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | we have previously identified two distinct antigenic sites in the third variable region (v3) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) corresponding to the principal neutralizing determinant (pnd) of hiv-1, the conserved phe-his-ser-gln and trp-cys-arg motifs (positions 315-318 and 329-331), which possibly interact to form a discontinuous antigenic site. the aim of this study was to further identify and characterize the immunogenic sites in the v3-loop of hiv-2 that are important in the bin ... | 1999 | 10854165 |
| [chronic genital ulcerations and hiv infection: 29 cases]. | genital ulcers are common manifestations of infectious disease. the incidence of genital ulcers featuring a chronic course has increased since the beginning of the aids epidemic. the purpose of this 18-month cross-sectional study was to determine the main infectious causes of chronic genital ulcers (cgu) and their correlation with hiv infection. a total of 29 patients with cgu defined as an ulcer showing no sign of healing after more than one month were studied. mean age ranged from 24 to 54 yea ... | 1999 | 10701208 |
| synthesis and anti-hiv activity of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds): a new family of hiv-1 specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | the anti-hiv activity of a novel series of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds) has been described. the compounds were synthesized via curtius rearrangement of appropriate sulfamoylcarboxy azides which, in turn, were prepared from known starting materials. several 4-substituted-2-benzyl-derivatives were found to selectively inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv-1 (iiib)] replication in mt-4 and cem cells. these ttds were also effective against other strains of hi ... | 1999 | 10658585 |
| virus safety of avital bone tissue transplants: evaluation of sterilization steps of spongiosa cuboids using a peracetic acid-methanol mixture. | the aim of this study was to validate the virus-inactivating/eliminating capacity of the manufacturing process of spongiosa cuboids. both the sterilization step with peracetic acid (paa)/ethanol and the defatting step of bones with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) were investigated. relevant enveloped, non-enveloped, and model viruses belonging to different virus families were included in the investigation: human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus (pv-1), ps ... | 1999 | 10652175 |
| temperature inducible beta-sheet structure in the transactivation domains of retroviral regulatory proteins of the rev family. | the interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) regulatory protein rev with cellular cofactors is crucial for the viral life cycle. the hiv-1 rev transactivation domain is functionally interchangeable with analog regions of rev proteins of other retroviruses suggesting common folding patterns. in order to obtain experimental evidence for similar structural features mediating protein-protein contacts we investigated activation domain peptides from hiv-1, hiv-2, visna virus, fel ... | 1999 | 10629982 |
| cyanovirin-n binds to gp120 to interfere with cd4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion binding, fusion, and infectivity but does not affect the cd4 binding site on gp120 or soluble cd4-induced conformational changes in gp120. | cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda protein isolated from the cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum, potently inactivates diverse strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. while it has been well established that the viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a molecular target of cv-n, the detailed mechanism of action is of further interest. we compared matched native and cv-n-treated virus preparations in a panel of assays that measure viral re ... | 1999 | 10196334 |
| novel potential agents for human cytomegalovirus infection: synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of benzothiadiazine dioxide acyclonucleosides. | the first acyclonucleosides based on the benzothiadiazine dioxide system were synthesized following the silylation procedure. several acyclic moieties, including acetoxyethoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, and propargyloxymethyl groups, were introduced. two synthetic strategies were designed to selectively obtain the n-1 or n-3 derivatives. lipase-mediated deacylation was used for the deprotection of the acyclonucleosides. some of the benzothiadiazine dioxide acyclonucleosides, in particular 16, prove ... | 1999 | 10197958 |
| broadly cross-reactive hiv-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes in highly-exposed persistently seronegative donors. | hiv-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (ctl) are believed to play a key part in the control of virus levels throughout hiv infection. an important goal of a potential prophylactic vaccine against hiv is therefore to elicit a strong ctl response which is broadly cross-reactive against a diverse range of hiv strains. we have detected hiv-specific ctl in two groups of highly-exposed but persistently seronegative female sex workers in africa which show extensive cross-reactivity between different vira ... | 1999 | 10203028 |
| suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by a soluble factor produced by cd8+ lymphocytes from hiv-2-infected baboons. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected baboons (papio cynocephalus) provide a valuable animal model for the study of acquired immunodefidency syndrome (aids) pathogenesis since many features of disease progression resemble hiv-1-infection of humans. in some hiv-2-infected baboons that are clinically healthy, a cd8+ cell antiviral response, that is partly mediated by a soluble factor, controls viral replication in vitro. in the present study, we demonstrate that cd8+ cells derived f ... | 1999 | 10203048 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new rapid automated human immunodeficiency virus antigen detection assay. | although human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen assays are of limited value for monitoring antiretroviral therapy, they play an important role for confirmatory testing of fourth generation hiv screening enzyme immunoassay (eia) reactive samples. in a multicenter study, a new automated rapid p24 antigen assay, elecsys hiv ag (roche diagnostics boehringer mannheim gmbh, penzberg, germany), was compared to fda licensed tests (abbott hiv-1 ag monoclonal and coulter hiv-1 p24 antigen assay). in t ... | 1999 | 10204697 |
| chicoric acid analogues as hiv-1 integrase inhibitors. | the present study was undertaken to examine structural features of l-chicoric acid (3) which are important for potency against purified hiv-1 integrase and for reported cytoprotective effects in cell-based systems. through a progressive series of analogues, it was shown that enantiomeric d-chicoric acid (4) retains inhibitory potency against purified integrase equal to its l-counterpart and further that removal of either one or both carboxylic functionalities results in essentially no loss of in ... | 1999 | 10212126 |
| hiv coreceptors, cell tropism and inhibition by chemokine receptor ligands. | hiv is a persistent virus that survives and replicates despite an onslaught by the host's immune system. a strategy for cell entry, requiring the use of two receptors, has evolved that may help evade neutralizing antibodies. hiv and siv usually require both cd4 and a seven transmembrane (7tm) coreceptor for infection. at least eleven different 7tm coreceptors have been identified that confer hiv and/or siv entry. for hiv-1, the major coreceptors are ccr5 and cxcr4, while the role of other corece ... | 1999 | 10332737 |
| characterization of neutralizing sites in the second variable and fourth variable region in gp125 and a conserved region in gp36 of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | several determinants of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been suggested to harbor sites important for neutralization. the third variable region (v3) of the envelope glycoprotein (gp) is an important neutralizing determinant for both serotypes of hiv. the localization of additional neutralizing regions is an urgent task because the virus appears to mutate to phenotypes that escape neutralizing antibodies. therefore, we have focused on the possibility of finding other immunodominant regions ... | 1999 | 10333245 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by rd6-y664, a novel benzylhydroxylamine derivative. | we have examined novel benzylhydroxylamine derivatives for their inhibitory effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in cell cultures. among the series, o-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (rd6-y664) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of hiv-1. the ec50 for hiv-1 strain iiib was 1.6 micrograms/ml with a selectivity index greater than 38 in mt-4 cells. it also inhibited the replication of other hiv strains including a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) i ... | 1999 | 10335401 |
| pyrido [1,2a] indole derivatives identified as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | pyrido [1,2a] indole derivatives were identified as potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication during a random screening programme. the compounds showed no antiviral activity against hiv-2 or in cells chronically infected with hiv-1, but had good inhibitory effect against purified hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) in an in vitro assay. they were therefore classified as non-nucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrti). the synthesis of additional compounds of the same class r ... | 1999 | 10335402 |
| multiplex detection of four pathogenic retroviruses using molecular beacons. | we describe a multiplex nucleic acid assay that identifies and determines the abundance of four different pathogenic retroviruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and human t-lymphotrophic virus types i and ii). retroviral dna sequences are amplified in a single, sealed tube by simultaneous pcr assays, and the resulting amplicons are detected in real time by the hybridization of four differently colored, amplicon-specific molecular beacons. the color of the fluorescence generated in the course of amplification id ... | 1999 | 10339598 |
| coreceptor usage of bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33 by primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | primary isolates of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv) use the chemokine receptor ccr5, in association with cd4, as coreceptor. during aids progression, hiv-1 and hiv-2 often adapt to use additional cofactors, particularly cxcr4. in contrast, siv isolates do not use cxcr4, but other coreceptors such as bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33. only limited information is currently available on usage of bob/gpr15 and bonzo/strl33 by hiv-1. therefore, we investigated a panel of gp160 clones ... | 1999 | 10355771 |
| analysis of the effect of natural sequence variation in tat and in cyclin t on the formation and rna binding properties of tat-cyclin t complexes. | the biological activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat (tat1) transcriptional activator requires the recruitment of a tat1-cyclint1 (cyct1) complex to the tar rna target encoded within the viral long terminal repeat (ltr). while other primate immunodeficiency viruses, such as hiv-2 and mandrill simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmnd), also encode tat proteins that activate transcription via rna targets, these proteins differ significantly, both from each other and from tat ... | 1999 | 10364329 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type (hiv-1) replication by some diversely functionalized spirocyclopropyl derivatives. | inhibition of hiv-1 replication by differently substituted spirocyclopropyl compounds has been evaluated. compound 21 showed a moderate activity (ec50 ranging from 2.3 to 5.8 micrograms/ml) against different hiv-1 strains (iiib, rf, ndk, and an azt-resistant strain) in different cell lines (mt-4 and c-8166 cells), while it was cytotoxic at 77.7 micrograms/ml, resulting in a selectivity index of 34. this compound was inactive against hiv-2 (rod) and siv (mac251). from "time-of-addition" experimen ... | 1999 | 10366901 |
| a simple saliva-based test for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | this study was performed to determine the feasibility of using saliva as a diagnostic medium for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 under nonlaboratory conditions and to evaluate the performance characteristics of such a test. we developed for this purpose a self-contained kit (saliva. strip [st]), which combines the collection and processing, as well as the analysis, of the specimen. the kit's performance was evaluated in a blinded study. saliva ... | 1999 | 10391866 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in spain. the hiv-2 spanish study group. | the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection in spain were identified in 1988, in 3 african immigrants living in barcelona. since then, up to december 1998, 92 individuals with hiv-2 infection have been reported in spain. most are adult men, infected through heterosexual contacts, originating from west african countries, and currently living in the largest urban spanish cities. fifteen individuals have developed aids, meanwhile the rest remain asymptomatic. for 22 sub ... | 1999 | 10393502 |
| v3 loop-derived peptide spc3 inhibits infection of cd4- and galactosylceramide- cells by lav-2/b. | spc3, a synthetic multibranched peptide including the gpgraf consensus motif of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp120 v3-loop is a potent inhibitor of hiv infection of human cd4+ lymphocytes, macrophages and cd4-/galactosylceramide+ human colon epithelial cells and is currently tested in phase ii clinical trials (fda protocol 257 a). the antiviral property of spc3 was further investigated for its ability to inhibit lav-2/b, an hiv-2 clone with a cd4-independent tropism. spc3 inhi ... | 1999 | 10408339 |
| je-2147: a dipeptide protease inhibitor (pi) that potently inhibits multi-pi-resistant hiv-1. | we designed, synthesized, and identified je-2147, an allophenylnorstatine-containing dipeptide hiv protease inhibitor (pi), which is potent against a wide spectrum of hiv-1, hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and various clinical hiv-1 strains in vitro. drug-resistant clinical hiv-1 strains, isolated from seven patients who had failed 9-11 different anti-hiv therapeutics after 32-83 months, had a variety of drug-resistance-related amino acid substitutions and were highly and invariably resist ... | 1999 | 10411934 |
| in vitro phenotype of sdf1 gene mutant that delays the onset of human immunodeficiency virus disease in vivo. | inheritance of a mutant allele of the sdf1 gene delays the onset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) disease. because the mutation lies in the 3' untranslated region of the gene, it was suggested that this mutation may upregulate transcription of the gene, resulting in more abundant sdf1, which in turn inhibits t-tropic hiv-1 and delays disease onset. this implies that this segment of sdf1 gene contains a negative regulatory element. we directly tested this hypothesis in vitro. | 1999 | 10413364 |
| transactivation is a conserved function among primate lentivirus vpr proteins but is not shared by vpx. | to investigate the transactivating activity of vpr proteins from human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) on various primate lentivirus long terminal repeats (ltrs), and to determine whether the vpx proteins shared by hiv-2 and siv are able to transactivate any hiv or siv promoter. | 1999 | 10413368 |
| modulation of major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by human immunodeficiency virus-2 gp36. | 1999 | 10424452 | |
| thrombotic microangiopathy in the hiv-2-infected macaque. | thrombotic microangiopathy (tma) has been increasingly reported in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected humans over the past decade. the pathogenesis is unknown. we prospectively analyzed the renal pathology and function of 27 pigtailed macaques (macaca nemestrina), infected intravenously with a virulent hiv-2 strain, hiv-2(287), in addition to that of four uninfected control macaques. necropsies were performed between 12 hours and 28 days after infection. hiv-2 antigen was detectable in ... | 1999 | 10433958 |
| identification of a window period for susceptibility to dual infection with two distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolates in a macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque) model. | the potential to establish dual retroviral infections was investigated in this study. groups of macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolate (either gb122 or cdc77618) were exposed to the other virus at 2, 4, 8, 12, 14, or 72 weeks after primary inoculation. dual infections were established in macaques simultaneously exposed to both viruses. in other groups, secondary infections were observed only if challenge occurred at early intervals after primary infection but ... | 1999 | 10438354 |
| roles of p53 and caspases in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by hiv-1 vpr. | the vpr gene from the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) encodes a 14-kda protein that prevents cell proliferation by causing a block in the g(2) phase of the cell cycle. this cellular function of vpr is conserved in evolution because other primate lentiviruses, including hiv-2, siv(mac), and siv(agm) encode related genes that also induce g(2) arrest. after g(2) arrest, cells expressing vpr undergo apoptosis. the signaling pathways that result in vpr-induced cell cycle arrest and apopto ... | 1999 | 10438581 |
| primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates infect cd4-negative cells via ccr5 and cxcr4: comparison with hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus and relevance to cell tropism in vivo. | cell surface receptors exploited by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) for infection are major determinants of tropism. hiv-1 usually requires two receptors to infect cells. gp120 on hiv-1 virions binds cd4 on the cell surface, triggering conformational rearrangements that create or expose a binding site for a seven-transmembrane (7tm) coreceptor. although hiv-2 and siv strains also use cd4, several laboratory-adapted hiv-2 strains infect cells without cd4 ... | 1999 | 10438870 |
| truncation of the human immunodeficiency virus-type-2 envelope glycoprotein allows efficient pseudotyping of murine leukemia virus retroviral vector particles. | the incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus-type-2 (hiv-2) envelope glycoprotein into murine leukemia virus (mulv) particles was studied in a transient transfection packaging cell system. we observed that wild-type hiv-2 envelope protein or a frameshift mutant with 187 unrelated carboxyl-terminal residues did not allow the formation of infectious retroviral particles. in view of recent findings that an hiv-1 envelope protein variant with a shortened cytoplasmic domain was incorporated into ... | 1999 | 10441556 |
| sero-prevalence of hiv antibodies in tuberculosis patients in ile-ife, nigeria. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is of major public health concern worldwide more so in sub-saharan africa where there is an upsurge in the incidence of the disease. reports from developed countries have shown that a close link exists between the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and pulmonary tuberculosis. no such study has ever been carried out in ile-ife, nigeria. | 1999 | 10442110 |
| human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among inmates of the penitentiary complex of the region of campinas, state of são paulo, brazil. | six hundred and ninety three male inmates from three penitentiaries, two (a and b) maximum-security systems and one (c) minimum-security facility, located in campinas, state of são paulo, brazil were studied for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies, using a cross-sectional design. the search for anti-hiv antibodies in 693 samples of sera collected was carried out by two serological tests: (a) the microparticle enzyme immunoassay-hiv-1 and hiv-2 (meia) (abbott laboratorie ... | 1999 | 10446005 |
| the influence of perceived responsibility and personality characteristics on the emotional and behavioral reactions to people with aids. | the present study examined the effect of a target's personality and responsibility for a misdeed on a perceiver's emotions and behavior by determining the variables' impact on the perceiver's emotional reactions and willingness to help the target. a total of 134 germans and 171 americans were given information about the level of responsibility (low, medium, or high) for a person's infection with hiv, 2 variations of information about the target's personality (positive vs. negative), and the tran ... | 1999 | 10457763 |
| on the etiology of tropical spastic paraparesis and human t-cell lymphotropic virus-i-associated myelopathy. | the purpose of this review is to present some concepts on the etiology of tropical spastic paraparesis or human t-cell lymphotropic virus-i (htlv-i)-associated myelopathy (tsp/ham). the large number of syndromes that have been associated with htlv-i (60 to date), the existence of tsp/ham cases associated with other retroviruses (human immunodeficiency virus-2 [hiv-2], htlv-ii), the existence of many tsps without htlv-i, and the evidence of clear epidemiologic contradictions in tsp/ham indicate t ... | 1999 | 10460931 |
| activity of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against hiv-2 and siv. | after the initial discovery of 1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-6-(phenylthio)thymine (hept) and tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-2(1h)-one and thione (tibo) derivatives, several other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors (nnrti), including nevirapine (bi-rg-587), pyridinone derivatives (l-696,229 and l-697,661), delavirdine (u-90152), alpha-anilinophenylacetamides (alpha-apa) and various other classes of nnrti have been described. the hallmark of nnrti has been based on th ... | 1999 | 10465070 |
| human neutralizing human immunodeficiency virus type 2-specific fab molecules generated by phage display. | a panel of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-neutralizing, recombinant fab fragments was generated by using the phage display technique. the combinatorial library was derived from an asymptomatic, hiv-2-seropositive individual and constructed on the surface of filamentous phage by using the pcomb3 phagemid vector and then screened against native hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein (gp125). ten of 30 fab fragments generated displayed strong reactivity in an elisa and were therefore selected for ... | 1999 | 10466795 |
| postexposure immunoprophylaxis of primary isolates by an antibody to hiv receptor complex. | mab b4 is a monoclonal antibody directed against hiv receptor complex. the antibody had broad neutralizing activity against hiv and provided postexposure prophylaxis to hu-peripheral blood leukocyte (pbl)-severe combined immunodeficient mice and chimpanzees. b4 recognized a complex receptor site for hiv on the t cell surface that includes cd4 and also may be influenced by interaction with hiv coreceptors. mab b4 preferentially neutralized primary hiv-1 isolates compared with t cell line-adapted ... | 1999 | 10468614 |
| lower human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 viral load reflects the difference in pathogenicity of hiv-1 and hiv-2. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is less pathogenic than hiv type 1 (hiv-1), but the mechanisms underlying this difference have not been defined. we developed an internally controlled quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to measure hiv-2 viral load and determined levels of plasma virus in a cohort of registered commercial sex workers in dakar, senegal. the assay has a lower limit of detection of 100 copies/ml and is linear over 4 logs. hiv-2 viral rna was detec ... | 1999 | 10479138 |
| targeting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 integrase protein into hiv type 1. | integrase (in) is the only retroviral enzyme necessary for the integration of retroviral cdna into the host cell's chromosomes. the structure and function of in is highly conserved. the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in has been shown to efficiently support 3' processing and strand transfer of hiv-1 dna substrate in vitro. to determine whether hiv-2 in protein (in(2)) could substitute for hiv-1 in function in vivo, we used hiv-1 vpr to deliver the in(2) into in mutant hiv-1 virions ... | 1999 | 10482639 |
| effect of substrate residues on the p2' preference of retroviral proteinases. | the substrate sequence requirements for preference toward p2' glu residue by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) proteinase were studied in both the matrix protein/ capsid protein (ma/ca) and ca/p2 cleavage site sequence contexts. these sequences represent typical type 1 (-aromatic*pro-) and type 2 (-hydrophobic* hydrophobic-) cleavage site sequences, respectively. while in the type 1 sequence context, the preference for p2' glu over ile or gln was found to be strongly dependent on the i ... | 1999 | 10491141 |
| seroprevalence of hiv infection among jail inmates in orissa. | seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was carried out in three prisons in orissa from march 1994 to december 1995. all the prisoners of indian origin (300), housed in these jails tested negative for hiv infection. on the other hand, 33.8 per cent (26/77) of jail inmates from foreign countries (thailand and myanmar), serving short terms in orissa jails were found positive for hiv infection. while all the 26 hiv positive prisoners had hiv-1 infection, five of them had anti ... | 1999 | 10491909 |
| identification of a functionally important amino acid residue near to the amino-terminus of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif protein. | previous studies have reported the importance of residues in the central and carboxy-terminal regions of hiv-1 vif as being important for a vif+ phenotype. mutants in a residue (trp21) near to the amino-terminus of vif, which is conserved between hiv-1, hiv-2, and sivmac, were generated in the permissive c8166 cell line, and their vif phenotype determined by monitoring their growth on the nonpermissive h9 cell line. of seven variants at position 21 of vif only phenylalanine substituted successfu ... | 1999 | 10499446 |
| molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and -2 in individuals from guinea-bissau with single or dual infections: predominance of a distinct hiv-1 subtype a/g recombinant in west africa. | guinea-bissau in west africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 infection in the world, but recently the hiv-1 prevalence increased rapidly with the subsequent appearance of hiv-1 and hiv-2 dual infections. information about the genetic subtypes of hiv in the region is limited. therefore, we characterized the env v3 region of hiv-1 and hiv-2 variants through direct dna sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 18 individuals with hiv-1 only and ... | 1999 | 10502510 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in acutely and chronically infected cells by em2487, a novel substance produced by a streptomyces species. | in a search for effective hiv-1 transcription inhibitors, we have evaluated more than 75,000 compounds for their inhibitory effects on tat-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) long terminal repeat (ltr)-driven reporter gene expression and found that em2487, a novel small-molecule substance produced by a streptomyces species, is a potent and selective inhibitor of hiv-1 replication in both acutely and chronically infected cells. its 50% effective concentration for acute hiv-1 infec ... | 1999 | 10508005 |
| in vitro induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to phosphoralaninate prodrugs of z-methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues. | two methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues with a phenylphosphoralaninate moiety, qyl-685 and qyl-609, exert potent and specific activities against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain lai (hiv-1(lai)) and hiv-2 in vitro. in this study, we induced hiv-1 variants resistant to qyl-685 by exposing hiv-1(lai) to increasing concentrations of qyl-685. after 16 passages, the virus (hiv-1(p16)) was less sensitive to qyl-685 (104-fold), qyl-609 (>41-fold), and (-)-beta-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacyti ... | 1999 | 10508028 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-azamacrocycles that inhibit hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication by antagonism of the chemokine receptor cxcr4. | bis-tetraazamacrocycles such as the bicyclam amd3100 are a class of potent and selective anti-hiv-1 and hiv-2 agents that inhibit virus replication by binding to the chemokine receptor cxcr4, the co-receptor for entry of x4 viruses. with the aim of optimizing the anti-hiv-1 and hiv-2 activity of bis-azamacrocycles, a series of analogues were synthesized which contain neutral heteroatom (oxygen, sulfur) or heteroaromatic (of lower pk(a) than a secondary amine) replacements for the amino groups of ... | 1999 | 10508445 |
| co-receptor usage of bob/gpr15 in addition to ccr5 has no significant effect on replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in vivo. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) frequently use the orphan receptor bob/gpr15 in addition to the chemokine receptor ccr5 for efficient entry and replication. however, the role of bob/gpr15 in replication and pathogenesis of hiv-2 and siv in vivo is unclear. this study shows that a single amino acid substitution in the v3 loop of the pathogenic sivmac239 clone, 321p-->s, impaired the ability to use bob/gpr15 for entry and r ... | 1999 | 10515808 |
| field evaluation of the determine rapid human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic test in honduras and the dominican republic. | rapid detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection can result in improved patient care and/or faster implementation of public health preventive measures. a new rapid test, determine (abbott, abbott park, ill.), detects hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 antibodies within 15 min by using 50 microl of serum or plasma. no specialized equipment or ancillary supplies are required, and results are read visually. a positive result is noted by the appearance of a red line. an operational control ... | 1999 | 10523577 |
| serological diagnosis of human immuno-deficiency virus in burkina faso: reliable, practical strategies using less expensive commercial test kits. | reported are the results of a cross-sectional survey in burkina faso to identify reliable, practical strategies for the serological diagnosis of hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 infections, using less-expensive commercial test kits in various combinations, as an alternative to the conventional western blot (wb) test, which costs us$ 60. serum samples, collected from blood donors, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and pregnant women, were tested between december 1995 and january 1997. twe ... | 1999 | 10534896 |
| selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase modules encoded by rna viruses. | glutathione peroxidase (gpx) is the prototypical eukaryotic selenoprotein, with the rare amino acid selenocysteine (sec) at the enzyme active site, encoded by the uga codon in rna. a dna virus, molluscum contagiosum, has now been shown to encode a functional selenium-dependent gpx enzyme. using modifications of conventional sequence database searching techniques to locate potential viral gpx modules, combined with structurally guided comparative sequence analysis, we provide compelling evidence ... | 1999 | 10535520 |
| small amino acid changes in the v3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 determines the coreceptor usage for cxcr4 and ccr5. | hiv-2 gh-1 is a molecular clone derived from an aids patient from ghana. in contrast to the prototypic molecular clone rod, gh-1 exhibits a narrow range of target cell specificity. by an infectious assay using hela-cd4 cells stably transfected with an hiv-1 ltr-beta-galactosidase reporter gene and transiently expressing various cloned chemokine receptors, we have examined the coreceptor usage of gh-1. in contrast to rod, which uses principally cxcr4, gh-1 was found to use mainly if not exclusive ... | 1999 | 10544150 |
| antiviral chemokines: intracellular life of recombinant c-c chemokine rantes. | select c-c and c-x-c chemokines can suppress hiv infection. this is because their receptors are the gateways for hiv-1 entry, determinants of viral tropism and sensitivity. c-c chemokines are most effective against macrophage-tropic viruses, and c-x-c chemokines are most effective against t-tropic viruses. the epitopes on the chemokine molecule responsible for virus inhibition and for chemokines' specificities are not known. the objective of this study was to map the functional domains of protot ... | 1999 | 10551733 |
| hiv infection in adults: a therapeutic update. | audience: this article is designed to update physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other healthcare providers on therapeutic advances concerning human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. goals: to provide a review of the pathophysiology of hiv infection as well as an update on current guidelines, acute infection, medications, adherence, and monitoring. recommendations regarding treatment in pregnancy and postexposure prophylaxis will also be discussed. lastly, the impact on managed care will ... | 1999 | 10558128 |
| synthetic dna minor groove-binding drugs. | in this review, both cationic and neutral synthetic ligands that bind in the minor groove of dna are discussed. certain bis-distamycins and related lexitropsins show activities against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 at low nanomolar concentrations. dapi binds strongly to at-containing polymers and is located in the minor groove of dna. dapi intercalates in dna sequences that do not contain at least three consecutive at bp. berenil can also exhibit intercalative, as well as minor ... | 1999 | 10580832 |
| antigen-specific cytokine responses in vaccinated macaca nemestrina. | we describe a new surrogate assay for cd8 + t lymphocyte activity that has the capability of discriminating between cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activity and cytokine-mediated suppressive activity. we applied this approach to two groups of macaca nemestrina vaccinated with a minimally pathogenic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 [hiv-2 (hiv-2(kr))] as a model of an attenuated virus vaccine. group 1 was then inoculated with a non-infectious stock of a pathogenic strain, hiv-2287. both ... | 1999 | 10593484 |
| a cxc chemokine receptor, cxcr5/blr1, is a novel and specific coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | g protein-coupled receptors serve as coreceptors in the infection process of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1), type-2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). in this study, we showed that a cxc-ckr, cxcr5/blr1, is a novel coreceptor for hiv-2, but for neither hiv-1 nor siv. the expression of cxcr5 was detected by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of cellular mrna from s+l-hos/cd4 cells and mt-2 human t cells, and the cxcr5 gene was cloned into an expressi ... | 1999 | 10600598 |
| [treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: recent modalities]. | an endemic disease: visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in 47 countries and continues to be a difficult therapeutic challenge. the emergence of leishmania strains resistant to pentavalent antimony derivatives and the growing incidence of visceral leishmaniasis among aids patients in the mediterranean area emphasizes the need for optimal therapeutic management. more effective strategies: during the last few years, alternatives to pentavalent antimony derivatives has disclosed the contrib ... | 1999 | 10605480 |