Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| two-way antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and group 1 animal covs is mediated through an antigenic site in the n-terminal region of the sars-cov nucleoprotein. | in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in humans, causing a global epidemic. by phylogenetic analysis, sars-cov is distinct from known covs and most closely related to group 2 covs. however, no antigenic cross-reactivity between sars-cov and known covs was conclusively and consistently demonstrated except for group 1 animal covs. we analyzed this cross-reactivity by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot analysis using specific ... | 2007 | 17913799 |
| interleukin-6 expression after infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens. | viral infections in chickens pose a major health threat to the poultry industry. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) usually causes respiratory disease; however, the disease severity is influenced by the genotype of the chicken and the ibv strain involved. nephropathogenic strains of ibv, such as the australian t strain, can cause high mortalities due to kidney failure characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and inflammation. in a previous study, a line of specific pathogen-free chickens, t ... | 2007 | 17931118 |
| pre-validation study for testing of avian viral vaccines for extraneous agents by pcr. | the biological nature of vaccines imposes a permanent risk for contamination with extraneous agents. therefore, testing of vaccines for freedom from extraneous agents is essential in the manufacturing process and quality control. relevant methods for testing for extraneous agents of avian viral vaccines are specified in the monographs of the european pharmacopoeia (ph. eur.). currently, most of these methods involve the use of embryonated eggs or chickens. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a wi ... | 2007 | 18413134 |
| [potent immune responses elicited by a bicistronic ibv dna vaccine expressing s1 and il-2 gene]. | abstract: candidate ibv vaccines should elicit cellular responses as well as humoral responses. si gene of avian infectious bronchitis virus and interleukin-2 (il-2) gene from chicken were inserted into the bicistronic pires-egfp/ dsred plasmid. the pires-s1, pires-il2 and pires-s1/il-2 plasmid expressing or co-expressing s1 and il-2 gene were constructed. plasmids were transfected into the vero cells by lipofectamine, and the expressed products were detected by rt-pcr and indirect immunofluores ... | 2007 | 18271263 |
| mannan-binding lectin (mbl) serum concentration in relation to propagation of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in chickens. | mannan-binding lectin (mbl) is a collectin that mediates activation of the complement system and is of importance for host defenses. in humans low concentrations of mbl in serum have been associated with susceptibility to several viral diseases. to understand the function of mbl in relation to infectious viral diseases two chicken lines were selected for high and low concentrations of mbl in serum for several generations. offspring from the two sub-lines were subjected to infection with infectio ... | 2007 | 18158730 |
| inhibition of gene expression directed by small interfering rnas in infectious bronchitis virus. | in this study, fourteen small interfering rnas (sirnas) were synthesized for targeting of coding gene sequences, specific 5'-leader sequence of mrna and 3'-end sequence of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genome. the expression of viral genes in vero-e6 cells was detected by real-time pcr. obtained results indicated that the majority of sirnas could effectively inhibit the expression of viral genes. the inhibition effect of sirnas significantly differed among various genes and sites on the ... | 2007 | 18197734 |
| orchitis in roosters with reduced fertility associated with avian infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus infections. | the pathogenesis of infection involving both infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) causes reproductive damage in hens after viral replication in the epithelium of the oviduct, resulting in loss of cilia and degeneration and necrosis of the epithelial and glandular cells. although ibv has been indicated as a possible cause of the formation of calcium stones in the epididymus of roosters, a definitive association has not been confirmed. this report describes the detect ... | 2007 | 18251400 |
| evaluating viral interference between infectious bronchitis virus and newcastle disease virus vaccine strains using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | the potential for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) replication interference was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr). fourteen-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated via eyedrop with live commercial vaccine strains of ibv and ndv alone or in combination to directly evaluate ibv and ndv replication in the trachea at 1, 3, and 5 days after vaccination. commercial ndv vaccine strains used were b1, vg/ga, and c2. ... | 2007 | 18251404 |
| molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated from the enteric contents of brazilian laying hens and broilers. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, which is characterized by respiratory, reproductive, and renal signs. however, the role of ibv as an enteric pathogen in still controversial. in brazil, antigenic groups of ibv divergent from the massachusetts serotype used for vaccination schedules in that country have already been demonstrated. the present study aimed to assess the different genotypes of ibv in brazilian commercial poultry flocks by partia ... | 2007 | 18251411 |
| immunopotentiating effects of four chinese herbal polysaccharides administered at vaccination in chickens. | this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 4 chinese herbal polysaccharides on the production of serum antibodies and the proliferation of peripheral t lymphocytes, including subpopulations in vaccinated chickens. a total of 450 chickens were randomly assigned to 9 groups at 14 d of age and vaccinated first with live newcastle disease (nd)-infectious bronchitis virus vaccine, and second with nd-infectious bronchitis oil adjuvant vaccine at 28 d of age. at the same time as the first vacc ... | 2007 | 18029798 |
| effects of several virucidal agents on inactivation of influenza, newcastle disease, and avian infectious bronchitis viruses in the allantoic fluid of chicken eggs. | general theories on the inactivation of viruses in the presence of a concentrated protein, such as the allantoic fluid of chicken eggs, are not useful. that is, although sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide are generally known as strong virucidal agents, they do not sufficiently inactivate viruses in allantoic fluid. we found that benzalkonium chloride (bc) is an effective virucidal agent against influenza, newcastle disease, and avian infectious bronchitis viruses even in the presence of a ... | 2007 | 18032831 |
| pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus in vaccinated chickens of two different major histocompatibility b complex genotypes. | infectious bronchitis (ib) disease progression in vaccinated chickens after challenge was evaluated in a single commercial line of layer chickens presenting two different major histocompatibility complex (mhc) b complex genotypes. mhc b genotypes were determined by dna sequence-based typing of bf2 alleles. in total, 33 b2/b15 and 47 b2/b21 chickens were vaccinated with an ark-type ib virus (ibv) attenuated vaccine and challenged with ark-type ibv field isolate al/4614/98 14 days later. additiona ... | 2007 | 17992938 |
| sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses: identification of a novel phylogenetic group in korea. | twelve korean infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) were isolated in the field from chickens suspected of being carriers of infectious bronchitis between 2001 and 2003. the s1 glycoprotein genes of these ibv isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rtpcr) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. these korean ibv isolates were classified into three groups according to their rflp patterns obtained using the restriction enzyme haeii ... | 2007 | 17993755 |
| a recombinant turkey herpesvirus expressing chicken interleukin-2 increases the protection provided by in ovo vaccination with infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis virus. | in ovo vaccination remains an attractive option for the mass application of vaccines to poultry, ensuring a uniform application of vaccine in a cost-effective manner. however, the number of vaccines that can be delivered safely by this method is limited. several infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) vaccines can be given in ovo though most are delivered post-hatch and there are no currently licensed embryo-safe infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines. reduction in the dose of vaccines given ... | 2007 | 17996994 |
| vaccination against the avian infectious bronchitis virus affects sperm concentration, sperm quality and blood testosterone concentrations in cockerels. | 1. it was previously found that cockerels vaccinated with live attenuated avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) have decreased serum testosterone concentrations, epididymal stones and reduced fertility. the objectives of this study were twofold: to determine if reduced fertility following vaccination with live attenuated virus was the result of reduced sperm concentration or reduced sperm quality and to determine if vaccination with a killed strain of virus caused a similar reduction in sperm ... | 2007 | 17952734 |
| isolation and identification of four infectious bronchitis virus strains in china and analyses of their s1 glycoprotein gene. | between 2003 and 2005, four strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from the vaccinated chicken flocks in china. the results from chicken embryo cross-neutralization assays showed that all the four isolates were relative to strain a2 of ibv, which was isolated in 1996 in beijing and related to strain 4/91. the s1 gene of the spike protein was amplified and sequenced. the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the s1 gene had a similar degree of identity (88.98-99.28%) among the ... | 2007 | 17289305 |
| coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the coronavirus of the chicken (gallus gallus), is one of the foremost causes of economic loss within the poultry industry, affecting the performance of both meat-type and egg-laying birds. the virus replicates not only in the epithelium of upper and lower respiratory tract tissues, but also in many tissues along the alimentary tract and elsewhere e.g. kidney, oviduct and testes. it can be detected in both respiratory and faecal material. there is increasing ev ... | 2007 | 17296157 |
| characterization of the nuclear export signal in the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleolus and contains an eight-amino-acid nucleolar retention motif. in this study, a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (nes) (291-lqldglhl-298) present in the c-terminal region of the ibv n protein was analyzed by using alanine substitution and deletion mutagenesis to investigate the relative contributions that leucine residues make to nuclear export and where these residues are located on the str ... | 2007 | 17202223 |
| ribonucleocapsid formation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus through molecular action of the n-terminal domain of n protein. | conserved among all coronaviruses are four structural proteins: the matrix (m), small envelope (e), and spike (s) proteins that are embedded in the viral membrane and the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (n), which exists in a ribonucleoprotein complex in the lumen. the n-terminal domain of coronaviral n proteins (n-ntd) provides a scaffold for rna binding, while the c-terminal domain (n-ctd) mainly acts as oligomerization modules during assembly. the c terminus of the n protein anchors it to the vir ... | 2007 | 17229691 |
| differential detection of turkey coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus, and bovine coronavirus by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | the objective of the present study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for differential detection of turkey coronavirus (tcov), infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv), and bovine coronavirus (bcov). primers were designed from conserved or variable regions of nucleocapsid (n) or spike (s) protein gene among tcov, ibv, and bcov and used in the same pcr reaction. reverse transcription followed by the pcr reaction was used to amplify a portion of n or s gene of the cor ... | 2006 | 16137773 |
| differential localization and turnover of infectious bronchitis virus 3b protein in mammalian versus avian cells. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) 3b protein is highly conserved among group 3 coronaviruses, suggesting that it is important for infection. a previous report (virology 2003, 311:16-27) indicated that transfected ibv 3b localized to the nucleus in mammalian cells using a vaccinia-virus expression system. although we confirmed these findings, we observed cytoplasmic localization of ibv 3b with apparent exclusion from the nucleus in avian cells (ibv normally infects chickens). ibv 3b was virtually ... | 2006 | 16298409 |
| development of a quantitative light cycler real-time rt-pcr for detection of avian reovirus. | a robust, ultrasensitive, and accurate quantitative assay was developed for avian reovirus (arv) with the light cycler sybr green-based real-time reverse transcription-pcr (real-time lc rt-pcr). the assay exhibited high specificity as all negative controls and other avian pathogens, such as newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), avian influenza virus (aiv), and mycoplasma synovia (ms), failed to show any positive detection. a min ... | 2006 | 16300834 |
| neither the rna nor the proteins of open reading frames 3a and 3b of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus are essential for replication. | gene 3 of infectious bronchitis virus is tricistronic; open reading frames (orfs) 3a and 3b encode two small nonstructural (ns) proteins, 3a and 3b, of unknown function, and a third, structural protein e, is encoded by orf 3c. to determine if either the 3a or the 3b protein is required for replication, we first modified their translation initiation codons to prevent translation of the 3a and 3b proteins from recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses (ribvs). replication in primary chick kidney ( ... | 2006 | 16352554 |
| genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus strains isolated in china between 1995 and 2004. | twenty-six avian infectious bronchitis (ib) viruses (ibv) were isolated from outbreaks in chickens in china between 1995 and 2004. they were characterized by comparison with twenty-six chinese reference strains and five other ibv strains. chinese ibvs, which were mainly nephropathogenic, were placed into seven genotypes. fourteen chinese ibv isolates were placed in genotype i, having small evolutionary distances from each other. genotype ii included 6 strains that were isolated in the 1990s in c ... | 2006 | 16397751 |
| murine encephalitis caused by hcov-oc43, a human coronavirus with broad species specificity, is partly immune-mediated. | the human coronavirus hcov-oc43 causes a significant fraction of upper respiratory tract infections. most coronaviruses show a strong species specificity, although the sars-coronavirus crossed species from palm civet cats to infect humans. similarly, hcov-oc43, likely a member of the same coronavirus group as sars-cov, readily crossed the species barrier as evidenced by its rapid adaptation to the murine brain [mcintosh, k., becker, w.b., chanock, r.m., 1967. growth in suckling-mouse brain of "i ... | 2006 | 16413043 |
| typing infectious bronchitis virus strains using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to compare the 3' 7.5 kb of their genomes. | typing infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains is useful for implementation of control measures and for understanding the epidemiology and evolution of ibv. the aim of the work reported here was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for typing isolates of ibv, if possible directly from tissues of infected birds. a procedure was developed for differentiation of ibv strains by restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of a 7.5 kb dna fragment amplified from their ge ... | 2006 | 16448945 |
| oral immunoadjuvant activity of lactobacillus casei subsp. casei in dextran-fed layer chickens. | we recently reported that synbiotic lactobacillus casei subsp. casei together with specific substrate dextran elicited an enhancement in humoral immune response against bovine serum albumin (bsa) as a model antigen in balb/c mice. the present study was designed to evaluate the oral immunoadjuvant effects of the synbiotic in layer chickens. using a pcr assay, l. casei subsp. casei was detected specifically in the intestinal chyme of chickens (10 d of age, julia strain) fed ad libitum on a diet su ... | 2006 | 16469163 |
| comparison of 3'-end encoding regions of turkey coronavirus isolates from indiana, north carolina, and minnesota with chicken infectious bronchitis coronavirus strains. | to analyze the 3'-end structural protein-encoding region of turkey coronavirus (tcov) isolates associated with outbreaks of acute enteritis in indiana, north carolina, or minnesota. | 2006 | 16491018 |
| rapid differentiation of current infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains and field isolates in australia. | rapid differentiation of vaccine strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from wild type strains would enhance investigations of disease outbreaks. this study aimed to develop a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay to differentiate between australian vaccine strains of ibv and field isolates. | 2006 | 16498838 |
| isolation of a variant infectious bronchitis virus in australia that further illustrates diversity among emerging strains. | australian infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) have undergone a separate evolution due to geographic isolation. consequently, changes occurring in australian ibv illustrate, independently from other countries, types of variability that could occur in emerging ibv strains. previously, we have identified two distinct genetic groups of ibv, designated subgroups 1 and 2. ibv strains of subgroup 1 have s1 and n proteins that share a high degree of amino acid identity, 81 to 98% in s1 and 91 to 99% in ... | 2006 | 16501892 |
| detection and identification of avian, duck, and goose reoviruses by rt-pcr: goose and duck reoviruses are part of the same genogroup in the genus orthoreovirus. | a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure for the detection of avian, duck, and goose reovirus (arv, drv, and grv) rna from cell culture supernatant and clinical samples was established. based on multiple sequence alignment, a pair of degenerate primers was selected and synthesized. the amplified, cloned, and sequenced 598-base-pair products from the sigmaa-encoding gene fragment from 16 isolates (ranging over 30 years) indicated that the primer regions were well conse ... | 2006 | 16502280 |
| [biological properties of the chick infectious bronchitis virus isolated in russia]. | a field chick infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was isolated from the pathological material on chick embryos. the nucleotide sequence of the s1 gene was determined and comparatively analyzed with some sequences of this gene of foreign and russian vaccine strains and isolates. a cross-neutralization test using sera to various ibv seroptypes was performed. the isolate was shown to antigenically differ from the reference strains. bioassay was carried out, by using one-day chicks and the immunogenic ... | 2006 | 16515044 |
| evaluation of the health of free-ranging greater rheas (rhea americana) in argentina. | the health of 22 free-ranging adult rheas (rhea americana) examined and sampled during a translocation/reintroduction project and six juvenile rheas kept in semicaptivity was investigated, and details of their haematology and plasma biochemistry are presented. serological testing for antibodies to infectious agents was negative for infectious laryngotracheitis, avian adenovirus, avian influenza, avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis virus, paramyxovirus types 1, 2, and ... | 2006 | 16517822 |
| development of attenuated vaccines from taiwanese infectious bronchitis virus strains. | due to variations in serotypes among different strains of avian infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv), vaccination of chicks with imported vaccines fails to protect them from ibv infections in taiwan. therefore, we develop attenuated vaccines from local strains in taiwan. a taiwan group i (tw i) strain was passaged 74 times through specific pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryonated eggs, and then tested in spf chickens. the attenuated vaccine was not pathogenic in 1-week-old chicks, had a neutraliza ... | 2006 | 16239054 |
| the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus undergoes direct low-ph-dependent fusion activation during entry into host cells. | coronaviruses are the causative agents of respiratory disease in humans and animals, including severe acute respiratory syndrome. fusion of coronaviruses is generally thought to occur at neutral ph, although there is also evidence for a role of acidic endosomes during entry of a variety of coronaviruses. therefore, the molecular basis of coronavirus fusion during entry into host cells remains incompletely defined. here, we examined coronavirus-cell fusion and entry employing the avian coronaviru ... | 2006 | 16537586 |
| evolutionary implications of avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) analysis. | for developing efficient vaccines, it is essential to identify which amino acid changes are most important to the survival of the virus. we investigate the amino acid substitution features in the avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) antigenic domain of a vaccine serotype (de072) and a virulent viral strain (ga98) to better understand adaptive evolution of aibv. in addition, the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) was also analyzed in the same way. it is interesting to find that extreme comparability ... | 2006 | 16541132 |
| cell cycle perturbations induced by infection with the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus and their effect on virus replication. | in eukaryotic cells, cell growth and division occur in a stepwise, orderly fashion described by a process known as the cell cycle. the relationship between positive-strand rna viruses and the cell cycle and the concomitant effects on virus replication are not clearly understood. we have shown that infection of asynchronously replicating and synchronized replicating cells with the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a positive-strand rna virus, resulted in the accumulation of inf ... | 2006 | 16571830 |
| antigenic and molecular characterization of isolates of the italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus genotype. | as part of an epidemiological surveillance of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in spain, four spanish field isolates showed high s1 spike sequence similarities with an ibv sequence from the genbank database named italy 02. given that little was known about this new emergent ibv strain we have characterized the four isolates by sequencing the entire s1 part of the spike protein gene and have compared them with many reference ibv serotypes. in addition, cross-virus neutralization assays were cond ... | 2006 | 16595297 |
| isolation of a coronavirus from a green-cheeked amazon parrot (amazon viridigenalis cassin). | a virus (av71/99) was isolated from a green-cheeked amazon parrot by propagation and passage in both primary embryo liver cells derived from blue and yellow macaw (ara ararauna) embryos and chicken embryo liver cells. electron microscopic examination of cytopathic agents derived from both types of cell cultures suggested that it was a coronavirus. this was confirmed using a pan-coronavirus reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction that amplified part of gene 1 that encodes the rna-dependen ... | 2006 | 16595304 |
| infectious bronchitis virus s1 gene sequence comparison is a better predictor of challenge of immunity in chickens than serotyping by virus neutralization. | five strains of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial chickens from the state of pennsylvania, usa during the years 1998 and 1999 were studied. the strains were selected for cross-challenge in specific pathogen free chickens and virus neutralization in chick embryos on the basis of partial s1 sequence amino acid identity values. the partial sequences analysed spanned the hypervariable amino terminus region of s1 from amino acid residues 48 to 219, based on the beaudette strain. us ... | 2006 | 16595305 |
| molecular analysis of brazilian infectious bronchitis field isolates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and partial sequencing of the n gene. | molecular analysis of 15 brazilian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates, obtained from clinical outbreaks of the disease in chickens (broilers or layers) in the state of minas gerais (brazil) between 1972 and 1989, is reported. using the n protein gene as target, ibvs were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (rt-pcr/rflp) with the restriction enzymes avaii, hphi, sau96i, and tsp509i and cdna sequencing. results obtained from ... | 2006 | 17274284 |
| epididymal stone formation and decreased sperm production in roosters vaccinated with a killed strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus. | our objective was to determine if vaccination with killed avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) causes epididymal calcium stones in the rooster as is seen following vaccination with live attenuated aibv. specific-pathogen-free roosters were divided into three groups: nonvaccinated (nonvac), live attenuated aibv-vaccinated (lvac), and killed aibv-vaccinated (kvac) groups. roosters were vaccinated at 2, 6, 10, and 14 wk of age and the epididymal region was observed at 27 wk of age. epididymal s ... | 2006 | 17274299 |
| transcriptome of local innate and adaptive immunity during early phase of infectious bronchitis viral infection. | to understand the mechanistic basis of local innate and adaptive immunity against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) at the molecular level, we examined the gene transcription profile of tracheal epithelial layers 3 d after infection of chickens with an attenuated ibv-massachusetts strain. results suggested that the transcription levels of 365 genes were either upregulated or downregulated (2-fold and higher) after ibv infection. among the upregulated 250 genes, 25 were directly immune-related ge ... | 2006 | 17201672 |
| epidemiological and experimental evidence for immunodeficiency affecting avian infectious bronchitis. | we evaluated the effects of viral immunodeficiency on the outcome of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection in chickens as a hypothetical cause for failure of adequate protection in vaccinated chickens. initially, we investigated ibv isolations from cases of respiratory disease in association with the presence of thymic and/or bursal atrophy in 322 submissions during 1997 to 2002. arkansas (ark)-type ibv was most frequently isolated in spite of extensive arkdpi vaccination in the broiler in ... | 2006 | 17121734 |
| diseases of indigenous chickens in bokaa village, kgatleng district, botswana. | this study examined flock size and management, level of internal and external parasite burden and seroprevalence of antibodies to poultry pathogens in indigenous chickens in bokaa village, kgatleng district, botswana. the mean flock size was 22.6 +/- 6.85 with a range of 11-34. the mean body weights of cocks and hens were 2.28 +/- 0.56 kg and 1.70 +/- 0.38 kg, respectively. housing and commercial poultry feed were not provided. ascaridia galli, heterakis gallinarum and syngamus trachea were foun ... | 2006 | 17137053 |
| characterisation of the rna binding properties of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein amino-terminal region. | the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein binds viral rna to form the ribonucleocapsid and regulate rna synthesis. the interaction of n protein with viral rna was investigated using circular dichroism and surface plasmon resonance. n protein underwent a conformational change upon binding viral rna and the data indicated electrostatic interactions were involved in the binding of the protein to rna. kinetic analysis suggested the amino-terminal region facilitates long-range non-specific interaction ... | 2006 | 17052713 |
| molecular epizootiology of avian infectious bronchitis in russia. | molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) isolated between 1998 and 2002 from chickens in russia was performed. more than 250 field samples were tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using two sets of primers corresponding to the most conserved 3'-untranslated region and the most variable s1 gene region of the viral genome. ninety-one ibv isolates were characterized by phylogenetic analysis of the s1 gene hypervariable region comprising 136 to 558 nuc ... | 2006 | 16990148 |
| infectious bronchitis virus: s1 gene characteristics of vaccines used in china and efficacy of vaccination against heterologous strains from china. | the entire s1 protein genes of eight infectious bronchitis (ib) vaccine strains used in china were compared with those of the ib virus isolates present in the field in china. the nucleotide and amino acid similarities between the eight ib vaccine strains and the field strain, tl/ch/ldt3/03, which was isolated from a teal (anas sp.), were not more than 81.1% and 79.2%, respectively. phylogenetic analysis based on the s1 genes showed that the vaccines and field strains belonged to different cluste ... | 2006 | 16990149 |
| transcriptional regulation of rna3 of infectious bronchitis virus. | 2006 | 17037515 | |
| expression and structural analysis of infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein. | 2006 | 17037519 | |
| the transmembrane domain of the infectious bronchitis virus e protein is required for efficient virus release. | 2006 | 17037529 | |
| fluorescence dequenching assays of coronavirus fusion. | 2006 | 17037536 | |
| avian infectious bronchitis virus enters cells via the endocytic pathway. | 2006 | 17037550 | |
| three-dimensional reconstruction of the nucleolus using meta-confocal microscopy in cells expressing the coronavirus nucleoprotein. | 2006 | 17037551 | |
| infectious bronchitis coronavirus induces cell-cycle perturbations. | 2006 | 17037559 | |
| genes 3 and 5 of infectious bronchitis virus are accessory protein genes. | 2006 | 17037560 | |
| new genotype of infectious bronchitis virus in chickens in scotland. | 2006 | 16946315 | |
| isolation and characterization of a coronavirus from pigeons with pancreatitis. | to identify and partially characterize a coronaviruslike virus isolated from naturally infected pigeons. | 2006 | 16948604 |
| development and evaluation of a real-time taqman rt-pcr assay for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus from infected chickens. | it is important to rapidly differentiate infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from disease agents like highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and exotic newcastle disease virus, which can be extremely similar in the early stages of their pathogenesis. in this study, we report the development and testing of a real-time rt-pcr assay using a taqman-labeled probe for early and rapid detection of ibv. the assay amplifies a 143-bp product in the 5'-utr of the ibv genome and has a limit of detection and ... | 2006 | 16934878 |
| s1 gene sequence analysis of a nephropathogenic strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus in egypt. | infectious bronchitis is highly contagious and constitutes one of the most common and difficult poultry diseases to control. ibv is endemic in probably all countries that raise chickens. it exists as dozens of serotypes/genotypes. only a few amino acid differences in the s1 protein of vaccine and challenge strains of ibv may result in poor protection. tropism of ibv includes the respiratory tract tissues, proventriculus and caecal tonsils of the alimentary tract, the oviduct and the kidney. | 2006 | 16987422 |
| amino acid residues critical for rna-binding in the n-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid protein are essential determinants for the infectivity of coronavirus in cultured cells. | the n-terminal domain of the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein adopts a fold resembling a right hand with a flexible, positively charged beta-hairpin and a hydrophobic palm. this domain was shown to interact with the genomic rna for coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). based on its 3d structure, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify residues essential for the rna-binding activity of the ibv n protein and viral infe ... | 2006 | 16971454 |
| effects of feeding grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on performance and metabolism of broiler breeders. | a study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on performance and metabolism of broiler breeders. forty-two 26-wk-old broiler breeder hens and nine 26-wk-old roosters were fed the following diets: (1) control, (2) contaminated grains, and (3) contaminated grains + 0.2% polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent (gma) for 12 wk. the major contaminant was deoxynivalenol (12.6 mg/kg of feed), with lesser amounts of zearalenone and 1 ... | 2006 | 16977839 |
| sialic acid is a receptor determinant for infection of cells by avian infectious bronchitis virus. | the importance of sialic acid for infection by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has been analysed. neuraminidase treatment rendered vero, baby hamster kidney and primary chicken kidney cells resistant to infection by the ibv-beaudette strain. sialic acid-dependent infection was also observed with strain m41 of ibv, which infects primary chicken kidney cells but not cells from other species. in comparison with influenza a virus and sendai virus, ibv was most sensitive to pre-treatment of c ... | 2006 | 16603523 |
| determination of the effective dose of the live mycoplasma synoviae vaccine, vaxsafe ms (strain ms-h) by protection against experimental challenge. | the minimum effective dose of the mycoplasma synoviae-h (ms-h) vaccine was determined through protection against experimental challenge. chickens were vaccinated by eyedrop with the following doses of a vaccine: 1.2 x 10(5), 2.4 x 10(5) 4.8 x 10(5), 9.6 x 10(5), 1.92 x 10(6), and 3.84 x 10(6) color change units (ccu), then challenged 6 wk after vaccination. rapid serum agglutination results indicated that 100% of birds receiving an ms-h dose of > or = 4.8 x 10(5) ccu had antibodies to ms and enz ... | 2006 | 16617988 |
| detection of antibodies to avian infectious bronchitis virus by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the recombinant antigen obtained by cloning and expressing two ibv nucleocapsid protein fragments (143-414 aa, 281-414 aa) in escherichia coli was used for the detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) specific antibodies in chicken sera by the indirect elisa (rnpibv-elisa). as a result of testing 1524 serum samples the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of rnpibv-elisa when comparing those of the routine whole ibv elisa have been shown to be 93.81% and 87.36%, respectively. the a ... | 2006 | 16675032 |
| structure- and oil type-based efficacy of emulsion adjuvants. | oil-based emulsions are well-known immunopotentiators for inactivated, "killed" vaccines. we addressed the relationship between emulsion structure and levels of in vivo antibody formation to inactivated new castle disease virus (ndv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) as antigens in 3-week-old chickens. the use of a polymeric emulsifier allowed for direct comparison of three types of emulsions, water-in-oil (w/o), oil-in-water (o/w) and w/o-in-water (w/o/w), while maintaining an identical con ... | 2006 | 16675072 |
| biochemical evidence for the presence of mixed membrane topologies of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein expressed in mammalian cells. | coronavirus envelope (e) protein is a small integral membrane protein with multi-functions in virion assembly, morphogenesis and virus-host interaction. different coronavirus e proteins share striking similarities in biochemical properties and biological functions, but seem to adopt distinct membrane topology. in this report, we study the membrane topology of the sars-cov e protein by immunofluorescent staining of cells differentially permeabilized with detergents and proteinase k protection ass ... | 2006 | 16684538 |
| identification of one peptide which inhibited infectivity of avian infectious bronchitis virus in vitro. | purified avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was used to screen a random phage display peptide library. after the fourth panning, 10 positive phages were sequenced and characterized. the phages specifically inhibited ibv infectivity in hela cells and blocked ibv haemagglutination. one linear peptide "gsh hrh vhs pfv" from the positive phages with the highest neutralization titer was synthesized and this peptide inhibited ibv infection in hela as well. the results may contribute to developmen ... | 2006 | 16704119 |
| delineation and modelling of a nucleolar retention signal in the coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. | unlike nuclear localization signals, there is no obvious consensus sequence for the targeting of proteins to the nucleolus. the nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear structure which is crucial to the normal operation of the eukaryotic cell. studying nucleolar trafficking signals is problematic as many nucleolar retention signals (norss) are part of classical nuclear localization signals (nlss). in addition, there is no known consensus signal with which to inform a study. the avian infectious bronchi ... | 2006 | 16734668 |
| reciprocal antibody and complement responses of two chicken breeds to vaccine strains of newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. | serum antibody responses and haemolytic complement activity were evaluated in white leghorn (wlh) and rhode island red (rir) chickens that were vaccinated with live-attenuated vaccines of newcastle disease virus, or infectious bronchitis virus, or infectious bursal disease virus by means of ocular challenge at 10 times the normal vaccination dose. complement titres in non-vaccinated birds were significantly higher in wlh birds compared to rir birds. the lentogenic viral infection resulted in an ... | 2006 | 16755366 |
| new variant of ibv in poland. | 2006 | 16766733 | |
| x-ray structures of the n- and c-terminal domains of a coronavirus nucleocapsid protein: implications for nucleocapsid formation. | coronaviruses cause a variety of respiratory and enteric diseases in animals and humans including severe acute respiratory syndrome. in these enveloped viruses, the filamentous nucleocapsid is formed by the association of nucleocapsid (n) protein with single-stranded viral rna. the n protein is a highly immunogenic phosphoprotein also implicated in viral genome replication and in modulating cell signaling pathways. we describe the structure of the two proteolytically resistant domains of the n p ... | 2006 | 16775348 |
| hexamethylene amiloride blocks e protein ion channels and inhibits coronavirus replication. | all coronaviruses encode a small hydrophobic envelope (e) protein, which mediates viral assembly and morphogenesis by an unknown mechanism. we have previously shown that the e protein from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) forms cation-selective ion channels in planar lipid bilayers (wilson, l., mckinlay, c., gage, p., ewart, g., 2004. sars coronavirus e protein forms cation-selective ion channels. virology 330(1), 322-331). we now report that three other e proteins also f ... | 2006 | 16815524 |
| changes in nucleolar morphology and proteins during infection with the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. | the nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear structure involved in ribosome subunit biogenesis, cell cycle control and mediating responses to cell stress, among other functions. while many different viruses target proteins to the nucleolus and recruit nucleolar proteins to facilitate virus replication, the effect of infection on the nucleolus in terms of morphology and protein content is unknown. previously we have shown that the coronavirus nucleocapsid protein will localize to the nucleolus. in this ... | 2006 | 16819967 |
| safety and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus used for chicken embryo vaccination. | commercial vaccines for in ovo vaccination have not yet been developed for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the major coronavirus in the poultry industry. recombinant ibvs based on the beaudette strain expressing the beaudette spike protein (beau-r) or that from the virulent m41 strain (beaur-m41(s)) were assessed for their potential as prototype vaccines for application to 18-day-old embryos. pathogenicity was assessed by observing the effect on hatchability, and/or the production of nasal di ... | 2006 | 16860445 |
| seroprevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reovirus, avian pneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus in nigerian poultry. | eight poultry farms in nigeria, including chickens from nine breeder, 14 broiler, 28 pullet, 11 layer, and three cockerel flocks, were tested for antibody seroprevalence to the following poultry viruses of potential economic importance: infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian reovirus, avian pneumovirus (apv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), avian influenza virus (aiv), and avian leukosis virus (alv). serum samples were collected between 1999 and 2004 and were tested for antibodies u ... | 2006 | 16863071 |
| detection of massachusetts and arkansas serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in broilers. | the objective of this study was to compare the presence of the arkansas (ark) and massachusetts (mass) serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in the tracheas and cecal tonsils of commercial broilers after vaccination at 1 day of age by coarse spray. when given as a single serotype vaccine, the mass strain was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) only in the tracheas, whereas the ark strain was detected in bot ... | 2006 | 16863085 |
| maternal antibody transfer from dams to their egg yolks, egg whites, and chicks in meat lines of chickens. | maternal antibodies are transferred from hens to the chicks via the egg. to gain insight into maternal antibody transfer and endogenous production of antibodies in broiler chicks, total igy, iga, igm, as well as anti-newcastle disease virus (ndv) and anti-infectious bronchitis (ibv) antibody levels were examined in the dams' plasma, egg yolks, egg whites, and chicks' plasma on d 3, 7, 14, and 21. blood was collected from 39-wk-old breeder hens (line 1, n = 17; line 2, n = 21). fertile eggs were ... | 2006 | 16903465 |
| serological survey of the infectious disease status of old english game fowl in the lower north island, new zealand. | to investigate the serological status of old english game (oeg) cockerels for a range of infectious diseases of poultry. | 2006 | 16915341 |
| reproduction of proventriculitis in commercial and specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens. | proventriculitis was studied by experimentally reproducing the disease in broiler chickens. one-day-old infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) antibody positive commercial broilers and 1-day-old antibody negative specific-pathogen-free (spf) broilers were orally gavaged with proventricular homogenates produced from the proventriculi of broilers with proventriculitis. at 7 and 14 days, both commercial and spf broilers had enlargement of the proventriculus wit ... | 2005 | 16252487 |
| coronaviruses in poultry and other birds. | the number of avian species in which coronaviruses have been detected has doubled in the past couple of years. while the coronaviruses in these species have all been in coronavirus group 3, as for the better known coronaviruses of the domestic fowl (infectious bronchitis virus [ibv], in gallus gallus), turkey (meleagris gallopavo) and pheasant (phasianus colchicus), there is experimental evidence to suggest that birds are not limited to infection with group 3 coronaviruses. in china coronaviruse ... | 2005 | 16537157 |
| molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in colombia during 2003. | sixteen infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates were recovered from broilers and layers from five geographic poultry regions in colombia. the viruses were isolated from tracheas, lungs, and cecal tonsils of birds, previously vaccinated with the massachusetts strain, that were showing respiratory signs. further analysis of the ibv isolates was achieved by phylogenetic analysis comparing their deduced amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region 1 of the s1 gene with reference strains. four ... | 2005 | 16404989 |
| effect of ibv-h120 vaccination in broilers on colibacillosis susceptibility after infection with a virulent massachusetts-type ibv strain. | vaccination against infectious bronchitis (ib) is aimed to protect against clinical ib. the question is, however, whether vaccinated birds are also protected against predisposure for colibacillosis after a subsequent ibv infection. we examined this research question in four experiments. one-day-old commercial broilers, housed in isolators, were vaccinated with ib vaccine strain h120 by coarse spray or ocularly. twenty-eight days after vaccination, broilers were challenged with the virulent ibv s ... | 2005 | 16404996 |
| data from 11 years of molecular typing infectious bronchitis virus field isolates. | in 1993, a new molecular typing method for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was introduced. this method uses reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the spike gene to obtain rflp patterns that correlate with serotype. using that test at the poultry diagnostic and research center (pdrc, university of georgia, athens, ga), we have identified a total of 1523 ibv isolates in the past 11 yr. the data were obtained from ... | 2005 | 16405010 |
| rapid detection and characterisation of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from new zealand using rt-pcr and sequence analysis. | to develop a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay to detect infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from commercially-raised poultry in new zealand and compare results with those from virus isolation. to characterise the ibv isolates using sequence analysis. | 2005 | 16317448 |
| the nucleocapsid protein of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus: crystal structure of its n-terminal domain and multimerization properties. | the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein packages viral genomic rna into a ribonucleoprotein complex. interactions between n proteins and rna are thus crucial for the assembly of infectious virus particles. the 45 kda recombinant nucleocapsid n protein of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is highly sensitive to proteolysis. we obtained a stable fragment of 14.7 kda spanning its n-terminal residues 29-160 (ibv-n29-160). like the n-terminal rna binding domain (sars-n45-181) of the seve ... | 2005 | 16338414 |
| genetic variation in major histocompatibility complex class i alpha2 gene among broilers divergently selected for high or low early antibody response to escherichia coli. | the mhc genes have a profound effect on animal abilities to respond to specific antigens because they play a role in presenting foreign antigens to t cells during the course of the humoral or cellular immune response. in the current study, polymorphism in the mhc class i alpha2 domain was compared in 2 lines divergently selected for high (hh) or low (ll) antibody response to escherichia coli vaccine. these lines also differ markedly in their antibody response to natural e. coli exposure and to v ... | 2005 | 16156203 |
| evaluation of serum- and animal protein-free media for the production of infectious bronchitis virus (m41) strain in a continuous cell line. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is produced in vitro using specific pathogen free chicken embryos, primary chicken kidney cells (ckc) and/or tracheal organ culture (toc). regulatory authorities in europe (emea) and in the united states (fda) have encouraged biological manufactures to reduce or eliminate the use of live animals and/or products of animal origin in biological manufacturing processes. in this paper, a stable chicken embryo-related (cer) cell line was adapted and maintained in seru ... | 2005 | 16186991 |
| s1 gene characteristics and efficacy of vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from the united states and israel (1996 to 2000). | the s1 genes of isolates of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from commercial chickens in the us and israel (20 isolates from each country) were studied using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. partial sequences spanning the amino terminus region of s1 from amino acid residues 48 to 219, based on the beaudette strain, were used for analysis. phylogenetic clustering and high-sequence identity values were used ... | 2005 | 16191702 |
| a comparison of methods of inducing lachrymation and tear collection in chickens for detection of virus-specific immuoglobulins after infection with infectious bronchitis virus. | four-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were infected with virulent infectious bronchitis virus massachusetts strain m41 via the ocular-nasal route. at weekly intervals up to 3 weeks post-infection, excess lachrymation was induced either by placing sodium chloride (salt) crystals on the eyes or by intramuscular injection of carbachol. tears were collected using micropipettes or on filter paper. levels of virus-specific immunoglobulin (ig)a and igg were similar, irrespective of the method o ... | 2005 | 16191709 |
| detection of infectious bronchitis virus and specific anti- viral antibodies using a concanavalin a-sandwich-elisa. | concanavalin a-sandwich elisa (con a-s-elisa) was developed for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) or chicken specific anti-viral antibodies. the antigen detection limit for the con a-s-elisa was 10(5,1) eid(50)/ml. three homologous and four heterologous ibv strains were similarly detected. this assay was highly effective in detecting the virus after infected tissue homogenates were passed once in embryonated chicken eggs, showing a good agreement with virus isolation technique. ... | 2005 | 16212536 |
| contribution of trafficking signals in the cytoplasmic tail of the infectious bronchitis virus spike protein to virus infection. | coronavirus spike (s) proteins are responsible for binding and fusion with target cells and thus play an essential role in virus infection. recently, we identified a dilysine endoplasmic reticulum (er) retrieval signal and a tyrosine-based endocytosis signal in the cytoplasmic tail of the s protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). here, an infectious cdna clone of ibv was used to address the importance of the s protein trafficking signals to virus infection. we constructed infectious cdna c ... | 2005 | 16227244 |
| proposal for vaccination against sars coronavirus using avian infectious bronchitis virus strain h from the netherlands. | 2005 | 16045996 | |
| an atypical rna pseudoknot stimulator and an upstream attenuation signal for -1 ribosomal frameshifting of sars coronavirus. | the -1 ribosomal frameshifting requires the existence of an in cis rna slippery sequence and is promoted by a downstream stimulator rna. an atypical rna pseudoknot with an extra stem formed by complementary sequences within loop 2 of an h-type pseudoknot is characterized in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) genome. this pseudoknot can serve as an efficient stimulator for -1 frameshifting in vitro. mutational analysis of the extra stem suggests frameshift efficiency can ... | 2005 | 16055920 |
| development of a one-step strip test for the diagnosis of chicken infectious bursal disease. | a rapid diagnostic strip for chicken infectious bursal disease (ibd) was developed based on membrane chromatography using high-affinity monoclonal antibodies directed to chicken infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). the diagnostic strip has high specificity for detection of chicken ibdv antigen and recognizes a variety of the virus isolates, including virulent and attenuated strains, with no cross-reactivity to other viruses, such as newcastle disease virus, marek's disease virus, infectious b ... | 2005 | 16094819 |
| selection of and recombination between minor variants lead to the adaptation of an avian coronavirus to primate cells. | an interesting question posed by the current evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus may be originated from an animal coronavirus is how such an animal coronavirus breaks the host species barrier and becomes zoonotic. in this report, we study the chronological order of genotypic changes in the spike protein of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) during its adaptation to a primate cell line. adaptation of the beaudette strain of ibv from chicken embryo to vero ... | 2005 | 16137658 |
| detection of the italy o2 strain of infectious bronchitis virus in the uk. | 2005 | 15751577 | |
| dna vaccines for poultry: the jump from theory to practice. | dna vaccines could offer a solution to a number of problems faced by the poultry industry; they are relatively easy to manufacture, stable, potentially easy to administer, can overcome neonatal tolerance and the deleterious effects of maternal antibody, and do not cause disease pathology. combined with this, in ovo vaccination offers the advantage of reduced labor costs, mass administration and the induction of an earlier immune response. together, this list of advantages is impressive. however, ... | 2005 | 15757473 |
| specific antibody secreting cells from chickens can be detected by three days and memory b cells by three weeks post-infection with the avian respiratory coronavirus. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the first coronavirus described, has been a continuing problem in poultry for more than 70 years. ibv, causing a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens, resembles the recently described severe acute respiratory syndrome virus in pathogenesis and genome organization. while previous studies demonstrated that effector and memory cd8(+) t lymphocytes are critical in controlling acute ibv infection and disease in chickens, here chicken anti-ibv antibody ( ... | 2005 | 15450755 |
| coronavirus genome structure and replication. | in addition to the sars coronavirus (treated separately elsewhere in this volume), the complete genome sequences of six species in the coronavirus genus of the coronavirus family [avian infectious bronchitis virus-beaudette strain (ibv-beaudette), bovine coronavirus-ent strain (bcov-ent), human coronavirus-229e strain (hcov-229e), murine hepatitis virus-a59 strain (mhv-a59), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis-purdue 115 strain (tgev-purdue 115), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-cv777 strai ... | 2005 | 15609507 |