Publications

a multiplex nested rt-pcr for the detection and differentiation of wild-type viruses from c-strain vaccine of classical swine fever virus.	a multiplex nested rt-pcr (rt-npcr) was developed for the detection and differentiation of classical swine fever virus (csfv). a fragment of 447 or 343 bp was amplified from the genomic rna of c-strain or virulent shimen strain, respectively, and two fragments of 447 and 343 bp were simultaneously amplified from the mixed samples of c-strain and shimen. when detecting several wild-type isolates representative of different subgroups (1.1, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3) circulating in mainland china and sampl ...	2007	17346808
identification and characterization of the ntpase activity of classical swine fever virus (csfv) nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) expressed in bacteria.	the nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) of members of the family flaviviridae possesses multiple enzyme activities that are likely to be essential for viral replication. here, we cloned and expressed full-length csfv ns3 protein (ns3fl) and its n-terminal truncated version (ntns3) in e. coli. ntpase activities of the purified ns3fl and ntns3 proteins and their reaction conditions were investigated. the results showed that csfv ns3fl and ntns3 proteins contained a specific polynucleotide-stimulated ntp ...	2007	17447110
onset of protection from experimental infection with type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus following vaccination with a modified-live vaccine.	the onset of protection after the administration of a modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) vaccine was determined. protection was determined following experimental infection with a virulent type-2 bvdv (strain 1373) in cattle vaccinated 3, 5, or 7 days before bvdv infection. protection, as measured by reduced virus shedding, lack of leukopenia, reduction in viremia, and reduced mortality, was present as early as 3 days after vaccination with a single dose of modified-live bvdv vaccin ...	2007	17447228
effect of cantharidin, cephalotaxine and homoharringtonine on "in vitro" models of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) replication.	the effect as antiviral agents versus viral hepatitis b and c of three compounds purified from natural products commonly used as remedies in traditional chinese medicine, cantharidin, cephalotaxine and homoharingtonine, was investigated. to assess the activity of these compounds against flavivirus, we used bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) as a surrogate for hepatitis c virus (hcv). anti-bvdv activity was determined by reduction in bvdv-rna production and protection of infected embryonic bovin ...	2007	17458779
development and application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of bovine viral diarrhea antibody based on erns glycoprotein expressed in a baculovirus system.	the bvdv envelope glycoprotein e(rns)/gp48 and the c terminal 79 amino acids of the capsid protein coding region were expressed in a baculovirus system and antigenically characterized. western blot assay was used to detect recombinant e(rns) (r-e(rns)) in infected insect cells using specific monoclonal antibodies. the r-e(rns) was then used in an indirect elisa to detect bvdv specific antibodies in a panel of 540 well-characterized sera. results of the r-e(rns) elisa were compared to those obtai ...	2007	17459828
comparison of five diagnostic methods for detecting bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in calves.	five diagnostic techniques performed on skin biopsies (shoulder region) and/or serum were compared for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in 224 calves 0-3 months of age, 23 calves older than 3 months but younger than 7 months, and 11 cattle older than 7 months. the diagnostic methods used were immunohistochemistry (ihc), 2 commercial antigen elisas, 1 commercial antibody elisa, and real-time rt-pcr. results of 249 out of 258 skin and serum samples were identical and correlated w ...	2007	17459829
failure to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus in necropsied farm-raised white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in pennsylvania.	between january 1 and december 31, 2005 gross and histologic examinations were performed on carcasses of 61 farm-raised white-tailed deer originating from pennsylvania. single-tube real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1) and type 2 (bvdv-2) was performed on each animal. virus isolation was performed on tissue samples from 25 of 61 animals. immunohistochemical (ihc) staining of ear-notch skin to ...	2007	17459862
risk assessment of transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in abattoir-derived in vitro produced embryos.	bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pathogen of the bovine reproductive system causing reduced conception rates, abortions and persistently infected calves. most if not all strains of bvdv are transmissible by natural mating and ai. for international trade, it is recommended that in vitro fertilized embryos be washed according to the iets manual. however, bvdv may not be entirely washed out, resulting in possible transmission risks to recipients. donor cows, donor bulls and biological agents ...	2007	17462725
molecular epidemiology of bovine noroviruses in south korea.	since the prevalence of bovine norovirus (bnov) and their genetic diversity have only been reported in the usa, england, germany and the netherlands, this study examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of bnovs in diarrheic calves in south korea using 645 diarrheic fecal specimens from calves by rt-pcr and nested pcr assays. overall, 9.3% of the diarrheic fecal samples tested positive for bnovs by either rt-pcr or nested pcr, of which 5.9% samples also tested positive for other enteric path ...	2007	17466472
partitioning and inactivation of viruses by the caprylic acid precipitation followed by a terminal pasteurization in the manufacturing process of horse immunoglobulins.	caprylic acid (octanoic acid), has been used for over 50 years as a stabilizer of human albumin during pasteurization. in addition caprylic acid is of great interest, by providing the advantage of purifying mammalian immunoglobulins and clearing viruses infectivity in a single step. exploiting these two properties, we sequentially used the caprylic acid precipitation and the pasteurization to purify horse hyperimmune globulins used in the manufacturing of sérocytol. to evaluate the effectiveness ...	2007	17470396
nonstructural proteins ns2-3 and ns4a of classical swine fever virus: essential features for infectious particle formation.	the nonstructural protein ns2-3 of pestiviruses undergoes tightly regulated processing. for bovine viral diarrhea virus it was shown that uncleaved ns2-3 is required for infectious particle formation while cleaved ns3 is essential for genome replication. to further investigate the functions of ns2-3 and ns4a in the pestivirus life cycle, we established t7 rna polymerase-dependent trans-complementation for p7-ns2-3-4a of classical swine fever virus (csfv). expression of ns2-3 and ns4a in trans re ...	2007	17482232
serum antibodies directed against classical swine fever virus and other pestiviruses in wild boar (sus scrofa) in the republic of croatia.	the presence of serum antibodies directed against classical swine fever (csf) virus and other pestiviruses among the wild boar (sus scrofa) population in croatia was investigated. during 2003, serum samples from 214 wild boars were collected in 10 hunting areas in the continental part of the country. the sera were examined by enzyme immunoassay (elisa) and in the virus neutralization test (vnt). out of 214 sera tested 111 (51.87 %) were positive by elisa and regarding neutralising antibodies, ag ...	2007	17484502
genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 isolated from indian goats (capra hircus).	recent studies have shown that bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type 1 is widely prevalent in indian cattle. in a surveillance of randomly collected 562 blood samples from seven states during 2004-2006, bvdv type 2 was detected in two native indian goats by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nrt-pcr). the virus isolated from them was classified antigenically as bvdv 2 on the basis of virus neutralization test and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. phylogenetic analysis ...	2007	17509780
truncated e2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) expressed in drosophila melanogaster cells: a candidate antigen for a bvdv elisa.	a simple and reliable indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies directed against a major bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) immunogen, the e2 glycoprotein (te2-elisa), has been developed using the recombinant c-terminal truncated e2 glycoprotein (te2) expressed in a drosophila melanogaster system. this strategy demonstrated that te2 is secreted efficiently in the supernatant, no purification steps are necessary, it is easy to produce and carries out the post translat ...	2007	17512989
serological survey for antibodies against pestiviruses in sheep in austria.	the prevalence of antibodies to pestiviruses was investigated in 4931 sheep, in 377 flocks, in four federal states of austria, by means of an indirect elisa that detected antibodies to border disease virus (bdv) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv). the mean flock prevalence was 62.9 per cent and the mean individual prevalence was 29.4 per cent. comparative neutralisation studies on the elisa-positive samples with bvdv type 1 (bvdv-1), bvdv type 2 (bvdv-2) and bdv recorded 336 samples with hi ...	2007	17526894
seroprevalence of bvdv in cattle of different ages on 17 dairy farms in western england.		2007	17526896
ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of interferon regulatory factor-3 induced by npro from a cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus.	the pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections is complex and only partly understood. it remains controversial whether interferon is produced in cells infected with cytopathic(cp) bvdvs which do not persist in vivo. we show here that a cpbvdv (nadl strain) does not induce interferon responses in cell culture and blocks induction of interferon-stimulated genes by a super-infecting paramyxovirus. cpbvdv infection causes a marked loss of interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf-3), a ...	2007	17531282
prevalence of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cow-calf herds enrolled in a voluntary screening project.	to report the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in calves and calf groups (ie, calves from the same farm) in beef breeding herds and evaluate the ability of biosecurity risk assessment questionnaires to identify calf groups with positive results for bvdv.	2007	17542740
packaged replicons of bovine viral diarrhea virus are capable of inducing a protective immune response.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) replicons with deletions within the capsid, e(rns) or e1 encoding region were constructed and efficiently packaged with a helper cell line. high titres of packaged replicons were observed as early as 24 h after transfection, whereas no virus progeny could be detected after transfection of non-complementing cells. infection of bovine cell cultures with rescued viruses resulted in one cycle of replication without release of infectious virus particles, and no gene ...	2007	17544049
genetic and pathobiological characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses recently isolated from cattle in japan.	the 475 strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) isolated from cattle in 12 prefectures of japan in the last 7 years were phylogenetically classified as bvdv-1 or bvdv-2 on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-untranslated region. bvdv-1 strains were further subtyped as 1a (101 strains), 1b (163), 1c (128), 1j (3), and so cp/75-like (1), and all of the 79 bvdv-2 strains belonged to subtype 2a. these 2a bvdvs contain two isolates that had high nucleotide identities with those of hi ...	2007	17551225
hemorrhagic syndrome-like disease in calves with bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease complex.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection is one of the causes of hemorrhagic diathesis in cattle but there have been limited field studies about that condition.	2007	17552460
occurrence of a second strain of bvdv-2 in the uk.		2007	17558034
a common neutralizing epitope on envelope glycoprotein e2 of different pestiviruses: implications for improvement of vaccines and diagnostics for classical swine fever (csf)?	the pestivirus genus within the family of flaviviridae consists of at least three species; classical swine fever virus (csfv) found in swine and wild boar, bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 and type 2 (bvdv-i and bvdv-ii) mainly isolated from cattle and border disease virus (bdv) preferably replicating in ovine species. many features demonstrate differences between csfv and other pestiviruses, bvdv-i, bvdv-ii and bdv, here defined as noncsfv, whereas other features show similarities between al ...	2007	17561359
evidence for positive selection on the e2 gene of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1.	despite the growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of pestivirus, there have been few attempts to determine which regions of the pestivirus genome are subject to positive selection, although this may be a key indicator of the nature of the interaction between host and virus. by using likelihood-based methods for phylogenetic inference, the positive selection pressure of bvdv-1 e2 gene were assessed and a site-by-site analysis of the dn/ds ratio was performed, to identify specific codons ...	2007	17566858
genetic variability of bovine viral diarrhoea virus subtypes at 3'-nontranslated region.	ten isolates belonging to different bvdv-1 subtypes and three bvdv-2 isolates were studied in 3'-nontranslated region (3'-ntr) by sequencing of pcr products and comparative computer-assisted nucleotide sequence analysis. the alignment of nucleotide sequences revealed that all bvdv-1 isolates except bvdv-1a isolates represented by nadl strain were characterised with a deletion of 38 nucleotides in the variable region located after the stop codon. for all bvdv-1 subtypes, a constant region at the ...	2007	16917738
antiviral activity of cho-ss cell-derived human omega interferon and other human interferons against hcv rna replicons and related viruses.	the fully glycosylated human omega interferon produced from cho-ss cells (glycosylated ifn-omega) has been shown to be well-tolerated in man and to induce a sustained virologic response in patients infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv). we examined the antiviral activity of glycosylated ifn-omega and various human ifns (ifn-alpha, -beta, -gamma and non-glycosylated bacterial (escherichia coli) recombinant ifn-omega (non-glycosylated ifn-omega)) against hcv rna replicons and several viruses relat ...	2007	16987555
noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus can persist in testicular tissue after vaccination of peri-pubertal bulls but prevents subsequent infection.	the objectives of this research were to evaluate the risk of prolonged testicular infection as a consequence of vaccination of peri-pubertal bulls with a modified-live, noncytopathic strain of bvdv and to assess vaccine efficacy in preventing prolonged testicular infections after a subsequent acute infection. seronegative, peri-pubertal bulls were vaccinated subcutaneously with an approximate minimum immunizing dose or a 10x standard dose of modified-live, noncytopathic bvdv or were maintained a ...	2007	17005300
suppression of bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by small interfering rna and short hairpin rna-mediated rna interference.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a ubiquitous viral pathogen that affects cattle herds' worldwide causing significant economic loss. the current strategies to control bvdv infection include vaccination (modified-live or killed) and control of virus spread by enhanced biosecurity management, however, the disease remains prevalent. with the discovery of the sequence-specific method of gene silencing known as rna interference (rnai), a new era in antiviral therapies has begun. here we report t ...	2007	17052865
viral safety of c1-inhibitor nf.	we studied the efficacy of virus reduction by three process steps (polyethylene glycol 4000 (peg) precipitation, pasteurization, and 15nm virus filtration) in the manufacturing of c1-inhibitor nf. the potential prion removing capacity in this process was estimated based on data from the literature. virus studies were performed using hepatitis a virus (hav) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as relevant viruses and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), canine parvovirus (cpv) and pseudorabies v ...	2007	17071103
board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle.	morbidity and mortality from bovine respiratory disease (brd) and associated losses in performance and carcass merit continue to plague the beef cattle industry. several viral/bacterial agents are responsible for brd, and interactions occur among the agents. viral agents often predispose animals to bacterial infections, and mannheimia haemolytica is the most frequently isolated organism in cattle with brd. laboratory tests are available to characterize organisms causing brd using easily obtained ...	2007	17085724
review and critical discussion of assumptions and modelling options to study the spread of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) within a cattle herd.	relevance of epidemiological models depends on assumptions on the population structure and dynamics, on the biology of the host-parasite interaction, and on mathematical modelling. in this paper we reviewed published models of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) spread within a herd. modelling options and assumptions on herd dynamics and bvdv transmission were discussed. a cattle herd is a population with a controlled size. animals are separated into subgroups according to their age or their ...	2007	17109768
leukocyte profile of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.	animals acutely infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) exhibit transient immunosuppression as a result of the virus' predilection for cells that play critical roles in the host immune system. acute bvdv infections have major effects on thymic and follicular t-lymphocytes, as well as follicular b-lymphocytes, often resulting in severe reduction in circulating numbers of lymphocytes and suppression of functional activities of these cells. granulocytes and monocytes are equally susceptibl ...	2007	17112597
expression of the surface glycoprotein e2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus by recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus.	this study analysed the transport behaviour of the glycoprotein e2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) expressed from recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rvsv). e2 protein was found to be retained at an intracellular compartment. a chimeric protein containing the membrane anchor and cytoplasmic tail of the vsv g protein, e2-g(mt), was transported to the cell surface. only the latter protein was incorporated into rvsv particles in significant amounts. a soluble form of e2 lacking the membra ...	2007	17170448
conserved determinants for membrane association of nonstructural protein 5a from hepatitis c virus and related viruses.	nonstructural protein 5a (ns5a) is a membrane-associated essential component of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) replication complex. an n-terminal amphipathic alpha helix mediates in-plane membrane association of hcv ns5a and at the same time is likely involved in specific protein-protein interactions required for the assembly of a functional replication complex. the aim of this study was to identify the determinants for membrane association of ns5a from the related gb viruses and pestiviruses. alth ...	2007	17192310
a six-year study on respiratory viral infections in a bull testing facility.	viral infection dynamics and bovine respiratory disease (brd) treatment rates were studied over six years at a swedish bull testing station with an 'all in, all out' management system. in august of each of the years 1998-2003, between 149 and 185 4-8-month-old calves arrived at the station from 99 to 124 different beef-breeding herds, and remained until march the following year. only calves that tested free from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) were allowed to enter the station and original a ...	2007	16647871
the internal initiation of translation in bovine viral diarrhea virus rna depends on the presence of an rna pseudoknot upstream of the initiation codon.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is the prototype representative of the pestivirus genus in the flaviviridae family. it has been shown that the initiation of translation of bvdv rna occurs by an internal ribosome entry mechanism mediated by the 5' untranslated region of the viral rna 1. the 5' and 3' boundaries of the ires of the cytopathic bvdv nadl have been mapped and it has been suggested that the ires extends into the coding of the bvdv polyprotein 2. a putative pseudoknot structure has b ...	2007	18034871
synthesis and anti-picornaviridae in vitro activity of a new class of helicase inhibitors the n,n'-bis[4-(1h(2h)-benzotriazol-1(2)-yl)phenyl] alkyldicarboxamides.	a series n,n'-bis[4-(1h(2h)-benzotriazol-1(2)-yl)phenyl]alkyldicarboxamides (3a-f and 5a-j) were prepared starting from their already known (1a-d) and (4a-c) or new (4d) amine parents. because of the antiviral activity of several n-[4-(1h(2h)-benzotriazol-1(2)-yl)phenyl]alkylcarboxamides previously reported, title compounds were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against viruses representative of picornaviridae, [i.e. enterovirus coxsackie b2 (cvb-2) and polio (sb-1)] and ...	2007	18045201
fetal protection against continual exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus following administration of a vaccine containing an inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus fraction to cattle.	to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available killed bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) vaccine to protect against fetal infection in pregnant cattle continually exposed to cattle persistently infected with the bvdv.	2007	18052749
economic effects of exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus on dairy herds in new zealand.	the economic loss to dairy farmers associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is believed to be high in new zealand, but no estimates are yet available. the aim was therefore to estimate the economic loss associated with bvdv in dairy herds in new zealand. bulk tank milk (btm) from a random sample of 590 herds from the northland, bay of plenty, and waikato regions was tested for antibody against bvdv. the inhibition percentage (sample to positive ratio), based on a threshold validated in ...	2007	18024733
febrile response and decrease in circulating lymphocytes following acute infection of white-tailed deer fawns with either a bvdv1 or a bvdv2 strain.	although commonly associated with infection in cattle, bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) also replicate in many domestic and wildlife species, including cervids. bovine viral diarrhea viruses have been isolated from a number of cervids, including mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), european roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and mouse deer (tragulus javanicus), but little information is available regarding clinical presentation ...	2007	17984260
field application of the combination of neutralizing test and virus isolation, so-called spot test, to detect herds including cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.	to detect herds including cattle persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), application of the combination of neutralizing antibody detection and virus isolation, so-called spot test, were performed on sera of 3 calves selected from each of 26 farms. nine farms were judged as positive because 64 or more antibody titers were detected from 2 or more calves or bvdv was isolated from one or more calves. pi cattle were detected from 8 of the 9 farms. the positive judgment on ...	2007	17984600
testing virucidal activity in germany: an update.	several chemical disinfectants have been tested in a quantitative suspension test for virucidal activity as per the test method devised by the german society for control of viral diseases (dvv) and the former german federal health office (bga, now the robert koch-institute, rki) drafted in 1982. the introduction of the term "limited virucidal activity" (effective against enveloped viruses) in addition to the existing term "virucidal activity" (effective against non-enveloped and enveloped viruse ...	2007	20200665
parsonage-turner syndrome associated with anti-bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies.	the parsonage-turner syndrome, a rare form of neuralgic amyotrophy of unknown aetiology, was diagnosed in a patient involved in an outbreak of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv). the patient, suffering from inflammation of the right shoulder with a permanent atrophy, developed anti-bvdv antibody titres which remained very high during the four following years of monitoring.	2006	20429063
effects of modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines containing either type 1 or types 1 and 2 bvdv on heifers and their offspring after challenge with noncytopathic type 2 bvdv during gestation.	to compare the efficacy of modified-live virus (mlv) vaccines containing either type 1 bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) or types 1 and 2 bvdv in protecting heifers and their offspring against infection associated with heterologous noncytopathic type 2 bvdv challenge during gestation.	2006	16677126
a one-step multiplex real-time rt-pcr for detection and typing of bovine viral diarrhea viruses.	a one-step multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using smartcycler technology and taqman probes was developed for detection and typing of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv). common primers and type-specific (bvdv1 and bvdv2) taqman probes were designed in the 5'-untranslated region of the viral genome. the real-time assay was able to detect 10-100 tcid50 of virus, with correlation coefficient (r2) values of 0.998 and 0.999 for bvdv1 and bvdv2, respectivel ...	2006	16687219
a multiplex dna suspension microarray for simultaneous detection and differentiation of classical swine fever virus and other pestiviruses.	an oligonucleotide suspension microarray (luminex microsphere system) was developed for detection and differentiation of animal pestiviruses: classical swine fever virus (csfv), bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 (bvdv1 and bvdv2), and border disease virus (bdv). species-specific and pestivirus-common oligonucleotide probes were designed to the 5' utr region and conjugated to individual color-coded luminex carboxy beads (probe beads). target pestivirus sequences were amplified by asymmetr ...	2006	16690139
[mental notes in tracking bvdv carriers].	the detection and elimination of animals persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) is the key to bvd control. this method has proven to be very efficient in eradicating bvdv in a herd. several pitfalls in the detection procedure can make that some persistently infected (pi) animals do not get identified or are removed too late, supporting the assumption that circulation of the virus could be possible in absence of pi animals. furthermore the risk of reintroduction is high si ...	2006	16711566
[how the bovine viral diarrhea virus outwits the immune system].	the interaction of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvd virus) with its host has several unique features, most notably the capacity to infect its host either transiently or persistently. the transient infection stimulates an antiviral immune reaction similar to that seen in other transient viral infections. in contrast, being associated with immunotolerance specific for the infecting bvd viral strain, the persistent infection differs fundamentally from other persistent infections like those caused b ...	2006	16716045
a versatile flow cytometry-based immunofluorescence inhibition assay for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus-specific antibodies.	a fast, sensitive and reliable flow cytometry-based (facs = fluorescence activated cell sorting) immunofluorescence inhibition assay (facs-ifi) for the detection of virus-specific antibodies in sera is described. the method was evaluated using sera from cattle experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). virus-infected cells, which were fixed and permeabilized, were incubated with diluted sera from immunized or control animals. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against different v ...	2006	16716049
reproductive losses caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus and leptospirosis.	bovine viral diarrhea virus and leptospira spp. are two of the common pathogenic organisms responsible for reproductive losses in cattle worldwide. both can be come endemic in herds resulting in chronic low-grade reproductive losses or they can be introduced into relatively naïve herds, resulting in substantial reproductive losses over a short period of time. both organisms are a differential diagnoses for common reproductive losses that veterinarians investigate, including low conception rates ...	2006	16716386
a clinical, evidence-based approach to infectious causes of infertility in beef cattle.	infertility is the diminished or absent capacity to produce viable offspring. infections that reduce ovulation rates, fertilization rates, embryonic survival rates, fetal survival rates or perinatal survival rates result in observed infertility in beef cows. reproductive pathogens include leptospira, campylobacter, hemophilus, brucella, bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, tritrichomonas foetus, and neospora caninum. infectious infertility can be prevented or controlled with approp ...	2006	16725187
lymphocytopathogenic activity in vitro correlates with high virulence in vivo for bvdv type 2 strains: criteria for a third biotype of bvdv.	two biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv), cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp), are recognized based on their activity in cultured epithelial cells. biotype does not correlate to virulence in acute infections as bvdv strains associated with severe acute bvd outbreaks are all noncytopathic based on their growth characteristics in cultured epithelial cells. previous studies have shown that acute infections with highly virulent bvdv result in depletion of cells in lymphoid tissues. i ...	2006	16384618
multiple outbreaks of severe acute bvdv in north america occurring between 1993 and 1995 linked to the same bvdv2 strain.	the first reported outbreak of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) in 1946 described a transmissible acute disease characterized by severe leukopenia, high fever, gastrointestinal erosions and hemorrhages. however, in the ensuing years, the most commonly observed acute form of bvd was clinically mild. there was limited viral shed and spread following these acute infections. this led to the assumptions that acute infections with bvd viruses (bvdv) were clinically unimportant, spread of the virus within a ...	2006	16384664
factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of pooled-sample testing for diagnosis of low prevalence infections.	testing of pooled samples has been proposed as a low-cost alternative for diagnostic screening and surveillance for infectious agents in situations where the prevalence of infection is low and most samples can be expected to test negative. the present study extends our previous work in pooled-sample testing (pst) to evaluate effects of the following factors on the overall pst sensitivity (se(k)) and specificity (sp(k)): dilution (pool size), cross-contamination, and cross-reaction. a probabilist ...	2006	16427711
characterization of the n-terminal domain of classical swine fever virus rna-dependent rna polymerase.	to investigate rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) further, mutational analysis of the n-terminal domain of the ns5b protein of classical swine fever virus was performed. results show that the n-terminal domain (positions 1-300) of the protein might be divided artificially into four different regions, n1-n4. the n1 region (positions 1-61) contained neither conserved lysine nor conserved arginine residues. ns5b protein with deletion of the n1 region has the capacity for elongative rna synthesis, ...	2006	16432021
dissection of a viral autoprotease elucidates a function of a cellular chaperone in proteolysis.	replication of positive-strand rna viruses involves translation of polyproteins which are proteolytically processed into functional peptides. these maturation steps often involve virus-encoded autoproteases specialized in generating their own n or c termini. nonstructural protein 2 (ns2) of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus represents such an enzyme. bovine viral diarrhea virus ns2 creates in cis its own c terminus and thereby releases an essential viral replication factor. as a unique ...	2006	16432213
time- and temperature-dependent activation of hepatitis c virus for low-ph-triggered entry.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) is an important human pathogen associated with chronic liver disease. recently, based on a genotype 2a isolate, tissue culture systems supporting complete replication and infectious virus production have been developed. in this study, we used cell culture-produced infectious hcv to analyze the viral entry pathway into huh-7.5 cells. bafilomycin a1 and concanamycin a, inhibitors of vacuolar atpases, prevented hcv entry when they were present prior to infection and had mini ...	2006	16439530
phylogenetic analysis of portuguese bovine viral diarrhoea virus.	bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in dairy and beef cattle. to date, little is know about bvdv genotypes circulating in portugal. for this purpose, a fragment within the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) from 34 portuguese field strains of bvdv was amplified by rt-pcr, cloned and sequenced. a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of viruses, originated from cattle from different regions of the country, b ...	2006	16443302
nmr structure and molecular dynamics of the in-plane membrane anchor of nonstructural protein 5a from bovine viral diarrhea virus.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) nonstructural protein 5a (ns5a) is a monotopic membrane protein anchored to the membrane by an n-terminal in-plane amphipathic alpha-helix. this membrane anchor is essential for the assembly of a functional viral replication complex. although amino acid sequences differ considerably, putative membrane anchors with amphipathic features were predicted in ns5a from related flaviviridae family members, in particular bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), the prototype representa ...	2006	16475810
evaluation of diagnostic tests used for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus and prevalence of subtypes 1a, 1b, and 2a in persistently infected cattle entering a feedlot.	to evaluate diagnostic tests used for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and determine the prevalence of bvdv subtypes 1a, 1b, and 2a in persistently infected (pi) cattle entering a feedlot.	2006	16478438
evaluation of viral clearance in the production of hpv-16 l1 virus-like particles purified from insect cell cultures.	biopharmaceutical products produced from cell cultures have a potential for viral contamination from cell sources or from adventitious introduction during production. the objective of this study was to assess viral clearance in the production of insect cell-derived recombinant human papillomavirus (hpv)-16 type l1 virus-like particles (vlps). we selected japanese encephalitis virus (jev), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and minute virus of mice (mvm) as relevant viruses to achieve the aim of ...	2006	16500115
absence of pestivirus antigen in brains with white matter damage.	we previously suggested that antenatal pestivirus infection might play a role in the pathogenesis of perinatal brain white matter damage (wmd) in preterm infants. we have now examined 22 brains from stillborns and deceased newborns (both preterm and term) for the presence of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) antigen. the brains of five females and five males with wmd (median gestational age 36.5wks), and nine female and three male controls (median gestational age 36.5wks) were used in the stud ...	2006	16542517
evaluation of multiple immune parameters after vaccination with modified live or killed bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines.	the development of immunity to vaccine antigen was examined using three prime/boost strategies and the progression of immune activities was evaluated over the course of 8 weeks. calves were vaccinated and multiple immune parameters were evaluated using several methods to assess humoral or cellular immunity from the same samples in parallel. the three vaccination protocols used were a killed vaccine followed by a killed boost (killed/killed), mlv vaccine and boost (mlv/mlv), or a mlv vaccine and ...	2006	16543046
effects of noncytopathic type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus on the proliferation of bone marrow progenitor cells.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of isolates of noncytopathic type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpbvdv-2) of high and low virulence on the proliferation of bone marrow progenitor cells. holstein calves 6 to 7 mo old and bvdv-naïve were inoculated intranasally with a bvdv isolate of high virulence (hv24515), a bvdv isolate of low virulence (lv11q), or uninfected cell culture medium. serial bone marrow and peripheral blood samples were collected before and after inoculat ...	2006	16548328
application of bovine viral diarrhoea virus as an internal control in nucleic acid amplification tests for hepatitis c virus rna in plasma-derived products.	plasma-derived products are produced from plasma via fractionation and chromatography techniques, but can also be produced by other methods. in the performance of nucleic acid amplification tests (nat) with plasma-derived products, it is necessary to include an internal control for the monitoring of all procedures. in order to avoid false negative results, we confirmed the usefulness of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) for use as an internal control in the detection of hepatitis c virus ( ...	2006	16554720
molecular characterization of pestiviruses isolated from bovines in chile.	thirty-three pestiviruses isolated from bovines on different farms in chile were characterized at the molecular level. the 5'-untranslated region (5'utr) of the isolates was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and subsequently digested with restriction enzymes (re) bgl i, xho i and pst i. furthermore, the isolates were amplified by differential rt-pcr, which selectively amplified bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (bvdv-2) but not bovine viral diarrhea virus typ ...	2006	16563664
diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in ontario beef feedlots.	this study determined the prevalence of diseases and pathogens associated with mortality or severe morbidity in 72 ontario beef feedlots in calves that died or were euthanized within 60 days after arrival. routine pathologic and microbiologic investigations, as well as immunohistochemical staining for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) antigen, were performed on 99 calves that died or were euthanized within 60 days after arrival. major disease conditions identified included fibrinos ...	2006	16566254
naturally occurring mycoplasma bovis-associated pneumonia and polyarthritis in feedlot beef calves.	mycoplasma bovis is perceived as an emerging cause of mortality in feedlot beef cattle. this study examined the lesions and infectious agents in naturally occurring m. bovis-associated bronchopneumonia and arthritis and the relationship of this condition with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection. standardized pathologic, immunohistochemical, and microbiologic investigations were conducted on 99 calves that died or were euthanized within 60 days after arrival in 72 feedlots. cranioventral ...	2006	16566255
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on pooled samples to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus by using fresh ear-notch-sample supernatants.	ear-notch samples from 3,599 yearling heifers were collected to detect persistently infected (pi) animals with suspect bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). individual immunohistochemistry (ihc), individual antigen-capture enzyme-linked immmunosorbent assay (ac-elisa), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) tests with pooled ear-notch supernatants were compared with samples from 3,016 heifers, whereas rt-pcr ear-notch pools and individual ac-elisa tests were compared with sam ...	2006	16566263
bovine serum--regulatory issues.	for many years users of bovine serum in the manufacture of human and veterinary biological medicinal products have relied upon usda 9cfr to ensure the viral safety of their serum. recently, eu regulators have formalised their position by issuing guidelines on the use of bovine serum during manufacture. additionally, the european pharmacopoeia has drafted a monograph on bovine serum. there is good harmonisation among the recommendations and requirements although the eu chmp guideline calls for gr ...	2006	16566452
function of bovine cd46 as a cellular receptor for bovine viral diarrhea virus is determined by complement control protein 1.	the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was shown to bind to the bovine cd46 molecule, which subsequently promotes entry of the virus. to assess the receptor usage of bvdv type 1 (bvdv-1) and bvdv-2, 30 bvdv isolates including clinical samples were assayed for their sensitivity to anti-cd46 antibodies. with a single exception the infectivity of all tested strains of bvdv-1 and bvdv-2 was inhibited by anti-cd46 antibodies, which indicates the general usage of cd46 as a bvdv receptor. mo ...	2006	16571808
a prospective study of the effect of neospora caninum and bvdv infections on bovine abortions in a dairy herd in arequipa, peru.	we used a prospective seroepidemiological approach to investigate endemic abortion in a dairy herd in arequipa, peru, and its association with neospora caninum and bovine viral-diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infections. between january 2002 and march 2004, 1094 pregnancies were confirmed in 538 cows. of these, 137 pregnancies (13%) in 121 cows ended in abortion. the serological status to n. caninum was assessed using a single serological screening, whereas bvdv status was assessed at the herd level thro ...	2006	16597470
identification of herds with cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus by virological evaluation of three calves.	for the identification of herds with cattle persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus, 1,272 animals from 20 herds were subjected to serum neutralizing (sn) test using the nose strain and virus isolation. eighteen pi cattle were detected from 5 herds. on the phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequences of the 5' untranslated region, the isolates from the pi cattle were classified into genotypes-1a or -1b. of 3 unvaccinated calves aged 6 to 12 months selected from each he ...	2006	16598169
protection against fetal infection with either bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 or type 2 using a noncytopathic type 1 modified-live virus vaccine.	two bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) fetal protection studies were done using a monovalent noncytopathic (ncp) bvdv vaccine containing type 1 bvdv. in study 1, thirty-two fetuses (23 vaccinates and nine controls) were recovered following fetal challenge with the type 1a bj strain. twenty of twenty-three fetuses from the vaccinates were negative for bvdv type 1 while all of the controls (nine of nine) were infected. in study 2, twenty-two animals (14 vaccinates and eight controls) were challeng ...	2006	16598681
genetic analysis of indian bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 isolates in n(pro) and entire gene region coding structural proteins.	three indian bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (bvdv-1) isolates were analyzed at genetic level in n(pro) (viral autoprotease) and entire gene region coding structural proteins, namely capsid (c) protein, e(rns), and envelope proteins e1 and e2. all these isolates were found to be of b subtype based on the entire 504 nt region of n(pro) and 1119 nt region of e2. however, in comparison with other isolates of this subtype, they were allocated inside the bvdv-1 subtype b cluster to a separate clade wit ...	2006	16599184
expression of bioactive recombinant bovine interferon-gamma using baculovirus.	the precise role of bovine interferon-gamma (boifn-gamma) in disease and therapy is still poorly defined. clearly it is involved in defence against parasites, bacteria, viruses and possibly tumor cells. this paper reports the expression of boifn-gamma in a baculovirus system to generate a fully functional recombinant protein. bovine interferon-gamma cdna was cloned from mitogen stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) rna utilizing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( ...	2006	16608121
synthesis and anti-bvdv activity of acridones as new potential antiviral agents.	in this study we report the design, synthesis, and activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) of a novel series of acridone derivatives. bvdv is responsible for major losses in cattle. the virus is also considered to be a valuable surrogate for the hepatitis c virus (hcv) in antiviral drug studies. some of the synthesized acridones elicited selective anti-bvdv activity with ec(50) values ranging from 0.4 to 4 microg/ml and were not cytotoxic at concentrations that were 25- to 200-fold h ...	2006	16610805
amino acid derivatives. part i. synthesis, antiviral and antitumor evaluation of new alpha-amino acid esters bearing coumarin side chain.	a series of amino acid esters bearing coumarin (3-15) were synthesized and evaluated, in vitro, against hiv-1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). the in vitro cytotoxicity of 3-10 and 12 was assayed against a panel of tumor cell lines consisting of cd4 human t-cells. compound 14 showed inhibition of hiv-1 with ec50 > 1.6 microg ml(-1), meanwhile compound 9 exhibited activity against leukaemia (mt4) with cc50 = 24 micromol l(-1).	2006	16613724
comparison of blood non-specific immune parameters in bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) persistently infected and in immune heifers.	several data from different authors show that bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) could be a key component in multiple-etiology diseases, indeed a lower leukocytes number and their impaired functions decrease the resistance to infections. however, most of the information on the impairment of immune function during bvdv infections arise from circumstantial evidence and from experimental infection studies, and few from field data. to assess the effects of bvdv on blood cells parameters, cellular a ...	2006	16626401
oxidized low-density lipoprotein inhibits hepatitis c virus cell entry in human hepatoma cells.	cell entry of hepatitis c virus, pseudoparticles (hcvpp) and cell culture grown virus (hcvcc), requires the interaction of viral glycoproteins with cd81 and other as yet unknown cellular factors. one of these is likely to be the scavenger receptor class b type i (sr-bi). to further understand the role of sr-bi, we examined the effect of sr-bi ligands on hcvpp and hcvcc infectivity. oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxldl), but not native ldl, potently inhibited hcvpp and hcvcc cell entry. pseudo ...	2006	16628670
comparative mechanistic studies of de novo rna synthesis by flavivirus rna-dependent rna polymerases.	flavivirus protein ns5 harbors the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity. in contrast to the rdrps of hepaci- and pestiviruses, which belong to the same family of flaviviridae, ns5 carries two activities, a methyltransferase (mtase) and a rdrp. rdrp domains of dengue virus (dv) and west nile virus (wnv) ns5 were purified in high yield relative to full-length ns5 and showed full rdrp activity. steady-state enzymatic parameters were determined on homopolymeric template poly(rc). the presenc ...	2006	16631221
challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus by exposure to persistently infected calves: protection by vaccination and negative results of antigen testing in nonvaccinated acutely infected calves.	calves persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) represent an important source of infection for susceptible cattle. we evaluated vaccine efficacy using calves pi with noncytopathic bvdv2a for the challenge and compared tests to detect bvdv in acutely or transiently infected calves versus pi calves. vaccination with 2 doses of modified live virus vaccine containing bvdv1a and bvdv2a protected the calves exposed to the pi calves: neither viremia nor nasal shedding occurred ...	2006	16639944
a novel, highly selective inhibitor of pestivirus replication that targets the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase.	we report on the highly potent and selective antipestivirus activity of 5-[(4-bromophenyl)methyl]-2-phenyl-5h-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (bpip). the 50% effective concentration (ec50) for inhibition of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-induced cytopathic effect formation was 0.04 +/- 0.01 microm. comparable reduction of viral rna synthesis (ec50 = 0.12 +/- 0.02 microm) and production of infectious virus (ec50= 0.074 +/- 0.003 microm) were observed. the selectivity index (ratio of 50% cytostatic con ...	2006	16352539
viral safety of nanogam, a new 15 nm-filtered liquid immunoglobulin product.	producers of plasma derivatives continuously improve the viral safety of their products by, for example, introducing additional virus-reducing steps into the manufacturing process. here we present virus-elimination studies undertaken for a number of steps employed in a new manufacturing process for liquid intravenous immunoglobulin (nanogam) that comprises two specific virus-reducing steps: a 15-nm filtration step combined with pepsin treatment at ph 4.4 (ph 4.4/15nf); and solvent-detergent (sd) ...	2006	16359352
the amino-terminal domain of bovine viral diarrhea virus npro protein is necessary for alpha/beta interferon antagonism.	the alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) system is the first line of defense against viral infection and a critical link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. ifn-alpha/beta secretion is the hallmark of cellular responses to acute rna virus infections. as part of their survival strategy, many viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract the host ifn-alpha/beta response. bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) (genus pestivirus) was reported to trigger interferon production in infected ...	2006	16378992
oesophagoscopy and detection of viral nucleic acids in oesophageal biopsies--a contribution to bvdv diagnosis.	the endoscopic appearance of the oesophagus of animals infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) but without signs of acute mucosal disease (md) was investigated for any common or 'early warning' lesions. thirty-seven bvdv-infected animals [36 persistently infected (pi) and one transiently infected] were examined clinically and endoscopically for typical erosions of the oronasal and oesophageal mucosa, respectively. during oesophagoscopy, mucosal biopsies were taken and tested for pestiv ...	2006	16460350
prevalence of antibodies to pestiviruses in goats in austria.	serological investigations were carried out to determine the prevalence of pestiviral infections in goats in austria, and to investigate the possible relations to herd management practices. the prevalence of antibodies to pestiviruses was investigated in 549 goats in 80 flocks from four regions of austria. the examination for antibodies was performed using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting antibodies to the border disease virus (bdv) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv). ...	2006	16460357
evaluation of protection against virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in calves that had maternal antibodies and were vaccinated with a modified-live vaccine.	to evaluate the efficacy of an adjuvanted modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) vaccine against challenge with a virulent type 2 bvdv strain in calves with or without maternal antibodies against the virus.	2006	16740078
persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in an alpaca.	a 2.5-month-old female alpaca that had been born prematurely was examined because of moderate mucopurulent nasal discharge and high rectal temperature.	2006	16740080
expression of bovine viral diarrhea virus glycoprotein e2 as a soluble secreted form in a mammalian cell line.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) membrane-anchored type i glycoprotein e2 is an approximately 53-kda immunodominant glycoprotein inducing the production of neutralizing antibodies in the animal host after natural infection or following immunization with live or killed vaccines. the e2 coding region lacking the transmembrane domain was constructed in a soluble secreted form (sece2) and expressed in the medium of a transiently transfected human cell line. the crude conditioned medium containing ...	2006	16760329
identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in korean native goat (capra hircus).	in the genus pestivirus, four genetically distinct viral species are currently recognized: bovine viral diarrhea viruses type 1 and 2 (bvdv-1, bvdv-2), classical swine fever virus (csfv) and border disease virus (bdv). bvdv-1 and bdv infections have been described in goat species. since 1998, border disease (bd) like symptoms in goats have been reported repeatedly in two southern-most provinces of korea, which until then had been regarded as being free from bd. as a result of retrospective inves ...	2006	16766076
the effect of infection of hatched blastocyst bovine embryos with border disease and bovine viral diarrhea viruses.	the effect of infection with teratogenic viruses at early stages of pregnancy is not fully understood. this study aimed to look at the effect of infection with teratogenic viruses such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and border disease virus (bdv), on early stage embryos at the hatched blastocyst stage. bvdv and bdv are known to cross the placenta of infected mothers and lead to congenital defects and death of developing fetuses. this study can be a good model for better understanding the ...	2006	16771222
simulation study to assess the efficiency of a test-and-cull scheme to control the spread of the bovine viral-diarrhoea virus in a dairy herd.	to control the spread of bovine viral-diarrhoea virus (bvdv), test-and-cull schemes have been used in scandinavian countries, with success, when combined with strict control of new animal introductions into herds. in situations where bvdv reintroduction is likely to occur, it is necessary to assess precisely the expected efficiency of test-and-cull schemes. the objective of this study was to compare, by simulation, the persistence and consequences of bvdv infection in a fully susceptible dairy h ...	2006	16774794
brefeldin a inhibits pestivirus release from infected cells, without affecting its assembly and infectivity.	the enveloped bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a member of the pestivirus genus within the flaviviridae family. while considerable information has been gathered on virus entry into the host cell, genome structure and protein function, little is known about pestivirus morphogenesis and release from cells. here, we analyzed the intracellular localization, n-glycan processing and secretion of bvdv using brefeldin a (bfa), which blocks protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and caus ...	2006	16782064
a universal heterologous internal control system for duplex real-time rt-pcr assays used in a detection system for pestiviruses.	a heterologous in vitro transcript based on a specific primer-probe hex system was generated as a universal internal control (ic) to improve virus-specific real-time reverse-transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assays. by using a set of different primers, several pcr fragments of desired sizes of an in vitro transcript of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene were generated, and the fragments were detected using a hex-labelled probe. for long-term storage of the in vitro transcript a special ...	2006	16806503
"self" and "nonself" manipulation of interferon defense during persistent infection: bovine viral diarrhea virus resists alpha/beta interferon without blocking antiviral activity against unrelated viruses replicating in its host cells.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), together with classical swine fever virus (csfv) and border disease virus (bdv) of sheep, belongs to the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae. bvdv is either cytopathic (cp) or noncytopathic (ncp), as defined by its effect on cultured cells. infection of pregnant animals with the ncp biotype may lead to the birth of persistently infected calves that are immunotolerant to the infecting viral strain. in addition to evading the adaptive immune system, bvdv evades ...	2006	16809298
induction of antigen-specific t-cell subset activation to bovine respiratory disease viruses by a modified-live virus vaccine.	to determine the efficacy of a modified-live virus vaccine containing bovine herpes virus 1 (bhv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), parainfluenza virus 3, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) types 1 and 2 to induce neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity in naïve cattle and protect against bhv-1 challenge.	2006	16817740
spatial hierarchical variances and age covariances for seroprevalence to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, bohv-1 and bvdv for cattle in the state of paraíba, brazil.	we estimated spatial hierarchal variances and age-group covariances for seroprevalence to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (leptoh), bovine viral-diarrhea virus (bvdv) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bohv-1) among 2343 cattle from 72 properties sampled in the state of paraíba, brazil in 2000. from each property, eight animals in each of the four age categories were evaluated. the age categories studied were: pre-weaned (0-6 months), young (7-18 months), replacement (19-30 months) and mature ...	2006	16828906
control of template positioning during de novo initiation of rna synthesis by the bovine viral diarrhea virus ns5b polymerase.	the rna-dependent rna polymerase of the hepatitis c virus and the bovine viral diarrhea virus(bvdv)is able to initiate rna synthesis denovo in the absence of a primer. previous crystallographic data have pointed to the existence of a gtp-specific binding site (g-site) that is located in the vicinity of the active site of the bvdv enzyme. here we have studied the functional role of the g-site and present evidence to show that specific gtp binding affects the positioning of the template during de ...	2006	16831816
vertical transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in mousedeer (tragulus javanicus) and spread to domestic cattle.	this study investigates the transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) 1f from a persistently infected (pi) lesser malayan mousedeer to two bovine calves. different contact routes to two calves were analysed: 1) aerosol contact between two adjacent pens without physical contact; 2) indirect contact by use of common utensils; 3) direct nose-to-nose contact for 30 seconds. one of the calves was infected either by aerosol or indirect contact. the virus sequence in 247 nucleotides in the 5' ...	2006	16835699