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idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and persistent viral infection: lack of association in a controlled study using a quantitative assay.it remains unclear whether idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) might ensue as the consequence of viral myocarditis, due to viral persistence in cardiomyocytes. to address this issue, we quantified the levels of enterovirus, epstein-barr virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2), adenovirus and parvovirus b19 genomes in endomyocardial biopsies (embs) from patients with dcm, active myocarditis and controls.201222901461
acute retinal necrosis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in children: reactivation of an undiagnosed latent neonatal herpes infection.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is known to cause acute retinal necrosis (arn). the availability of hsv-2-specific polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnostic analysis has greatly increased our ability to discriminate arn caused by hsv-2 from arn caused by either herpes simplex virus type 1 or varicella zoster virus (vzv). of great interest, hsv-2 appears to be the most common cause of viral arn in children and adolescents. although a few children with arn are known to have had neonatally ...201222889540
dermal hypersensitivity reaction: a pcr-confirmed pattern of herpetic dermatitis.herpetic dermatitis due to herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) can present with similar clinical and histopathologic features. further confounding matters, viral cytopathic changes are not always observed in biopsy specimens. therefore, use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis can play an integral role in the definitive diagnosis of herpetic dermatitis and in the distinction of hsv-1/hsv-2 from vzv.201222882129
type-specific identification of anogenital herpes simplex virus infections by use of a commercially available nucleic acid amplification test.herpes infections are among the most common sexually transmitted infections (sti), but diagnostic methods for genital herpes have not kept pace with the movement toward molecular testing. here, we describe an fda-approved molecular assay that identifies and types herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections for use in routine clinical settings. paired samples from anogenital lesions were tested using the bd probetec hsv q(x) (hsvq(x)) system, hsv culture and, a laboratory-developed pcr assay. family pl ...201222875892
hsv igg antibody inhibits virus detection in csf.before pcr testing of cerebrospinal fluid (csf), laboratory diagnosis of herpes encephalitis (hse) was based on virus isolation from brain biopsy. viral isolation from csf has limited clinical value due to low virus recovery; the cause for which has not been demonstrated.201222841844
herpes simplex virus is equipped with rna- and protein-based mechanisms to repress expression of atrx, an effector of intrinsic immunity.intrinsic immunity is a first-line intracellular defense against virus infection, and viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract it. during herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection, nuclear domain 10 (nd10) components localize adjacent to incoming viral genomes and generate a repressive environment for viral gene expression. here, we found that the nd10 component, alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome x-linked (atrx) protein, is predicted to be a target of hsv-1 mir-h1 and hsv-2 mir-h6. t ...201222787211
the challenge of developing a herpes simplex virus 2 vaccine.hsv infections are prevalent worldwide. a vaccine to prevent genital herpes would have a significant impact on this disease. several vaccines have shown promise in animal models; however, so far these have not been successful in human clinical studies. prophylactic hsv vaccines to prevent hsv infection or disease have focused primarily on eliciting antibody responses. potent antibody responses are needed to result in sufficiently high levels of virus-specific antibody in the genital tract. thera ...201223252387
[the genotyping and molecular evolution of varicella-zoster virus].varicella-zoster virus (vzv, human herpesvirus 3) is a member of the family herpesviridae, and is classified as alpha-subfamily along with hsv-1 and hsv-2. vzv is the causative agent of chicken pox (varicella) mostly in children, after which it establishes latency in the sensory ganglia with the potential to reactivate at a later time to cause shingles (zoster). increasing molecular epidemiological studies in recent years have been performed to monitor the mutations in vzv genome, discriminate v ...201223233938
tin oxide nanowires suppress herpes simplex virus-1 entry and cell-to-cell membrane fusion.the advent of nanotechnology has ushered in the use of modified nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents against diseases such as herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1) (hsv-2), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), monkeypox virus, and hepatitis b virus. here we describe the application of tin oxide (sno(2)) nanowires as an effective treatment against hsv-1 infection. sno(2) nanowires work as a carrier of negatively charged structures that compete with hsv-1 attachment to cell bound heparan sulf ...201223110193
[the sexual behavior characteristics and std infection status of women who have sex with women in beijing].to study sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stds) among women who have sex with women (wsw) in beijing.201222943919
no association between antibodies to sexually transmitted infections and colorectal hyperplastic polyps in men: minnesota cancer prevention research unit polyp study.oncogenic human papillomaviruses (hpv) are sexually transmitted and linked to several epithelial malignancies, but an association between hpv and colorectal neoplasia is not established. previously, we reported a three-fold increase in the odds of colorectal hyperplastic polyps associated with oncogenic hpv seropositivity in men but detected no hpv dna in colorectal tissues from these same men.201222736792
prevalence and characteristics of herpes simplex virus type-2 coinfection in veterans with hepatitis c.epidemiologic links between herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) exist but are poorly characterized. seroprevalence studies of hsv-2 in veteran populations with chronic hcv infection are lacking.201222395713
discovery of potential diagnostic and vaccine antigens in herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 by proteome-wide antibody profiling.routine serodiagnosis of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections is currently performed using recombinant glycoprotein g (gg) antigens from herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2. this is a single-antigen test and has only one diagnostic application. relatively little is known about hsv antigenicity at the proteome-wide level, and the full potential of mining the antibody repertoire to identify antigens with other useful diagnostic properties and candidate vaccine antigens is yet to be realized. ...201222318154
a lentiviral vector-based, herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein b vaccine affords cross-protection against hsv-1 and hsv-2 genital infections.genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, and its incidence is constantly increasing in the human population. regardless of the clinical manifestation, hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections are highly transmissible to sexual partners and enhance susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections. an effective vaccine is not yet available. here, hsv-1 glycoprotein b (gb1) was delivered by a feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) vector and tested against hsv-1 and hsv-2 vaginal ...201222491465
infectious causes of posterior uveitis and panuveitis in thailand.to determine the infectious causes of posterior uveitis (pu) and panuveitis (panu) in thailand.201222539102
peripheral blood cd4 t-cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pdc) reactivity to herpes simplex virus 2 and pdc number do not correlate with the clinical or virologic severity of recurrent genital herpes.leukocytes participate in the immune control of herpes simplex virus (hsv). data from hiv coinfections, germ line mutations, and case reports suggest involvement of cd4 t cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc). we investigated the relationships between these cells and recurrent genital herpes disease severity in the general population. circulating cd4 t-cell responses to hsv-2 were measured in specimens from 67 immunocompetent individuals with measured genital lesion and hsv shedding rates ...201222761381
herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) as a coronary atherosclerosis risk factor in hiv-infected men: multicenter aids cohort study.we assessed associations of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in 291 hiv-infected men in the multicenter aids cohort study. coronary artery calcium (cac) was measured by non-contrast coronary ct imaging. markers for herpesviruses infection were measured in frozen specimens collected 10-12 years prior to case identification. multivariable logistic regression models and ordin ...201222472456
herpesviruses enhance fibrin clot lysis.the incorporation of virus- and host-derived procoagulant factors initiates clotting directly on the surface of herpesviruses, which is an explanation for their correlation to vascular disease. the virus exploits the resulting thrombin to enhance infection by modulating the host cell through protease activated receptor (par) 1 signalling. prior reports demonstrated that at least one herpesvirus expresses surface annexin a2 (a2), a cofactor for tissue plasminogen activator (tpa)-dependent activat ...201222318336
targeting the genital tract mucosa with a lipopeptide/recombinant adenovirus prime/boost vaccine induces potent and long-lasting cd8+ t cell immunity against herpes: importance of myd88.targeting of the mucosal immune system of the genital tract with subunit vaccines has failed to induce potent and durable local cd8(+) t cell immunity, which is crucial for protection against many sexually transmitted viral pathogens, including hsv type 2 (hsv-2), which causes genital herpes. in this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of a novel lipopeptide/adenovirus type 5 (lipo/radv5) prime/boost mucosal vaccine for induction of cd8(+) t cell immunity to protect the female genital t ...201223018456
maternal antibodies to infectious agents and risk for non-affective psychoses in the offspring--a matched case-control study.an increasing number of studies suggest that certain maternal infections are associated with non-affective psychoses in the offspring. here we investigated if maternal exposure to toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or type 2 (hsv-2) prior to delivery was associated with future diagnosis of schizophrenia or other non-affective psychoses in the offspring.201222819777
synthesis and antiviral activity of 6-deoxycyclopropavir, a new prodrug of cyclopropavir.synthesis of 6-deoxycyclopropavir (10), a prodrug of cyclopropavir (1) and its in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity is described. 2-amino-6-chloropurine methylenecyclopropane 13 was transformed to its 6-iodo derivative 14 which was reduced to prodrug 10. it is converted to cyclopropavir (1) by the action of xanthine oxidase and this reaction can also occur in vivo. compound 10 lacked significant in vitro activity against human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), human herpes virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv- ...201222417649
absence of viruses in amniotic fluid of women with pprom: a case series.preterm premature rupture of membranes (pprom) and preterm birth are strongly linked to intrauterine inflammation. bacterial infection is often not identified as the cause. the objective was to examine the amniotic fluid of women with pprom for viral genomic content, and to correlate with the presence of bacterial infection and markers of intrauterine inflammation. a case series of 13 women with pprom is presented. amniocentesis was performed in each of these women. dna/rna isolated from amnioti ...201223021256
herpes simplex virus type 2 risks in female sex workers in the china-vietnam border county of hekou.to survey the prevalence and risk factors of hsv-2 among chinese and vietnamese female sex workers (fsw) in the border county of hekou, yunnan province, china.201223228841
prevalence and associations of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens in men presenting with genital ulcer syndrome to primary health care clinics in south africa.this study aimed to determine the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens, as well as their association with clinical features, in men with genital ulcer disease (gud) enrolled in a clinical trial.201223064538
[epidemiology and risk factors of the cervical squamous cell carcinoma].neoplasm of the cervix, especially squamous cell cancer, is one of the most common malignancy of female genital organs. it etiology is complex; however, human papilloma virus (mostly hpv type 18, 16 and 45) infection seems to be the most important one. other risk factors include: early sexual initiation, multiple pregnancies and labors, concomitant infections (chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhea, hsv2 - herpes simplex virus) of the genital tract, aids, immunosuppressive therapy, smoking a ...201223009008
looking for an asymptomatic infection: usefulness of screening for chlamydia trachomatis and genital herpes.chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) genital infections are among the more frequent sexually transmissible infections with different prevalence by age, populations and geographical areas. both are widespread, have an asymptomatic latent stage detectable only by laboratory and can have serious consequences such as tubal infertility and neonatal herpes. the direct isolation of ct in cervical or urethral discharge through nucleic acid amplification test (naats) allows ...201223007249
etiologic pattern of genital ulcers in lusaka, zambia: has chancroid been eliminated?genital ulcers are a public health problem in developing countries. the world health organization recommends the use of syndromic guidelines for sexually transmitted infection treatment in resource-constrained countries. monitoring local etiologies provides information that may aid policy for sexually transmitted infection treatment. we investigated the etiology of genital ulcer disease among outpatients in lusaka, zambia.201223001266
sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviour among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers in dhaka, bangladesh.a cross-sectional study was conducted among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers (ychbfsws) in nine randomly selected hotels in bangladesh to examine sexual-risk behaviour, condom use and determinants of condom use in last sex, knowledge of hiv, sexually transmitted infection (sti) prevalence and sti care-seeking behaviour. a prestructured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical information; urine specimens (before sex) and blood were collected for di ...201222930291
sperm-mediated host-derived dna transfer as a new mechanism for immune system evasion of sexually transmitted genital tract pathogens.over one century of extensive efforts directed towards investigating the immune response and the immuno-protection associated with sexually transmitted infections have failed to produce any effective vaccines against most of the major pathogens, among them neisseria gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus type 2, and chlamydia trachomatis. attempts to design and develop protective vaccines against them have also yielded disappointing results. it has long been felt that there might be another yet undisco ...201222795612
hiv and sexually transmitted infections at the borderlands: situational analysis of sexual health in the brazilian amazon.the borderlands are considered areas of increased vulnerability to hiv and sexually transmitted infections (sti). the study aimed to determine the sti/hiv prevalence and risk factors in the triple-border area of the brazilian amazon.201222317841
foxp3(+) regulatory t cells, immune stimulation and host defence against infection.the immune system is intricately regulated allowing potent effectors to expand and become rapidly mobilized after infection, while simultaneously silencing potentially detrimental responses that averts immune-mediated damage to host tissues. this relies in large part on the delicate interplay between immune suppressive regulatory cd4(+) t (treg) cells and immune effectors that without active suppression by treg cells cause systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. although these beneficial roles ...201222211994
changes in the soluble mucosal immune environment during genital herpes outbreaks.genital tract secretions provide variable inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus (hsv) ex vivo. we hypothesize that the anti-hsv activity may prevent the spread of virus from the more commonly affected sites, such as the external genitalia, to the upper genital tract.201222820806
bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male hiv-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis among african couples.bacterial vaginosis (bv), a disruption of the normal vaginal flora, has been associated with a 60% increased risk of hiv-1 acquisition in women and higher concentration of hiv-1 rna in the genital tract of hiv-1-infected women. however, whether bv, which is present in up to half of african hiv-1-infected women, is associated with an increase in hiv-1 transmission to male partners has not been assessed in previous studies.201222745608
the effect of medical male circumcision on urogenital mycoplasma genitalium among men in kisumu, kenya.we determined the prevalence of urethral mycoplasma genitalium (mg) infection and whether infection was associated with circumcision status among men enrolled in the randomized trial of medical male circumcision to prevent hiv acquisition in kisumu, kenya.201222421693
herpes simplex virus 2 infection impacts stress granule accumulation.interference with stress granule (sg) accumulation is gaining increased appreciation as a common strategy used by diverse viruses to facilitate their replication and to cope with translational arrest. here, we examined the impact of infection by herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) on sg accumulation by monitoring the localization of the sg components t cell internal antigen 1 (tia-1), ras-gtpase-activating sh3-domain-binding protein (g3bp), and poly(a)-binding protein (pabp). our results indicate tha ...201222623775
the relationship between age of coital debut and hiv seroprevalence among women in durban, south africa: a cohort study.objectives to investigate the impact of early sexual debut on hiv seroprevalence and incidence rates among a cohort of women. design prospective study. setting kwazulu-natal, south africa. participants a total of 3492 sexually active women who consented to screen a hiv prevention trial during september 2002 to september 2005; a total of 1485 of them were followed for approximately 24 months. primary and secondary outcome measures hiv seroprevalence among those who were screened for the trial ...201222223838
tlr3 deficiency renders astrocytes permissive to herpes simplex virus infection and facilitates establishment of cns infection in mice.herpes simplex viruses (hsvs) are highly prevalent neurotropic viruses. while they can replicate lytically in cells of the epithelial lineage, causing lesions on mucocutaneous surfaces, hsvs also establish latent infections in neurons, which act as reservoirs of virus for subsequent reactivation events. immunological control of hsv involves activation of innate immune pattern-recognition receptors such as tlr3, which detects double-stranded rna and induces type i ifn expression. humans with defe ...201222426207
poly (i:c), an agonist of toll-like receptor-3, inhibits replication of the chikungunya virus in beas-2b cells.double-stranded rna (dsrna) and its mimic, polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid [poly (i:c)], are recognized by toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) and induce interferon (ifn)-β in many cell types. poly (i:c) is the most potent ifn inducer. in in vivo mouse studies, intraperitoneal injection of poly (i:c) elicited ifn-α/β production and natural killer (nk) cells activation. the tlr3 pathway is suggested to contribute to innate immune responses against many viruses, including influenza virus, respirator ...201222698190
[relationship of cytomegalovirus, chlamydia pneumoniae and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections with preeclampsia].to explore the potential relationship of cytomegalovirus (cmv), chlamydia pneumoniae (cp) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in inflammation and preeclampsia.201222883201
pityriasis lichenoides chronica associated with herpes simplex virus type 2.introduction. pityriasis lichenoides is a rare, acquired spectrum of skin conditions of an unknown etiology. case report. a 28-year-old man presented with recurrent outbreaks of herpes simplex virus associated with the onset of red-to-brown maculopapules located predominantly in trunk in each recurrence. positive serologies to herpes simplex virus type 2 were detected. histopathological examination of one of the lesions was consistent with a diagnosis of pityriasis lichenoides chronica. discussi ...201223243523
effects of valacyclovir on markers of disease progression in postpartum women co-infected with hiv-1 and herpes simplex virus-2.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) suppression has been shown to reduce hiv-1 disease progression in non-pregnant women and men, but effects on pregnant and postpartum women have not been described.201222701683
pathological effect of il-17a-producing tcrγδ(+) t cells in mouse genital mucosa against hsv-2 infection.interleukin (il)-17a is a cytokine that plays an important role in infectious, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. in this study, we found that tcrγδ(+)cd4(-)cd8(-) t cells, but not tcrαβ(+)cd4(+) t cells, are the primary producers of il-17a in the genital tract of female mice in the steady-state condition. high mrna levels of il-17a and rorγt were determined in tcrγδ(+) t cells isolated from mouse genital tract but lacked detectable expression of ifnγ, t-bet, and foxp3. il-17a production by ...201222698680
topical microbicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections.two decades of research on topical microbicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections (stis) have had limited success. however, new microbicide randomised controlled trial (rct) data have recently been published; but these have not yet been the subject of a systematic review.201222696373
the risk of mental health disorders among u.s. military personnel infected with human immunodeficiency virus, active component, u.s. armed forces, 2000-2011.mental health disorders (mhd) are reportedly more common among soldiers and airmen with hiv than their seronegative counterparts. this report documents the incidence rates of mhd among hiv-positive members of all service branches and compares the rates to those of two hiv-unexposed control groups: an hsv2-infected group and a group without documented hiv or hsv2 infections. approximately 56 percent of hiv-infected service members received an incident diagnosis of a mhd six months or more after t ...201222694588
hiv delays ifn-α production from human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and is associated with syk phosphorylation.plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are the major producers of type i interferons (ifns) in humans and rapidly produce ifn-α in response to virus exposure. although hiv infection is associated with pdc activation, it is unclear why the innate immune response is unable to effectively control viral replication. we systematically compared the effect of hiv, influenza, sendai, and hsv-2 at similar target cell multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) on human pdc function. we found that influenza, sendai, h ...201222693567
nasal and skin delivery of ic31(®)-adjuvanted recombinant hsv-2 gd protein confers protection against genital herpes.genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) remains the leading cause of genital ulcers worldwide. given the disappointing results of the recent genital herpes vaccine trials in humans, development of novel vaccine strategies capable of eliciting protective mucosal and systemic immune responses to hsv-2 is urgently required. here we tested the ability of the adjuvant ic31(®) in combination with hsv-2 glycoprotein d (gd) used through intranasal (i.n.), intradermal (i.d.), or subc ...201222682292
herpes simplex virus-2 glycoprotein interaction with hvem influences virus-specific recall cellular responses at the mucosa.infection of susceptible cells by herpes simplex virus (hsv) requires the interaction of the hsv gd glycoprotein with one of two principal entry receptors, herpes virus entry mediator (hvem) or nectins. hvem naturally functions in immune signaling, and the gd-hvem interaction alters innate signaling early after mucosal infection. we investigated whether the gd-hvem interaction during priming changes lymphocyte recall responses in the murine intravaginal model. mice were primed with attenuated hs ...201222666282
prediction and identification of potential immunodominant epitopes in glycoproteins b, c, e, g, and i of herpes simplex virus type 2.twenty b candidate epitopes of glycoproteins b (gb2), c (gc2), e (ge2), g (gg2), and i (gi2) of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) were predicted using dnastar, biosun, and antheprot methods combined with the polynomial method. subsequently, the biological functions of the peptides were tested via experiments in vitro. among the 20 epitope peptides, 17 could react with the antisera to the corresponding parent proteins in the eia tests. in particular, five peptides, namely, gb2(466-473) (eqdrkpr ...201222649465
herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of human epithelial cells induces cxcl9 expression and cd4+ t cell migration via activation of p38-ccaat/enhancer-binding protein-β pathway.recruitment of cd4(+) t cells to infection areas after hsv-2 infection may be one of the mechanisms that account for increased hiv-1 sexual transmission. lymphocytes recruited by chemokine cxcl9 are known to be important in control of hsv-2 infection in mice, although the underlying mechanism remains to be addressed. based on our observation that cxcl9 expression is augmented in the cervical mucus of hsv-2-positive women, in this study we demonstrate that hsv-2 infection directly induces cxcl9 e ...201222586042
biological basis for the protective effect conferred by male circumcision against hiv infection.here we provide an up-to-date review of research that explains why uncircumcised men are at higher risk of hiv infection. the inner foreskin is a mucosal epithelium deficient in protective keratin, yet rich in hiv target cells. soon after sexual exposure to infected mucosal secretions of a hiv-positive partner, infected t-cells from the latter form viral synapses with keratinocytes and transfer hiv to langerhans cells via dendrites that extend to just under the surface of the inner foreskin. the ...201222581866
the roles of self-efficacy and pretest counseling in type 2 herpes simplex virus screening in asymptomatic adults.to evaluate the role of counseling for patients undergoing screening for type 2 herpes simplex virus (hsv-2). using pre- and post-screening questionnaires, we evaluated correlations between demographic factors, measures of self-efficacy and follow-through with the screening test, and willingness to take antiviral medication and share results with sexual partners.201222551336
prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in different risk groups: thirty years after the onset of hiv.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv2) is a sexually transmitted disease causing a lifelong persisting infection.201222538395
permissive and protective factors associated with presence, level, and longitudinal pattern of cervicovaginal hiv shedding.cervicovaginal hiv level (cv-vl) influences hiv transmission. plasma viral load (pvl) correlates with cv-vl, but discordance is frequent. we evaluated how pvl, behavioral, immunological, and local factors/conditions individually and collectively correlate with cv-vl.201222517416
impact of asymptomatic herpes simplex virus-2 infection on t cell phenotype and function in the foreskin.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) increases the risk of hiv acquisition in men and overall cd4 t cell density in the foreskin. using tissues obtained during routine male circumcision, we examined the impact of hsv-2 on the function and phenotype of foreskin t cells in ugandan men. hsv-2 infection was predominantly associated with a compartmentalized increase in ccr5 expression by foreskin cd4 t cells, which may contribute to hiv susceptibility.201222516874
case-crossover analysis of condom use and herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition.although growing evidence suggests that condoms offer moderate protection against herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), inability to control for unknown or unmeasured confounders associated with sexual activity may reduce the accuracy of the estimates. the case-crossover design offers increased control of individual-level confounders, and was thus used with the aim of producing a more accurate estimate of the effect of condom use on hsv-2 acquisition.201222504606
prevalence and risk factors of hsv-2 infection and hsv-2/hiv coinfection in men who have sex with men in china: a multisite cross-sectional study.to determine the prevalence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection and its coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in men who have sex with men (msm) in china.201222504598
lack of association between herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and cervical cancer--taq man realtime pcr assay findings.about one third of the human population suffer cancer during their lifetime and more than 20% of total morbidity is related to neoplasia. cervical cancer is generally the most common cancer in developing countries and the second most common in women globally. the role of human papilloma viruses viruses in its induction is clear. however, the involvement of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is controversial. therefore a survey was conducted of the prevalence of hsv-2 in patients with cervical c ...201222502697
a 3-o-sulfated heparan sulfate binding peptide preferentially targets herpes simplex virus 2-infected cells.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is the primary cause of genital herpes, which is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral infections worldwide and a major cofactor for human immunodeficiency virus infection. the lack of an effective vaccine or treatment and the emergence of drug-resistant strains highlight the need for developing new antivirals for hsv-2. here, we demonstrate that a low-molecular-weight peptide isolated against 3-o-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-os hs) can efficiently block ...201222491462
herpes simplex virus type 2 of the palm as an aids-defining complex.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hhv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world. in the immunocompromised host, including patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), herpes simplex virus is at high risk for reactivation. we present a woman with hiv and a large ulcer of the palm determined to be hhv-2. not only was the location of her ulcer unusual, but her cd4 lymphocyte count continued to drop despite improvement of the palmar ulceration with treatment. as a resul ...201222474730
intravaginal ring delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for prevention of hiv and herpes simplex virus infection.a safe and effective topical prevention strategy will likely require sustained delivery of potent antiviral drugs and a delivery system that simultaneously maximizes drug distribution and overcomes the behavioural challenges related to adherence. activity against hiv and herpes simplex virus (hsv) would be advantageous, given the epidemiological link between the two pathogens. we hypothesize that tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir df), a prodrug of tenofovir, may be more potent than tenofo ...201222467632
value of herpes simplex virus type-specific serology: a case report.genital herpes, usually caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in humans. by contrast, intrauterine hsv-2 infections have been described rarely in the literature. our report describes a case of neonate who was delivered after 30+2 gestational weeks by cesarean section. he presented with a respiratory distress syndrome resulting in broncho-pulmonary dysplasia. at the age of 6 weeks, a chorioretinal scar was detected. during the 4th m ...201222465341
successful treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 proctitis with leflunomide in an hiv-infected man.human herpes simplex virus infections are very common and represent significant morbidity in the immunocompromised host. patients with acyclovir resistant strains of hsv based on viral thymidine kinase gene mutations need alternative therapeutic approaches. leflunomide has been shown to possess antiviral activity against several viruses. herein we describe a case of acyclovir resistant hsv-2 proctitis in an hiv patient successfully treated with leflunomide without significant side effects.201222465339
long-term valacyclovir suppressive treatment after herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is a common cause of acute and recurrent aseptic meningitis. our aim was to determine the impact of antiviral suppression on recurrence of meningitis and to delineate the full spectrum of neurological complications.201222460966
effect of daily aciclovir on hiv disease progression in individuals in rakai, uganda, co-infected with hiv-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.daily suppression of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) reduces plasma hiv-1 concentrations and modestly delayed hiv-1 disease progression in one clinical trial. we investigated the effect of daily suppressive aciclovir on hiv-1 disease progression in rakai, uganda.201222433279
incidence, prevalence, and epidemiology of herpes simplex virus-2 in hiv-1-positive and hiv-1-negative adolescents.several studies have assessed risk factors associated with herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) prevalence in adults; however, few have focused on hsv-2 incidence, particularly in adolescents. the objective of this study was to determine hsv-2 prevalence and incidence and associated risk factors in a hiv-1-positive and at risk hiv-1-negative adolescent population.201222421698
challenges in assessing associations between hormonal contraceptive use and the risks of hiv-1 acquisition and transmission.prior observational studies produced inconsistent findings regarding hormonal contraception (hc) and risks of hiv acquisition and transmission. heffron et al. conducted secondary data analyses on 3790 hiv discordant couples enrolled in two studies (a randomized trial of hsv-2 suppression and a study of immune correlates of hiv-1 protection) to assess hiv-1 acquisition and transmission in relation to hc use in females. hiv incidence among female hc nonusers was 3.8/100 person years (py), compared ...201222393886
drug delivery in multiple indication (multipurpose) prevention technologies: systems to prevent hiv-1 transmission and unintended pregnancies or hsv-2 transmission.the development of multiple indication (multipurpose) prevention technologies (mipts) is driven by overlapping relationships in the area of female reproductive health.201222385316
infectious co-factors in hiv-1 transmission herpes simplex virus type-2 and hiv-1: new insights and interventions.over the last thirty years, epidemiologic and molecular studies indicate a strong and synergist relationship between the dual epidemics of herpes simplex type 2 (hsv-2) and hiv-1 infection. while prospective studies show that hsv-2 infection increases the risk for hiv-1 acquisition by 2- to 3-fold, hsv-2 suppression with standard prophylactic doses of hsv-2 therapy did not prevent hiv-1 acquisition. reconciling these discrepancies requires understanding recent hsv-2 pathogenesis research, which ...201222384842
objective identification of sexual risk behavior among blood donors in croatia: is it reality?the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of blood donors positive for herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), to identify the patterns of sexual risk behavior responsible for hsv-2 positivity and to assess the reliability of hsv-2 positivity as a marker of sexual risk behavior in the study population.201222372342
an unusual case of herpes simplex viral encephalitis following acute retinal necrosis after administration of a systemic steroid.acute retinal necrosis (arn), a viral retinal disease with poor visual prognosis, following herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) are uncommonly seen, and there has been no case yet reported of the reverse situation. we herein present the reverse situation, an immune-competent patient with hse following arn. a 57-year-old man who had been under steroid therapy for retinal vasculitis the prior two weeks, presented with abrupt confusion and high fever. his cerebrospinal fluid study and brain magnetic ...201224649457
effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of hiv and herpes simplex type 2 in malawi: a cluster randomised trial.lack of education and an economic dependence on men are often suggested as important risk factors for hiv infection in women. we assessed the efficacy of a cash transfer programme to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections in young women.201222341825
acyclovir achieves a lower concentration in african hiv-seronegative, herpes simplex virus 2-seropositive women than in non-african populations.acyclovir pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 68 hiv-seronegative, herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2)-seropositive african women, who received a single oral 400-mg dose of acyclovir, with plasma acyclovir concentrations measured over 8 h. geometric mean peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve were 0.31 μg/ml and 1.59 h · μg/ml, respectively, 54% and 52% lower than values from non-africans. lower acyclovir concentrations may partly explain the reduced acyclovir suppression of hsv ...201222330926
equal hiv-1 decay kinetics in hsv-2-infected and hsv-2-uninfected clinical trial participants treated with antiretroviral therapy.herpes simplex virus-2 increases hiv-1 viral load and may augment hiv-1 transmission probability. to test the hypothesis that lower hiv-1 clearance rates in hsv-2-infected persons may account for this higher hiv-1 viral load, we studied 149 participants from 3 actg viral dynamic studies (a315, a5160s, and a5166s). though hiv-1 viral load was 0.19 logs higher in hsv-2-positive versus hsv-2-negative persons, first and second phase clearance rates during antiretroviral therapy were equal between pa ...201222330608
bioactivity-guided fractionation of phyllanthus orbicularis and identification of the principal anti hsv-2 compounds.the antiherpes virus properties of phyllanthus orbicularis kunth, a cuban-endemic medicinal plant, have been reported previously but data on its phytochemical profile and identification of antiviral metabolites as well as their mechanisms of action are still lacking. in this work, a bioactivity-guided phytochemical analysis was performed in order to isolate anti hsv-2 compounds. p. orbicularis contained mainly phenolic acids derivatives and flavonoids. the antiviral effects were attributed to (- ...201222318977
herpes simplex virus 2 infection rate and necessity of screening during pregnancy: a clinical and seroepidemiologic study.this study determined the seroprevalence of herpes virus 2 in gravidas and the differences between herpes virus 2-infected and healthy gravidas. the need to screen gravidas for herpes virus 2 was also evaluated.201222318830
live attenuated herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein e deletion mutant as a vaccine candidate defective in neuronal spread.a herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein e deletion mutant (ge2-del virus) was evaluated as a replication-competent, attenuated live virus vaccine candidate. the ge2-del virus is defective in epithelial cell-to-axon spread and in anterograde transport from the neuron cell body to the axon terminus. in balb/c and scid mice, the ge2-del virus caused no death or disease after vaginal, intravascular, or intramuscular inoculation and was 5 orders of magnitude less virulent than wild-type virus w ...201222318147
exploiting the anti-hiv-1 activity of acyclovir: suppression of primary and drug-resistant hiv isolates and potentiation of the activity by ribavirin.multiple clinical trials have demonstrated that herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) suppressive therapy using acyclovir (acv) or valacyclovir in hiv-1/hsv-2-infected persons increased the patient's survival and decreased the hiv-1 load. it has been shown that the incorporation of acv-monophosphate into the nascent dna chain instead of dgmp results in the termination of viral dna elongation and directly inhibits laboratory strains of hiv-1. we evaluated here the anti-hiv activity of acv against primar ...201222314523
mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species negatively regulates immune innate signaling pathways triggered by a dna virus, but not by an rna virus.reactive oxygen species (ros) are crucial secondary messengers of signaling pathways. redox-dependent signaling events have been previously described in the innate immune response. however, the mechanism by which ros modulates anti-viral innate immune signaling is not fully clarified. here, we report that mitochondria-derived ros differentially regulate the innate response to dna and rna viruses (herpes simplex virus (hsv) and sendai virus (sev), respectively), with the cytokine response to hsv ...201222310710
recombinant cell lines expressing shrna targeting herpes simplex virus 2 vp16 inhibit virus replication.to establish hsv2 vp16 targeting shrna-expressing cell lines and investigate the antiviral effect of shrna targeting hsv2 vp16.201222286011
prolonged detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) dna in cerebrospinal fluid despite antiviral therapy in a patient with hsv-2-associated radiculitis.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) can cause radiculo-myelitis as a neurological manifestation. we report a case of ongoing hsv-2 dna positivity in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of at least eight weeks under antiviral therapy with acyclovir in a highly immunocompromised hemato-oncologic patient with hsv-2-associated radiculitis. upon admission, the patient presented with pain, leg paresis, and urinary incontinence, as well as pleocytosis in the csf. quantitative real-time pcr of the csf at day ...201222267477
prevalence and risk factors associated with herpes simplex virus-2 infection in a contemporary cohort of hiv-infected persons in the united states.we compared the herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seroprevalence in a contemporary hiv cohort with the general us population and determined risk factors for hsv-2 infection among hiv-infected persons.201222249305
prevalence and concordance of hpv, hiv, and hsv-2 in heterosexual couples in kigali, rwanda.in the absence of prospectively collected transmission data, the transmission potential of a sexually transmissible infection (sti) can be estimated by its proxy of concordance in sexual partners. here we report concordance data of 3 viral stis: human papillomavirus (hpv), hiv, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) among heterosexual couples in kigali, rwanda.201222249302
sequential changes in pathophysiology of systemic inflammatory response in a disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection.disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection causes a typical systemic inflammatory response syndrome and has a high mortality rate. however, the validity of anti-inflammatory intervention against this condition remains unknown.201222237001
standard-dose and high-dose daily antiviral therapy for short episodes of genital hsv-2 reactivation: three randomised, open-label, cross-over trials.skin and mucosal herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) shedding predominantly occurs in short subclinical episodes. we assessed whether standard-dose or high-dose antiviral therapy reduces the frequency of such shedding.201222225814
exploring the ethics of observational research: the case of an hiv study in tanzania.observational studies have generally been viewed as incurring minimal risk to participants, resulting in fewer ethical obligations for investigators than intervention studies. in 2004, the lead author (an) carried out an observational study measuring sexual behavior and the prevalence of hiv, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), among tanzanian agricultural plantation residents (results reported elsewhere). this article uses an ethical lens to consider the consequences of the obser ...201224069546
meningitis retention syndrome.a 50-year-old caucasian woman presented with signs and symptoms of meningitis preceded by a 3 day history of flu-like symptoms and progressive difficulty with urination. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis was consistent with aseptic meningitis. she was found to have a significant urinary retention secondary to atonic bladder. mri of the brain and spine were normal and csf-pcr (polymerase chain reaction) was positive for hsv-2. urinary retention in the context of meningitis and csf pleocytosis is ...201223882352
fulminant gestational hepatitis due to primary herpes simplex type 2 infection: use of serum hsv polymerase chain reaction for noninvasive diagnosis.acute gestational hepatitis from herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. we present the first reported case of primary hsv type 2 hepatitis in a pregnant woman who was diagnosed by detection of hsv-2 viremia via real-time polymerase chain reaction. the patient was successfully treated with acyclovir and delivered a healthy infant.201222104186
prophylactic, therapeutic and neutralizing effects of zinc oxide tetrapod structures against herpes simplex virus type-2 infection.the attachment of herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) to a target cell requires ionic interactions between negatively charged cell surface co-receptor heparan sulfate (hs) and positively charged residues on viral envelop glycoproteins, gb and gc. effective blocking of this first step of hsv-2 pathogenesis demonstrates significant prophylactic effects against the viral disease; any in vitro therapeutic effects of blocking this interaction, however, are not clear. here, we provide new evidence tha ...201223047013
arginine inactivates human herpesvirus 2 and inhibits genital herpesvirus infection.arginine, among the amino acids, has demonstrated unique properties, including suppression of protein-protein interactions and virus inactivation. we investigated the effects of arginine on the infectivity of human herpesvirus 2 (hhv-2) and the potential application of arginine as a chemotherapeutic agent against genital herpes. arginine directly inactivated hhv-2 and characterization of the inactivation demonstrated that 1 m arginine at ph 4.3 inactivated the virus more efficiently compared to ...201223042569
herpes simplex virus and hiv: genital infection synergy and novel approaches to dual prevention.sexual transmission of hiv-1, in the absence of co-factors, is poorly efficient. data support that herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) may increase a woman's susceptibility to hiv-1. potential mechanisms by which hsv-2 serves as an hiv-1 enhancing co-factor include (1) initiation of a clinical or subclinical mucosal inflammatory response, (2) alteration of innate mucosal immunity and (3) weakening or breaching the protective genital epithelia. no clinical trial has examined prevention of primary ...201223033511
estimation of population-size changes and hiv prevalence among female sex workers from 2006 to 2009 in kaiyuan, yunnan, china.this study is to estimate the population size and prevalence of hiv and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infections among female sex workers (fsws) in kaiyuan, yunnan province, china.201223026531
[effect and mechanism of saururus chinensis against herpes dimplex virus].to seek effective drugs inhibiting herpes simplex virus (hsv-2) with the signal pathway required by virus replication as the target spot.201222993999
a herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein d mutant generated by bacterial artificial chromosome mutagenesis is severely impaired for infecting neuronal cells and infects only vero cells expressing exogenous hvem.we constructed a herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone, bhsv2-bac38, which contains full-length hsv-2 inserted into a bac vector. unlike previously reported hsv-2 bac clones, the virus genome inserted into this bac clone has no known gene disruptions. virus derived from the bac clone had a wild-type phenotype for growth in vitro and for acute infection, latency, and reactivation in mice. hvem, expressed on epithelial cells and lymphocytes, and nectin-1, expre ...201222993162
male circumcision programmes in kenya: lessons from the kenya aids indicator survey 2007.to provide guidance for male circumcision programmes in kenya by estimating the population of uncircumcised men and investigating the association between circumcision and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), with particular reference to uncircumcised, hiv-uninfected men.201222984308
inactivated hsv-2 in mpl/alum adjuvant provides nearly complete protection against genital infection and shedding following long term challenge and rechallenge.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection can result in life-long recurrent genital disease, asymptomatic virus shedding, and transmission. no vaccine to date has shown significant protection clinically. here, we used a mouse model of genital hsv-2 infection to test the efficacy of a vaccine consisting of whole, formalin-inactivated hsv-2 (fi-hsv2) formulated with monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl) and alum adjuvants. vaccine components were administered alone or as a prime-boost immunization toge ...201222947141
hiv-1 and herpes simplex virus type-2 genital shedding among co-infected women using self-collected swabs in chiang rai, thailand.we analysed 528 genital self-collected swabs (scs) from 67 hiv-1 and herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) co-infected women collected during the placebo month of a randomized crossover clinical trial of suppressive acyclovir in chiang rai, thailand. in this first longitudinal study of hiv-1 and hsv-2 co-infected women using genital scs specimens, we found frequent mucosal hiv-1 shedding. overall, 372 (70%) swabs had detectable hiv-1 rna with median hiv-1 viral load of 2.61 log(10) copies/swab. we ...201222930292
potential role of tenofovir vaginal gel for reduction of risk of herpes simplex virus in females.a surprising result of the groundbreaking caprisa-004 trial, which demonstrated the efficacy of vaginal tenofovir 1% gel in reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 infection by 39% in heterosexual women, was the added benefit of this microbicide in reducing acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) by 51%. hsv-2 is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide, and is responsible for considerable morbidity among women and neonates. the virus is further impli ...201222927765
polyethyleneimine is a potent mucosal adjuvant for viral glycoprotein antigens.protection against mucosally transmitted infections probably requires immunity at the site of pathogen entry, yet there are no mucosal adjuvant formulations licensed for human use. polyethyleneimine (pei) represents a family of organic polycations used as nucleic acid transfection reagents in vitro and dna vaccine delivery vehicles in vivo. here we show that diverse pei forms have potent mucosal adjuvant activity for viral subunit glycoprotein antigens. a single intranasal administration of infl ...201222922673
costs and effectiveness of neonatal male circumcision.to evaluate the expected change in the prevalence of male circumcision (mc)-reduced infections and resulting health care costs associated with continued decreases in mc rates. during the past 20 years, mc rates have declined from 79% to 55%, alongside reduced insurance coverage.201222911349
deciphering the epidemic synergy of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection among women in sub-saharan africa.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is highly prevalent in regions disproportionately affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) epidemic. the objective of our study was to identify the risk factors of hsv-2 and hiv-1 infections and to examine the association between the two infections.201222909236
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