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risk assessment of the lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in southern spain.the presence of heavy metals in big game meat may pose a risk to human health. the main objective of this paper is to carry out a risk assessment study (using a probabilistic and point-estimate approach) of lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in southern spain based on spanish data collected in the period 2003-2006. in general, the concentration levels found for wild boar meat (meanôçë=ôçë1291ôçë-ágôçëkg(-1)) were much higher than those observed in red deer meat (meanôçë=ôç ...201121728894
epigenetic mechanisms in stress and adaptation.epigenetic mechanisms are processes at the level of the chromatin that control the expression of genes but their role in neuro-immuno-endocrine communication is poorly understood. this review focuses on epigenetic modifications induced by a range of stressors, both physical and psychological, and examines how these variations can affect the biological activity of cells. it is clear that epigenetic modifications are critical in explaining how environmental factors, which have no effect on the dna ...201121704151
decreasing prevalence of brucellosis in red deer through efforts to control disease in livestock.summary when a pathogen infects a number of different hosts, the process of determining the relative importance of each host species to the persistence of the pathogen is often complex. removal of a host species is a potential but rarely possible way of discovering the importance of that species to the dynamics of the disease. this study presents the results of a 12-year programme aimed at controlling brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats and the cascading impacts on brucellosis in a sympatric ...201121676351
transactivation of egfr/pi3k/akt involved in atp-induced inflammatory protein expression and cell motility.phenotype transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) is important in vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. once released, atp may promote activation of vsmcs by stimulating cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), cytosolic phospholipase a(2) (cpla(2) ) expression and prostaglandin (pg)e(2) synthesis via activation of mapks and nf-+¦b. however, whether alternative signaling pathways participated in regulating cox-2 and cpla(2) expression associated with cell migration were investig ...201121678415
erk pathway mediates p2x7 expression and cell death in renal interstitial fibroblasts exposed to necrotic renal epithelial cells.we recently reported that necrotic renal proximal epithelial cells (rptc) stimulate the expression of p2x7 receptor in renal fibroblasts and that p2x7 receptor mediates deleterious epithelial-fibroblast cross talk. the present study was carried out to investigate the signaling mechanism of necrotic rptc-induced p2x7 expression in cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts (nrk-49f). exposure of nrk-49f to necrotic rptc supernatant (rptc-sup) induced a time- and dose-dependent phosphorylation of sev ...201121677150
wild and farm breeding cervids infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum.the main goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wild cervids living in north-eastern part of poland. material used in the study was gathered between the years 2004- 2008. the blood samples from 106 red deer (cervus elaphus), 32 sika deer (cervus nippon hortulorum), 130 fallow deer (dama dama) and 31 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected. dna was isolated using genomic mini ax blood kit (a and a biotechnology). molecular detection of a ...201121739932
identification of functional ccaat/enhancer-binding protein and ets protein binding sites in the human chorionic somatomammotropin enhancer sequences.the human chorionic somatomammotropin (cs) a and b genes (listed as csh1 and csh2 in the hugo database) are highly expressed in placenta. a 241ôçèbp potent enhancer, nucleotides (nts) 1-241, located at the 3' end of the cs-b gene (cs-benh) stimulates promoter activity specifically in placental trophoblast cells in vitro. strong activity is exerted by a 23ôçèbp element within the cs-benh (nts 117-139), shown to interact with transcription enhancer factor (tef) members of the transcription enhance ...201121737519
tubular frameworks guiding orderly bone formation in the antler of the red deer (cervus elaphus).deer antler is a bony tissue which re-grows every year after shedding. growth speed and material properties of this tissue are truly remarkable, making it an interesting model for bone regeneration. surprisingly, not much is known about the ultrastructure of the calcified tissues and the temporal sequence of their development during antler growth. we use a combination of imaging tools based on light and electron microscopy to characterize antler tissue at various stages of development. we observ ...201121704707
decomposing variation in population growth into contributions from environment and phenotypes in an age-structured population.evaluating the relative importance of ecological drivers responsible for natural population fluctuations in size is challenging. longitudinal studies where most individuals are monitored from birth to death and where environmental conditions are known provide a valuable resource to characterize complex ecological interactions. we used a recently developed approach to decompose the observed fluctuation in population growth of the red deer population on the isle of rum into contributions from clim ...201121715404
dna vaccination of bison to brucellar antigens elicits elevated antibody and ifn-+¦ responses.brucella abortus remains a threat to the health and well-being of livestock in states bordering the greater yellowstone area. during the past several years, cohabitation of infected wildlife with cattle has jeopardized the brucellosis-free status of idaho, usa; wyoming, usa; and montana, usa. current livestock b. abortus vaccines have not proven to be efficacious in bison (bison bison) or elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). one problem with the lack of vaccine efficacy may stem from the failure to und ...201121719815
spatial and temporal patterns of intraspecific morphological variation in dactylogyrus simplexus from fathead minnows in nebraska.abstract dactylogyrus simplexus monaco and mizelle, 1955, occurs on the gills of fathead minnows (pimephales promelas). previous research on parasites of fathead minnows from 3 converging nebraska streams, elk creek, oak creek, and west oak creek, shows that fish in each stream constitute distinct populations. to determine whether their parasites had diverged structurally in response to such isolation, or in response to seasonal change, we searched for patterns of intraspecific morphometric vari ...201121721902
evaluation of the efficacy of commercial vaccines against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in experimentally infected red deer (cervus elaphus).red deer (cervus elaphus) is a widespread and abundant species susceptible to bluetongue virus (btv) infection. inclusion of red deer vaccination among btv control measures should be considered. four out of twelve btv antibody negative deer were vaccinated against serotype 1 (btv-1), and four against serotype 8 (btv-8). the remaining four deer acted as unvaccinated controls. forty-two days after vaccination (dpv), all deer were inoculated with a low cell passage of the corresponding btv strains. ...201121824733
cellular and molecular mechanism of interleukin-1β modulation of caco-2 intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier.interleukin-1β (il-1β) is a prototypical multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in intestinal inflammation of crohn's disease and other inflammatory conditions of the gut. previous studies have shown that il-1β causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (tj) permeability both in in vivo animal and in vitro cell culture model systems. the il-1β-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tj permeability has been postulated to be an important pathogenic mechanism contr ...201120406328
anaplasma spp. in wild mammals and ixodes ricinus from the north of spain.our objectives were to investigate the presence of anaplasma spp. infection in red deer, wild boars, and ixodes ricinus removed from deer surveyed in la rioja, as well as to analyze the presence of anaplasma spp. in i. ricinus from different spanish regions--ours included. a total of 21 deer and 13 wild boar blood samples as well as 295 i. ricinus removed from deer, vegetation, or asymptomatic people were tested by polymerase chain reaction targeting anaplasma spp. 16s rrna gene and groesl heat ...201120528172
response of thawed epididymal red deer spermatozoa to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, and importance of individual male variability.oxidative stress represents a challenge during sperm manipulation. we have tested the effect of increasing hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) levels on red deer spermatozoa after cryopreservation, and the role of male-to-male variation in that response. in a first experiment, eight thawed samples were submitted to 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μm h(2)o(2) for 2 h at 37 °c. intracellular reactive oxygen species (h(2)dcfda-cm) increased with h(2)o(2) concentration, but we only detected a decrease in sperm func ...201120678089
ac3-33, a novel secretory protein, inhibits elk1 transcriptional activity via erk pathway.the transcription factor ap-1 plays an important role in cellular proliferation, transformation and death. in this study, we report a novel human gene, ac3-33 (genbank name: c3orf33, flj31139), which encodes a secretory protein that can inhibit elk1 transcriptional activity via erk1/2 pathway. the ac3-33 mrna encodes a protein of 251 amino acids, which is a classical secretory protein. functional investigation reveals that overexpression of ac3-33 significantly inhibit ap-1 activity and dna-bind ...201120680465
the p38 sapk is recruited to chromatin via its interaction with transcription factors.in mammals, the stress-activated protein kinase (sapk) p38 coordinates a rapid and complex transcriptional program to adapt to sudden changes in the extracellular environment. although a number of genes have been reported to be under the control of p38, the basic mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by this sapk remain uncharacterized. here we show that in response to osmotic shock, anisomycin- or tnfα-activated p38 sapk is recruited to stress-induced genes. the mapkk mkk6 is also found at s ...201020682780
status of brucellosis in free-ranging elk and bison in wyoming.brucella abortus is the causative agent of brucellosis, a disease enzootic in populations of free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem, usa. we define the distribution of the disease in elk throughout wyoming, usa, using three epidemiologic/geographic classifications based on winter-foraging opportunity. antibody prevalence for >3,300 yearling and adult, female elk, sampled from supplemental feedgrounds in western wyoming, usa, since 1985, was ...201020688637
new records of hair follicle mites (demodecidae) from north american cervidae.individuals of three species of cervids, with varying degrees of alopecia, were examined for ectoparasites: rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in colorado and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in south dakota. hair follicle mites were recovered and identified as demodex kutzeri, a species originally described from the european red deer (cervus elaphus, from austria) and the sika deer (cervus nippon pseudaxis, captive in germany). the ...201020688655
experimental infection in lambs with a red deer (cervus elaphus) isolate of anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum transmitted by ixodes spp. ticks is the causative agent of tick-borne fever (tbf) in domestic ruminants. tbf is widespread along the coast of southern norway and may cause a severe problem for the sheep industry. red deer (cervus elaphus) are important hosts for ticks and have been found to be infected naturally with a. phagocytophilum. however, it is unclear whether red deer could serve as reservoir hosts for a. phagocytophilum infections in sheep. we infected lambs ex ...201020688686
detection of hypoderma actaeon infestation in cervus elaphus with elisa and western blotting.we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blotting (wb) to evaluate the reactivity of first-stage larval extracts of hypoderma lineatum with antibodies in sera from 76 red deer from an endemic area for hypoderma actaeon. antibodies in sera from deer infested with h. actaeon recognized hypodermin c from h. lineatum in both elisa and wb assays. elisa values were correlated with the epidemiology of the fly infestation in the area where the deer sera were collected. there was no ...201020688700
bilateral complex microphthalmia with intraocular dermoid cyst in a neonate red deer (cervus elaphus).a 3-day-old, male red deer (cervus elaphus) with bilateral microphthalmia was found dead in the western alps in northern italy. no other gross alterations were present. ocular globes were formalin fixed and processed for histology. in both eyes, a large cyst, filled with keratin and lined by squamous epithelium admixed with sebaceous glands and hair follicles, expanded the anterior chamber. a mass composed of spindle cells and small tubules, embedded in myxoid ground substance, filled the vitrea ...201020688706
effects of wolves on elk and cattle behaviors: implications for livestock production and wolf conservation.in many areas, livestock are grazed within wolf (canis lupus) range. predation and harassment of livestock by wolves creates conflict and is a significant challenge for wolf conservation. wild prey, such as elk (cervus elaphus), perform anti-predator behaviors. artificial selection of cattle (bos taurus) might have resulted in attenuation or absence of anti-predator responses, or in erratic and inconsistent responses. regardless, such responses might have implications on stress and fitness.201020694139
post-translational control of ets transcription factors: detection of modified factors at target gene promoters.ets transcription factors are implicated in gene regulation during cell proliferation and in the development of the haematopoietic cell lineage. characteristically, ets proteins act in concert with other transcription factors and are regulated by post-translational modifications, most frequently phosphorylation. these events have been shown to modulate the dna binding affinity and interactions of ets transcription factors with co-activators, events that can ultimately determine the formation of ...201020694674
the changing brucella ecology: novel reservoirs, new threats.brucellosis is a zoonosis that preceded humans but continues to cause significant medical, veterinary and socioeconomic problems, mainly because its overall burden remains underestimated and neglected. its ecology, or what we know of it, has evolved rapidly in recent years. two novel species, brucella ceti and b. pinnipedialis, with the potential for causing human disease have been isolated from marine mammals. another novel species, b. microti, has been isolated from wildlife animals, whilst b. ...201020696557
antler development and coupled osteoporosis in the skeleton of red deer cervus elaphus: expression dynamics for regulatory and effector genes.antlers of deer display the fastest and most robust bone development in the animal kingdom. deposition of the minerals in the cartilage preceding ossification is a specific feature of the developing antler. we have cloned 28 genes which are upregulated in the cartilaginous section (called mineralized cartilage) of the developing ("velvet") antler of red deer stags, compared to their levels in the fetal cartilage. fifteen of these genes were further characterized by their expression pattern along ...201020697743
corvid birds (corvidae) act as definitive hosts for sarcocystis ovalis in moose (alces alces).epidemiological data and a unique phylogenetic position had suggested that sarcocystis ovalis in moose and red deer might use a definitive host other than canids, felids, or humans. corvid birds and rats were therefore evaluated as potential definitive hosts for this species in a small pilot study. four laboratory rats were each inoculated with 10 or 25 sarcocysts of s. ovalis isolated from moose, but no sarcocystis oocysts were detected in their intestinal mucosa upon euthanasia 2 to 3 weeks la ...201020697910
determinants of tick-borne encephalitis in counties of southern germany, 2001-2008.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus can cause severe symptoms in humans. the incidence of this vector-borne pathogen in humans is characterised by spatial and temporal heterogeneity. to explain the variation in reported human tbe cases per county in southern germany, we designed a time-lagged, spatially-explicit model that incorporates ecological, environmental, and climatic factors.201020707897
short communication: rapid antibiotic screening tests detect antibiotic residues in powdered milk products.rapid antibiotic screening tests are widely used in the dairy industry to monitor milk for the presence of antibiotic residues above regulated levels. given the persistent concern over contamination of milk products with antibiotic residues, we investigated the utility of idexx snap test devices (idexx laboratories inc., westbrook, me) as tools for detecting antibiotic residues in powdered milk products. five powdered milk products were reconstituted according to manufacturer specification with ...201020723670
evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay for the detection of brucella abortus antibodies in bison in a natural setting.bison and elk in the greater yellowstone area are the last-known reservoir of brucella abortus in the united states. diagnosis of brucellosis is challenging as there is no perfect reference test. the objectives of this study were to estimate the accuracy of the fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) for the screening of b. abortus antibodies in bison in a natural setting. serum and tissue samples were collected and analyzed from the known brucellosis-infected bison herd in yellowstone national pa ...201020727591
epidermal growth factor regulates pai-1 expression via activation of the transcription factor elk-1.pai-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) in breast cancer cells is involved in tumour development and metastasis of breast cancer cells. pai-1 function and the regulation of its expression have been precisely investigated. here we report that egf, which promotes breast cancer tumour growth and survival, rapidly induces pai-1 expression in the breast adenocarcinoma cell line mcf-7 through the activation of the transcription factor elk-1. we have found that the pai-1 promoter fragment (-140 to +1 ...201020727996
regulation of nrf2- and ap-1-mediated gene expression by epigallocatechin-3-gallate and sulforaphane in prostate of nrf2-knockout or c57bl/6j mice and pc-3 ap-1 human prostate cancer cells.to examine the regulatory crosstalk between the transcription factors nrf2 and ap-1 in prostate cancer (pca) by dietary cancer chemopreventive compounds (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) from green tea and sulforaphane (sfn) from cruciferous vegetables.201020729872
spray chilling of deer carcasses--effects on carcass weight, meat moisture content, purge and microbiological quality.twenty red deer carcasses were included in the study. two treatments were applied to the carcasses; control (air chilling) and spray chilling (n=10 for each treatment). carcass weight and temperature change were registered during over-night chilling. meat moisture content was measured in the shoulder, loin, flap and leg before and after the chilling treatments; purge, cooking loss and tenderness were measured in loin samples stored at -1.5 °c for 3 and 9 weeks. microbiological status was assesse ...201020732750
plasminogen stimulates propagation of protease-resistant prion protein in vitro.to clarify the role of plasminogen as a cofactor for prion propagation, we conducted functional assays using a cell-free prion protein (prp) conversion assay termed protein misfolding cyclic amplification (pmca) and prion-infected cell lines. here, we report that plasminogen stimulates propagation of the protease-resistant scrapie prp (prp(sc)). compared to control pmca conducted without plasminogen, addition of plasminogen in pmca using wild-type brain material significantly increased prp conve ...201020732953
pigment epithelium-derived factor induces interleukin-10 expression in human macrophages by induction of ppar gamma.in search for the anti-inflammation mechanism of pedf, we investigate whether pigment epithelium-derived factor (pedf) induces the gene expression of interleukin (il)-10 in human macrophages and determine the molecular basis of this induction.201020553736
angiotensin ii-induced upregulation of at(1) receptor expression: sequential activation of nf-kappab and elk-1 in neurons.it has been clearly established that increased circulating angiotensin ii (ang ii) with concurrent upregulation of brain and peripheral ang ii type 1 receptors (at(1)r) are important mediators in the pathophysiology of several diseases characterized by sympatho-excitation. in an effort to further understand the regulation of at(1)r expression in neurons, we determined the role of sequential activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) and ets-like protein 1 (elk-1) i ...201020554912
ternary complex factors sap-1 and elk-1, but not net, are functionally equivalent in thymocyte development.the ternary complex factors (tcfs; sap-1, elk-1, and net) are serum response factor cofactors that share many functional properties and are coexpressed in many tissues. sap-1, the predominant thymus tcf, is required for thymocyte positive selection. in this study, we assessed whether the different tcfs are functionally equivalent. elk-1 deletion, but not the hypomorphic net(delta) mutation, exacerbated the sap-1 positive selection phenotype, but triply deficient thymocytes were no more defective ...201020554967
mvp interacts with ypel4 and inhibits ypel4-mediated activities of the erk signal pathway.human ypel4 is a member of ypel family. it contains a yippee domain, which is a putative zinc-finger-like, metal-binding domain. the human ypel4 gene maps to chromosome 11q12.1, is ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues, and encodes a nuclear protein of 127 amino acids, the function of which remains unknown. to gain insights into the cellular function of this protein, we searched for ypel4-interacting proteins using a yeast two-hybrid screen. the major vault protein (mvp), a lung resistance ass ...201020555386
temporal autocorrelation functions for movement rates from global positioning system radiotelemetry data.autocorrelation has been viewed as a problem in telemetry studies because sequential observations are not independent in time or space, therefore violating assumptions for statistical inference. yet nearly all ecological and behavioural data are autocorrelated in both space and time. we argue that there is much to learn about the structure of ecological and behavioural data from patterns of autocorrelation. such patterns include periodicity in movement and patchiness in spatial data, which can b ...201020566498
consumer evaluation of venison sensory quality: effects of sex, body condition score and carcase suspension method.intact fallow bucks (n=20) and non-pregnant fallow does (n=24) (dama dama), in the body condition score (bcs) of 2, 3 and 4 (lean, prime and fat) and rising 2 year old red deer stags (n=26) (cervus elaphus) of the same bcs range (2-4) were used in this study to determine the impact of sex, bcs and method of carcase suspension on consumer perception of venison quality. consumers were asked to evaluate cooked meat samples (m. gluteus medius) on an unstructured line scale for colour, flavour, tende ...201020579815
factor binding and chromatin modification in the promoter of murine egr1 gene upon induction.the influence of chromatin on immediate-early gene expression has been studied in a model of egr1 induction in intact mouse cells. chip analysis of factor and rna polymerase binding reveals that the gene is constitutively poised for transcription in nonstimulated cells, but a repressing chromatin structure hampers productive transcription. stimulation with phorbol esters results in a transient activation, which starts at 5 min and peaks at 30 min. quantitative mapping of promoter occupancy by th ...201020582451
quality characteristics and composition of the longissimus muscle in the short-loin from male and female farmed red deer in new zealand.meat quality and composition characteristics are reported for the longissimus muscle from 10 red deer stags and 10 hinds aged about 20 months. all animals were pasture-finished but the stags and hinds came from different farms. the average carcass weight was 3.4 kg greater for the stag group (55.8 vs 52.4 kg; p=0.04), but measures of gr as a measure of fatness were similar and intramuscular fat content was significantly greater for the hind group (1.12% vs 0.63%; p<0.0001), as expected. the tend ...201020584574
comparison in effect of heatsynch with heat detection aids and cidr-heatsynch in dairy heifers.the objective of the present study was to determine whether oestrous detection with the help of oestrous detection aids during the heatsynch without timed ai protocol is equally effective with the progesterone-combined protocol in dairy heifers. a total of 148 heifers were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. a group of heifers treated with heatsynch with heat detection aids (n = 72) received gnrh on day 0, prostaglandin f(2alpha) (pgf(2alpha)) on day 7 and oestradiol benzoate (eb) on day ...201020586954
integrative genomic analyses on ikaros and its expression related to solid cancer prognosis.ikaros is a member of the kruppel family of zinc finger dna-binding proteins. the ikaros protein contains two separate regions of zinc-finger domains: 4 dna-binding zinc fingers near the n-terminus and 2 zinc fingers for protein-protein interactions near the c-terminus. here, we identified the ikaros gene from 14 vertebrate genomes and found ikaros existed in all kinds of vertebrate including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. moreover, except rat and xenopus tropicalis ikaros proteins, which ...201020596648
bovine hypodermosis--a global aspect.cattle hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a notorious veterinary problem throughout the world. larvae of hypoderma species cause a subcutaneous myiasis of domesticated and wild ruminants. this disease is caused by, hypoderma bovis, hypoderma lineatum in cattle whereas, hypoderma diana, hypoderma actaeon, and hypoderma tarandi, affect roe deer, red deer, and reindeer, respectively. adults of the cattle grub are commonly known as heel flies, warble flies, bomb flies or gad flies. the biology ...201020607401
chronic wasting disease prions are not transmissible to transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease that affects free-ranging and captive cervids, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, rocky mountain elk and moose. cwd-infected cervids have been reported in 14 usa states, two canadian provinces and in south korea. the possibility of a zoonotic transmission of cwd prions via diet is of particular concern in north america where hunting of cervids is a popular sport. to investigate the potential public health risks posed by cwd prions, we have in ...201020610667
seasonal variation in red deer (cervus elaphus) venison (m. longissimus dorsi) drip loss, calpain activity, colour and tenderness.sixty four young red deer (cervus elaphus) stags (<2 years old) were slaughtered at four different times (december (group 1); n=17, march (group 2); n=8, july (group 3); n=20 and september (group 4); n=19) to evaluate seasonal effects on venison quality. m. longissimus dorsi samples for calpain analysis were collected on the slaughter line and the rest of these muscles were collected at 1 day post-slaughter. loins were divided into four parts and randomly allocated to storage for 1 day, 3, 9 or ...201020615618
novel role of egr-1 in nicotine-related neointimal formation.the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which nicotine increases vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation and post-injury neointimal formation.201020615913
measured elemental transfer factors for boreal hunter/gatherer scenarios: fish, game and berries.the environmental assessment of long-term nuclear waste management requires data to estimate food chain transfers for radionuclides in various environmental settings. for key elements such as iodine (i) and chlorine (cl), there is a paucity of transfer factor data, particularly outside of agricultural food chains. this study dealt with transfers of i, cl and 28 other elements to foods that would be typical of boreal hunter/gatherer lifestyles, as well as being common foods for modern recreationa ...201020619514
a variant of the klk4 gene is expressed as a cis sense-antisense chimeric transcript in prostate cancer cells.in humans, more than 30,000 chimeric transcripts originating from 23,686 genes have been identified. the mechanisms and association of chimeric transcripts arising from chromosomal rearrangements with cancer are well established, but much remains unknown regarding the biogenesis and importance of other chimeric transcripts that arise from nongenomic alterations. recently, a slc45a3-elk4 chimera has been shown to be androgen-regulated, and is overexpressed in metastatic or high-grade prostate tum ...201020406994
bluetongue virus in wild deer, belgium, 2005-2008.to investigate bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in belgium, we conducted a virologic and serologic survey on 2,416 free-ranging cervids during 2005-2008. infection emerged in 2006 and spread over the study area in red deer, but not in roe deer.201020409376
erk signaling leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in extracellular zinc-induced neurotoxicity.a zinc-induced signaling pathway leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) activation and subsequent neuronal death has been investigated. we find that an extracellular zinc application stimulates biphasic phosphorylation of erk1/2 and p38 mapk in rat cultured neurons. the activation of erk1/2, but not p38, is responsible for zinc neurotoxicity as only u0126, a mek inhibitor that blocks erk1/2 phosphorylation, significantly protects cortical neurons from zinc exposure. over-e ...201020412391
molecular and biological characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in france.toxoplasma gondii isolates have been classified into 3 genetic types. little is known about genotypes of t. gondii isolates in wild animals in europe. in this report, genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wildlife in france are described. sera from wildlife were tested for antibodies to t. gondii with the modified agglutination test, and the hearts from animals with titers superior or equal to 1:6 were bioassayed individually in mice. t.gondii was isolated from 9 of 14 seropositive red foxes (vul ...201020417034
use of cytochrome b polymorphism for species identification of biological material derived from cattle, sheep, goats, roe deer and red deer.the objective of this study was species identification of the following biological trace material: skin, blood stains, meat samples and jawbone with a tooth, which were the subject of expert opinion ordered by a court. the expert appraisement was conducted by an analysis of a cytochrome b fragment. the choice of mtdna fragment for analysis was based on its conservation in mammals which enabled several farm and wild species to be identified with one pair of primers. the pcr product was differenti ...201020420194
transcriptional repression of skp2 is impaired in mycn-amplified neuroblastoma.the cell cycle regulator, skp2, is overexpressed in various cancers and plays a key role in p27 degradation, which is involved in tumor cell dedifferentiation. little is known about the mechanisms leading to impaired skp2 transcriptional control in tumor cells. we used neuroblastoma as a model to study skp2 regulation because skp2 transcript levels gradually increase with aggressiveness of neuroblastoma subtypes. the highest skp2 levels are found in neuroblastomas with amplified mycn. accordingl ...201020424123
reinforcing abiotic and biotic time constraints facilitate the broad distribution of a generalist with fixed traits.many species are habitat specialists along environmental gradients as a result of contrasting selection pressures, but others maintain broad distributions along such gradients. phenotypic plasticity explains the persistence of some generalists, but not the broad distributions of species with fixed traits. we combined comparative and experimental data to investigate the role of multiple selection pressures on the distribution of a cased caddisfly (asynarchus nigriculus) across a pond permanence g ...201020426341
oestrous red deer hinds prefer male roars with higher fundamental frequencies.across vertebrates, the observation that lower-pitched vocalizations are typically associated with larger and/or higher quality males has lead to the widespread belief that inter- and intra-sexual selection will produce male calls with low fundamental frequencies (f0). here we investigated the response of oestrous red deer hinds to playback of re-synthesized male roars characterized by either higher than average or lower than average f0. we found that hinds prefer higher rather than lower 'pitch ...201020427342
mapping brucellosis increases relative to elk density using hierarchical bayesian models.the relationship between host density and parasite transmission is central to the effectiveness of many disease management strategies. few studies, however, have empirically estimated this relationship particularly in large mammals. we applied hierarchical bayesian methods to a 19-year dataset of over 6400 brucellosis tests of adult female elk (cervus elaphus) in northwestern wyoming. management captures that occurred from january to march were over two times more likely to be seropositive than ...201020428240
iron content of ferritin modulates its uptake by intestinal epithelium: implications for co-transport of prions.the spread of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the deer and elk population has caused serious public health concerns due to its potential to infect farm animals and humans. like other prion disorders such a sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob-disease of humans and mad cow disease of cattle, cwd is caused by prp-scrapie (prpsc), a beta-sheet rich isoform of a normal cell surface glycoprotein, the prion protein (prpc). since prpsc is sufficient to cause infection and neurotoxicity if ingested by a suscepti ...201020429907
toxoplasma gondii in wild cervids and sheep in finland: north-south gradient in seroprevalence.a nationwide seroepidemiological study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in selected wild and domestic ruminants in finland. serum samples from 1367 game cervids collected during the hunting season in 2008-2009 and 1940 sheep sera collected in 2008 were screened with a commercial direct agglutination test at a serum dilution of 1:40. t. gondii-specific igg antibodies were detected in 116 (9.6%) of 1215 moose (european elk, alces alces), 36 (26.7%) of 135 white-tailed ...201020434266
experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus): early detection and late stage distribution of protease-resistant prion protein.chronic wasting disease (cwd), an important emerging prion disease of cervids, is readily transmitted by intracerebral or oral inoculation from deer-to-deer and elk-to-elk, suggesting the latter is a natural route of exposure. studies of host range susceptibility to oral infection, particularly of those species found in habitats where cwd currently exists are imperative. this report describes the experimental transmission of cwd to red deer following oral inoculation with infectious cwd material ...201020436863
characterization of the promoter region of the human ighmbp2 (smubp-2) gene and its response to tpa in hl-60 cells.immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2 (ighmbp2/smubp-2) is a helicase motif-containing dna-binding protein that has been suggested to regulate various nuclear functions. recent studies indicated that mutations in the ighmbp2 gene are responsible for spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type i (smard1). however, the mechanism of regulation of ighmbp2 gene expression remains unclear. in the present study, a 2.0-kb fragment of the 5'-flanking (promoter) region of the human ighmbp2 gene w ...201020441787
improving the effect of incubation and oxidative stress on thawed spermatozoa from red deer by using different antioxidant treatments.antioxidants could improve sperm media, extending the viability of spermatozoa and protecting their dna. the protective ability of lipoic acid, melatonin, trolox and crocin was tested on red deer spermatozoa incubated at 37 degrees c. cryopreserved spermatozoa were thawed and incubated with 1 mm or 0.1 mm of each antioxidant, with or without oxidative stress (100 mum fe(2+)). motility (casa), viability, mitochondrial membrane potential and acrosomal status were assessed. lipoperoxidation (malond ...201020450838
a nutritionally mediated risk effect of wolves on elk.though it is widely argued that antipredator responses carry nutritional costs, or risk effects, these costs are rarely measured in wild populations. to quantify risk effects in elk, a species that strongly responds to the presence of wolves, we noninvasively monitored diet selection and nutrient balance in wintering elk in the upper gallatin, montana, usa, over three winters while quantifying the local presence of wolves at a fine spatiotemporal scale. standard nutritional indices based on the ...201020462132
activation and repression of cellular immediate early genes by serum response factor cofactors.the induction of expression of many cellular immediate early genes (ieg) involves the transcription factor serum response factor (srf). two families of srf coactivators have also been implicated in ieg induction, the ternary complex factors (tcfs), elk1, sap1, and net, and the myocardin-related factors, mkl1 and mkl2. we found that serum induction of some srf target genes is preferentially regulated by mkl1/2, whereas others are redundantly activated by both tcfs and mkl1/2. yet elk1 can also re ...201020466732
prion strain mutation determined by prion protein conformational compatibility and primary structure.prions are infectious proteins composed of the abnormal disease-causing isoform prpsc, which induces conformational conversion of the host-encoded normal cellular prion protein prpc to additional prpsc. the mechanism underlying prion strain mutation in the absence of nucleic acids remains unresolved. additionally, the frequency of strains causing chronic wasting disease (cwd), a burgeoning prion epidemic of cervids, is unknown. using susceptible transgenic mice, we identified two prevalent cwd s ...201020466881
role of estrogen receptors, pkc and src in erk2 and p38 mapk signaling triggered by 17β-estradiol in skeletal muscle cells.we have previously reported in c2c12 murine skeletal muscle cells that 10(-8)m 17β-estradiol promotes mapks stimulation which in turn mediates the activation of creb and elk-1 transcription factors. in this work, we demonstrated that the hormone induces erk2 phosphorylation (without affecting erk1 activation) and also stimulates p38 mapk, both in a dose-dependent manner. moreover, estrogen receptors involvement in mapks activation by the estrogen was studied. the use of ici182780 (1 μm), an anta ...201020478382
development of the thymus and peyer's patches in the first year of life in red deer (cervus elaphus).in young ruminants, as in most animals, the thymus and peyer's patches (pp) play a key role in immune function. in sheep and cattle it has been shown that they follow a recognisable pattern of development throughout early life but a study of these tissues in red deer (cervus elaphus) had not been previously conducted. red deer are undergoing increasing domestication thus it was important to determine whether there were any significant differences between species. samples from the thymus, jejunal ...201020478635
low heterozygosity at microsatellite markers in iberian red deer with small antlers.deer antlers are costly structures subjected to directional sexual selection that may be sensitive to heterozygosity. however, a relationship between heterozygosity and antler development has only been found for select protein-coding loci and mhc genes in one deer species (the white-tailed deer odocoileus virginianus). here, we study the relationship between multilocus heterozygosity at 11 microsatellite markers and antler size (as) in a sample of 367 iberian red deer males (cervus elaphus hispa ...201020478822
maternal warmth buffers the effects of low early-life socioeconomic status on pro-inflammatory signaling in adulthood.the notion that family support may buffer individuals under adversity from poor outcomes has been theorized to have important implications for mental and physical health, but little is known about the biological mechanisms that explain these links. we hypothesized that adults who grew up in low socioeconomic status (ses) households but who experienced high levels of maternal warmth would be protected from the pro-inflammatory states typically associated with low ses. a total of 53 healthy adults ...201020479762
getting the timing right: antler growth phenology and sexual selection in a wild red deer population.there has been growing interest in the determinants of the annual timing of biological phenomena, or phenology, in wild populations, but research on vertebrate taxa has primarily focused on the phenology of reproduction. we present here analyses of the phenology of the annual growth of a secondary sexual characteristic, antlers in red deer (cervus elaphus) males. the long-term individual-based data from a wild population of red deer on the isle of rum, scotland allow us to consider ecological fa ...201020480184
investigating the interaction between ungulate grazing and resource effects on vaccinium myrtillus populations with integral projection models.dense ungulate populations in forest accompanied by high grazing intensities have the potential to affect plant population dynamics, and such herbivory effects on populations are hypothesised to differ along environmental gradients. we investigated red deer grazing and resource interaction effects on the performance and dynamics of the functionally important boreal shrub vaccinium myrtillus using integral projection models (ipms). we sampled data from 900 v. myrtillus ramets in 30 plots in two c ...201020499103
comparison of the flotac technique with the mcmaster method and the baermann technique to determine counts of dictyocaulus eckerti l1 and strongylid eggs in faeces of red deer (cervus elaphus).the flotac flotation technique has been introduced as a new diagnostic tool to detect parasitic elements from faeces. samples from naturally infected young deer were used for counting dictyocaulus larvae and strongylid eggs. the flotac technique, using 11 different flotation solutions with specific gravities (sg) between 1.20 and 1.45, was compared with the baermann technique and the saturated sodium chloride (sg 1.20)-based mcmaster method. in addition, a comparison was made between the flotac ...201020502918
regulation of ap-1 activity in glucose-stimulated insulinoma cells.the transcriptional activity of ap-1 has been analyzed in glucose-stimulated ins-1 insulinoma cells using a chromosomally embedded ap-1-responsive reporter gene. we show that ap-1 activity was significantly elevated in glucose-treated ins-1 cells. preincubation of the cells with nifedipine or expression of the ca(2+) binding protein parvalbumin in the cytoplasm of ins-1 cells reduced ap-1 activity. thus, activation of l-type ca(2+) channels and an elevated cytoplasmic ca(2+) concentration are cr ...201020503247
effects of density, climate, and supplementary forage on body mass and pregnancy rates of female red deer in spain.the influence of short- and long-term (cohort) effects of climate and density on the life-histories of ungulates in temperate regions may vary with latitude, habitat, and management practices, but the life-histories of ungulates in the mediterranean region are less well known. this study examined the short- and long-term effects of rainfall and absolute density on hinds in two of the southernmost populations of red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) in europe. one population received supplementary ...201020508950
seroprevalence and molecular detection of hepatitis e virus in wild boar and red deer in the netherlands.to date, sources of hepatitis e virus (hev) in the netherlands, including swine and wild boar, have been identified, but no direct attribution to dutch hepatitis e cases have been demonstrated. other animal sources may exist. to identify these species, hev rna detection by rt-pcr is required, but complicated. a preselection based on serology may be useful. therefore, wildlife species were studied by serology and molecular methods. using a species-independent double-antigen sandwich elisa, hev-sp ...201020510298
cell-based quantification of chronic wasting disease prions.cell-based measurement of prion infectivity is currently restricted to experimental strains of mouse-adapted scrapie. having isolated cell cultures with susceptibility to prions from diseased elk, we describe a modification of the scrapie cell assay allowing evaluation of prions causing chronic wasting disease, a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. we compare this cervid prion cell assay to bioassays in transgenic mice, the only other existing method for quantification, ...201020519392
the expression of elk transcription factors in adult drg: novel isoforms, antisense transcripts and upregulation by nerve damage.elk transcription factors are known to be expressed in a number of regions in the nervous system. we show by rt-pcr that the previously described elk1, elk3/elk3b/elk3c and elk4 mrnas are expressed in adult dorsal root ganglia (drg), together with the novel alternatively spliced isoforms elk1b, elk3d and elk4c/elk4d/elk4e. these isoforms are also expressed in brain, heart, kidney and testis. in contrast to elk3 protein, the novel elk3d isoform is cytoplasmic, fails to bind ets binding sites and ...201020304071
the role of erk-1/2 in the n/ofq-induced inhibition of delayed rectifier potassium currents.nociceptin/orphanin fq (n/ofq) is an endogenous opioid-like heptadecapeptide involved in many neurocognitive functions, including learning and memory. our previous report showed that n/ofq inhibits the delayed rectifier potassium current (i(k)), and this effect is associated with protein kinase c (pkc) activation. therefore, we wanted to determine if extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (erk-1/2) signaling is regulated by n/ofq and associated with the effect of n/ofq on the i(k). in the cur ...201020331962
human tmem174 that is highly expressed in kidney tissue activates ap-1 and promotes cell proliferation.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play an important role in regulation of ap-1 activity through the phosphorylation of distinct substrates. in the present study, we identified a novel protein, tmem174, whose rna transcripts are highly expressed in human kidney tissue. tmem174 is comprised of 243 amino acids, and contains two predicted transmembrane helices which determine its subcellular localization in endoplasmic reticulum and influences its functions. over-expression of tmme174 ...201020331980
senp1 participates in the dynamic regulation of elk-1 sumoylation.the modification of proteins with sumo (small ubiquitin-related modifier) plays an important role in determining their functional properties. importantly though, sumoylation is a highly dynamic process enabling transient responses to be elicited. this dynamism is controlled by two competing conjugating and deconjugating activities. the latter activity is mediated by the senp [sumo1/sentrin/smt3 (suppressor of mif two 3 homologue 1)-specific peptidase] family of sumo-specific proteases. the trans ...201020337593
comparing parentage inference software: reanalysis of a red deer pedigree.knowledge of the parentage of individuals is required to address a variety of questions concerning the evolutionary dynamics of wild populations. a major advance in parentage inference in natural populations has been the use of molecular markers and the development of statistical methods to analyse these data. cervus, one of the most widely used parentage inference programs, uses molecular data to determine parent-offspring relationships. however, cervus does not make use of all available inform ...201020345675
a natural focus of the blood fluke orientobilharzia turkestanica (skrjabin, 1913) (trematoda: schistosomatidae) in red deer (cervus elaphus) in hungary.the large american liver fluke, fascioloides magna - introduced to europe before 1875 - was the first non-indigenous trematode to be detected in hungarian cervids in 1995. as the most precious deer population became infected in the gemenc game reserve a study has been launched to assess the extent and the effect of f. magna infections and to examine the options for the treatment of infected deer populations. livers of red deer shot during regular hunting were submitted for the survey and were in ...201020347227
regulation of heme oxygenase-1 gene by peptidoglycan involves the interaction of elk-1 and c/ebpalpha to increase expression.heme oxygenase (ho)-1 is a cytoprotective enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties. ho-1 is induced during a systemic inflammatory response, and expression of ho-1 is beneficial during sepsis of a gram-positive source. systemic infection from gram-positive organisms has emerged as an important cause of sepsis, with staphylococcus aureus as a common etiology. an important mediator of gram-positive infections is peptidoglycan (pgn), a cell wall component of these organisms. here, we demonstrate th ...201020348279
probable causes of increasing brucellosis in free-ranging elk of the greater yellowstone ecosystem.while many wildlife species are threatened, some populations have recovered from previous overexploitation, and data linking these population increases with disease dynamics are limited. we present data suggesting that free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) are a maintenance host for brucella abortus in new areas of the greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye). brucellosis seroprevalence in free-ranging elk increased from 0-7% in 1991-1992 to 8-20% in 2006-2007 in four of six herd units around the gye. th ...201020349847
assessing the effects of management alternatives on habitat suitability in a forested landscape of northeastern china.forest management often has cumulative, long-lasting effects on wildlife habitat suitability and the effects may be impractical to evaluate using landscape-scale field experiments. to understand such effects, we linked a spatially explicit landscape disturbance and succession model (landis) with habitat suitability index (hsi) models to assess the effects of management alternatives on habitat suitability in a forested landscape of northeastern china. landis was applied to simulate future forest ...201020354853
increased risk of chronic wasting disease in rocky mountain elk associated with decreased magnesium and increased manganese in brain tissue.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of rocky mountain elk in north america. recent studies suggest that tissue and blood mineral levels may be valuable in assessing tse infection in sheep and cattle. the objectives of this study were to examine baseline levels of copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, selenium, and molybdenum in the brains of rocky mountain elk with differing prion genotypes and to assess the association of mineral levels with cwd infect ...201020357959
activation of ras-dependent elk-1 activity by mll-af4 family fusion oncoproteins.mixed lineage leukemia (mll) gene rearrangement is commonly observed in human leukemias. many of the resultant mll fusion proteins are found correlated with ras signaling. nevertheless, ras mutations have only been reported in a small subset of mll-rearranged leukemia. with the potential of developing new therapeutic regimens targeting ras signaling pathway, we studied the role of mll-af4 family fusions and mll-septin family fusions in the activation of ras signaling in leukemogenesis.201020362031
comparative study of the immunobiological properties of live brucellosis vaccines.findings from the comparative study of the immunobiological properties of live brucellosis vaccines in guinea pigs are presented in the article. vaccines from strains brucella abortus 19 (u.s.) and 82 (russia), in the s and sr forms, respectively, exhibited the highest and most pronounced immunological efficacy, while vaccines from strains b. abortus 82-ps (in the rs form) and b. abortus rb-51 and 75/79-ab (in the r forms) exhibited the lowest. the live vaccine from strain b. abortus 82, togethe ...201020362201
brucellosis in the united states: role and significance of wildlife reservoirs.regulatory programs for brucellosis in domestic livestock have been active in the u.s. for almost 80 years. wildlife reservoirs of brucellosis include bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsonii) for brucella abortus whereas brucella suis is the predominant species infecting feral swine. the persistence of brucellosis in wildlife reservoirs poses a risk for reintroduction of brucella into domestic livestock. reducing the prevalence of brucellosis in wildlife reservoirs is anticipated to ...201020362627
experimental xenoimplantation of antlerogenic cells into mandibular bone lesions in rabbits: two-year follow-up.different types of cells require activation, and take part in annual, dynamic growth of deer antlers. stem cells play the most important role in this process. this report shows the results of a two-year long observation of xenogenic implant of antlerogenic stem cells (cell line mic-1). the cells were derived from growing antler of a deer (cervus elaphus), seeded onto spongostan and placed in postoperative lesions of mandibular bones of 15 experimental rabbits. the healing process observed in the ...201020363989
effects of butyltin exposures on map kinase-dependent transcription regulators in human natural killer cells.natural killer (nk) cells are a major immune defense mechanism against cancer development and viral infection. the butyltins (bts), tributyltin (tbt) and dibutyltin (dbt), have been widely used in industrial and other applications and significantly contaminate the environment. both tbt and dbt have been detected in human blood. these compounds inhibit the lytic and binding function of human nk cells and thus could increase the incidence of cancer and viral infections. butyltin (bt)-induced loss ...201020370538
are migrant and resident elk (cervus elaphus) exposed to similar forage and predation risk on their sympatric winter range?partially migratory populations, where one portion of a population conducts seasonal migrations (migrants) while the other remains on a single range (residents), are common in ungulates. studies that assess trade-offs between migratory strategies typically compare the amount of predation risk and forage resources migrants and residents are exposed to only while on separate ranges and assume both groups intermix completely while on sympatric ranges. here we provide one of the first tests of this ...201020372929
characterization of bison (bison bison) myoglobin.bison is an alternate meat species gaining increased popularity in north america. although previous investigations reported that bison meat discolors faster than beef, the molecular basis of this observation has not been investigated. therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the redox stability, thermostability, and primary structure of bison myoglobin (mb), in comparison with beef mb. purified bison and beef myoglobins were analyzed for autoxidation, lipid oxidation-induce ...201020374756
peripheral blood mononuclear cell population changes associated with age and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer (cervus elaphus).in this study we aimed to document the maturation of the immune system in red deer and investigate the hypothesis that an immature immune system may predispose young red deer (cervus elaphus) to an increased susceptibility to johne's disease. peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations were analysed using flow cytometry techniques to monitor changes associated with age and severity of infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in red deer. the percentage of cells expressing ...201020378187
molecular identification of host feeding patterns of snow-melt mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae): potential implications for the transmission ecology of jamestown canyon virus.we collected blood-fed, snow-melt mosquitoes (culicidae: culiseta and aedes) to describe the feeding patterns of potential mosquito vectors of jamestown canyon virus (jcv, bunyaviridae: orthobunyavirus). jcv is an arthropod-borne, zoonotic virus with deer as the primary amplifying host in western alpine ecosystems. we collected mosquitoes from natural resting areas, fiber pots, and carbon-dioxide baited miniature light traps in the colorado rocky mountains in 2007. we conducted two polymerase ch ...201020380304
detection of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein associated with chronic wasting disease in the optic pathways of the brain and retina of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).eyes and nuclei of the visual pathways in the brain were examined in 30 rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) representing 3 genotypes of the prion protein gene prnp (codon 132: mm, ml, or ll). tissues were examined for the presence of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein associated with chronic wasting disease (prp(cwd)). nuclei and axonal tracts from a single section of brain stem at the level of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve were scored for intensity and distribution ...201020382822
johne's disease caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in red deer (cervus elaphus): an histopathological grading system, and comparison of paucibacillary and multibacillary disease.to describe a grading system for evaluating lesions in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes of red deer (cervus elaphus) infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), and report the distribution of granulomas and findings seen in paucibacillary and multibacillary forms of the disease.201020383243
experimental infection of european red deer (cervus elaphus) with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8.bluetongue (bt) is a climate change-related emerging infectious disease in europe. outbreaks of serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 16 are challenging central and western europe since 1998. measures to control or eradicate bluetongue virus (btv) from europe have been implemented, including movement restrictions and vaccination of domestic btv-susceptible ruminants. however, these measures are difficult to apply in wild free-ranging hosts of the virus, like red deer (cervus elaphus), which could ...201020395075
appearance of the pituitary factor pit-1 increases chromatin remodeling at hypersensitive site iii in the human gh locus.expression of pituitary and placental members of the human gh and chorionic somatomammotropin (cs) gene family is directed by an upstream remote locus control region (lcr). pituitary-specific expression of gh requires direct binding of pit-1 (listed as pou1f1 in the hugo database) to sequences marked by a hypersensitive site (hs) region (hs i/ii) 14.6 kb upstream of the gh-n gene (listed as gh1 in the hugo database). we used human embryonic kidney 293 (hek293) cells overexpressing wild-type and ...201020395397
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