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trichomonasvirus: a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family totiviridae. 201020976609
modified field's staining--a rapid stain for trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate protozoan parasite commonly found in the human genitourinary tract, is transmitted primarily by sexual intercourse. diagnosis is usually by in vitro culture method and staining with giemsa stain. there are laboratories that use gram stain as well. we compared the use of modified field's (mf), giemsa, and gram stains on 2 axenic and xenic isolates of t. vaginalis, respectively. three smears from every sediment of spun cultures of all 4 isolates were stained, re ...201020846588
aetiological agents of urethritis in symptomatic south african men attending a family practice.the objective was to determine the occurrence of four urethral pathogens in urine specimens from symptomatic men using transcription mediated amplification (tma) assay. urethral swab and urine specimens from 300 men presenting to a family practitioner were gram stained and tested for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis and mycoplasma genitalium using three tma assays respectively. except for t. vaginalis, the other recognized pathogens viz. n. gonorrhoeae, c. trac ...201020852197
paromomycin treatment of recalcitrant trichomonas vaginalis. 201020852211
neighborhood environment, sexual risk behaviors and acquisition of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents diagnosed with psychological disorders.the association between neighborhood environment and prevalence of stis, sexual partner variables and condom use among adolescents with psychological disorders was examined. cross-sectional data in three urban areas of the us (southeast, northeast and midwest) were obtained from 384 sexually active male and female participants who provided urine samples for laboratory-confirmed testing of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis. a total of 15.4% of participants tes ...201020857329
double-stranded rna viral infection of trichomonas vaginalis and correlation with genetic polymorphism of isolates.trichomonas vaginalis can be infected with double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses known as t. vaginalis virus (tvv). this viral infection may have important implications for trichomonal virulence and disease pathogenesis. the objective of this study was to determine the possible correlation between the t. vaginalis genetic polymorphism and the isolate infection with tvv. the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to determine genetic differences among 37 isolates of t. vaginalis ...201020875411
iatrogenic transmission of trichomonas vaginalis by a traditional healer.a woman presenting to an sti/hiv clinic in the gambia with t vaginalis and a history of a digital vaginal 'exam' by a traditional healer implies non-sexual transmission of trichomonas between patients and reinforces the role of practitioner hygiene in preventing spread of infections.201020876753
sexually transmitted infections and risk of prostate cancer: review of historical and emerging hypotheses.since the early 1950s when sexually transmitted infections (stis) were first proposed as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer, numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted. initially, these studies were primarily small case-control studies with retrospective, self-reported assessments of a narrow range of stis, typically either any stis, or gonorrhea and syphilis. however, as new stis have been discovered/recognized, new and better tests to detect histories of stis have been develope ...201020799875
prevalence and correlates of trichomonas vaginalis infection among female us federal prison inmates.previous studies have observed high prevalences of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women entering us jails and state prisons (22%-47%). we sought to determine the prevalence among women incarcerated in 2 us female-only federal prisons.201020803782
[protein analysis of trichomonas vaginalis treated by pulsatilla chinensis in vitro].water extract of pulsatilla chinensis (pwe) (0.625 mg/ml) was added to the medium for the culture of trichomonas vaginalis. after 2 h and 4 h treatment, the content and component of soluble proteins in the parasites were analyzed by sds-page. a total of 28 protein bands was demonstrated. after treated with pwe for 2 h, the content of 5 protein bands increased and that of 4 bands decreased significantly. four hours later, a new protein band appeared in the electrophoretogram, and the content of 5 ...201020806512
internet-based screening for sexually transmitted infections to reach nonclinic populations in the community: risk factors for infection in men.internet-based screening for sexually transmitted infections (stis) has been acceptable to women, and can reach high-risk populations. no prior published data describe internet-based screening for chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and trichomonas vaginalis in men. we studied whether internet-based screening was acceptable and reached a high-risk population, and what risk factors were associated with sti positivity.201020644498
mycoplasma hominis infection of trichomonas vaginalis is not associated with metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis in clinical isolates from the united states.trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that is the cause of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, trichomoniasis. metronidazole and tinidazole are the only drugs approved for treatment of t. vaginalis infections in the usa. however, drug resistance exists and some patients are allergic to these medications. furthermore, the exact mechanism of metronidazole resistance remains undefined and current testing methods require several weeks before results are available. identif ...201020652315
arginine metabolism in trichomonas vaginalis infected with mycoplasma hominis.both mycoplasma hominis and trichomonas vaginalis utilize arginine as an energy source via the arginine dihydrolase (adh) pathway. it has been previously demonstrated that m. hominis forms a stable intracellular relationship with t. vaginalis; hence, in this study we examined the interaction of two localized adh pathways by comparing t. vaginalis strain ss22 with the laboratory-generated t. vaginalis strain ss22-moz2 infected with m. hominis moz2. the presence of m. hominis resulted in an approx ...201020656780
a metazoan/plant-like capping enzyme and cap modified nucleotides in the unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis.the cap structure of eukaryotic messenger rnas is initially elaborated through three enzymatic reactions: hydrolysis of the 5'-triphosphate, transfer of guanosine through a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage and n7-methylation of the guanine cap. three distinctive enzymes catalyze each reaction in various microbial eukaryotes, whereas the first two enzymes are fused into a single polypeptide in metazoans and plants. in addition to the guanosine cap, adjacent nucleotides are 2'-o-ribose methylated in met ...201020664792
preliminary studies of 3,4-dichloroaniline amides as antiparasitic agents: structure-activity analysis of a compound library in vitro against trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis, a human-infectious protozoan, can display resistance to treatment by metronidazole. a library of 3,4-dichloroaniline amides based on propanil, an herbicide, has been synthesized and screened to test susceptibility to these analogs. from this preliminary study, the most effective compound 15, inhibits growth of the organism by 66% and 69% on the two strains tested, t1 and g3, respectively.201020667728
design, synthesis, and in vitro antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial activities of n-{2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]ethyl}ureas.we have synthesized a new series of quinoline tripartite hybrids from chloroquine, ethambutol, and isoxyl drugs, using a short synthetic route. compounds 1-8 were tested in vitro against five protozoa (giardia intestinalis, trichomonas vaginalis,entamoeba histolytica, leishmania mexicana and trypanosoma cruzi) and mycobacterium tuberculosis. n-(4-butoxyphenyl)-n'-{2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]ethyl}urea (6) was the most active compound against all parasites tested. compound 6 was 670 times mo ...201020674375
[association of human papillomavirus infection with other microbial pathogens in gynecology].to investigate correlation between screening assay of human papillomavirus (hpv) and microbial pathogens in gynecology.201021029592
[detection of vaginal discharge by ultra-high power microscope and conventional microscope].to study the significance of the ultra-high power microscope in the examination of vaginal discharge.201021033119
male circumcision for hiv prevention: current research and programmatic issues.randomized controlled trials in sub-saharan africa have shown that adult male circumcision reduces the risk of hiv acquisition in men by about 60%. in this article, we review recent data on the association of male circumcision and hiv/sexually transmitted infection in men and women. this includes a summary of data showing some evidence of an effect of male circumcision against genital ulcer disease, hsv-2 infection, human papillomavirus and trichomonas vaginalis, but not chlamydia trachomatis or ...201021042054
adohcy hydrolase of trichomonas vaginalis: studies of the effects of 5'-modified adenosine analogues and related 6-n-cyclopropyl derivatives.trypanosoma brucei and trichomonas vaginalis are both parasitic protozoans that are known to share many similar biochemical pathways. aristeromycin, as well as 5'-iodovinyl and 5'-oxime analogues of adenosine, are potent inhibitors of adohcy hydrolase in t. brucei, an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of adohcy to adenosine and l-homocysteine. to help determine the role of this enzyme in t. vaginalis, we have tested a library of 5'-modified adenosine derivatives, including 5'-deoxy-5'-(iodome ...201021044841
epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus infection detected by real-time pcr in flanders.the goal of this cross-sectional laboratory-based study is to investigate the association between trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and human papillomavirus (hpv) infections in cervical samples in flanders.201021051847
in vitro activity of n-chlorotaurine (nct) in combination with nh4cl against trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, is usually treated with metronidazole, however resistance is on the rise. in this study, n-chlorotaurine (nct), a new endogenous mild active chlorine compound for topical use, killed t. vaginalis in vitro within 15 min of treatment at a concentration of 55 mm (1%), which is well tolerated by human tissue. the activity of nct was further enhanced by addition of ammonium chloride (nh(4)cl). a combination of 5.5 mm (0.1%) nct plus 19 mm ...201021074373
hydrogenosome-localization of arginine deiminase in trichomonas vaginalis.the arginine dihydrolase (adh) pathway has an analogous function to the urea cycle in mitochondria-containing cells, by removing nitrogen from amino acids and generating atp. subcellular localization of the adh pathway enzymes in trichomonas vaginalis revealed that arginine deiminase (adi) localizes to the hydrogenosome, a mitochondrion-like organelle of anaerobic protists. however the other enzymes of the adh pathway, ornithine carbamyltransferase and carbamate kinase localize to the cytosol. t ...201021074581
high prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and other sexually transmitted infections among women attending two sexual health clinics in bissau, guinea-bissau, west africa.the objective was to examine the prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and 10 other sexually transmitted infections (stis), and to explore the relationship between hiv and those stis in women attending two sexual health clinics in bissau, guinea-bissau. in all, 711 women with urogenital problems were included. clinical examination was performed and hiv-1, hiv-2, human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv)-1, htlv-2 and syphilis were diagnosed by serology. trichomonas vaginalis was examined using wet mount micro ...201021097735
trichomonas vaginalis: an unusual presentation.we report a case of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) presenting as vulval ulceration in a 41-year-old woman. there was complete resolution of her symptoms only after oral tinidazole. the delayed diagnosis and importance of using the correct tests for the diagnosis of tv are discussed.201021097745
non-monogamy and risk of infection with chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis among young adults and their cohabiting partners in peru.to determine how patterns of non-monogamy influence prevalences of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in individuals and their cohabitating sex partners. methods a 2002 survey in 24 peruvian cities enrolled men and women aged 18-29 years from random household samples. the cohabiting sex partner of each enrolee was also enrolled until approximately 100 couples per city were recruited. men provided urine and women vaginal swabs or urine for molecular testing for chlamydia trachomatis an ...201021098055
candimine-induced cell death of the amitochondriate parasite trichomonas vaginalis.candimine (1), an alkaloid from the bulbs of hippeastrum morelianum, was found to be cytotoxic for the amitochondriate parasite trichomonas vaginalis. candimine (1) induced cell death with an unprecedented group of effects that failed to fulfill the criteria for apoptosis and apoptosis-like death already reported in trichomonads. arrest of the parasite cell cycle, and morphologic and ultrastructural alterations, including marked cytoplasmic vacuolization, were induced by 1. the present findings ...201021105684
identification and characterization of a type iii trichomonas vaginalis virus in the protozoan pathogen trichomonas vaginalis.a type iii trichomonas vaginalis virus, which may be involved in transcriptional regulation of the major surface protein gene p270 of the protozoan pathogen trichomonas vaginalis, was purified and characterized in the present study. the complete 4844-base-pair complementary dna sequence of the viral genome reveals overlapping cap and pol genes with a putative ribosomal frame-shifting signal within the overlap region. the type iii virus is related more closely to the type ii virus than to the typ ...201021110050
genetic relatedness of trichomonas vaginalis reference and clinical isolates.we have determined the metronidazole susceptibility status of 20 trichomonas vaginalis isolates from american type culture collection (atcc) and assessed the level of genetic relatedness in these isolates using 32 additional t. vaginalis clinical isolates for comparison. these atcc isolates are commonly used as reference strains in t. vaginalis research and this information provides a rational basis for selection of reference strains for use in comparative studies of t. vaginalis phenotypic and ...201021118935
abnormal vaginal flora in low-risk pregnant women cared for by a public health service: prevalence and association with symptoms and findings from gynecological exams.this study identifies the prevalence of vaginal flora alterations in low-risk pregnant women and their association with reported symptoms and gynecological exams. this quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in public primary care service units in botucatu, sp, brazil from 2006 to 2008 with 289 pregnant women from a stratified sample obtained by sampling by care unit. tests of vaginal content were performed using gram's method and testing for trichomonas vaginalis using di ...201021120411
metronidazole 1.5 gram dose for 7 or 14 days in the treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis caused by trichomonas vaginalis: a randomized study. 201021123162
design and synthesis of 3-(azol-1-yl)phenylpropanes as microbicidal spermicides for prophylactic contraception.we designed a series of 25 3-(azol-1-yl)phenylpropanes which yielded 10 compounds (3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, 21, 23, 26) that irreversibly immobilized 100% human sperm at 1% (w/v) concentration in 60s; 12 compounds (8, 9, 15, 16, 19-21, 23-25, 27, 28) that showed potent microbicidal activity at 12.5-50 μg/ml against trichomonas vaginalis; and 17 compounds (3-11, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 30) that exhibited potent anticandida activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of 12.5-50 μg/ml. ...201021130651
[influence of iron ion on the growth of trichomonas vaginalis in vitro].to study the influence of iron ion on the growth of trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.201021137312
potential role of protozoa and tight junctions in the airway epithelium disruption. 201021159133
ultrastructural alterations induced by δ(24(25))-sterol methyltransferase inhibitors on trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is an important human parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a cosmopolitan sexually transmitted disease. currently, the treatment of choice for t. vaginalis infections is metronidazole. the increase in metronidazole-resistant parasites and undesirable side effects of this drug make the search for alternative chemotherapeutic approaches a priority for the management of trichomoniasis. here, the antiproliferative and ultrastructural effects of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors ag ...201021175744
anti-protozoal activity of diamine derivatives.ten n-monoalkylated diamines were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activities against trichomonas vaginalis and giardia lamblia. several compounds displayed a good inhibition of parasite growth, with mic less or equal to 20μg/ml. n-hexadecil-1,4-butanediamine was found to be the most active compound in vitro against t. vaginalis with mic of 2.5μg/ml, twice more active in comparison to the reference drug metronidazole (mtz). seven of the studied compounds showed a better anti-g. lamblia act ...201021186095
incidence and epidemiology of streptococcus pseudoporcinus in the genital tract.streptococcus pseudoporcinus, a beta-hemolytic microorganism first isolated from the female gastrourinary tract in 2006, cross-reacts with serogrouping kits for group b streptococcus (gbs) and could be misidentified in the laboratory. the epidemiologic characteristics of this species have not been reported previously, but this organism is thought to be rare. paired vaginal and rectal samples were collected from 663 nonpregnant women enrolled in a phase ii clinical vaccine trial of a gbs type iii ...201021191057
fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) mapping of single copy genes on trichomonas vaginalis chromosomes.the highly repetitive nature of the trichomonas vaginalis genome and massive expansion of various gene families has caused difficulties in genome assembly and has hampered genome mapping. here, we adapted fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) for t. vaginalis, which is sensitive enough to detect single copy genes on metaphase chromosomes. sensitivity of conventional fish, which did not allow single copy gene detection in t. vaginalis, was increased by means of tyramide signal amplification. ...201021195113
[in vitro anti-trichomonas vaginalis effects of a mixture of dihydroartemisinin and metronidazole].to observe the effect of a mixture of dihydroartemisinin and metronidazole on ultrastructure of trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites in vitro for exploring trichomonacidal mechanism of the drug mixture.201021500527
[mge-pcr in analyzing the genetic characteristics and the clinical manifestation of trichomonas vaginalis isolates].to analyze the genetic characteristics of trichomonas vaginalis isolates causing different clinical manifestation.201021500530
a randomized treatment trial: single versus 7 day dose of metronidazole for the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis among hiv-infected women.objective: to determine if the metronidazole (mtz) 2 gm single dose (recommended) is as effective as the 7 day 500 mg bid dose (alternative) for treatment of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among hiv+ women. methods: phase iv randomized clinical trial; hiv+ women with culture confirmed tv were randomized to treatment arm: mtz 2 gm single dose or mtz 500 mg bid 7 day dose. all women were given 2 gm mtz doses to deliver to their sex partners. women were re-cultured for tv at a test-of-cure (toc) visit ...201021423852
[cryopreservation of trichomonas vaginalis and its influence factors].different concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) and glycerol, various densities of trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites and duration of storage were used to study the effects on the cryopreservation of t. vaginalis at -78 degrees c. the optimal densities of trichomonads for cryopreservation were (1-2) x10(6)/ml. glycerol and dmso showed a high protective effect, with a maximum effect at a concentration of 10%, and the survival rates were 38.0% and 31.7%, respectively. there was no significant ...201021351558
nucleic-acid amplification testing of urine vs. patient complaint-driven evaluation.the present pilot study compared the ability of a conventional patient complaint-driven approach to that of nucleic-acid amplification testing (naat) of urine to identify those individuals among an adult, urban, emergency department (ed) population infected with chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng), and trichomonas vaginalis (tv). urine for naat was collected for testing after individuals had completed a questionnaire and before being seen by a physician. a total of 614 subject ...201018462909
lowering of 5-nitroimidazole's mutagenicity: towards optimal antiparasitic pharmacophore.to improve the antiparasitic pharmacophore, 20 5-nitroimidazoles bearing an arylsulfonylmethyl group were prepared from commercial imidazoles. the antiparasitic activity of these molecules was assessed against trichomonas vaginalis, the in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated on human monocytes and the mutagenicity was determined by the salmonella mutagenicity assay. all ic(50) on t. vaginalis were below the one of metronidazole. the determination of the specificity indexes (sis), defined as the rat ...200918590939
structural details and composition of trichomonas vaginalis lipophosphoglycan in relevance to the epithelial immune function.trichomonas vaginalis causes the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection linked to increased risk of premature birth, cervical cancer and hiv. this study defines molecular domains of the parasite surface glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (lpg) with distinct functions in the host immunoinflammatory response. the ceramide phospho-inositol glycan core (cpi-gc) released by mild acid had mr of approximately 8,700 da determined by maldi-tof ms. rha, glcn, gal and xyl and small amounts of g ...200918604640
does douching increase risk for sexually transmitted infections? a prospective study in high-risk adolescents.the objective of the study was to examine the association between douching and 4 sexually transmitted infections (stis).200918667177
the burden and determinants of hiv and sexually transmitted infections in a population-based sample of female sex workers in goa, india.interventions targeting sex workers are central to the national aids control programme of india's third 5-year plan. understanding the way in which societal and individual factors interact to shape sex workers' vulnerability would better inform interventions.200918684856
giardiadb and trichdb: integrated genomic resources for the eukaryotic protist pathogens giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis.giardiadb (http://giardiadb.org) and trichdb (http://trichdb.org) house the genome databases for giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis, respectively, and represent the latest additions to the eupathdb (http://eupathdb.org) family of functional genomic databases. giardiadb and trichdb employ the same framework as other eupathdb sites (cryptodb, plasmodb and toxodb), supporting fully integrated and searchable databases. genomic-scale data available via these resources may be queried based on b ...200918824479
in vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomatid activity of 5-nitroindazoles.previously, we have identified a series of 5-nitroindazoles with good antiprotozoal activities, against trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and trichomonas vaginalis. most of them have shown very low unspecific toxicity on macrophage cell lines. in the present work, we assayed these compounds on t. cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes and leishmania promastigotes (leishmania amazonensis, leishmania braziliensis and leishmania infantum). derivatives 1, 2, 7 and 8 displayed remarkable trypanocidal activi ...200918706738
the effects of male circumcision on female partners' genital tract symptoms and vaginal infections in a randomized trial in rakai, uganda.the objective of the study was to assess effects of male circumcision on female genital symptoms and vaginal infections.200918976733
differential inhibition of high and low mr thioredoxin reductases of parasites by organotelluriums supports the concept that low mr thioredoxin reductases are good drug targets.thioredoxin reductase (trxr), a nadph-dependent disulfide oxidoreductase, is vital in numerous cellular processes including defence against reactive oxygen species, cell proliferation and signal transduction. trxrs occur in 2 forms, a high mr enzyme characterized by those of mammals, the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum and some worms, and a low mr form is present in bacteria, fungi, plants and some protozoan parasites. our hypothesis is that the differences between the forms can be exploi ...200918980703
stepwise diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in adolescent women.the objective of this study was to examine the effects of clinical factors and of the type and timing of a secondary test in improving the sensitivity of trichomonas vaginalis detection in young women over that of a wet mount alone. for this purpose, sexually active adolescent women (n = 345) were recruited from a hospital teen clinic or emergency department. following an interview and a pelvic exam, four primary t. vaginalis tests (wet mount, culture, a rapid test, and a nucleic acid amplificat ...200918987174
phase ii clinical trial with praneem polyherbal tablets for assessment of their efficacy in symptomatic women with abnormal vaginal discharge (an icmr task force study).abnormal vaginal discharge syndrome (avds) is a commonly observed gynaecological complaint for which women seek medical attention. the present study was conducted in six indian council of medical research centres with praneem polyherbal tablets (ppt), to determine their efficacy in the treatment of symptomatic women with avds. data are given on 141 subjects investigated. in total, 137 women (97%) reported complete (n=62, 44%) and partial (n=75, 53%) relief from symptoms after use of ppt for seve ...200918990416
trichomonas vaginalis treatment reduces vaginal hiv-1 shedding.vaginal hiv-1 shedding has been associated with trichomonas vaginalis (tv) infection and could play a role in hiv transmission. the purpose of the study was to examine if effective tv treatment reduces the presence of vaginal hiv-1 rna.200919008776
flavodiiron protein from trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomes: the terminal oxygen reductase.trichomonas vaginalis is one of a few eukaryotes that have been found to encode several homologues of flavodiiron proteins (fdps). widespread among anaerobic prokaryotes, these proteins are believed to function as oxygen and/or nitric oxide reductases to provide protection against oxidative/nitrosative stresses and host immune responses. one of the t. vaginalis fdp homologues is equipped with a hydrogenosomal targeting sequence and is expressed in the hydrogenosomes, oxygen-sensitive organelles ...200919011120
anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of synthetic lipophilic diamine and amino alcohol derivatives.taking in account the increased prevalence of metronidazole-resistant infections, alternative drugs are necessary for the treatment of trichomonosis. we report in this work the preparation and the in vitro anti-trichomonads activity of two diamines 1 and 2, and three different lipophilic amino alcohol derivatives 3, 4 and 5. these compounds were tested for in vitro activity against two isolates of trichomonas vaginalis and displayed inhibition of the parasite growth. five concentrations of each ...200919013752
giardia, entamoeba, and trichomonas enzymes activate metronidazole (nitroreductases) and inactivate metronidazole (nitroimidazole reductases).infections with giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica, and trichomonas vaginalis, which cause diarrhea, dysentery, and vaginitis, respectively, are each treated with metronidazole. here we show that giardia, entamoeba, and trichomonas have oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase (ntr) genes which are homologous to those genes that have nonsense mutations in metronidazole-resistant helicobacter pylori isolates. entamoeba and trichomonas also have nim genes which are homologous to those genes expressed ...200919015349
a 25-bp ancient spliceosomal intron in the tvrab1a gene of trichomonas vaginalis.spliceosomal introns play a key role in eukaryotic genome evolution and protein diversity. a large rab gtpase family has been identified in a unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis. however, the characteristics of introns in rab genes of t. vaginalis have not been investigated previously. in this study, we identified a 25-bp spliceosomal intron in the t. vaginalis rab1a (tvrab1a) gene, the smallest intron in t. vaginalis to be characterized to date. this intron contains a canonical splice s ...200918926921
microbiological and toxicological effects of perla black bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) extracts: in vitro and in vivo studies.we investigated the microbiological and toxicological effects of three perla black bean extracts on the growth and culture of selected pathogenic microorganisms, the toxicity over vero cell lines and an in vivo rat model. three different solvents were used to obtain perla black bean extracts. all three perla black bean extracts were tested for antibacterial and antiparasitic activity and further analysed for intrinsic cytotoxicity (ic(50)). methanol perla black bean extract was used for acute to ...200919053992
a proteome reference map of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis caused by trichomonas vaginalis is the most common sexual transmitted infection in the world. the 170-mb genome of this protozoan contains 60,000 genes, the largest number of genes ever identified in protozoan. high-throughput expression sequenced tag analysis showed that at least 4,000 genes were expressed in the trophozoite stage. in the present study, we use two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometr ...200919066965
partial sequence of the beta-tubulin of histomonas meleagridis and the activity of benzimidazoles against h. meleagridis in vitro.the protozoan parasite histomonas meleagridis is a member of the family monocercomonadidae in the class trichomonada. due to food safety concerns, currently no prophylactic or therapeutic drug against the parasite is licensed in the european union. benzimidazoles are antiparasitic drugs, and some of them are licensed for use in food-producing animals. benzimidazoles act on beta-tubulin, and the beta-tubulin sequence allows predictions about the efficacy of benzimidazoles. in this study, we seque ...200919101732
acetate:succinate coa-transferase in the anaerobic mitochondria of fasciola hepatica.fasciola hepatica contains anaerobically functioning mitochondria that produce acetate and propionate, the main endproducts excreted by this parasite. the final reactions in the pathways leading to these endproducts are performed by acetate:succinate coa-transferase (asct) and propionate:succinate coa-transferase (psct), respectively. the enzymes catalysing these essential reactions in anaerobic mitochondria are still not characterized, nor are the corresponding genes identified. here we describ ...200919103231
accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of vaginitis compared with a dna probe laboratory standard.to estimate the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of the three most common causes of acute vulvovaginal symptoms (bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis vaginitis, and trichomoniasis vaginalis) using a traditional, standardized clinical diagnostic protocol compared with a dna probe laboratory standard.200919104364
trichomonas vaginalis: the adhesins ap51 and ap65 bind heme and hemoglobin.trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of human trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. although acquisition of iron by binding to host hemoglobin through distinct receptor(s) has been described, no specific heme- or hemoglobin-binding site has been reported in this parasite. to determine the presence of hemoglobin-binding protein(s), membrane proteins were subjected to hemoglobin-affinity chromatography. eluted proteins were analysed by sds-page. two protei ...200919105955
persistent, undetected trichomonas vaginalis infections? 200919113985
trichomonosis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the prostate cancer prevention trial.we previously observed a positive association between a history of trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan, trichomonas vaginalis, and prostate cancer risk in the health professionals follow-up study. to determine the reproducibility of this finding, we conducted a second, prospective investigation of trichomonosis and prostate cancer in the prostate cancer prevention trial. participants were men (>or=55 years of age) with no evidence of prostate cancer at enrollm ...200919117055
patient teenagers? a comparison of the sexual behavior of virginity pledgers and matched nonpledgers.the us government spends more than $200 million annually on abstinence-promotion programs, including virginity pledges. this study compares the sexual activity of adolescent virginity pledgers with matched nonpledgers by using more robust methods than past research.200919117832
current issues and considerations regarding trichomoniasis and human immunodeficiency virus in african-americans.trichomonas vaginalis has long been recognized as one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. however, it is only in recent years that it has been appreciated that trichomonas may play a critical role in amplifying human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission. given the evidence that t. vaginalis likely promotes hiv infection, the apparent high level of trichomonas infection in the african-american community is cause for concern. even if t. vaginalis increases the risk of hiv t ...200919136432
transcriptional regulation of an iron-inducible gene by differential and alternate promoter entries of multiple myb proteins in the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis.iron-inducible transcription of a malic enzyme gene (also reputed to be ap65-1) in trichomonas vaginalis was previously shown to involve a myb1 repressor and a myb2 activator, each of which may preferentially select two closely spaced promoter sites, mre-1/mre-2r, which comprises overlapping promoter elements, and mre-2f. in the present study, an iron-inducible approximately 32-kda myb3 nuclear protein was demonstrated to bind only the mre-1 element. changes in the iron supply, which produced an ...200919151329
identification and molecular characterization of numerous histomonas meleagridis proteins using a cdna library.summaryhistomonas meleagridis is a protozoan parasite of various galliform birds causing a type of enterohepatitis termed histomonosis or 'blackhead disease'. due to the ban of chemotherapeutic substances and an increase in free-range poultry production, histomonosis is currently a re-emerging disease. so far limited molecular knowledge is available. in the present work, mrnas coding for antigenic proteins of h. meleagridis were identified. for this purpose, a cdna expression library was constru ...200919154645
cervicovaginal cytological abnormalities in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, in relation to disease stage, cd4 cell count and viral load.the objective of the present study was to assess infections and cytologic abnormalities in cervicovaginal smears from 153 hiv-positive women and 169 hiv-negative followed up at the uftm school of medicine between may 1999 and may 2002. the medical records and cervicovaginal smears were reviewed and the hiv-positive group was classified according to cd4 cell count, hiv viral load, antiretroviral therapy and hiv subgroups (with or without disease; with or without therapy) and compared to hiv-negat ...200919170167
beyond douching: use of feminine hygiene products and sti risk among young women.use of feminine hygiene products (feminine wipes, sprays, douches, and yeast creams) by adolescent women is common, yet understudied.200919170863
engineering escherichia coli for fermentative dihydrogen production: potential role of nadh-ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hydrogenosome of anaerobic protozoa.trichomonas vaginalis generates reduced ferredoxin within a unique subcellular organelle, hydrogenosome that is used as a reductant for h2 production. pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase and nadh dehydrogenase (nadh-dh) are the two enzymes catalyzing the production of reduced ferredoxin. the genes encoding the two subunits of nadh-dh were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. kinetic properties of the recombinant heterodimer were similar to that of the native enzyme from the hydrogenosome. th ...200919172236
[trichomoniasis].trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted disease worldwide. in spite of serious health sequelae including facilitation of hiv transmission, pid, and adverse outcomes of pregnancy, it remains an underestimated condition, as a half of female infections and the majority of male infections are asymptomatic. t. vaginalis infection was not restricted in high-risk groups, so screening or empiric treatment of low-risk groups should be considered. to develop diagnostic tests ...200919177767
can bacterial vaginosis help to find sexually transmitted diseases, especially chlamydial cervicitis?this study was undertaken to establish reliable factors in order to identify chlamydial cervicitis among suspicious patients. between january and december 2007, 406 patients who were suspected to have cervicitis due to clinical symptoms, were tested with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for chlamydia trachomatis (ct), vaginal ph and nugent score (ns) in our university hospital and related clinics. during the same period, 67 patients who were diagnosed as having other sexually transmitted diseases ...200919182056
comparison of aptima trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification to wet mount microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and women.we evaluated the performance characteristics of aptima trichomonas vaginalis (atv) transcription-mediated amplification (tma) for diagnosis of t vaginalis (tv) infection from female vaginal swab, endocervical swab, and urine specimens and from male urethral swab and urine specimens. performance of atv tma was compared with wet mount microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr).200919185101
synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of novel 1-methylbenzimidazole derivatives.in this paper are reported the synthesis and antiprotozoal activity in vitro of 24 1-methylbenzimidazole derivatives (13-36) substituted at position 2 with aminocarbonyl, n-methylaminocarbonyl, n,n-dimethylaminocarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, 1-hydroxyethyl and acetyl groups, some of them with chlorine atoms at the benzenoid ring. compounds 13-36 were more active than metronidazole, the choice drug against giardia intestinalis and most of them against trichomonas vaginalis. the most active group of co ...200919186059
cysteine peptidase expression in trichomonas vaginalis isolates displaying high- and low-virulence phenotypes.in the present study, we identified and characterized the cysteine peptidase (cp) profiles of trichomonas vaginalis isolates exhibiting high- and low-virulence phenotypes using a combination of two-dimensional sds-page (2de), tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms), and data mining. seven of the eight cps identified belong to clan ca, family c1, cathepsin l-like cp, and one belongs to clan cd, family c13, asparaginyl endopeptidase-like cp. quantitative and qualitative differences in cp expression were ...200919186947
genetic diversity of trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates determined by ecori restriction fragment length polymorphism of heat-shock protein 70 genes.restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis using a multilocus heat-inducible cytoplasmic heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) hybridization probe with ecori-digested genomic dna was used in molecular typing of 129 trichomonas vaginalis isolates. results indicate that trichomonas organisms exhibit considerable polymorphism in their hsp70 rflp patterns. analysis of seven american type culture collection reference strains and 122 clinical isolates, including 84 isolates from jackson, mississ ...200919190222
human papillomaviruses and genital co-infections in gynaecological outpatients.high grade hpv infections and persistence are the strongest risk factors for cervical cancer. nevertheless other genital microorganisms may be involved in the progression of hpv associated lesions.200919216747
validation of an immunologic diagnostic kit for infectious vaginitis by trichomonas vaginalis, candida spp., and gardnerella vaginalis.fempure is a kit for the rapid diagnosis of vaginitis by trichomonas vaginalis, candida spp., and gardnerella vaginalis, based on aggregation of latex particles joined to specific antibodies. the validation of the method involved the parameters specificity, detection limit, robustness, clinical sensitivity, and clinical specificity. also, samples analyzed in parallel by the validated test and other recognized tests conducted by external laboratory were included. the method was specific for the 3 ...200919216938
population-based assessment of mycoplasma genitalium in vietnam--low prevalence among married women of reproductive age in a rural area.to analyse the prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium infection in a population-based study among married women from a demographic surveillance site in a rural geographical area of vietnam.200919220645
association of public versus private health care utilization and prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in maringá, paraná, brazil.to determine the association of public versus private health care utilization and prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in maringá, paraná, brazil.200919225796
nmr structural analysis of dna recognition by a novel myb1 dna-binding domain in the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis.the transcription regulator, tvmyb1, is the first myb family protein identified in trichomonas vaginalis. using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we defined the amino-acid sequence from lys(35) to ser(141) (tvmyb1(35-141)) as the minimal dna-binding domain, encompassing two myb-like dna-binding motifs (designated as r2 and r3 motifs) and an extension of 10 residues at the c-terminus. nmr solution structures of tvmyb1(35-141) show that both the r2 and r3 motifs adopt helix-turn-helix confo ...200919246540
multiplex pcr testing detection of higher-than-expected rates of cervical mycoplasma, ureaplasma, and trichomonas and viral agent infections in sexually active australian women.knowing the prevalence of potential etiologic agents of nongonococcal and nonchlamydial cervicitis is important for improving the efficacy of empirical treatments for this commonly encountered condition. we describe four multiplex pcrs (mpcrs), designated vdl05, vdl06, vdl07, and vdl09, which facilitate the detection of a wide range of agents either known to be or putatively associated with cervicitis, including cytomegalovirus (cmv), enterovirus (ev), epstein-barr virus (ebv), varicella-zoster ...200919261782
anal intercourse among young heterosexuals in three sexually transmitted disease clinics in the united states.to examine factors associated with heterosexual anal intercourse (ai).200919265740
prevalence of and risk factors for sexually-transmitted infections in hidden female sex workers.we wanted to determine the age-specific prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infections while assessing the risk factors among hidden female sex workers (hfsw).200919269760
horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic parasites: a case study of entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis.over the past few years it has become apparent that horizontal gene transfer (hgt) has played an important role in the evolution of pathogenic prokaryotes. what is less clear is the exact role that hgt has played in shaping the metabolism of eukaryotic organisms. the main problems are the reliable inference of hgt on a genomic scale as well as the functional assignment of genes in these poorly studied organisms. we have screened the completed genomes of the protists entamoeba histolytica and tri ...200919271203
validity of the symptomatic approach used by nurses in diagnosing vaginal infections.to examine the validity and effectiveness of a symptomatic approach based on symptoms, administered by a nurse working in women's health area, in identifying vaginal infections in women with or without vaginal discharge.200919284438
comparative analyses among the trichomonas vaginalis, trichomonas tenax, and tritrichomonas foetus 5s ribosomal rna genes.the 5s ribosomal rna (5s rrna) is an essential component of ribosomes. throughout evolution, variation is found among 5s rrna genes regarding their chromosomal localization, copy number, and intergenic regions. in this report, we describe and compare the gene sequences, motifs, genomic copy number, and chromosomal localization of the trichomonas vaginalis, trichomonas tenax, and tritrichomonas foetus 5s rrna genes. t. vaginalis and t. foetus have a single type of 5s rrna-coding region, whereas t ...200919290527
genetic identity and differential gene expression between trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax.trichomonas vaginalis is a human urogenital pathogen responsible for trichomonosis, the number-one, non-viral sexually transmitted disease (std) worldwide, while t. tenax is a commensal of the human oral cavity, found particularly in patients with poor oral hygiene and advanced periodontal disease. the extent of genetic identity between t. vaginalis and its oral commensal counterpart is unknown.200919296850
prospective study of correlates of vaginal lactobacillus colonisation among high-risk hiv-1 seronegative women.vaginal colonisation with lactobacillus species is characteristic of normal vaginal ecology. the absence of vaginal lactobacilli, particularly hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2))-producing isolates, has been associated with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis (bv) and increased risk for hiv-1 acquisition. identification of factors associated with vaginal lactobacillus colonisation may suggest interventions to improve vaginal health.200919329442
sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections in female sex workers.the present study was conducted in 300 female sex workers (fsws) from surat city in 2005-2006. vaginal swabs, endocervical swabs and serum samples were collected from each of these fsws. vaginal samples were screened for bacterial vaginosis (bv), candidiasis and trichomonas vaginalis . endocervical swabs were screened for gonococcal infection. serological tests for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and syphilis were performed. from a total of 300 fsws, bv wa ...200919332911
the microaerophilic flagellate, trichomonas vaginalis, contains unusual acyl lipids but no detectable cardiolipin.previous lipid analysis of trichomonads has led to controversy as to whether these hydrogenosome-containing organisms contain cardiolipin (cl), which is a characteristic component of mitochondria. here we report a careful lipid analysis of the sexually transmitted protist trichomonas vaginalis. major lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (42%) and phosphatidylcholine (20%) with lesser amounts of phosphatidylglycerol (pg) (12%) and non-polar components. two unusual lipids, acyl-pg (8%) and ceramid ...200919335774
clinical significance of trichomonas vaginalis detected in papanicolaou smear: a survey in female social hygiene clinic.to evaluate the clinical significance of trichomonas vaginalis detected in papanicolaou (pap) smears in our local population.200919342733
association between group a beta-haemolytic streptococci and vulvovaginitis in adult women: a case-control study.guidelines for the management of vaginal discharge mention candida albicans, trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae as causes and do not recommend full microbiological culture. the role of non-group b beta-haemolytic streptococci in vaginal cultures is unclear, except for group a streptococci that are known to cause vulvovaginitis in children. in a case-control study, we investigated the association between non-group b beta-haemolytic streptoc ...200919343383
simultaneous identification of 14 genital microorganisms in urine by use of a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assay.the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a sensitive method for the simultaneous identification of 14 urogenital potential pathogens. a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot (mpcr/rlb) assay was developed to detect 14 urogenital pathogens or putative pathogens, namely trichomonas vaginalis, streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma parvum, u. urealyticum, gardnerella vaginalis, haemophilus influenzae, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) and hsv2, ...200919357202
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a surface-associated, fibronectin-binding protein of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis colonizes the urogenital tract of humans and causes trichomonosis, the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted disease. we have shown an association of t. vaginalis with basement membrane extracellular matrix components, a property which we hypothesize is important for colonization and persistence. in this study, we identify a fibronectin (fn)-binding protein of t. vaginalis. a monoclonal antibody (mab) from a library of hybridomas that inhibited the binding of t. vagi ...200919380472
mycoplasma genitalium compared to chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas as an aetiological agent of urethritis in men attending std clinics.to investigate prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium, chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae and trichomonas vaginalis in men, frequency of co-infections, and association of organisms with urethritis in men.200919383597
high rates of std and sexual risk behaviors among garífunas in honduras.honduras has the highest concentration of hiv and aids cases in central america, with an estimated adult hiv prevalence of 1.5%. prevalence is higher among certain ethnic groups such as the garífuna with a reported hiv prevalence of 8%.200919384098
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