Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| Identification of phospholipid species affected by miltefosine action in Leishmania donovani cultures using LC-ELSD, LC-ESI/MS, and multivariate data analysis. | Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease principally treated by intravenous drugs. Hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) has recently proved its efficacy by oral route. Although its mechanism of action has been investigated, and principally relies on perturbations of the metabolism of lipids and especially phospholipids, further studies need to be conducted to detect precisely which metabolic pathways are impacted. For this purpose, the present work proposes a complete lipidomic study foc ... | 2012 | 22065347 |
| Paratransgenic control of vector borne diseases. | Conventional methodologies to control vector borne diseases with chemical pesticides are often associated with environmental toxicity, adverse effects on human health and the emergence of insect resistance. In the paratransgenic strategy, symbiotic or commensal microbes of host insects are transformed to express gene products that interfere with pathogen transmission. These genetically altered microbes are re-introduced back to the insect where expression of the engineered molecules decreases th ... | 2011 | 22110385 |
| Elongation Factor-2, a Th1 Stimulatory Protein of Leishmania donovani, Generates Strong IFN-? and IL-12 Response in Cured Leishmania-Infected Patients/Hamsters and Protects Hamsters against Leishmania Challenge. | In visceral leishmaniasis, Th1 types of immune responses correlate with recovery from and resistance to disease, and resolution of infection results in lifelong immunity against the disease. Leishmanial Ags that elicit proliferative and cytokine responses in PBMCs from cured/exposed/Leishmania patients have been characterized through proteomic approaches, and elongation factor-2 is identified as one of the potent immunostimulatory proteins. In this study, we report the cloning and expression of ... | 2011 | 22079980 |
| characterization of leishmania donovani aquaporins shows presence of subcellular aquaporins similar to tonoplast intrinsic proteins of plants. | leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, resides in the macrophages of the mammalian host. the aquaporin family of proteins form important components of the parasite-host interface. the parasite-host interface could be a potential target for chemotherapy. analysis of l. major and l. infantum genomes showed the presence of five aquaporins (aqps) annotated as aqp9 (230aa), aqp putative (294aa), aqp-like protein (279aa), aqp1 (314aa) and aqp-like protein (596aa). we report here the structural mod ... | 2011 | 21969862 |
| critical roles for light and its receptors in generating t cell-mediated immunity during leishmania donovani infection. | light (tnfsf14) is a member of the tnf superfamily involved in inflammation and defence against infection. light signals via two cell-bound receptors; herpes virus entry mediator (hvem) and lymphotoxin-beta receptor (ltβr). we found that light is critical for control of hepatic parasite growth in mice with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by infection with the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. light-hvem signalling is essential for early dendritic cell il-12/il-23p40 production, and the ... | 2011 | 21998581 |
| Changing trends in visceral leishmaniasis: 10 years' experience at a referral hospital in Nepal. | Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is mainly confined to the southeast area in the Terai region of Nepal. This study aimed to assess time trends and geographical distribution of VL at a referral hospital over a 10-year period in Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 1521 patients were admitted to the hospital during the study period (April 1999 to March 2009). Overall, 88% of cases were from endemic areas and 10% were from non-endemic areas. There was a significant decreasing trend in the number of VL cases in ... | 2011 | 21889181 |
| synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activities of 5-phenyliminobenzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives. | a series of 5-phenyliminobenzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives were synthesized. the in vitro antiprotozoal activities were evaluated against plasmodium falciparum k1, trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. n,n-diethyl-5-((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)-5h-benzo[a]phenoxazin-9-amine shows ic(50)=0.040 μmol l(-1) with a selective index of 1425 against plasmodium falciparum k1. | 2011 | 21868222 |
| Metabolic Variation during Development in Culture of Leishmania donovani Promastigotes. | The genome sequencing of several Leishmania species has provided immense amounts of data and allowed the prediction of the metabolic pathways potentially operating. Subsequent genetic and proteomic studies have identified stage-specific proteins and putative virulence factors but many aspects of the metabolic adaptations of Leishmania remain to be elucidated. In this study, we have used an untargeted metabolomics approach to analyze changes in the metabolite profile as promastigotes of L. donova ... | 2011 | 22206037 |
| cloning, expression, characterization, and inhibition studies on trypanothione synthetase, a drug target enzyme, from leishmania donovani. | abstract trypanothione synthetase, a validated drug target, synthesizes trypanothione form glutathione (gsh) and spermidine. we report cloning, expressing, characterization and inhibition studies of trypanothione synthetase from leishmania donovani (ldtrys). the purified recombinant ldtrys enzyme obeyed michaelis-menten kinetics. high substrate inhibition was observed with glutathione (k(m)= 33.24 µm, k(cat)= 1.3s(-1), k(i)= 866 µm). enzyme obeyed simple hyperbolic kinetics with fixed glutathi ... | 2011 | 21972939 |
| [A woman with a persisting ulcer on the chin]. | A 62-year-old woman presented with an ulcerative lesion on the chin. She had not visited tropical regions, but she had been in Cyprus. A skin biopsy revealed coccoid micro-organisms resembling Leishmania. Subsequently a PCR was performed which showed Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum complex and the diagnose 'cutaneous leishmaniasis' was confirmed. | 2011 | 22129807 |
| IMP dehydrogenase deficiency in Leishmania donovani causes a restrictive growth phenotype in promastigotes but is not essential for infection in mice. | Leishmania cannot synthesize purines de novo and therefore must scavenge purines from its host for survival and growth. Biochemical and genomic analyses have indicated that Leishmania species express three potential routes for the synthesis of guanylate nucleotides: (1) a two-step pathway that converts IMP to GMP; (2) a three-step pathway that starts with the deamination of guanine to xanthine, followed by phosphoribosylation to XMP and then conversion to GMP; or (3) direct guanine phosphoribosy ... | 2011 | 21907738 |
| anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor in sudanese patients with leishmania donovani infection. | the present study evaluated the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides antibodies (anti-ccp), rheumatoid factor (rf), and circulating immune complexes (cic) in sudanese patients infected with the leishmania donovani parasite. | 2011 | 22124592 |
| treatment of leishmania donovani-infected hamsters with miltefosine: analysis of cytokine mrna expression by real-time pcr, lymphoproliferation, nitrite production and antibody responses. | miltefosine, an orally effective antileishmanial drug, works directly on the parasite by impairing membrane synthesis and subsequent apoptosis of the parasite and has also been reported to have macrophage-activating functions that aid parasite killing. we investigated the type of immunological responses generated in miltefosine-treated leishmania donovani-infected hamsters, which simulate the clinical situation of human kala-azar. | 2011 | 22121191 |
| Morphometric and meristic characterization of Phlebotomus argentipes species complex in northern Sri Lanka: evidence for the presence of potential leishmaniasis vectors in the country. | The transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is of public health concern in Sri Lanka. The parasite Leishmania donovani is reported to be the causative agent for CL in Sri Lanka. However there is no report on the vector of CL in the country. Phlebotomus argentipes sensu lato is the well known vector of L. donovani which causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the nearby South India. The taxon Ph. argentipes previously reported to occur as a species complex comprising of two morphospe ... | 2011 | 22041744 |
| visceral leishmaniasis and arsenic: an ancient poison contributing to antimonial treatment failure in the indian subcontinent? | 2011 | 21980542 | |
| bioinformatic analysis of leishmania donovani long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase as a novel drug target. | fatty acyl-coa synthetase (fatty acid: coa ligase, amp-forming; (ec 6.2.1.3)) catalyzes the formation of fatty acyl-coa by a two-step process that proceeds through the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. fatty acyl-coa represents bioactive compounds that are involved in protein transport, enzyme activation, protein acylation, cell signaling, and transcriptional control in addition to serving as substrates for beta oxidation and phospholipid biosynthesis. fatty acyl-coa synthetase occupies a pivotal rol ... | 2011 | 22091399 |
| Mechanism of Amphotericin B Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Leishmania donovani. | The clinical value of Amphotericin B, the mainstay therapy for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sodium Antimony Gluconate nonresponsive zones of Bihar, is now threatened by the emergence of acquired drug resistance and a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is the need of the hour. We have selected an Amphotericin B resistant clinical isolate which demonstrated 8 fold higher LD(50) compared to sensitive strain to explore the mechanism of Amphotericin B resistance. Fluoremetric analy ... | 2011 | 22123699 |
| Characterisation of antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani isolates: Biochemical and biophysical studies and interaction with host cells. | Recent clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from the hyperendemic zone of Bihar were characterised in vitro in terms of their sensitivity towards sodium stibogluconate in a macrophage culture system. The resulting half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) values were compared with those of known sensitive isolates. Fifteen of the isolates showed decreased sensitivity towards SSG with an average EC(50) of 25.7±4.5µg/ml pentavalent antimony (defined as antimony resistant), whereas nine sho ... | 2011 | 21920365 |
| Use of antimony in the treatment of leishmaniasis: current status and future directions. | In the recent past the standard treatment of kala-azar involved the use of pentavalent antimonials Sb(V). Because of progressive rise in treatment failure to Sb(V) was limited its use in the treatment program in the Indian subcontinent. Until now the mechanism of action of Sb(V) is not very clear. Recent studies indicated that both parasite and hosts contribute to the antimony efflux mechanism. Interestingly, antimonials show strong immunostimulatory abilities as evident from the upregulation of ... | 2011 | 22091408 |
| [Leishmania donovani: structural insignt in the recognition of C-methylated analogues of spermidine as natural polyamine]. | The ability of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and omega-methylated spermidine analogues to restore the growth of L. donovani promastigotes that were depleted of putrescine and spermidine was investigated. Only beta-methylated spermidine, like natural spermidine was capable of restoring the growth of L. donovani, while the remaining three analogues turned out to be inactive. Considering that alpha-methylated spermidine is a functionally active spermidine surrogate both in vivo and in vitro, this analogue ... | 2011 | 21954600 |
| serum chemokine profiles in visceral leishmaniasis, hiv and hiv/ visceral leishmaniasis co-infected ethiopian patients. | the search for a correlation between chemokine levels in plasma or serum and protection from hiv infection or progression to aids has been attempted by a number of workers. chemokines are also suggested to play a role in immunity to leishmania and leishmania co-infection with hiv. | 2011 | 21991751 |
| Serological markers of sand fly exposure to evaluate insecticidal nets against visceral leishmaniasis in India and Nepal: a cluster-randomized trial. | Visceral leishmaniasis is the world' second largest vector-borne parasitic killer and a neglected tropical disease, prevalent in poor communities. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LNs) are a low cost proven vector intervention method for malaria control; however, their effectiveness against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is unknown. This study quantified the effect of LNs on exposure to the sand fly vector of VL in India and Nepal during a two year community intervention trial. | 2011 | 21931871 |
| intracellular drug delivery in leishmania-infected macrophages: evaluation of saponin-loaded plga nanoparticles. | drug delivery systems present an opportunity to potentiate the therapeutic effect of antileishmanial drugs. colloidal carriers are rapidly cleared by the phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system (res), rendering them ideal vehicles for passive targeting of antileishmanials. this paper describes the development of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) nanoparticles (nps) for the antileishmanial saponin β-aescin. nps were prepared using the combined emulsification solvent evaporation/sal ... | 2011 | 22080813 |
| Leishman-Donovan bodies in the bone marrow biopsy. | 2011 | 21866587 | |
| Genetic heterogeneity in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from India. | Genetic diversity within 45 Indian Leishmania donovani isolates was analyzed using seven genetic markers. While kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) analysis revealed 15 genotypes, 8 genotypes were obtained by analysis of other markers. In contrast to earlier reports, our data suggest that significant genetic polymorphisms exist in L. donovani strains in Bihar, India. Our results confirm the presence of 2 zymodemes in India. | 2011 | 21865422 |
| protective therapy with novel chromone derivative against leishmania donovani infection induces th1 response in vivo. | background: visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic protozoan disease caused by leishmania donovani, an obligatory intracellular parasite that resides and multiplies within macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of nine novel synthetic chromone derivatives as antileishmanial molecules in experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis. methods: in vitro activity of the molecules (2, 5 and 10 μg/ml) was assessed against promastigotes of both penta ... | 2011 | 22024637 |
| phenology and population dynamics of sand flies in a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern azarbaijan province, north western of iran. | to investigate species composition, density, accumulated degree-day and diversity of sand flies during april to october 2010 in azarshahr district, a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in north western iran. | 2011 | 21914536 |
| cryptolepine-induced cell death of leishmania donovani promastigotes is augmented by inhibition of autophagy. | leishmania donovani are the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide. lack of vaccines and emergence of drug resistance warrants the need for improved drug therapy and newer therapeutic intervention strategies against leishmaniasis. in the present study, we have investigated the effect of the natural indoloquinoline alkaloid cryptolepine on l. donovani ag83 promastigotes. our results show that cryptolepine induces cellular dysfunction in l. donovani promastigotes, which leads to the ... | 2011 | 22091398 |
| antileishmanial activity of a formulation of 2-n-propylquinoline by oral route in mice model. | 2-n-propylquinoline is presently a drug-candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniosis in pre-clinical development. as this compound is in an oily state, it needs to be formulated and the objectives of this study are: to prepare a formulation; to demonstrate that the new salted formulation did not alter the activity of the active ingredient; and finally, that this activity was quite good compared to the reference oral drug, miltefosine. therefore, a 2-n-propylquinoline formulation, as cam ... | 2011 | 22091464 |
| whole genome sequencing of multiple leishmania donovani clinical isolates provides insights into population structure and mechanisms of drug resistance. | visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease endemic to large parts of asia and africa, primarily caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. here, we report a high-quality reference genome sequence for a strain of l. donovani from nepal, and use this sequence to study variation in a set of 16 related clinical lines, isolated from visceral leishmaniasis patients from the same region, which also differ in their response to in vitro drug susceptibility. we show that whole-genome ... | 2011 | 22038251 |
| detection of leishmania donovani infection using magnetic beads-based serum peptide profiling by maldi-tof ms in mice model. | leishmaniasis is an important parasitic disease, and definite diagnosis using a specific and sensitive method is the first step to cure the disease. here, we present a novel diagnostic strategy based on serum peptide profiling by magnetic beads and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). the serum peptides from the leishmani donovani-infected and healthy mice were enriched by the optimized magnetic beads. the mass spectrograms were acquired by ... | 2011 | 21850454 |
| Paromomycin affects translation and vesicle-mediated trafficking as revealed by proteomics of paromomycin -susceptible -resistant Leishmania donovani. | Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity. Increasing resistance towards antimonial drugs poses a great challenge in chemotherapy of VL. Paromomycin is an aminoglycosidic antibiotic and is one of the drugs currently being used in the chemotherapy of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. To understand the mode of action of this antibiotic at the molecular level, we have investigated the global pro ... | 2011 | 22046323 |
| Antiparasitic activity of plumericin & isoplumericin isolated from Plumeria bicolor against Leishmania donovani. | Background & objectives: The severe toxicity, exorbitant cost and emerging resistance of Leishmania species against most of the currently used drugs underscores the urgent need for the alternative drugs. The present study evaluates in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Plumeria bicolor and its isolated compounds. Methods: The in vitro anti-parasitic activity of chloroform extract of Plumeria bicolor, plumericin and isoplumericin were tested alongwith appropriate controls against promastigote a ... | 2011 | 22199112 |
| expression of a leishmaniadonovani nucleotide sugar transporter in leishmaniamajor enhances survival in visceral organs. | leishmania donovani and leishmaniainfantum infections cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis, and leishmaniamajor causes self healing cutaneous lesions. it is poorly understood what genetic differences between these leishmania species are responsible for the different pathologies of infection. to investigate whether l.donovani species-specific genes are involved in visceral leishmania infection, we have examined a l.donovani species-specific gene ld1590 (ortholog of linj15_v3.0900) that is a pseudog ... | 2011 | 21978449 |
| peripheral blood buffy coat smear: a promising tool for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. | confirmative diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is still being a challenge at the primary health care facilities in most of the rural endemic areas in the indian sub-continent. conventional methods for parasitological confirmation are risky and require skilled personnel hence, unreachable to the poor people in the endemic region. buffy coat smear microscopy, as a minimally invasive simple alternative, for the parasitological diagnosis of vl was evaluated in this prospective study. one hund ... | 2011 | 22205790 |
| quantitative proteome profiling informs on phenotypic traits that adapt leishmania donovani for axenic and intracellular proliferation. | protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania are important human pathogens that differentiate inside host macrophages into an amastigote life cycle stage. although this stage causes the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis, only few proteins have been implicated in amastigote intracellular survival. here we compare morphology, infectivity and protein expression of l. donovani ld1s grown in host free (axenic) culture, or exclusively propagated in infected hamsters, with the aim to reveal parasite traits ... | 2011 | 21501362 |
| imaging host cell-leishmania interaction dynamics implicates parasite motility, lysosome recruitment, and host cell wounding in the infection process. | leishmania donovani causes human visceral leishmaniasis. the parasite infectious cycle comprises extracellular flagellated promastigotes that proliferate inside the insect vector, and intracellular nonmotile amastigotes that multiply within infected host cells. using primary macrophages infected with virulent metacyclic promastigotes and high spatiotemporal resolution microscopy, we dissect the dynamics of the early infection process. we find that motile promastigotes enter macrophages in a pola ... | 2011 | 21501831 |
| comparative assessment of a dna and protein leishmania donovani gamma glutamyl cysteine synthetase vaccine to cross-protect against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. major or l. mexicana infection. | leishmaniasis is a major health problem and it is estimated that 12 million people are currently infected. a vaccine which could cross-protect people against different leishmania spp. would facilitate control of this disease as more than one species of leishmania may be present. in this study the ability of a dna vaccine, using the full gene sequence for l. donovani gamma glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γgcs) incorporated in the pvax vector (pvaxγgcs), and a protein vaccine, using the correspondin ... | 2011 | 22210224 |
| validation of a β-me elisa for detection of anti leishmania donovani antibodies in eastern sudan. | a β-mercaptoethnol (β-me)-treated promastigote antigen of l. donovani was successfully employed in direct agglutination test (dat) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). | 2011 | 21931201 |
| first report on ambisome-associated allergic reaction in two sudanese leishmaniasis patients. | post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ml) are serious clinical forms of leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani parasites in sudan. although pentavalent antimonys are used as the first line of treatment of all clinical forms of leishmaniasis, persistent pkdl and ml patients are treated with liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome) as a second-line drug. in this work, we report the development of allergic reactions by a pkdl and a ml sudanese patient to ambisome. th ... | 2011 | 21976565 |
| molecular and serological detection of leishmania spp. in captive wild animals from ilha solteira, sp, brazil. | leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease that affects 12 million people worldwide. several mammalian species can serve as a reservoir for this disease. dogs are the main reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis in urban areas, which has become a serious public health concern in brazil. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of leishmania spp. in captive wild animals from ilha solteira, são paulo, brazil. blood and various tissues samples were collected from animals of five different species: ... | 2011 | 21961752 |
| multilocus genotyping reveals a polyphyletic pattern among naturally antimony-resistant leishmania braziliensis isolates from peru. | in order to understand the epidemiological dynamics of antimonial (sb(v)) resistance in zoonotic tegumentary leishmaniasis and its link with treatment outcome, we analyzed the population structure of 24 peruvian leishmania braziliensis clinical isolates with known in vitro antimony susceptibility and clinical phenotype by multilocus microsatellite typing (14 microsatellite loci). the genetic variability in the peruvian isolates was high and the multilocus genotypes were strongly differentiated f ... | 2011 | 21871584 |
| identification of novel inhibitors of dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase of leishmania donovani via ligand-based virtual screening and biological evaluation. | current treatment of leishmaniasis is based on chemotherapy, which relies on a handful of drugs with serious limitations, such as high cost, toxicity, and lack of efficacy in endemic regions. therefore, development of new, effective, and affordable anti-leishmanial drugs is a global health priority. dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase has been characterized and established as a drug target for antileishmanial drug discovery. we virtually screened a large chemical library of 15 452 compounds against a 3d ... | 2011 | 22014034 |
| acute renal injury as a result of liposomal amphotericin b treatment in sodium stibogluconate unresponsive visceral leishmaniasis. | abstract. we report an unusual case of visceral leishmaniasis occurring in a patient from sichuan china. the patient presented with a remitting fever, anemia, and pancytopenia. the case was confirmed as visceral leishmaniasis by microscopical detection of the leishmania species amastigote in bone marrow aspirate. the patient was treated with 10 mg/kg/day of sodium stibogluconate for 5 days, with no therapeutic response. as a result, the patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin b (lab) at ... | 2011 | 22144439 |
| bone marrow leishmaniasis: a review of situation in thailand. | leishmaniasis is an important tropical vector-borne disease. this infection can be seen in tropical area and it is considered to be one of the most important vector-borne infections at present. the general situation of the leishmaniasis in thailand is hereby reviewed. although thailand is a tropical country, the leishmaniasis is not endemic but sporadic. the imported cases are documented in some literatures. the serious form of leishmaniasis, the visceral leishmaniasis is also detectable in thai ... | 2011 | 22014727 |
| a possible role for phlebotmus (anaphlebotmous) rodhaini (parrot 1930) in transmission of leishmania donovani. | abstract: background: visceral leishmaniasis (vl, kala azar), caused by leishmania donovani is a major health problem in sudan and other east african countries. in this region the only proven vectors of l. donovani are phlebotomus orientalis in eastern sudan, ethiopia and upper nile areas of southern sudan and phlebotomus martini in ethiopia, kenya and southern sudan. in this report, we present the first evidence that phlebotomus rodhaini may also play a role in maintaining transmission of l. d ... | 2011 | 22188864 |
| in vitro antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities of five medicinal plants from burkina faso. | after ethnobotanical surveys in central and western regions of burkina faso, five plants namely lantana ukambensis (verbenaceae), xeoderris sthulmannii (fabaceae), parinari curatellifollia (chrysobalanaceae), ozoroa insignis (anacardiaceae), and ficus platyphylla (moraceae) were selected for their traditional use in the treatment of parasitic diseases and cancer. our previous studies have focused on the phytochemical, genotoxicity, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities of these plants. i ... | 2011 | 22037827 |
| enrichment of invariant natural killer t cells in the bone marrow of visceral leishmaniasis patients. | lipid antigens of leishmania donovani like lipophosphoglycans are shown as a potent ligand for the activation of invariant natural killer t (inkt) cells. it is reported that activation of inkt cells augments the disease pathology in experimental visceral leishmaniasis (vl). in this study, we demonstrate the enrichment of inkt cells in the bone marrow, one of the disease sites among patients with vl. | 2011 | 21851364 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control. | in the indian subcontinent, about 200 million people are at risk of developing visceral leishmaniasis (vl). in 2005, the governments of india, nepal and bangladesh started the first regional vl elimination program with the aim to reduce the annual incidence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2015. a mathematical model was developed to support this elimination program with basic quantifications of transmission, disease and intervention parameters. this model was used to predict the effects of different ... | 2011 | 22140589 |
| asymptomatic infection of visceral leishmaniasis in hyperendemic areas of vaishali district, bihar, india: a challenge to kala-azar elimination programmes. | a cohort of 91 asymptomatic individuals with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) were identified during base line screening using recombinant 39-aminoacid antigen (rk-39) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) conducted from december 2005 to june 2006 involving 997 individuals of two highly endemic villages of vaishali district, bihar. the point prevalence of asymptomatic infection was 98 per 1000 persons at baseline. there was no statistically significant difference between rk-39 and pcr positivity rate ( ... | 2011 | 21945327 |
| role of camp signaling in the survival and infectivity of the protozoan parasite, leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani, while invading macrophages, encounters striking shift in temperature and ph (from 22°c and ph 7.2 to 37°c and ph 5.5), which act as the key environmental trigger for differentiation, and increases camp level and camp-mediated responses. for comprehensive understanding of camp signaling, we studied the enzymes related to camp metabolism. a stage-specific and developmentally regulated isoform of receptor adenylate cyclase (ldraca) showed to regulate differentiation-coupled ind ... | 2011 | 22091412 |
| in vitro activities of new 2-substituted quinolines against leishmania donovani. | a series of 9 quinolines and 18 styrylquinolines was evaluated for the drugs' in vitro antileishmanial activities and cytotoxicities. the 7-aroylstyrylquinoline scaffold appeared to be the most promising one, with the most interesting compound, no. 35, exhibiting a 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of 1.2 μm and a selectivity index value of 121.5. compound 35 was 10-fold and 8-fold more active than miltefosine and sitamaquine, the reference compounds, with selectivity indexes 607-fold and 60 ... | 2011 | 21220526 |
| combination therapy with paromomycin-associated stearylamine-bearing liposomes cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis through th1-biased immunomodulation. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by the parasite leishmania donovani is a potentially fatal disease. available limited drugs are toxic, require prolonged treatment duration, and are costly. a low-cost parenteral formulation of paromomycin sulfate (pm) has recently been approved for the treatment of vl. monotherapy with pm runs the risk of development of resistance. hence, efforts are needed to develop a combination therapy of pm with other drugs to shorten the duration of treatment and prolong ... | 2011 | 21220536 |
| species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of chinese leishmania isolates reexamined using kinetoplast cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequences. | leishmaniasis is a geographically widespread disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus leishmania and transmitted by certain species of sand fly. this disease still remains endemic in china, especially in the west and northwest frontier regions. a recent its1 phylogeny of chinese leishmania isolates has challenged some aspects for their traditional taxonomy and cladistic hypotheses of their phylogeny. however, disagreement with respect to relationships within chinese leishmani ... | 2011 | 21221640 |
| cocktail of gp63 and hsp70 induces protection against leishmania donovani in balb/c mice. | the 63-kda antigen of leishmania donovani is a membrane-anchored matrix metalloprotease that has been shown to be involved in the infection process. we have shown that this antigen alone generates a th1 type of protective response that is partial but when the animals are primed with the antigen along with the hsp70, the level of protection is raised significantly, which is demonstrated by a considerable reduction in parasite load of immunized animals when compared to the infected controls. delay ... | 2011 | 21226722 |
| critical role of irf-5 in the development of t helper 1 responses to leishmania donovani infection. | the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (irf-5) has been shown to be involved in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in response to viral infections and tlr activation and to play an essential role in the innate inflammatory response. in this study, we used the experimental model of visceral leishmaniasis to investigate the role of irf-5 in the generation of th1 responses and in the formation of th1-type liver granulomas in leishmania donovani infected mice. we show that t ... | 2011 | 21253574 |
| molecular detection and genetic diversity of leishmania donovani in naturally infected phlebotomus chinensi from southwestern china. | zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is an important vector-borne infectious disease in western china. in this study, an epidemiological study was carried out on the vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas from sichuan province, southwestern china. in the 1263 phlebotomine sandflies captured, 859 (68.01%) were females and 404 (31.99%) males, belonging to phlebotomus chinensis (83.37%), sergentomyia koloshanensis (6.57%), sergentomyia squamirostris (4.04%), and sergentomyia barraudi ( ... | 2011 | 21254870 |
| a new atp-binding cassette protein is involved in intracellular haem trafficking in leishmania. | the characterization of labcg5, a new intracellular atp-binding cassette protein in leishmania donovani, is described. unlike other abcg half-transporters, labcg5 is not involved in either drug resistance or phospholipid efflux. however, we provide evidence suggesting that this protein is involved in intracellular haem trafficking. thus, downregulation of labcg5 function produced upon overexpression of an inactive version of the protein caused a dramatic growth arrest unless a haemin supplement ... | 2011 | 21255121 |
| mitochondrial associated ubiquitin fold modifier-1 mediated protein conjugation in leishmania donovani. | in this report, we demonstrate the existence of the ubiquitin fold modifier-1 (ufm1) and its conjugation pathway in trypanosomatid parasite leishmania donovani. ldufm1 is activated by e1-like enzyme lduba5. ldufc1 (e2) specifically interacted with ldufm1 and lduba5 to conjugate ldufm1 to proteinaceous targets. mass spectrometry analysis revealed that ldufm1 is conjugated to leishmania protein targets that are associated with mitochondria. immunofluorescence experiments showed that leishmania ufm ... | 2011 | 21264253 |
| post-transcriptional repair of a split heat shock protein 90 gene by mrna trans-splicing. | heat shock protein 90 participates in diverse biological processes ranging from protein folding, cell cycle, signal transduction and development to evolution in all eukaryotes. it is also critically involved in regulating growth of protozoa such as dictyostelium discoideum, leishmania donovani, plasmodium falciparum, trypanosoma cruzi, and trypanosoma evansi. selective inhibition of hsp90 has also been explored as an intervention strategy against important human diseases such as cancer, malaria, ... | 2011 | 21209094 |
| antileishmanial efficacy of fluconazole and miltefosine in combination with an immunomodulator--picroliv. | the chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) has several limitations including resistance and toxicity of the existing drugs. downregulation of immune system further aggravates the problems. to combat this situation, leishmanicidal efficacy of already marketed standard antifungal drug, fluconazole under the approach of "therapeutic switching" in combination with standard antileishmanial drug, miltefosine, and a potent immunomodulator agent, picroliv, were evaluated in hamsters infected with l ... | 2011 | 21212980 |
| identification and characterization of genes involved in leishmania pathogenesis: the potential for drug target selection. | identifying and characterizing leishmania donovani genes and the proteins they encode for their role in pathogenesis can reveal the value of this approach for finding new drug targets. effective drug targets are likely to be proteins differentially expressed or required in the amastigote life cycle stage found in the patient. several examples and their potential for chemotherapeutic disruption are presented. a pathway nearly ubiquitous in living cells targeted by anticancer drugs, the ubiquitin ... | 2011 | 22091403 |
| cyp5122a1, a novel cytochrome p450 is essential for survival of leishmania donovani. | cytochrome p450s (cyp450s) are hemoproteins catalysing diverse biochemical reactions important for metabolism of xenobiotics and synthesis of physiologically important compounds such as sterols. therefore, they are functionally important for survival of invading pathogens. one such opportunistic pathogen leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, which is an important public health problem due to significant disease burden. the parasite genome database, gene db, annotates 3 cyp ... | 2011 | 21966477 |
| structure and in vitro antiparasitic activity of constituents of citropsis articulata root bark. | from the results of an ethnomedicinal investigation of plants from uganda with antimalarial activity, citropsis articulata was selected because of the antiplasmodial effect of an ethyl acetate extract of its root bark. thus, from the cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts, two new heterocyclic compounds, omubioside (1) and katimborine (2), were isolated in addition to five known coumarins (rutarin (3), seselin (4), suberosin (5), demethylsuberosin (6), and haploperoside (7)), two know ... | 2011 | 21985060 |
| diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: developments over the last decade. | diagnostic parameters for visceral leishmaniasis (vl), a potentially fatal parasitic disease caused by leishmania donovani, have been redefined in the last decade with the development of serological and molecular tests, though a definitive diagnosis still banks on the century-old parasitological methods in many areas. recombinant antigens have improved performance of serodiagnostic methods. serology-based tests, rk39 antigen dipstick, and direct agglutination test commonly employed in the field ... | 2011 | 22065060 |
| the histone h4 lysine 14 acetylation in leishmania donovani is mediated by the myst family protein hat4. | post-translational modifications (ptms) of histones regulate almost all facets of dna metabolism in eukaryotes, such as replication, repair, transcription and chromatin condensation. while histone ptms have been exhaustively examined in yeast and higher eukaryotes, less is known of their functional consequences in trypanosomatids. trypanosome histones are highly divergent from other eukaryotes, and specific ptms have been identified in histones of trypanosoma species. the characterization of thr ... | 2011 | 22016570 |
| effect of pam3cys induced protection on the therapeutic efficacy of miltefosine against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | prophylactic potential of synthetic bacterial lipopeptide and a tlr2 agonist, pam3cys was first evaluated against experimental visceral leishmaniasis in rodent model. after establishing the potential its effect on therapeutic efficacy of miltefosine was also studied. pam3cys showed 74.64% inhibition in parasitic establishment when administered by ip route at a dose of 100 μg/animal spaced at two weeks, i.e. on day -7 and +7 of challenge with leishmania donovani amastigotes. however, when aforesa ... | 2011 | 21959258 |
| leishmania donovani: proteasome-mediated down-regulation of methionine adenosyltransferase. | summarymethionine adenosyltransferase (mat) is an important enzyme for metabolic processes, to the extent that its product, s-adenosylmethionine (adomet), plays a key role in trans-methylation, trans-sulphuration and polyamine synthesis. previous studies have shown that a mat-overexpressing strain of leishmania donovani controls adomet production, keeping the intracellular adomet concentration at levels that are compatible with cell survival. this unexpected result, together with the fact that m ... | 2011 | 21813028 |
| a screen against leishmania intracellular amastigotes: comparison to a promastigote screen and identification of a host cell-specific hit. | the ability to screen compounds in a high-throughput manner is essential in the process of small molecule drug discovery. critical to the success of screening strategies is the proper design of the assay, often implying a compromise between ease/speed and a biologically relevant setting. leishmaniasis is a major neglected disease with limited therapeutic options. in order to streamline efforts for the design of productive drug screens against leishmania, we compared the efficiency of two screeni ... | 2011 | 21811648 |
| knockdown of ldmc1 and hsp70 by antisense oligonucleotides causes cell-cycle defects and programmed cell death in leishmania donovani. | programmed cell death (pcd) has important implications in the biology of unicellular parasites, especially in devising control strategies against them. in this study, we examined the role of metacaspase ldmc1 and heat shock protein hsp70 in leishmania donovani through transient gene knockdown using antisense oligonucleotides (asos), during mg132-induced pcd. proteasome inhibitor mg132 was used for inducing pcd in the in vitro culture of leishmania donovani, which was confirmed by morphological a ... | 2011 | 21805355 |
| formylated phloroglucinols from eucalyptus loxophleba foliage. | two new naturally occurring formylated phloroglucinol compounds (fpcs), a dimer, loxophlebal b (10) and a cyclized fpc, loxophlebene (8) together with eight other formylated phloroglucinols (1-7 and 9) were isolated from the chloroform-methanol (8:2) extract of the leaves of eucalyptus loxophleba ssp. lissophloia. the structures of new compounds were established by comprehensive spectral analysis and by comparison of their nmr data with those of related compounds in the literature. all the isola ... | 2011 | 21803129 |
| human visceral leishmaniasis: decrease in serum cholesterol as a function of splenic parasite load. | 2011 | 21801506 | |
| antiparasitic activity of c-geranyl flavonoids from mimulus bigelovii. | bioactivity-directed fractionation of the meoh fraction of the extract of mimulus bigelovii by means of an axenic leishmania amastigote assay and chromatographic techniques resulted in the isolation of four c-geranyl flavanones, diplacone (1), 3'-o-methyldiplacone (2), 4'-o-methyldiplacone (3), 3'-o-methyldiplacol (4), together with a geranylated flavone, cannflavin a (5). these compounds were separated from m. bigelovii for the first time. all compounds showed moderate antileishmanial activity ... | 2011 | 21796699 |
| early activated th-1 type and dominantly diverse natural killer t (cd3(+)cd161(+)va24(-)) cells in bone marrow among visceral leishmaniasis patients. | lipid antigens of leishmania donovani-like lipophosphoglycans (lpg) are demonstrated to be a potent ligand for natural killer t (nkt) cell activation. little is known about the phenotype or function of these cells and their trafficking pattern to the bone marrow (bm) of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) patients. their precise role in humans still requires pathological validation. the study included 42 parasitologically confirmed patients (mean age 24.80±16.26years; range 3-70years; 25 males and 17 fe ... | 2011 | 21787777 |
| detection of urinary antigens and their seroreactivity with serum of patients in leishmania donovani infection. | to detect leishmanial antigens in pre and post treated urine of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) patients. | 2011 | 21771678 |
| cytomegalovirus and leishmania donovani coinfection in a renal allograft recipient. | infection is a leading cause of death in renal allograft recipients. apart from the immunosuppressive drugs, immunomodulatory viral infections also predispose the recipient to many opportunistic infections. kala-azar in renal allograft recipients is infrequently reported even in endemic areas. in majority of cases, there was delay in diagnosis and treatment. we report a case of renal allograft recipient, where we faced a diagnostic dilemma because of coinfection of cytomegalovirus and visceral l ... | 2011 | 21769179 |
| aircraft and risk of importing a new vector of visceral leishmaniasis. | to the editor: kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is a parasitic disease that leads to fever, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly. death is the usual outcome when infection is not treated. the majority of infections are caused by the protozoan leishmania donovani, restricted to india and eastern africa, but the most widespread are caused by l. infantum, found from people's republic of china to the new world, where it infects humans, dogs, and wild canids. all mediterranean countries are affected b ... | 2011 | 21762613 |
| easy test for visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. | to the editor: diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), fatal if untreated, is complex because the symptoms are the same for many fever-associated ailments. despite limitations, diagnosis remains based on finding leishmania amastigotes in spleen and/or bone marrow aspirates (1). sophisticated laboratory methods, although sensitive, are costly. the immunochromatographic strip test that uses recombinant k39 antigen (rk39), although satisfactory in india, is less sensitive in africa, latin america ... | 2011 | 21762596 |
| in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacy of a combination therapy of diminazene and artesunate against leishmania donovani in balb/c mice. | the in vitro and in vivo activity of diminazene (dim), artesunate (art) and combination of dim and art (dim-art) against leishmania donovani was compared to reference drug; amphotericin b. ic50 of dim-art was found to be 2.28 ± 0.24 µg/ml while those of dim and art were 9.16 ± 0.3 µg/ml and 4.64 ± 0.48 µg/ml respectively. the ic50 for amphot b was 0.16 ± 0.32 µg/ml against stationary-phase promastigotes. in vivo evaluation in the l. donovani balb/c mice model indicated that treatments with the c ... | 2011 | 21755234 |
| novel betulin derivatives as antileishmanial agents with mode of action targeting type ib dna topoisomerase. | towards developing antileishmanial agents with mode of action targeted to dna topoisomerases of leishmania donovani, we have synthesized a large number of derivatives of betulin. the compound, a natural triterpene isolated from the cork layer of betula plants exhibits several pharmacological properties. three compounds viz. disuccinyl betulin, diglutaryl dihydrobetulin and disuccinyl dihydrobetulin inhibit growth of the parasite as well as relaxation activity of the enzyme type ib topoisomerase ... | 2011 | 21750153 |
| antiprotozoal activities of organic extracts from french marine seaweeds. | marine macrophytes contain a variety of biologically active compounds, some reported to have antiprotozoal activity in vitro. as a part of a screening program to search for new natural antiprotozoals, we screened hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts of 20 species of seaweeds from three phyla (rhodophyta, heterokontophyta and chlorophyta), sampled along the normandy (france) coast. we tested them in vitro against the protozoa responsible for three major endemic parasitic diseases: plasmodium ... | 2011 | 21747738 |
| the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) against four medically relevant leishmania species of brazil. | the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of miltefosine-« (zentaris gmbh) was assessed against four medically relevant leishmania species of brazil: leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, leishmania (viannia) guyanensis and leishmania (leishmania) chagasi. the activity of miltefosine against these new world species was compared to its activity against the old world strain, leishmania (leishmania) donovani, which is known to be sensitive to the effects of miltefosine. ... | 2011 | 21739037 |
| genetic and functional evidence implicating dll1 as the gene that influences susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis at chromosome 6q27. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is caused by leishmania donovani and leishmania infantum chagasi. genome-wide linkage studies from sudan and brazil identified a putative susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q27. | 2011 | 21742847 |
| increased metacyclogenesis of antimony-resistant leishmania donovani clinical lines. | summarymathematical models predict that the future of epidemics of drug-resistant pathogens depends in part on the competitive fitness of drug-resistant strains. considering metacyclogenesis (differentiation process essential for infectivity) as a major contributor to the fitness of leishmania donovani, we tested its relationship with pentavalent antimony (sbv) resistance in clinical lines. different methods for the assessment of metacyclogenesis were cross-validated: gene expression profiling ( ... | 2011 | 21819638 |
| uncoupling protein 2 negatively regulates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and induces phosphatase-mediated anti-inflammatory response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | to reside and multiply successfully within the host macrophages, leishmania parasites impair the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros), which are a major host defense mechanism against any invading pathogen. mitochondrial uncoupling proteins are associated with mitochondrial ros generation, which is the major contributor of total cellular ros generation. in the present study we have demonstrated that leishmania donovani infection is associated with strong upregulation of uncoupling protein ... | 2011 | 21705615 |
| encecalol angelate, an unstable chromene from ageratum conyzoides l.: total synthesis and investigation of its antiprotozoal activity. | in agreement with ethnomedicinal reports, the dichloromethane extract of ageratum conyzoides l. (asteraceae) was recently shown to be of considerable activity against trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the etiologic agent of east african human trypanosomiasis (east african sleeping sickness). isolated compounds, namely, methoxylated flavonoids as well as the chromene derivative encecalol methyl ether, were less active than the crude extract. the activity of the extract was found to decrease conside ... | 2011 | 21708240 |
| compartment-specific remodeling of splenic micro-architecture during experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | progressive splenomegaly is a hallmark of visceral leishmaniasis in humans, canids, and rodents. in experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis, splenomegaly is accompanied by pronounced changes in microarchitecture, including expansion of the red pulp vascular system, neovascularization of the white pulp, and remodeling of the stromal cell populations that define the b-cell and t-cell compartments. here, we show that ly6c/g(+) (gr-1(+)) cells, including neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, ac ... | 2011 | 21703391 |
| miltefosine induces programmed cell death in leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. | in the current study, we evaluated the mechanism of action of miltefosine, which is the first effective and safe oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis, in leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. miltefosine induced a process of programmed cell death, which was determined by the externalization of phosphatidylserine, the incorporation of propidium iodide, cell-cycle arrest at the sub-g0/g1 phase and dna fragmentation into oligonucleosome-sized fragments. despite the intrinsic variation that is ... | 2011 | 21739043 |
| exclusion of synaptotagmin v at the phagocytic cup by leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan results in decreased promastigote internalization. | regulators of membrane fusion play an important role in phagocytosis, as they regulate the focal delivery of endomembrane that is required for optimal internalization of large particles. during internalization of leishmania promastigotes, the surface glycolipid lipophosphoglycan (lpg) is transferred to the macrophage membrane and modifies its fusogenic properties. in this study, we investigated the impact of lpg on the recruitment of the exocytosis regulator synaptotagmin v (syt v) at the area o ... | 2011 | 21680635 |
| improved treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) by using combination of ketoconazole, miltefosine with an immunomodulator-picroliv. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by the parasite leishmania donovani, is a potentially fatal disease. it is characterized by prolonged fever, enlarged spleen and liver, substantial weight loss and progressive anemia. available drugs are toxic, costly and require prolonged treatment duration viz; 28 days of oral treatment with miltefosine, 30 days infusion with amphotericin b and 21 days intramascular with paromomycin sulfate. drug combination for vl clinically proved to shorten the duration of ... | 2011 | 21679679 |
| identification of substrates of an s-phase cell cycle kinase from leishmania donovani. | despite the importance of cyclin-cdk related kinases (crk) in regulation of cell and life cycle of kinetoplastida parasites, only limited knowledge about their substrates are presently available. here, the potential substrates were searched for an s-phase ldcyc1-crk3 complex from leishmania donovani based on the presence of cdk target phosphorylation site together with the cyclin interacting cy-motif in genome-derived putative protein sequences. three substrates could be identified with one of t ... | 2011 | 21708149 |
| characterization of leishmania donovani mcm4: expression patterns and interaction with pcna. | events leading to origin firing and fork elongation in eukaryotes involve several proteins which are mostly conserved across the various eukaryotic species. nuclear dna replication in trypanosomatids has thus far remained a largely uninvestigated area. while several eukaryotic replication protein orthologs have been annotated, many are missing, suggesting that novel replication mechanisms may apply in this group of organisms. here, we characterize the expression of leishmania donovani mcm4, and ... | 2011 | 21829589 |
| molecular factors governing inhibition of arylimidamides against leishmania: conservative computational modeling to improve chemotherapies. | a dataset of 55 compounds with inhibitory activity against leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes and leishmania amazonensis intracellular parasites was examined through three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling employing molecular descriptors from both rigid and flexible compound alignments. for training and testing purposes, the compounds were divided into two datasets of 45 and 10 compounds, respectively. statistically significant models were constructed and vali ... | 2011 | 21741248 |
| antimonial resistance in leishmania donovani is associated with increased in vivo parasite burden. | leishmania donovani is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis (vl). antimonials (ssg) have long been the first-line treatment against vl, but have now been replaced by miltefosine (mil) in the indian subcontinent due to the emergence of ssg-resistance. our previous study hypothesised that ssg-resistant l. donovani might have increased in vivo survival skills which could affect the efficacy of other treatments such as mil. the present study attempts to validate the ... | 2011 | 21829701 |
| atypical lesions as a sign of cutaneous dissemination of visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient simultaneously infected by two viscerotropic leishmania species. | leishmaniasis is considered an emerging opportunistic disease in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients who have considerably variable clinical presentation. we report a patient with visceral leishmaniasis who had unexpected clinical aspects (atypical cutaneous lesions appearing after long-term evidence of visceral parasites). the patient had hepatoesplenomegaly in the absence of fever, but was otherwise generally healthy. the hiv viral load was low despite severe immunossupression ... | 2011 | 21734124 |
| ca(2+)-activated transbilayer movement of plasma membrane phospholipids in leishmania donovani during ionomycin or thapsigargin stimulation. | the protozoan parasite leishmania causes serious infections in humans all over the world. after being inoculated into the skin through the bite of an infected sandfly, leishmania promastigotes must gain entry into macrophages to initiate a successful infection. specific, surface exposed phospholipids have been implicated in leishmania-macrophage interaction but the mechanisms controlling and regulating the plasma membrane lipid distribution remains to be elucidated. here, we provide evidence for ... | 2011 | 21684309 |
| differential expression of proteins in antimony-susceptible and -resistant isolates of leishmania donovani. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. resistance to pentavalent antimonials (sbv), the mainstay therapy for leishmaniasis is now a major concern, due to emergence of drug resistance. hence, understanding the underlying mechanism of resistance to antimonials is required. here we used quantitative mass spectrometery to identify global proteome differences between antimony-susceptible/-resistant isolates. we detected modification of ... | 2011 | 21736901 |
| solution structure and dynamics of adf from toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii adf (tgadf) belongs to a functional subtype characterized by strong g-actin sequestering activity and low f-actin severing activity. among the characterized adf/cofilin proteins, tgadf has the shortest length and is missing a c-terminal helix implicated in f-actin binding. in order to understand its characteristic properties, we have determined the solution structure of tgadf and studied its backbone dynamics from (15)n-relaxation measurements. tgadf has conserved adf/cofilin f ... | 2011 | 21820516 |
| chemical constituents of the new endophytic fungus mycosphaerella sp. nov. and their anti-parasitic activity. | chemical investigation of a new endophytic fungus, mycosphaerella sp. nov. strain f2140, associated with the foliage of the plant psychotria horizontalis (rubiaceae) in panama, resulted in the isolation of cercosporin (1) and a new cercosporin analog (3) as the major components. the structures of minor compounds in the extract were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis as 2-(2-butyl)-6-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylcyclohex-2-ene-1,5-dione (4), 3-(2-butyl)-6-ethyl-5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl- ... | 2011 | 21815421 |
| immunogenicity of leishmania donovani iron superoxide dismutase b1 and peroxidoxin 4 in balb/c mice: the contribution of toll-like receptor agonists as adjuvant. | in this study, we assessed the immune response of two leishmania donovani recombinant proteins: iron superoxide dismutase b1 (sodb1) and peroxidoxin 4 (pxn4) in balb/c mice. assessment of the immunogenicity of these proteins alone or combined with toll-like receptor 9 (tlr-9) agonist (cpg odn) or tlr-4 agonist (gla-se) showed that they elicit specific antibody as well as cytokine production in response to the respective antigen in vitro. the use of adjuvants augmented immunogenicity of these ant ... | 2011 | 21835175 |