Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| [shigella spp infections in children living in the metropolitan region, chile, during summer of 2004-2005]. | shigella spp is a frequent cause of diarrhea in children. antimicrobials decrease the duration of diarrhea and pathogen excretion. however, the increasing resistance limits their therapeutic value. | 2008 | 18259649 |
| [shigellosis outbreak with 146 cases related to a fair]. | on september 3, 2005, the ciudad real public health service (spain) received a report of 20 cases of gastroenteritis in the municipality of daimiel. we conducted an investigation to determine the cause or causes of the outbreak and to implement control measures. most of the cases involved young people who visited the municipality's fair. | 2008 | 18261440 |
| extracellular-loop peptide antibodies reveal a predominant hemichannel organization of connexins in polarized intestinal cells. | shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades colonic epithelial cells to elicit an intense inflammatory reaction leading to destruction of the mucosa. atp-dependent paracrine signalling induced by connexin (cx) hemichannel opening was previously shown to favor shigella flexneri invasion and dissemination in transfectants of hela cells [g. tran van nhieu, c. clair, r. bruzzone, m. mesnil, p. sansonetti and l. combettes. (2003). connexin-dependent intercellular communication incre ... | 2008 | 18267319 |
| retrograde traffic in the biosynthetic-secretory route. | in the biosynthetic-secretory route from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, across the pre-golgi intermediate compartments, the golgi apparatus stacks, trans golgi network, and post-golgi organelles, anterograde transport is accompanied and counterbalanced by retrograde traffic of both membranes and contents. in the physiologic dynamics of cells, retrograde flow is necessary for retrieval of molecules that escaped from their compartments of function, for keeping the compartments' balances, and mai ... | 2008 | 18270728 |
| conserved amphiphilic feature is essential for periplasmic chaperone hdea to support acid resistance in enteric bacteria. | the extremely acidic environment of the mammalian stomach (ph 1-3) represents a stressful challenge for enteric pathogenic bacteria, including escherichia coli, shigella and brucella. the hdea (hns-dependent expression a) gene was found to be crucial for the survival of these enteric bacteria under extremely low ph conditions. we recently demonstrated that hdea is able to exhibit chaperone-like activity exclusively within the stomach ph range by transforming from a well-folded conformation at hi ... | 2008 | 18271752 |
| reactive arthritis following culture-confirmed infections with bacterial enteric pathogens in minnesota and oregon: a population-based study. | to describe the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of reactive arthritis (rea) following culture-confirmed infection with bacterial enteric pathogens in a population-based study in the usa. | 2008 | 18272671 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy of highly purified invasin complex vaccine from shigella flexneri 2a. | development of a subunit vaccine for shigellosis requires identification of protective antigens and delivering these antigens in a manner that stimulates immunity comparable to that induced by natural infection. the shigella invasin complex (invaplex) vaccine is an ion-exchange-purified extract from virulent shigella that consists of lps and several other proteins, including the invasins ipab and ipac. intranasal delivery of invaplex stimulates protective immunity in small animal models for shig ... | 2008 | 18276045 |
| distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella isolates in bangui, central african republic. | we conducted a prospective study in four urban health care centres between january 2004 and november 2005 to determine the distribution and susceptibility patterns of shigella strains causing invasive diarrhoea in bangui, central african republic. of the 155 shigella isolated, shigella flexneri (51%) and shigella dysenteriae (30%) were the most common and the most resistant to usual antibiotics, including amoxicillin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol. though multi-drug resistan ... | 2008 | 18282240 |
| reaching a consensus on management practices and vaccine development targets for mitigation of infectious diarrhoea among deployed us military forces. | this study is part of a research effort to identify and quantify factors related to the cost-effectiveness of a vaccine acquisition strategy to reduce the burden of infectious diarrhoea on us military personnel deployed overseas. where evidence is lacking in the scientific literature, or considerable uncertainty exists, it is often necessary to develop best estimates with ranges of certainty. to this end, a modified 'delphi' survey technique to obtain the best estimates for uncertain parameters ... | 2008 | 18284518 |
| comparative analysis of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and orally infected ducklings with salmonella enteritidis by eric-pcr. | to analyze the difference of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and (s. enteritidis) orally infected ducklings. | 2008 | 18286697 |
| the shf gene of a shigella flexneri homologue on the virulent plasmid paa2 of enteroaggregative escherichia coli 042 is required for firm biofilm formation. | enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) is an increasingly important cause of diarrhea in both developing and industrialized countries, and is characterized by strong biofilm formation on the intestinal mucosa. sequencing of the virulent plasmid paa2 of the prototype eaec 042 revealed a cluster of three open reading frames (orfs; shf, capu, and virk) ca. 93% identical to a similar cluster located in shigella flexneri. the function of the first orf shf protein is not known, but the closest well ... | 2008 | 18293034 |
| terpenoid compositions, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the rhizome essential oils of different hedychium species. | a phytochemical study of the rhizome essential oils of four different hedychium species was performed by means of gc and gc/ms analyses. h. ellipticum mainly contained 1,8-cineole, sabinene, and terpin-4-ol, while h. aurantiacum possessed terpin-4-ol, para-cymene, and bornyl acetate as the major entities. similarly, trans-meta-mentha-2,8-diene and linalool were noticed in h. coronarium. three different collections (i-iii) of h. spicatum showed amazing differences in the relative contents of thei ... | 2008 | 18293443 |
| diverse antimicrobial killing by enterococcus faecium e 50-52 bacteriocin. | an effective bacteriocin was identified and characterized. lactic acid bacteria were screened against campylobacter jejuni. one bacteriocin producer, enterococcus faecium (nrrl b-30746), was studied. the isolate was grown, and the bacteriocin was purified to single-band homogeneity. biochemical traits indicated that the peptide was a class iia bacteriocin, and it was named e 50-52. the bacteriocin had a molecular weight of 3339.7 and an isoelectric point of 8.0. the minimal inhibitory concentrat ... | 2008 | 18293921 |
| association of a factor h mutation with hemolytic uremic syndrome following a diarrheal illness. | hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) takes 2 forms: diarrheal hus and nondiarrheal hus. as its name suggests, diarrheal hus classically follows an enteric infection. the classic infective organism is the escherichia coli o157 serotype, although other bacteria, including shigella species, can produce the verocytotoxin required to cause hus. the usual clinical course is an episode of bloody diarrhea followed by thrombotic microangiopathy and acute renal failure. supportive treatment sees recovery of re ... | 2008 | 18295065 |
| single residue determines the specificity of neutrophil elastase for shigella virulence factors. | human neutrophil elastase (ne) is a key host defense protease that cleaves virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria. ne and cathepsin g (cg) are chymotrypsin-like serine proteases with sequence and structural similarities, and both are abundant in neutrophil granules. unlike ne, cg does not cleave virulence factors of enteric bacteria. through structure-function analysis, we identified regions in ne that are essential for cleaving shigella virulence proteins. ne residues at eight different po ... | 2008 | 18295791 |
| geographic analysis of shigellosis in vietnam. | geographic and ecological analysis may provide investigators useful ecological information for the control of shigellosis. this paper provides distribution of individual shigella species in space, and ecological covariates for shigellosis in nha trang, vietnam. data on shigellosis in neighborhoods were used to identify ecological covariates. a bayesian hierarchical model was used to obtain joint posterior distribution of model parameters and to construct smoothed risk maps for shigellosis. neigh ... | 2008 | 18296100 |
| socioeconomic risk factors for bacterial gastrointestinal infections. | bacterial gastrointestinal infections cause considerable morbidity in industrialized countries, but little is known about socioeconomic factors affecting the risk of infection. | 2008 | 18300694 |
| a five-year antimicrobial resistance pattern of shigella isolated from stools in the gondar university hospital, northwest ethiopia. | shigellosis is a global health problem. however, developing countries, where there is poor hygiene and unsafe water supplies, are especially affected. in the last two decades shigella isolates have become increasingly resistant to many commonly used drugs. we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of shigella isolated from stool specimens processed over five years in the bacteriology laboratory of the university of gondar teaching hospital in northwest ethiopia. stool specimens were ... | 2008 | 18302868 |
| structures of the shigella flexneri type 3 secretion system protein mxic reveal conformational variability amongst homologues. | many gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a complex macromolecular machine, known as the type 3 secretion system (t3ss), to transfer virulence proteins into host cells. the t3ss is composed of a cytoplasmic bulb, a basal body spanning the inner and outer bacterial membranes, and an extracellular needle. secretion is regulated by both cytoplasmic and inner membrane proteins that must respond to specific signals in order to ensure that virulence proteins are not secreted before contact with a euk ... | 2008 | 18304577 |
| the o-polysaccharide of escherichia coli o112ac has the same structure as that of shigella dysenteriae type 2 but is devoid of o-acetylation: a revision of the s. dysenteriae type 2 o-polysaccharide structure. | the o-antigen structure of shigella dysenteriae type 2 was reinvestigated using chemical modifications along with high-resolution 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the o-antigen was found to contain a pyruvic acid acetal, which was overlooked in an early study, and the following revised structure of the pentasaccharide repeating unit was established: where approximately 70% glcnac residues bear an o-acetyl group at position 3. the o-antigen of escherichia coli o112ac was found to have the same ... | 2008 | 18308298 |
| nlrx1: friend or foe? | 2008 | 18311173 | |
| ipgb1 and ipgb2, two homologous effectors secreted via the mxi-spa type iii secretion apparatus, cooperate to mediate polarized cell invasion and inflammatory potential of shigella flexenri. | type iii secretion systems (t3ss) are present in many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria and mediate the translocation of bacterial effector proteins into host cells. here, we report the phenotypic characterization of s. flexneri ipgb1 and ipgb2 mutants, in which the genes encoding the ipgb1 and ipgb2 effectors have been inactivated, either independently or simultaneously. like ipgb1, we found that ipgb2 is secreted by the t3ss and its secretion requires the spa15 chaperone. upon infection of sem ... | 2008 | 18316224 |
| delivery of biologically active anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and il-1ra in vivo by the shigella type iii secretion apparatus. | pathogenicity of many gram-negative bacteria relies on a type iii secretion (t3s) apparatus, which is used for delivery of bacterial effectors into the host cell cytoplasm allowing the bacteria to manipulate host cell cytoskeleton network as well as to interfere with intracellular signaling pathways. in this study, we investigated the potential of the shigella flexneri t3sa as an in vivo delivery system for biologically active molecules such as cytokines. the anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 an ... | 2008 | 18322242 |
| impact of infections and normal flora in nonhuman primates on drug development. | preclinical safety studies that are required for the marketing approval of a pharmaceutical include single and repeat dose studies in rodent and nonrodent species. the use of nonhuman primates (nhps), primarily macaques, as the nonrodent species has increased in recent years, in part due to the increase in development of biopharmaceuticals and immunomodulatory agents. depending on the source of the macaques, they may vary in genetic background, normal flora, and/or the incidence of preexisting p ... | 2008 | 18323580 |
| pyrosequencing analysis of the gyrb gene to differentiate bacteria responsible for diarrheal diseases. | pathogens causing acute diarrhea include a large variety of species from enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae. a method based on pyrosequencing was used here to differentiate bacteria commonly associated with diarrhea in china; the method is targeted to a partial amplicon of the gyrb gene, which encodes the b subunit of dna gyrase. twenty-eight specific polymorphic positions were identified from sequence alignment of a large sequence dataset and targeted using 17 sequencing primers. of 95 isolate ... | 2008 | 18324428 |
| insecticidal properties and microbial contaminants in a spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (baculoviridae) formulation stored at different temperatures. | the spodoptera exigua (hübner) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (semnpv) is currently being tested as a biological insecticide for use in greenhouse crops in southern spain. we performed a study in which semipurified semnpv occlusion bodies (obs) were formulated in phosphate-buffered saline, ph 6.5, with 5% (vol:vol) glycerol and 0.15% (wt:vol) sorbic acid, and they were stored at -20, 4, or 25 degrees c during 18 mo. initial aerobic counts (+/-se) averaged 1.4 (+/-0.17) x 10(7) colony-forming unit ... | 2008 | 18330114 |
| subversion of actin dynamics by espm effectors of attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens. | rho gtpases are common targets of bacterial toxins and type iii secretion system effectors. ipgb1 and ipgb2 of shigella and map of enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohemorrhagic (ehec) escherichia coli were recently grouped together on the basis that they share a conserved wxxxe motif. in this study, we characterized six wxxxe effectors from attaching and effacing pathogens: trca and espm1 of epec strain b171, espm1 and espm2 of ehec strain sakai and espm2 and espm3 of citrobacter rodentium. we s ... | 2008 | 18331467 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens in a population of zoo animals. | faecal prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens, including campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, as well as arcobacter, were examined in 317 faecal specimens from 44 animal species in belfast zoological gardens, during july-september 2006. thermophilic campylobacters including campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and campylobacter lari, were the most frequently isolated pathogens, where members of this genus were isolated from 11 animal species (1 ... | 2008 | 18331520 |
| cold shock exoribonuclease r (vacb) is involved in aeromonas hydrophila pathogenesis. | in this study, we cloned and sequenced a virulence-associated gene (vacb) from a clinical isolate ssu of aeromonas hydrophila. we identified this gene based on our recently annotated genome sequence of the environmental isolate atcc 7966(t) of a. hydrophila and the vacb gene of shigella flexneri. the a. hydrophila vacb protein contained 798 amino acid residues, had a molecular mass of 90.5 kda, and exhibited an exoribonuclease (rnase r) activity. the rnase r of a. hydrophila was a cold-shock pro ... | 2008 | 18344363 |
| maturation of paneth cells induces the refractory state of newborn mice to shigella infection. | the intestinal tract of adult mice is naturally resistant to infection by shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery in humans. conversely, newborn mice are highly susceptible to intragastric shigella infection and develop inflammatory lesions of the jejunal mucosa, very similar to those observed in the colon of dysenteric patients. however, the susceptibility period is short and one week after birth, animals have acquired a status of resistance characteristic of adult animals. to iden ... | 2008 | 18354217 |
| high rate of resistance to locally used antibiotics among enteric bacteria from children in northern ghana. | information on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens is scarce in resource-poor settings. we determined the susceptibility of bacterial enteric pathogens and faecal escherichia coli isolates obtained from children in urban tamale, northern ghana, to antibiotics widely used in the that area [ampicillin or amoxicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (sxt) and chloramphenicol] and to alternative drugs. | 2008 | 18356156 |
| differential expression of ompc and ompf in multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae and shigella flexneri by aqueous extract of aegle marmelos, altering its susceptibility toward beta-lactam antibiotics. | steadily increasing resistance among shigella to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline has compromised the utility of these commonly used antimicrobial agents. also, undesirable side effects of certain antibiotics have triggered immense interest in search of alternative therapies using medicinal plants. one such medicinal plant used since ancient times to cure diarrhea is aegle marmelos. the present study exemplifies the susceptibility of beta-lactam-resistant shigella dysenteriae and ... | 2008 | 18358664 |
| differential regulation by magnesium of the two msbb paralogs of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri, a gram-negative enteric pathogen, is unusual in that it contains two nonredundant paralogous genes that encode the myristoyl transferase msbb (lpxm) that catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of the lipid a moiety of lipopolysaccharide. msbb1 is encoded on the chromosome, and msbb2 is encoded on the large virulence plasmid present in all pathogenic shigellae. we demonstrate that myristoyl transferase activity due to msbb2 is detected in limited magnesium medium, but not in ... | 2008 | 18359815 |
| ctx-m-3 type beta-lactamase producing shigella sonnei isolates from pediatric bacillary dysentery cases. | in this study, 153 clinical isolates of shigella were screened for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) production by double-disk synergy test. after being confirmed by the combined disk-test and inhibitor-combined e-test strips, all positive isolates were tested for the bla gene by pcr and the enzymes by isoelectric focusing. dna sequencing of pcr products revealed that five shigella sonnei isolates had ctx-m-3 type esbl enzymes. all of them were resistant to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and ... | 2008 | 18362404 |
| [antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria: 40. the structures of o-specific polysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae types 3 and 9 and s. boydii type 4 revised by nmr spectroscopy]. | the reported structures of o-specific polysaccharides from three standard strains of shigella bacteria were corrected by modern nmr techniques. the revisions concerned the configuration of the o-glycoside linkage (s. dysenteriae type 3, structure 1), the positions of monosaccharide residue glycosylation and acetylation by pyruvic acid (s. dysenteriae type 9, structure 2), and the attachment position of the side monosaccharide chain (s. boydii type 4, structure 3) [struxture in text]. | 2008 | 18365747 |
| contamination of a blood culture with shigella sonnei. | 2008 | 18371521 | |
| analysis of rho-gtpase mimicry by a family of bacterial type iii effector proteins. | microbial pathogens may hijack the actin cytoskeleton machinery to facilitate actin-based motility, cellular invasion, and intracellular trafficking through the endocytic pathway. of particular interest has been a large class of virulence factors collectively termed the type iii "effector" proteins. following contact with a eukaryotic cell, gram-negative bacterial pathogens employ a dedicated protein secretion apparatus termed type iii to translocate effector proteins into the cellular cytoplasm ... | 2008 | 18374161 |
| coiled-coil regions play a role in the function of the shigella flexneri o-antigen chain length regulator wzzphs2. | regulation of the length of the o-antigen (oag) chain attached to lps in shigella flexneri is important for virulence and is dependent on the inner-membrane protein wzz. a lack of high-resolution structural data for wzz has hampered efforts so far to correlate mutations affecting function of wzz with structure and describe a mechanism for chain length regulation. here we have used secondary structure prediction to show that the periplasmic domain of the wzz(phs2) protein has three regions of sig ... | 2008 | 18375803 |
| ospf directly attenuates the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase during invasion by shigella flexneri in human dendritic cells. | shigella spp., gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, deliver various effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm through their type iii secretion system to facilitate their invasive process and control the host innate immune responses. although the function of these effectors is well characterized in epithelial cells during shigella infection, it has not been elucidated in the dendritic cell (dc), a major antigen presenting cell playing an important role in the initiation of immune responses. i ... | 2008 | 18378312 |
| methods and tools for comparative genomics of foodborne pathogens. | a comparison of genome sequences and of encoded proteins with the database of existing annotated sequences is a useful approach to understand the information at the genome level. here we demonstrate the utility of several dna and protein sequence comparison tools to interpret the information obtained from several genome projects. comparisons are presented between closely related strains of escherichia coli commensal isolates, different isolates of o157:h7, and shigella spp. it is expected that c ... | 2008 | 18713064 |
| all blood, no stool: enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 infection. | enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli serotype o157:h7 is a pathotype of diarrheagenic e. coli that produces one or more shiga toxins, forms a characteristic histopathology described as attaching and effacing lesions, and possesses the large virulence plasmid po157. the bacterium is recognized worldwide, especially in developed countries, as an emerging food-borne bacterial pathogen, which causes disease in humans and in some animals. healthy cattle are the principal and natural reservoir of e. col ... | 2008 | 18716441 |
| a potential plasmid-curing agent, 8-epidiosbulbin e acetate, from dioscorea bulbifera l. against multidrug-resistant bacteria. | bioassay-guided fractionation of an aqueous methanolic extract of dioscorea bulbifera l. bulbs was performed using organic solvents. a novel plasmid-curing compound was identified as 8-epidiosbulbin e acetate (eea) (norditerpene) on the basis of modern spectroscopic analysis and x-ray crystallography. eea exhibited broad-spectrum plasmid-curing activity against multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. eea cured antibiotic resistance plasmids (r-plasmids) fr ... | 2008 | 18718743 |
| factors associated with acute diarrhoea in children in dhahira, oman: a hospital-based study. | to elucidate the bacterial etiology of childhood diarrhoea in dhahira, 856 children < 12 years admitted for diarrhoea to ibri regional referral hospital from 2000 to 2002 were studied. the mean age was 2.4 (sd 2.3) years; the majority (92.9%) were < 5 years. bacterial etiology was found in 15.2% of cases; 10.6% due to shigella and 2.1% to salmonella. sh. sonnei was the commonest shigella serogroup isolated. salmonella infection was significantly associated with cramps, while shigella infection w ... | 2008 | 18720621 |
| antimicrobial activity of extracts of edible wild and cultivated mushrooms against foodborne bacterial strains. | the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts from edible wild and cultivated mushrooms against nine foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis, shigella sonnei, vibrio parahaemolyticus, yersinia enterocolitica, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus) was screened with a disk diffusion assay. twenty-nine of the 48 species tested had antimicrobial activity. meth ... | 2008 | 18724768 |
| role of nleh, a type iii secreted effector from attaching and effacing pathogens, in colonization of the bovine, ovine, and murine gut. | the human pathogen enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h7 colonizes human and animal gut via formation of attaching and effacing lesions. ehec strains use a type iii secretion system to translocate a battery of effector proteins into the mammalian host cell, which subvert diverse signal transduction pathways implicated in actin dynamics, phagocytosis, and innate immunity. the genomes of sequenced ehec o157:h7 strains contain two copies of the effector protein gene nleh, which share 49 ... | 2008 | 18725419 |
| resistance to fluoroquinolones by the combination of target site mutations and enhanced expression of genes for efflux pumps in shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei strains isolated in korea. | among 5938 clinical shigella spp. isolates, two s. flexneri strains were isolated as those resistant to fluoroquinolones based on the mics of the following antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and levofloxacin. s. flexneri 021787 had three substitutions, one in gyra (ser83leu) and two in parc (ser80ile and arg91gln). s. flexneri 021895 had four substitutions, two in gyra (ser83leu and asp87gly) and two in parc (ser80ile and arg91gln). the increased susceptibility of s ... | 2008 | 18727800 |
| variable length tandem repeat polyglutamine sequences in the flexible tether region of the tsr chemotaxis receptor of escherichia coli. | methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (mcps) are receptors that play an important role in bacterial chemotaxis. methylation of tsr, the mcp that mediates chemotaxis towards serine in escherichia coli, is thought to be facilitated by binding of the methyltransferase to a flexible tether region at the c-terminal end of tsr. this study analysed natural length variants of the tether that occur in e. coli due to genetic instability in tandem repeat dna sequences that code for glutaminyl (q) residues, ... | 2008 | 18667570 |
| vaccination against shigellosis: is it the path that is difficult or is it the difficult that is the path? | following several decades of research, there is not yet a convincing vaccine against shigellosis. it is still difficult, in spite of the breadth of strategies (i.e. live attenuated oral, killed oral, subunit parenteral) to select an optimal option. two approaches are clearly emerging: (i) live attenuated deletion mutants based on rational selection of genes that are key in the pathogenic process, and (ii) conjugated detoxified polysaccharide parenteral vaccines, or more recently conjugated synth ... | 2008 | 18672087 |
| macrolide-resistant shigella sonnei. | shigella sonnei ucn59, isolated during an outbreak of s. sonnei in january 2007, was resistant to azithromycin (mic 64 mg/l). the isolate contained a plasmid-borne mph(a) gene encoding a macrolide 2 -phosphotransferase that inactivates macrolides. emergence of the mph(a) gene in s. sonnei may limit usefulness of azithromycin for treatment of shigellosis. | 2008 | 18680661 |
| bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of biodegradation of organic pollutants in wastewater effluents. | significant amounts of toxic substances which are hazardous to animals, plants, microorganisms, and other living organisms including humans are released annually into aquatic and terrestrial environments, mostly from improper wastewater discharges. early detection of such pollutants in wastewater effluents and proper monitoring before their final release into the environment is therefore necessary. in this study, two whole-cell bacterial biosensors were constructed by transforming competent cell ... | 2008 | 18688458 |
| liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of escherichia coli and shigella species. | liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (lc/qtof ms) utilizing electrospray ionization was employed to monitor protein expression in escherichia coli and shigella organisms. comparison with maldi/tof-ms revealed more proteins, particularly above 15 kda. a combination of automated charge state deconvolution, spectral mirroring, and spectral subtraction was used to reveal subtle differences in the lc/ms data. reproducible intact protein biomarker candidates were discovere ... | 2008 | 18692404 |
| [antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria: 41. structures of the o-specific polysaccharides of shigella dysenteriae types 4 and 5 revised by nmr spectroscopy]. | the earlier established structures of the acidic o-specific polysaccharides from two typical strains of the shigella dysenteriae bacterium were revised using modern nmr spectroscopy techniques. in particular, the configurations of the glycosidic linkages of glcnac (s. dysenteriae type 4) and mannose (s. dysenteriae type 5) residues were corrected. in addition, the location of the sites of nonstoichiometric o-acetylation in s. dysenteriae type 4 was determined: the lateral fucose residue was show ... | 2008 | 18695724 |
| epidemiological evidence of multidrug-resistant shigella sonnei colonization in india by sentinel surveillance in a japanese quarantine station. | we applied a previously reported method to clarify whether a multidrug-resistant shigella colonizes in a south asian country. at kansai airport quarantine station, stool samples were collected from overseas travelers who reported a history of diarrhea. shigella strains were isolated, ranging from 53 to 106 (average, 82.4) isolates/year (2001-2005), and almost 80% of the isolates were shigella sonnei. the most frequent country of origin was india. strains from the country of the most frequent ori ... | 2008 | 18697484 |
| identification and functional characterization of gene components of type vi secretion system in bacterial genomes. | a new secretion system, called the type vi secretion system (t6ss), was recently reported in vibrio cholerae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia mallei. a total of 18 genes have been identified to be belonging to this secretion system in v. cholerae. here we attempt to identify presence of t6ss in other bacterial genomes. this includes identification of orthologous sequences, conserved motifs, domains, families, 3d folds, genomic islands containing t6ss components, phylogenetic profiles and ... | 2008 | 18698408 |
| structural and functional characterization of human iba proteins. | iba2 is a homolog of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (iba1), a 17-kda protein that binds and cross-links filamentous actin (f-actin) and localizes to membrane ruffles and phagocytic cups. here, we present the crystal structure of human iba2 and its homodimerization properties, f-actin cross-linking activity, cellular localization and recruitment upon bacterial invasion in comparison with iba1. the iba2 structure comprises two central ef-hand motifs lacking bound ca2+. iba2 crystallize ... | 2008 | 18699778 |
| use of flow cytometry in an apoptosis assay to determine ph and temperature stability of shiga-like toxin 1. | shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins (stx) are a relatively large group of cytotoxins produced by certain serotypes of shigella and e. coli (stec). these toxins are responsible for diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and may induce hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) with serious consequences in young children. the toxins are proteins made up of 5 small b subunits responsible for binding to an outer membrane ligand on host cells and surround the larger, biologically active a subunit. for shiga-like toxin 1 ... | 2008 | 18710788 |
| epidemiology of highly endemic multiply antibiotic-resistant shigellosis in children in the peruvian amazon. | our goal was to estimate the impact of a shigella vaccine in an area where shigellosis is endemic by characterizing the disease burden and antibiotic-resistance profiles of isolates and by determining the prevalence of shigella flexneri serotypes. | 2008 | 18710884 |
| invitro antibacterial activity of crude preparation of myrtle (myrtus communis) on common human pathogens. | myrtle "addus" (myrtus communis) has long history as a traditional medicine/or different infectious disease by many peoples of the world and in ethiopia too. | 2008 | 18711991 |
| the interplay between entamoeba and enteropathogenic bacteria modulates epithelial cell damage. | mixed intestinal infections with entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba dispar and bacteria with exacerbated manifestations of disease are common in regions where amoebiasis is endemic. however, amoeba-bacteria interactions remain largely unexamined. | 2008 | 18648517 |
| acute diarrhea due to enteropathogenic bacteria in patients at hospitals in tehran. | during a study examining causes of diarrhea from may 2004 to may 2005, 808 stool specimens were collected from patients with acute diarrhea in tehran. fecal samples were cultured and identified according to the standard biochemical methods. molecular identification of enteropathogens was carried out by amplification of their virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction. a total of 369 (45.6%) bacterial pathogens were recovered from 808 patients as follows: shigella spp., 155 (45.6%); diarrheagen ... | 2008 | 18653967 |
| antimicrobial resistance in shigella species isolated in dakar, senegal (2004-2006). | from may 2004 to october 2006, a prospective study was carried out in dakar, senegal, to update information about the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella spp. isolated from stool specimens. among the 165 non-duplicate strains collected, 81 (49%) were identified as shigella flexneri, 75 (45%) as shigella sonnei, 5 (3%) as shigella boydii, and 4 (2%) as shigella dysenteriae. disk diffusion testing revealed that the majority of isolates were resistant to sulphonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethox ... | 2008 | 18653976 |
| simultaneous detection of six human diarrheal pathogens by using dna microarray combined with tyramide signal amplification. | multiplex pcr and dna microarray were combined with tyramide signal amplification (tsa) to develop a reliable method suitable for simultaneous detection of six species of human diarrheal pathogens (yersinia enterocolitica, shigella spp, salmonella typhi, brucella spp, vibrio cholera and escherichia coli o157:h7). meanwhile, our method could distinguish v. cholera serotype o1 from o139, and o157:h7 from o157: non-h7. this assay conferred a specificity of 100% for target pathogens. the limit of de ... | 2008 | 18655810 |
| the c-terminus of ipac is required for effector activities related to shigella invasion of host cells. | invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac) is secreted by the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system (ttss) as an essential trigger of epithelial cell invasion. at the molecular level, ipac possesses a distinct functional organization. the ipac c-terminal region between amino acids 319 and 345 is predicted to form a coiled-coil structure. such alpha-helical motifs appear to be a recurring structural theme among ttss components. together with ipab, this ipac region is also required for the formation ... | 2008 | 18656530 |
| characterization of soluble complexes of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system atpase. | the conserved atpase of type iii secretion systems is critical to the export of substrates through the apparatus. we present a characterization of the native t3ss atpase, spa47, from the cytoplasm of shigella flexneri, demonstrating it to be in two distinct high-molecular-weight complexes with spa33: mxin and mxik. | 2008 | 18657109 |
| use of mchi encoding immunity to the antimicrobial peptide microcin h47 as a plasmid selection marker in attenuated bacterial live vectors. | live attenuated bacterial strains expressing heterologous antigens represent an attractive vaccine development strategy. however, the use of drug resistance genes for the selection of expression plasmids introduced into live vectors poses theoretical health risks. therefore, we developed a novel approach for plasmid selection based on immunity to the antimicrobial peptide microcin h47 (mcch47). two expression plasmids encoding the reporter green fluorescent protein (gfpuv) were constructed; sele ... | 2008 | 18663003 |
| microcalorimetric studies of the action on four organic acids in radix isatidis on the growth of microorganisms. | the actions of four organic acids in radix isatidis, a traditional chinese medicinal (tcm) herb, on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and shigella dysenteriae growth were investigated by microcalorimetry. the four organic acids were syringic acid, 2-amino-benzoic acid, salicylic acid and benzoic acid. the power-time curves of escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and shigella dysenteriae growth with and without organic acids were acquired, meanwhile the extent and duration of inhibitory ... | 2008 | 18616177 |
| functional characterization of the shigella dysenteriae heme abc transporter. | the heme atp binding cassette (abc) transporter, shuuv, of shigella dysenteriae has been incorporated into proteoliposomes. functional characterization of shuuv revealed that atp hydrolysis and transport of heme from the periplasmic binding protein, shut, to the cytoplasmic binding protein, shus, are coupled. site-directed mutagenesis of shut residues proposed to be required for stabilization of the complex abolished heme transport. furthermore, residues his-252 and his-262, located in the trans ... | 2008 | 18616281 |
| structures of synthetic o-antigen fragments from serotype 2a shigella flexneri in complex with a protective monoclonal antibody. | the anti-lps igg mab f22-4, raised against shigella flexneri serotype 2a bacteria, protects against homologous, but not heterologous, challenge in an experimental animal model. we report the crystal structures of complexes formed between fab f22-4 and two synthetic oligosaccharides, a decasaccharide and a pentadecasaccharide that were previously shown to be both immunogenic and antigenic mimics of the s. flexneri serotype 2a o-antigen. f22-4 binds to an epitope contained within two consecutive 2 ... | 2008 | 18621718 |
| first italian case of cyclosporiasis in an immunocompetent woman: local acquired infection. | cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian agent of chronic diarrhea in humans with a worldwide distribution. we report the first documented case of acquired cyclosporiasis in italy. the patient was an immunocompetent woman with no recent history of travel outside the country. microscopy detected cyclospora oocysts in a feces sample. pcr detected the pathogen in a second sample, which had tested negative by microscopy. the patient was investigated to detect other microorganisms in feces, such as sal ... | 2008 | 18623995 |
| [detection of enteric pathogenic bacteria from surface waters by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr)]. | a rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) analysis method with universal primers was developed to detect cell densities of the enteric pathogenic bacteria from 5 surface water of xi'an city for 4 months continuously. and the detection results by qpcr method were compared with counts of coliforms colony-forming units (cfu) determined by membrane filter (mf) analysis. the results showed that qpcr method had an estimated 94% confidence, and detection limit was 2.7 escherichia coli cells ... | 2008 | 18624175 |
| overview of the inactivation by 254 nm ultraviolet radiation of bacteria with particular relevance to biodefense. | our goal was to ultimately predict the sensitivity of untested bacteria (including those of biodefense interest) to ultraviolet (uv) radiation. in this study, we present an overview and analysis of the relevant 254 nm data previously reported and available in the literature. the amount of variability in this data prevented us from determining an "average" response for any bacterium. therefore, we developed particular selection criteria to include the data in our analysis and suggested future gui ... | 2008 | 18627518 |
| is irritable bowel syndrome an inflammatory disorder? | histopathologic data demonstrate low-grade mucosal inflammation in a subset of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). this inflammatory infiltrate is mainly represented by increased numbers of t lymphocytes and mast cells lying in the lamina propria. the close apposition of immunocytes to gut nerves supplying the mucosa provides a basis for neuroimmune cross-talk, which may explain gut sensorimotor dysfunction and related symptoms in patients with ibs. a previous gastroenteritis (due to c ... | 2008 | 18627650 |
| a single-tube screen for salmonella and shigella. | salmonella and shigella species are routinely sought in stool specimens submitted for culture. it is a common practice to screen lactose-negative colonies by using triple sugar iron agar, lysine iron agar, and christensen urea agar to determine if further identification is necessary. we designed and evaluated a novel combination of media, which are layered in a single tube, for screening isolates suspected to possibly represent salmonella or shigella. we tested this media combination with 106 sa ... | 2008 | 18628099 |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome in children admitted to a rural district hospital in kenya. | we studied children admitted to kilifi district hospital, kenya, between 1997 and 2005 with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) and reviewed their records in order to determine the clinical features and outcomes of the disease. thirty-one children fulfilled the criteria: 21 (68%) had diarrhoea-associated hus (d + hus), the remainder did not (d-hus); five had involvement of the central nervous system. those with d-hus had lower haemoglobin and platelet counts when compared with those with d + hus. ... | 2008 | 18628547 |
| [investigation on species composition of cockroaches and bacteria-carrying on their bodies in five cities of hainan]. | "za-type" cages were used to capture cockroaches in 267 sites of 5 cities in hainan. species were identified and bacteria were isolated by routine method. 441 cockroaches were collected and identified as five species belonging to two genera, 75.3% being periplaneta americana. more cockroaches were found in sewerage. bacteria were detected from 82.4% of cockroaches, including escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella sp, staphylococcus aureus, shigella sp, bacillus proteus and sort of ... | 2008 | 18637594 |
| crystal structure of a glutamate/aspartate binding protein complexed with a glutamate molecule: structural basis of ligand specificity at atomic resolution. | the crystal structure of a periplasmic l-aspartate/l-glutamate binding protein (debp) from shigella flexneri complexed with an l-glutamate molecule has been determined and refined to an atomic resolution of 1.0 a. there are two debp molecules in the asymmetric unit. the refined model contains 4462 non-hydrogen protein atoms, 730 water molecules, 2 bound glutamate molecules, and 2 tris molecules from the buffer used in crystallization. the final r(cryst) and r(free) factors are 13.61% and 16.89%, ... | 2008 | 18640128 |
| the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and nutritional development of infants with acute diarrhoea, in north-eastern brazil. | in order to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and changing nutritional status of infants suffering from acute diarrhoea, 103 infants with such diarrhoea and the same number of age-matched controls were investigated at the universidade federal do rio grande do norte's paediatric hospital, in north-eastern brazil. each child with diarrhoea was given oral rehydration or, in the severe cases, intravenous rehydration. each subject was checked for enteropathogens and his or her w ... | 2008 | 18510816 |
| a hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in a middle-income country. | to identify factors associated with diarrhoea occurrence in children in a city in a middle-income country, with high access to water and sanitation. | 2008 | 18515864 |
| viral, bacterial and parasitic etiology of pediatric diarrhea in gaza, palestine. | to determine the etiology of acute diarrhea in palestinian children under 5 years of age and to improve knowledge of the etiology of gastrointestinal pathogens using traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques. | 2008 | 18523397 |
| the serine protease motif of pic mediates a dose-dependent mucolytic activity after binding to sugar constituents of the mucin substrate. | the pic gene is harbored on the chromosomes of three important pathogens: enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec), uropathogenic e. coli (upec), and shigella flexneri. since pic is secreted into the intestinal lumen during eaec infection, we sought to identify intestinal-mucosal substrates for pic. pic did not damage epithelial cells, cleave fodrin, or degrade host defense proteins embedded in the mucus layer (siga, lactoferrin and lysozyme). however, by using a solid-phase assay to evaluate t ... | 2008 | 18538533 |
| prevalence of different virulence factors and biofilm production in enteroaggregative escherichia coli isolates causing diarrhea in children in ifakara (tanzania). | this study investigated the prevalence of 19 virulence factors and biofilm production in 86 eaec isolates causing diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age from ifakara, tanzania. virulence factors were detected by pcr, whereas biofilm production was determined using a microtiter plate assay. no virulence factor, with the exception of the aat gene used to identify eaec, was detected in 11/86 isolates (12.8%). the most frequently detected virulence factor was the aggr gene in 53 (61.6%) eaec, ... | 2008 | 18541781 |
| crystal structure of escherichia coli phage hk620 tailspike: podoviral tailspike endoglycosidase modules are evolutionarily related. | bacteriophage hk620 infects escherichia coli h and is closely related to shigella phage sf6 and salmonella phage p22. all three podoviridae recognize and cleave their respective host cell receptor polysaccharide by homotrimeric tailspike proteins. the three proteins exhibit high sequence identity in the 110 residues of their n-terminal particle-binding domains, but no apparent sequence similarity in their major, receptor-binding parts. we have biochemically characterized the receptor-binding par ... | 2008 | 18547389 |
| shigella bacteraemia over a decade in soweto, south africa. | shigella infection rarely penetrates beyond the intestinal mucosa to cause bacteraemia. aids patients may be at increased risk. we investigated shigella bacteraemia rates over a decade in a south african population with a high hiv prevalence and analysed presentation and outcome. a retrospective cohort analysis was performed for hospitalized patients for 2003-2006. the rates were compared to those for 1996-1998. adult medical rates decreased from 0.195/1000 in 1996-1998 to 0.087/1000 admissions ... | 2008 | 18550134 |
| [shigella spp. infections in getafe hospital between 2001 and 2006]. | shigella spp. is a bacterium that frequently causes diarrhoea in underdeveloped countries, but not so much in spain, where it has been published that its incidence has decreased in the last few years. | 2008 | 18559201 |
| a food borne outbreak of gastroenteritis due to shigella and possibly salmonella in a school. | on august 5, 2005, a private hospital reported a large number of students with gastrointestinal illness from the same school in bangkok, thailand. the bureau of epidemiology along with the bangkok metropolitan administration investigated this outbreak, to determine risk factors, identify the source of infection and possible causative organism, and recommend prevention and control strategies. a case was defined as a person who was studying or working at school a and who developed abdominal pain, ... | 2008 | 18564716 |
| reactive arthritis with conjunctivitis, urethritis and diarrhea in a child: immunological study of potential bacterial trigger. | 2008 | 18565268 | |
| description of an unusual class 2 integron in shigella sonnei isolates in senegal (sub-saharan africa). | 2008 | 18565971 | |
| molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant shigella species isolated from epidemic and endemic cases of shigellosis in india. | shigella species represent one of the growing numbers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries. fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri type 2a emerged in india during 2002 and 2003, respectively. sixty strains of shigella from different parts of india were analysed for antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of the qnr plasmid, mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (qrdrs), fluoroquinolone accumulation, and ... | 2008 | 18566144 |
| design, synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and antifungal activities of a novel class of 5,7-diaryl-4,4-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyridino[3,4-d]-1,2,3-selenadiazoles. | compound 26 is more potent against escherichia coli. and 24 is more active against staphylococcus aureus, beta-heamolytic streptococcus, vibreo cholerae, salmonella typhii, and shigella flexneri than the standard drug ciprofloxacin. moreover, of all the compounds tested, 26 is more effective against aspergillus flavus and mucor, than the standard drug fluconazole. | 2008 | 18569338 |
| bacterial triggers and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. | autoimmune rheumatic diseases are generally considered as a multifactorial aetiology, mainly genetic susceptibility combined with environmental triggers of which bacteria are considered one of the most prominent. among the rheumatic diseases where bacterial agents are more clearly involved as triggers are: reactive arthritis (rea), rheumatic fever (rf) and lyme disease. the role of bacterial infections in inducing other seronegative spondyloarthritis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome has be ... | 2008 | 18570749 |
| combined physico-chemical treatments based on enterocin as-48 for inactivation of gram-negative bacteria in soybean sprouts. | enterocin as-48 was tested for decontamination of soybean sprouts against gram-negative bacteria. although treatment with bacteriocin alone had no effect on salmonella enterica, a synergistic antimicrobial effect was detected at ph 9.0 and in combination with moderate heat treatment. greatest inactivation was achieved for sprouts heated for 5 min at 65 degrees c in an alkaline (ph 9.0) enterocin as-48 solution of 25 microg/ml. bactericidal activity against s. enterica increased greatly when ente ... | 2008 | 18577412 |
| vibrio cholerae vcib promotes iron uptake via ferrous iron transporters. | vibrio cholerae uses a variety of strategies for obtaining iron in its diverse environments. in this study we report the identification of a novel iron utilization protein in v. cholerae, vcib. the vcib gene and its linked gene, vcia, were isolated in a screen for v. cholerae genes that permitted growth of an escherichia coli siderophore mutant in low-iron medium. the vciab operon encodes a predicted tonb-dependent outer membrane receptor, vcia, and a putative inner membrane protein, vcib. vcib, ... | 2008 | 18586940 |
| anti-infectious effect of s-benzylisothiourea compound a22, which inhibits the actin-like protein, mreb, in shigella flexneri. | s-benzylisothiourea compound a22 induces coccoid forms in escherichia coli by inhibiting the function of the actin-like cytoskeletal protein, mreb. the minimum inhibitory concentration of a22 and the minimum concentration to induce coccoid forms for various pathogenic bacteria were determined. at 10 microg/ml, a22 induced coccoid forms in shigella flexneri but did not inhibit the growth. no alteration of coccoid forms in the gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria tested were observed foll ... | 2008 | 18591769 |
| [epidemic strains of different plasmidovars of bacteria from shigella genus]. | plasmid analysis of 46 strains of shigella species confirmed the view about heterogeneity and variability of plasmids composition in these microorganisms. on the other hand,the presence of low-molecular, multiplicated extrachromosomal replicons, which were stable, was shown. using them, it was possible to divide the shigella isolates into two major plasmidovars, characterize them according to repertoire of the most stable plasmids and determine epidemically significant variants during sporadic a ... | 2008 | 18595459 |
| [sonnei dysentery--the next in stage of the shigelloses' evolution]. | 2008 | 18595478 | |
| [electrical resistance of bacterial culture suspension as indicator of epidemic and sporadic variants of shigella]. | for the first time method of measurement of electric resistance of bacterial suspension was used for differentiation of "epidemic" and "sporadic" (further used without quotes) variants of shigella species. study of 40 strains of s. flexneri and s. sonnei revealed significant differences in electric resistance of cultures isolated during epidemic outbreaks after the growth during 1 or 6 hours - 18.1+/-8.3 kohm and 84.6+/-7.8 kohm respectively (increase in 4.9-fold; p<0.01), while non significant ... | 2008 | 18597992 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella isolates in eight asian countries, 2001-2004. | shigellosis is a major health problem in developing countries, causing 91 million episodes and 414,000 deaths in asia annually. because of increasing trends towards drug resistance, this study was undertaken to monitor local resistance patterns of shigella isolates from 8 asian countries. | 2008 | 18473096 |
| crystal structure of spa40, the specificity switch for the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system. | the pathogenic bacterium shigella flexneri uses a type iii secretion system to inject virulence factors from the bacterial cytosol directly into host cells. the machinery that identifies secretion substrates and controls the export of extracellular components and effector proteins consists of several inner-membrane and cytoplasmic proteins. one of the inner membrane components, spa40, belongs to a family of proteins proposed to regulate the switching of substrate specificity of the export appara ... | 2008 | 18485071 |
| specific detection of escherichia coli isolated from water samples using polymerase chain reaction targeting four genes: cytochrome bd complex, lactose permease, beta-d-glucuronidase, and beta-d-galactosidase. | to develop a pcr-based method for reliable detection of escherichia coli that enables its differentiation from biochemically and phylogenetically related bacteria. | 2008 | 18489560 |
| the response of type three secretion system needle proteins mxihdelta5, bsaldelta5, and prgidelta5 to temperature and ph. | the type iii secretion system (ttss) is a specialized supramolecular injectisome composed of 25 or more proteins which form basal and extracellular domains and share gross architectural similarities with bacterial flagella. the extracellular component of the "needle complex" is primarily composed of a single monomeric subunit organized in a helical array surrounding a hollow pore and protrudes from the bacterial membrane. it is through this surface appendage that virulence factors are translocat ... | 2008 | 18491382 |