Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among food-handlers in gondar town, northwest ethiopia. | food-handlers with poor personal hygiene working in food-service establishments could be potential sources of infection due to pathogenic organisms. the study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among 127 food-handlers working in the cafeterias of the university of gondar and the gondar teachers training college, gondar, ethiopia. fingernail contents of both the hands and stool specimens were collected from all the 127 food-handlers. the samples were e ... | 2008 | 19069624 |
| prevalence of shigella serogroups and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in southern trinidad. | the serogroup distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella isolates obtained from stool specimens of persons with acute diarrhoea in community-based studies from southern trinidad during 1997-2006 were reviewed. of the 5,187 stool specimens, 392 (8%) were positive for shigella organisms. from these 392 isolates, 88.8% were recovered from children aged >0-10 year(s). shigella sonnei was the most frequently-isolated serogroup (75%), followed by s. flexneri (19%), s. boydii (4 ... | 2008 | 19069625 |
| characterization of shigella spp. by antimicrobial resistance and pcr detection of ipa genes in an infantile population from porto velho (western amazon region), brazil. | the incidence of shigella spp. was assessed in 877 infants from the public hospital in rondônia (western amazon region, brazil) where shigella represents the fourth cause of diarrhea. twenty-five isolates were identified: 18 were shigella flexneri, three shigella sonnei, three shigella boydii and one shigella dysenteriae. with the exception of s. dysenteriae, all shigella spp. isolated from children with diarrhea acquired multiple antibiotic resistances. pcr detection of ipa virulence genes and ... | 2008 | 19057826 |
| the acrab-tolc pump is involved in multidrug resistance in clinical shigella flexneri isolates. | the two multiple-antibiotic resistance (mar) phenotypes (n = 8, respectively) and susceptible isolates (n = 4) of shigella flexneri from china were characterized involving the efflux pump acrab-tolc. the accumulation of ciprofloxacin, acrab-tolc pcr, and levels of mrna with northern blots were performed in three groups. sequencing of acrab-tolc was performed in selected isolates. an efflux inhibition was performed with phe-arg-beta-naphthylamide. the accumulation of ciprofloxacin at steady state ... | 2008 | 19035770 |
| gef-h1 mediated control of nod1 dependent nf-kappab activation by shigella effectors. | shigella flexneri has evolved the ability to modify host cell function with intracellular active effectors to overcome the intestinal barrier. the detection of these microbial effectors and the initiation of innate immune responses are critical for rapid mucosal defense activation. the guanine nucleotide exchange factor h1 (gef-h1) mediates rhoa activation required for cell invasion by the enteroinvasive pathogen shigella flexneri. surprisingly, gef-h1 is requisite for nf-kappab activation in re ... | 2008 | 19043560 |
| outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. part 4. infective doses and pathogen carriage. | in this article, the fourth in a series reviewing the role of food workers in foodborne outbreaks, background information on the presence of enteric pathogens in the community, the numbers of organisms required to initiate an infection, and the length of carriage are presented. although workers have been implicated in outbreaks, they were not always aware of their infections, either because they were in the prodromic phase before symptoms began or because they were asymptomatic carriers. pathoge ... | 2008 | 19044283 |
| spa32 interaction with the inner-membrane spa40 component of the type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri is required for the control of the needle length by a molecular tape measure mechanism. | the effectors of enterocyte invasion by shigella are dependent on a type iii secretion system that contains a needle whose length average does not exceed 50 nm. previously, we reported that spa32 is required for needle length control as well as to switch substrate specificity from mxih to ipa proteins secretion. to identify functional domains of spa32, 11 truncated variants were constructed and analysed for their capacity (i) to control the needle's length; (ii) to secrete the ipa proteins; and ... | 2008 | 19019157 |
| is escherichia coli o157:h7 a common pathogen in children with bloody diarrhea in shiraz, iran? | escherichia coli (e. coli) o157:h7 is a common cause of bloody diarrhea in developed countries. the aim of this study was to determine whether e. coli o157:h7 is a possible pathogen of bloody diarrhea in southern iran. out of 719 children with diarrhea, 243 (34%) patients with positive occult blood took part in our study. the polyclonal antibody test and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were used to identify e. coli o157:h7. stool cultures showed enteropathogens in 107 patients (44%). shigella (3 ... | 2008 | 19014048 |
| biometric fingerprinting for visa application: device and procedure are risk factors for infection transmission. | biometric fingerprint identity verification is currently introduced in visa application and entry screening at border control. the system implies physical contact between the skin and the surface of the fingerprint-capturing and reading devices. | 2008 | 19006507 |
| functional nanoparticle-based proteomic strategies for characterization of pathogenic bacteria. | although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (maldi ms) can be employed to rapidly characterize pathogenic bacteria, bacterial cultures are generally required to obtain sufficient quantities of the bacterial cells prior to maldi ms analysis. if this time-consuming step could be eliminated, the length of time required for identification of bacterial strains would be greatly reduced. in this paper, we propose an effective means of rapidly identifying bacteria--one that do ... | 2008 | 19007241 |
| [antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains in paediatric infections: there are resistance and resistance!]. | isolation of a bacterial strain at the infectious site and determination of the susceptibility profile may help to guide appropriate antibiotic treatment. however technical difficulties justify interpretative reading to recognize interfering resistance mechanisms from resistance phenotypes. the aim of this article is to give some examples showing interpretative reading of routine sensitivity test data. | 2008 | 19000854 |
| structure of the shigella t3ss effector ipah defines a new class of e3 ubiquitin ligases. | ipah proteins are e3 ubiquitin ligases delivered by the type iii secretion apparatus into host cells upon infection of humans by the gram-negative pathogen shigella flexneri. these proteins comprise a variable leucine-rich repeat-containing n-terminal domain and a conserved c-terminal domain harboring an invariant cysteine residue that is crucial for activity. ipah homologs are encoded by diverse animal and plant pathogens. here we demonstrate that the ipah c-terminal domain carries the catalyti ... | 2008 | 18997778 |
| structure of a shigella effector reveals a new class of ubiquitin ligases. | bacterial pathogens have evolved effector proteins with ubiquitin e3 ligase activities through structural mimicking. here we report the crystal structure of the shigella flexneri type iii effector ipah3, a member of the leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-containing bacterial e3 family. the lrr domain is structurally similar to yersinia pestis yopm and potentially binds to substrates. the structure of the c-terminal e3 domain differs from the typical ring- and hect-type e3s. ipah3 synthesizes a lys48-link ... | 2008 | 18997779 |
| a pilot sheds light on secretin assembly. | 2008 | 18940600 | |
| structural characterization of the type-iii pilot-secretin complex from shigella flexneri. | assembly of the type-iii secretion apparatus, which translocates proteins through both membranes of gram-negative bacterial pathogens into host cells, requires the formation of an integral outer-membrane secretin ring. typically, a small lipidated pilot protein is necessary for the stabilization and localization of this ring. using nmr spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the c-terminal residues 553-570 of the shigella flexneri secretin mxid encompass the minimal binding domain for its cognate pilo ... | 2008 | 18940609 |
| antimicrobial activity of endemic crataegus tanacetifolia (lam.) pers and observation of the inhibition effect on bacterial cells. | up to now an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been reported and thus new natural therapeutic agents are needed in order to eradicate these pathogens. through the discovery of plants such as crataegus tanacetifolia (lam.) pers that have antimicrobial activity, it will be possible to discover new natural drugs serving as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of nosocomial pathogens and take these antibiotic-resistant bacteria under control. the objective of the present s ... | 2008 | 18946875 |
| detection of protozoan and bacterial pathogens of public health importance in faeces of corvus spp. (large-billed crow). | parasites and bacteria are reported in the faeces of birds in the current study. fresh faecal samples of the large-billed crow (corvus spp.) were collected from the study site at bangsar, an urban setting in kuala lumpur, malaysia. these samples were transported to laboratory and analysed for parasites and bacteria. pre-prepared xld agar plates were used for culturing the bacteria in the laboratory. using the api 20etm test strips, 9 different species of bacteria were identified belonging to the ... | 2008 | 18948884 |
| analysis of immune responses and serological cross reactivities among vibrio cholerae o1, shigella flexneri 2a and haemophilus influenzae b. | antigenic determinants expressed on the bacterial cell surface are of importance in the serological characterization and microbiological diagnosis. the bacterial strains carrying these identical or similar antigenic epitopes might react with antibodies produced against other strains. in this study, strong immunogenicity and antigenic cross reactivity were demonstrated among v. cholerae o1, s. flexnerii 2a and h. influenzae b surface components. the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) resul ... | 2008 | 18954564 |
| the elucidation of the structure of the core part of the lps from plesiomonas shigelloides serotype o17 expressing o-polysaccharide chain identical to the shigella sonnei o-chain. | plesiomonas shigelloides o17 lps contains the same o-antigenic polysaccharide chain as a causative agent of dysentery, shigella sonnei. this polysaccharide can be used as a component of a vaccine against dysentery. core part of the p. shigelloides o17 lps was studied using nmr and mass spectrometry and the following structure was proposed: [structure : see text]. significant similarity of the p. shigelloides o17 lps core with the structure of the p. shigelloides o54 core was observed. | 2008 | 18954864 |
| in this issue: proteomics 20/2008. | in this issue of proteomics you will find the following highlighted articles:comprehensively confirmed annotation of short orfsduring the california gold rush, prospectors did not look only for large nuggets to pave their road to riches - they also collected gold dust. the proteomic equivalent of dust is the small orf. it does not pay to put a lower limit on dust or orf size because almost any size may be turned into "cash" or an important peptide. wei et al. demonstrate how a combination of con ... | 2008 | 18924177 |
| closing the diarrhoea diagnostic gap in indian children by the application of molecular techniques. | a large proportion of diarrhoeal illnesses in children in developing countries are ascribed to an unknown aetiology because the only available methods, such as microscopy and culture, have low sensitivity. this study was aimed at decreasing the diagnostic gap in diarrhoeal disease by the application of molecular techniques. faecal samples from 158 children with and 99 children without diarrhoea in a hospital in south india were tested for enteric pathogens using conventional diagnostic methods ( ... | 2008 | 18927413 |
| porin-incorporated liposome induces toll-like receptors 2- and 6-dependent maturation and type 1 response of dendritic cell. | porin of shigella dysenteriae was incorporated in liposome (pil) and presented to mouse splenic dendritic cells (dc). pil up-regulated toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 and tlr6 on dc, showing that co-expression of the two tlrs is involved in recognition of porin. detection of myeloid differentiating factor 88 (myd88)-tlr2 complex confirmed interaction between the two for triggering the downstream signaling, which ultimately led to tlr2-dependent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa b. pil-ind ... | 2008 | 18931363 |
| [the distribution and antimicrobial resistance tendency of pathogens associated with diarrhea in beijing]. | to monitor the constituents and resistant tendency of bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients in our hospital form 1994 to 2005 to offer the basis for guiding epidemiologic study, vaccination research and clinical treatment. | 2008 | 18843955 |
| [analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis molecular subtyping of shigella strains in shenzhen]. | to analyze the genetic relations of shigella isolated from shenzhen in 2001-2006 and develop primary molecular subtyping surveillance network of shigella. | 2008 | 18844079 |
| [analysis on incidence of bacillary dysentery in jinan municipality from 1951 to 2005]. | to explore the epidemic characteristics of bacterial dysentery in jinan municipality, and to provide scientific basis for effective strategy for bacterial dysentery control. | 2008 | 18844085 |
| prevention of the cytopathic effect induced by clostridium difficile toxin b by active rac1. | clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) glucosylates low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho subfamily and thereby causes actin re-organization (cell rounding). this "cytopathic effect" has been generally attributed to rhoa inactivation. here we show that cells expressing non-glucosylatable rac1-q61l are protected from the cytopathic effect of tcdb. in contrast, cells expressing rhoa-q63l or mock-transfected cells are fully susceptible for the cytopathic effect of tcdb. these findings ... | 2008 | 18848548 |
| [htpg protein of shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t evokes inflammatory response in mice]. | to analyze the function of htpg of s. flexneri 2a 2457t, we constructed an htpg deletion mutant and a recovery mutant. | 2008 | 18837368 |
| [detection of staphylococcus aureus, shigella spp., salmonella spp. in food by multiplex pcr]. | to establish a multiplex pcr method for simultaneous detection of staphylococcus aureus, shigella spp., salmonella spp. in food. | 2008 | 18839528 |
| evaluation by real-time pcr of the expression of s. flexneri virulence-associated genes ospb and phon2 under different genetical backgrounds. | under conditions of activated type iii secretion shigella flexneri up-regulates the expression of numerous genes, including the virulence plasmid (pinv)-encoded ospb and phon2 genes. ospb and phon2 are virulence-associated genes which are part of a bicistronic transcriptional unit encoding ospb, a protein (effector) of unknown function secreted by the type iii secretion (tts) apparatus, and phon2 (apyrase or atp-diphosphohydrolase), a periplasmic protein involved in polar icsa localization on th ... | 2008 | 18831939 |
| 'form variation' of the o12 antigen is critical for persistence of salmonella typhimurium in the murine intestine. | salmonella enterica subspecies i serotypes are responsible for the vast majority of salmonellosis in mammals and birds, yet only a few factors specific to this group that allow them to persist in this niche have been identified. we show that stm0557, a s. enterica subspecies i-specific gene encoding an inner membrane protein, is critical for faecal shedding and intestinal persistence of s. enterica serotype typhimurium atcc14028 in salmonella-resistant mice, but mutations in this gene do not dim ... | 2008 | 18826410 |
| [new selective indicator medium for detection of aeromonas and plesiomonas: unisc agar]. | we evaluated a new selective indicator medium (unisc agar) for isolation of classical enteropathogens, aeromonas spp and plesiomonas shigelloides. the xylose fermentation capacity is indicated by a yellow color (fermenting agents) or blue (no fermenting agent). this, together with the oxidase test, establishes it as an indicator for detecting aeromonas and plesiomonas shigelloides. its productivity and selectivity, as assessed using the absolute count index and relative count index, indicate it ... | 2008 | 18853024 |
| bacteriophage 2851 is a prototype phage for dissemination of the shiga toxin variant gene 2c in escherichia coli o157:h7. | the production of shiga toxin (stx) (verocytotoxin) is a major virulence factor of escherichia coli o157:h7 strains (shiga toxin-producing e. coli [stec] o157). two types of shiga toxins, designated stx1 and stx2, are produced in stec o157. variants of the stx2 type (stx2, stx2c) are associated with high virulences of these strains for humans. a bacteriophage designated 2851 from a human stec o157 encoding the stx2c variant was described previously. nucleotide sequence analysis of the phage 2851 ... | 2008 | 18824528 |
| evaluation of methods for isolation of dna for polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based identification of pathogenic bacteria from pure cultures and water samples. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) provides a reliable detection of pathogenic bacteria in water samples. however, this method can be adversely influenced by the purity of the dna template. this is a particularly important obstacle when the bacterial dna is directly extracted from water samples. in this study we compared the suitability of 8 different methods for isolation of bacterial dna from pure cultures and 10 different methods for isolation of dna from water samples. the quality of extracted ... | 2008 | 18824796 |
| gateways to clinical trials. | 11d10, 9vpnc-mncc; adalimumab, adefovir dipivoxil, alefacept, aln-rsv01, ame-133, amg-317, aminolevulinic acid methyl ester, amlodipine besylate/atorvastatin calcium, anisodamine, anti-il-5 receptor antibody, apremilast, aripiprazole, atacicept, atazanavir sulfate, atrasentan; banoxantrone, bevacizumab, bibw-2992, binodenoson, bms-387032; cac10, caldaret hydrate, cd-np, ceftobiprole medocaril, celivarone fumarate, certolizumab pegol, cholesteryl hydrophobized polysaccharide-her2 protein complex, ... | 2008 | 18773127 |
| novel cassette arrays of integrons in clinical strains of enterobacteriaceae in china. | one hundred and forty-two enterobacteriaceae isolates randomly selected from four general hospitals in nanjing region of china were investigated for antibiotic susceptibility, the presence of integrons and the characterisation of gene cassettes. eighty-five (59.9%) enterobacteriaceae strains contained class 1 integrons, and 17 (65.4%) of 26 shigella contained class 2 integrons. class 3 integrons were not detected in this study. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and dna sequencing a ... | 2008 | 18778917 |
| novel fold of vira, a type iii secretion system effector protein from shigella flexneri. | vira, a secreted effector protein from shigella sp., has been shown to be necessary for its virulence. it was also reported that vira might be related to papain-like cysteine proteases and cleave alpha-tubulin, thus facilitating intracellular spreading. we have now determined the crystal structure of vira at 3.0 a resolution. the shape of the molecule resembles the letter "v," with the residues in the n-terminal third of the 45-kda molecule (some of which are disordered) forming one clearly iden ... | 2008 | 18787201 |
| [molecular typing of isolates from two dysentery outbreaks in chengdu, through pulsed field gel electrophoresis technology]. | using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) typing to analyze strains isolated from two outbreaks caused by shigella sonnei and to trace the source of infection. | 2008 | 18788530 |
| the roles of two-component systems in virulence of pathogenic escherichia coli and shigella spp. | two-component systems (tcss) are well conserved among e. coli strains, including pathogenic e. coli and also closely related shigella spp. although 25% of the genome of pathogenic e. coli is strain-specific, only small number of strain-specific tcss is found. regulation of virulence genes in response to environmental stimuli is partly dependent on tcss commonly present in nonpathogenic e. coli strains. some virulence genes are directly regulated by response regulator oftcs but some are affected ... | 2008 | 18792690 |
| molecular approach and bacterial quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities in egypt. | water is necessary to life so when supplied as drinking water to consumers, a satisfactory quality must be maintained. in egypt, infectious intestinal diseases are the major cause of hospitalization in almost all regions. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of treated and untreated water samples from urban and rural communities. thirty-five samples of treated (chlorinated) water from taps, 25 samples of bottled water and 15 samples of hand pump (untreated) water ... | 2008 | 18800596 |
| incidence of bacterial enteropathogens among hospitalized diarrhea patients from orissa, india. | bacteriological analysis of 1,551 stool/rectal swabs from all age groups of diarrhea patients of different hospitals of orissa from january 2004 to december 2006 was carried out using standard procedures. among all enteropathogens isolated in 886 culture-positive samples, escherichia coli constituted 75.5%, including 13.2% pathogenic e. coli; vibrio cholerae o1 constituted 17.3%; v. cholerae o139, 1%; shigella spp., 4.5% (shigella flexneri type 6, 2.9%, s. dysenteriae type i, 0.7%, s. sonnei, 0. ... | 2008 | 18806340 |
| indications and challenges of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in the management of arthralgias and spondyloarthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease. | arthralgia and spondyloarthropathy of the peripheral and the axial joints are common in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. evidence for this association has been provided by clinical, epidemiologic, and immunologic studies confirming the presence of shared inflammatory pathways in gut and joint. bacterial gut infections such as salmonella typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica, shigella, campylobacter jejuni may induce reactive peripheral arthritis and 20% of these patients may develop chr ... | 2008 | 18806706 |
| [dysentery and amoebiasis in poland in 2006]. | the number of notified as shigellosis, bacillary dysentery cases in the three last years (2004, 2005, 2006) is lower and lower and is the lowest of all years since 1918 when notification started. only 35 cases were notified in the year 2006, while 80 were notified in 2005 (incidence rate 0.21/100 000 population), and 74 cases in 2004 (incidence rate 0.19/100 000 population). no one-death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. no one outbreak was registered. twelve c ... | 2008 | 18807468 |
| [treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea with a suspension of donor faeces]. | to study the effect of treating recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) with a suspension of donor faeces. | 2008 | 18808083 |
| [glycosphingolipids gb3 and igb3. in vivo roles in hemolytic-uremic syndrome and inkt cell function]. | the glycosphingolipids globotrihexosylceramide (gb3, cd77) and isoglobotrihexosylceramide (igb3) are isomers differing only in one glycosidic bond and have been implicated in several processes of the innate and adaptive immune system. | 2008 | 18810447 |
| mechanisms of infectious diarrhea. | infectious diarrhea is an important public health problem worldwide. research has provided new insights into the mechanisms of diarrhea caused by various pathogens that are classified as noninflammatory, inflammatory or invasive. these three groups of organisms cause two diarrheal syndromes--noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea. the noninflammatory diarrheas are caused by enterotoxin-producing organisms such as vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, or by viruses tha ... | 2008 | 18813221 |
| subproteomic tools to increase genome annotation complexity. | comprehensive and precise annotations of short protein-coding genes are always a challenging task. here we propose a new design to facilitate the characterization of previously overlooked short protein-coding genes by integrating a shotgun proteomics method and oligonucleotide array analysis. using shigella flexneri as a model, we validate 163 annotated orfs and 51 hypothetical or putative transcripts at the protein level, and discover four novel short orfs. this strategy will contribute signifi ... | 2008 | 18814329 |
| inhibitory effects of sage extract on the growth of enteric bacteria. | antibacterial activity of sage extract at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.0125, 0.00625, 0.003125, 0.00156, 0.0005 and 0.00025 g dl(-1) against salmonella typhi, shigella sonnei, s. flexneri, proteus vulgaris, staphylococcus aureus, etec escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated. susceptibility testing of bacterial strains against 18 antibiotics was also performed for comparison. the results showed that p. aeruginosa and etec e. coli were completely resistant to sage extrac ... | 2008 | 18817180 |
| [rotaviruses in younger children in novosibirsk in 2005-2007: detection and genotyping]. | examination of 1898 patients with acute enteric infection from march 2005 to february 2007 showed that group a rotaviruses were the most frequent cause (35%) of acute gastroenteritis among children under 3 years of age. majority of cases of rotavirus infection was detected in infants under 1 year of age (71.8%). the peak of sporadic incidence was observed between february and may. high rate of mixed infection (45.6%) was observed - associations of rotaviruses with other viruses (noroviruses, ast ... | 2008 | 18819400 |
| methods and tools for comparative genomics of foodborne pathogens. | a comparison of genome sequences and of encoded proteins with the database of existing annotated sequences is a useful approach to understand the information at the genome level. here we demonstrate the utility of several dna and protein sequence comparison tools to interpret the information obtained from several genome projects. comparisons are presented between closely related strains of escherichia coli commensal isolates, different isolates of o157:h7, and shigella spp. it is expected that c ... | 2008 | 18713064 |
| all blood, no stool: enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 infection. | enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli serotype o157:h7 is a pathotype of diarrheagenic e. coli that produces one or more shiga toxins, forms a characteristic histopathology described as attaching and effacing lesions, and possesses the large virulence plasmid po157. the bacterium is recognized worldwide, especially in developed countries, as an emerging food-borne bacterial pathogen, which causes disease in humans and in some animals. healthy cattle are the principal and natural reservoir of e. col ... | 2008 | 18716441 |
| a potential plasmid-curing agent, 8-epidiosbulbin e acetate, from dioscorea bulbifera l. against multidrug-resistant bacteria. | bioassay-guided fractionation of an aqueous methanolic extract of dioscorea bulbifera l. bulbs was performed using organic solvents. a novel plasmid-curing compound was identified as 8-epidiosbulbin e acetate (eea) (norditerpene) on the basis of modern spectroscopic analysis and x-ray crystallography. eea exhibited broad-spectrum plasmid-curing activity against multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. eea cured antibiotic resistance plasmids (r-plasmids) fr ... | 2008 | 18718743 |
| factors associated with acute diarrhoea in children in dhahira, oman: a hospital-based study. | to elucidate the bacterial etiology of childhood diarrhoea in dhahira, 856 children < 12 years admitted for diarrhoea to ibri regional referral hospital from 2000 to 2002 were studied. the mean age was 2.4 (sd 2.3) years; the majority (92.9%) were < 5 years. bacterial etiology was found in 15.2% of cases; 10.6% due to shigella and 2.1% to salmonella. sh. sonnei was the commonest shigella serogroup isolated. salmonella infection was significantly associated with cramps, while shigella infection w ... | 2008 | 18720621 |
| antimicrobial activity of extracts of edible wild and cultivated mushrooms against foodborne bacterial strains. | the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts from edible wild and cultivated mushrooms against nine foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis, shigella sonnei, vibrio parahaemolyticus, yersinia enterocolitica, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus) was screened with a disk diffusion assay. twenty-nine of the 48 species tested had antimicrobial activity. meth ... | 2008 | 18724768 |
| role of nleh, a type iii secreted effector from attaching and effacing pathogens, in colonization of the bovine, ovine, and murine gut. | the human pathogen enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h7 colonizes human and animal gut via formation of attaching and effacing lesions. ehec strains use a type iii secretion system to translocate a battery of effector proteins into the mammalian host cell, which subvert diverse signal transduction pathways implicated in actin dynamics, phagocytosis, and innate immunity. the genomes of sequenced ehec o157:h7 strains contain two copies of the effector protein gene nleh, which share 49 ... | 2008 | 18725419 |
| resistance to fluoroquinolones by the combination of target site mutations and enhanced expression of genes for efflux pumps in shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei strains isolated in korea. | among 5938 clinical shigella spp. isolates, two s. flexneri strains were isolated as those resistant to fluoroquinolones based on the mics of the following antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and levofloxacin. s. flexneri 021787 had three substitutions, one in gyra (ser83leu) and two in parc (ser80ile and arg91gln). s. flexneri 021895 had four substitutions, two in gyra (ser83leu and asp87gly) and two in parc (ser80ile and arg91gln). the increased susceptibility of s ... | 2008 | 18727800 |
| occurrence and characteristics of the cytolysin a gene in shigella strains and other members of the family enterobacteriaceae. | cytolysin a (clya, hlye, shea) is a hemolytic pore-forming toxin found in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a. in the present study, analysis of several shigella strains revealed that they harbor only nonfunctional clya gene copies that have been inactivated either by the integration of insertion sequence (is) elements (shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, and shigella sonnei strains) or by a frameshift mutation (shigella flexneri). shigella dysenteriae and ... | 2008 | 18754791 |
| characterization of endemic shigella boydii strains isolated in iran by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profile, ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | shigellosis is one of the major causes of morbidity in children with diarrhea in iran. the present study was undertaken to characterize apparently sporadic shigella boydii strains isolated from pediatric patients in iran. | 2008 | 18755045 |
| topology and identification of critical residues of the o-acetyltransferase of serotype-converting bacteriophage, sf6, of shigella flexneri. | the modification of the lps o-antigen, seen in the diverse serotypes of shigella flexneri is brought about by the glucosyltransferases (gtr) and the o-acetyltransferase (oac). in this study, we establish the membrane topology of oac using the dual reporter phoa-laczalpha. we have determined that oac is an integral membrane protein with 10 transmembrane regions. the hydrophilic n- and c-termini are oriented in the cytoplasm. functionally important cytoplasmic and periplasmic loops have also been ... | 2008 | 18755141 |
| structural and functional studies indicate that shigella vira is not a protease and does not directly destabilize microtubules. | vira, an essential virulence factor in shigella disease pathogenesis, is involved in the uptake, motility, and cell-to-cell spread of shigella organisms within the human host. these functions have been attributed to a vira protease activity and a mechanism of microtubule destruction via tubulin degradation [yoshida, s., et al. (2006) science 314, 985-989]. we report functional and crystallographic data indicating a novel vira structure that lacks these activities but highlights the homology to t ... | 2008 | 18763811 |
| bacterial conjugation in the cytoplasm of mouse cells. | intracellular pathogenic organisms such as salmonellae and shigellae are able to evade the effects of many antibiotics because the drugs are not able to penetrate the plasma membrane. in addition, these bacteria may be able to transfer genes within cells while protected from the action of drugs. the primary mode by which virulence and antibiotic resistance genes are spread is bacterial conjugation. salmonellae have been shown to be competent for conjugation in the vacuoles of cultured mammalian ... | 2008 | 18765719 |
| shigellosis in puducherry. | 2008 | 18765885 | |
| variable length tandem repeat polyglutamine sequences in the flexible tether region of the tsr chemotaxis receptor of escherichia coli. | methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (mcps) are receptors that play an important role in bacterial chemotaxis. methylation of tsr, the mcp that mediates chemotaxis towards serine in escherichia coli, is thought to be facilitated by binding of the methyltransferase to a flexible tether region at the c-terminal end of tsr. this study analysed natural length variants of the tether that occur in e. coli due to genetic instability in tandem repeat dna sequences that code for glutaminyl (q) residues, ... | 2008 | 18667570 |
| vaccination against shigellosis: is it the path that is difficult or is it the difficult that is the path? | following several decades of research, there is not yet a convincing vaccine against shigellosis. it is still difficult, in spite of the breadth of strategies (i.e. live attenuated oral, killed oral, subunit parenteral) to select an optimal option. two approaches are clearly emerging: (i) live attenuated deletion mutants based on rational selection of genes that are key in the pathogenic process, and (ii) conjugated detoxified polysaccharide parenteral vaccines, or more recently conjugated synth ... | 2008 | 18672087 |
| macrolide-resistant shigella sonnei. | shigella sonnei ucn59, isolated during an outbreak of s. sonnei in january 2007, was resistant to azithromycin (mic 64 mg/l). the isolate contained a plasmid-borne mph(a) gene encoding a macrolide 2 -phosphotransferase that inactivates macrolides. emergence of the mph(a) gene in s. sonnei may limit usefulness of azithromycin for treatment of shigellosis. | 2008 | 18680661 |
| bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of biodegradation of organic pollutants in wastewater effluents. | significant amounts of toxic substances which are hazardous to animals, plants, microorganisms, and other living organisms including humans are released annually into aquatic and terrestrial environments, mostly from improper wastewater discharges. early detection of such pollutants in wastewater effluents and proper monitoring before their final release into the environment is therefore necessary. in this study, two whole-cell bacterial biosensors were constructed by transforming competent cell ... | 2008 | 18688458 |
| liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of escherichia coli and shigella species. | liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (lc/qtof ms) utilizing electrospray ionization was employed to monitor protein expression in escherichia coli and shigella organisms. comparison with maldi/tof-ms revealed more proteins, particularly above 15 kda. a combination of automated charge state deconvolution, spectral mirroring, and spectral subtraction was used to reveal subtle differences in the lc/ms data. reproducible intact protein biomarker candidates were discovere ... | 2008 | 18692404 |
| [antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria: 41. structures of the o-specific polysaccharides of shigella dysenteriae types 4 and 5 revised by nmr spectroscopy]. | the earlier established structures of the acidic o-specific polysaccharides from two typical strains of the shigella dysenteriae bacterium were revised using modern nmr spectroscopy techniques. in particular, the configurations of the glycosidic linkages of glcnac (s. dysenteriae type 4) and mannose (s. dysenteriae type 5) residues were corrected. in addition, the location of the sites of nonstoichiometric o-acetylation in s. dysenteriae type 4 was determined: the lateral fucose residue was show ... | 2008 | 18695724 |
| epidemiological evidence of multidrug-resistant shigella sonnei colonization in india by sentinel surveillance in a japanese quarantine station. | we applied a previously reported method to clarify whether a multidrug-resistant shigella colonizes in a south asian country. at kansai airport quarantine station, stool samples were collected from overseas travelers who reported a history of diarrhea. shigella strains were isolated, ranging from 53 to 106 (average, 82.4) isolates/year (2001-2005), and almost 80% of the isolates were shigella sonnei. the most frequent country of origin was india. strains from the country of the most frequent ori ... | 2008 | 18697484 |
| identification and functional characterization of gene components of type vi secretion system in bacterial genomes. | a new secretion system, called the type vi secretion system (t6ss), was recently reported in vibrio cholerae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia mallei. a total of 18 genes have been identified to be belonging to this secretion system in v. cholerae. here we attempt to identify presence of t6ss in other bacterial genomes. this includes identification of orthologous sequences, conserved motifs, domains, families, 3d folds, genomic islands containing t6ss components, phylogenetic profiles and ... | 2008 | 18698408 |
| structural and functional characterization of human iba proteins. | iba2 is a homolog of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (iba1), a 17-kda protein that binds and cross-links filamentous actin (f-actin) and localizes to membrane ruffles and phagocytic cups. here, we present the crystal structure of human iba2 and its homodimerization properties, f-actin cross-linking activity, cellular localization and recruitment upon bacterial invasion in comparison with iba1. the iba2 structure comprises two central ef-hand motifs lacking bound ca2+. iba2 crystallize ... | 2008 | 18699778 |
| use of flow cytometry in an apoptosis assay to determine ph and temperature stability of shiga-like toxin 1. | shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins (stx) are a relatively large group of cytotoxins produced by certain serotypes of shigella and e. coli (stec). these toxins are responsible for diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and may induce hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) with serious consequences in young children. the toxins are proteins made up of 5 small b subunits responsible for binding to an outer membrane ligand on host cells and surround the larger, biologically active a subunit. for shiga-like toxin 1 ... | 2008 | 18710788 |
| epidemiology of highly endemic multiply antibiotic-resistant shigellosis in children in the peruvian amazon. | our goal was to estimate the impact of a shigella vaccine in an area where shigellosis is endemic by characterizing the disease burden and antibiotic-resistance profiles of isolates and by determining the prevalence of shigella flexneri serotypes. | 2008 | 18710884 |
| invitro antibacterial activity of crude preparation of myrtle (myrtus communis) on common human pathogens. | myrtle "addus" (myrtus communis) has long history as a traditional medicine/or different infectious disease by many peoples of the world and in ethiopia too. | 2008 | 18711991 |
| the interplay between entamoeba and enteropathogenic bacteria modulates epithelial cell damage. | mixed intestinal infections with entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba dispar and bacteria with exacerbated manifestations of disease are common in regions where amoebiasis is endemic. however, amoeba-bacteria interactions remain largely unexamined. | 2008 | 18648517 |
| acute diarrhea due to enteropathogenic bacteria in patients at hospitals in tehran. | during a study examining causes of diarrhea from may 2004 to may 2005, 808 stool specimens were collected from patients with acute diarrhea in tehran. fecal samples were cultured and identified according to the standard biochemical methods. molecular identification of enteropathogens was carried out by amplification of their virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction. a total of 369 (45.6%) bacterial pathogens were recovered from 808 patients as follows: shigella spp., 155 (45.6%); diarrheagen ... | 2008 | 18653967 |
| antimicrobial resistance in shigella species isolated in dakar, senegal (2004-2006). | from may 2004 to october 2006, a prospective study was carried out in dakar, senegal, to update information about the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella spp. isolated from stool specimens. among the 165 non-duplicate strains collected, 81 (49%) were identified as shigella flexneri, 75 (45%) as shigella sonnei, 5 (3%) as shigella boydii, and 4 (2%) as shigella dysenteriae. disk diffusion testing revealed that the majority of isolates were resistant to sulphonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethox ... | 2008 | 18653976 |
| simultaneous detection of six human diarrheal pathogens by using dna microarray combined with tyramide signal amplification. | multiplex pcr and dna microarray were combined with tyramide signal amplification (tsa) to develop a reliable method suitable for simultaneous detection of six species of human diarrheal pathogens (yersinia enterocolitica, shigella spp, salmonella typhi, brucella spp, vibrio cholera and escherichia coli o157:h7). meanwhile, our method could distinguish v. cholera serotype o1 from o139, and o157:h7 from o157: non-h7. this assay conferred a specificity of 100% for target pathogens. the limit of de ... | 2008 | 18655810 |
| the c-terminus of ipac is required for effector activities related to shigella invasion of host cells. | invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac) is secreted by the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system (ttss) as an essential trigger of epithelial cell invasion. at the molecular level, ipac possesses a distinct functional organization. the ipac c-terminal region between amino acids 319 and 345 is predicted to form a coiled-coil structure. such alpha-helical motifs appear to be a recurring structural theme among ttss components. together with ipab, this ipac region is also required for the formation ... | 2008 | 18656530 |
| characterization of soluble complexes of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system atpase. | the conserved atpase of type iii secretion systems is critical to the export of substrates through the apparatus. we present a characterization of the native t3ss atpase, spa47, from the cytoplasm of shigella flexneri, demonstrating it to be in two distinct high-molecular-weight complexes with spa33: mxin and mxik. | 2008 | 18657109 |
| use of mchi encoding immunity to the antimicrobial peptide microcin h47 as a plasmid selection marker in attenuated bacterial live vectors. | live attenuated bacterial strains expressing heterologous antigens represent an attractive vaccine development strategy. however, the use of drug resistance genes for the selection of expression plasmids introduced into live vectors poses theoretical health risks. therefore, we developed a novel approach for plasmid selection based on immunity to the antimicrobial peptide microcin h47 (mcch47). two expression plasmids encoding the reporter green fluorescent protein (gfpuv) were constructed; sele ... | 2008 | 18663003 |
| safety and immunogenicity of wrsd1, a live attenuated shigella dysenteriae type 1 vaccine candidate. | among shigella serotypes shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces the most severe disease, including cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome and pandemic outbreaks. wrsd1 is a live s. dysenteriae 1 strain attenuated by deletion of the virg(icsa) gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intercellular spread, and stxa and stxb, which encode the shiga toxin. in this phase i trial five groups of eight subjects ingested escalating doses of wrsd1 ranging from 10(3) to 10(7)cfu. no subject experienced fever ... | 2008 | 18468742 |
| enteric bacteria isolated from acute diarrheal patients in the republic of korea between the year 2004 and 2006. | in an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the republic of korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic escherichia coli, especially, eaec was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by staphylococcus aureus, salmonella specie ... | 2008 | 18604503 |
| intracellular bacteriolysis triggers a massive apoptotic cell death in shigella-infected epithelial cells. | infected epithelial cells, which act as a first barrier against pathogens, seldom undergo apoptosis. rather, infected epithelial cells undergo a slow cell death that displays hallmarks of necrosis. here, we demonstrate that rapid intracellular lysis of shigella flexneri, provoked by either the use of a diaminopimelic acid auxotroph mutant or treatment of infected cells with antibiotics of the beta-lactam family, resulted in a massive and rapid induction of apoptotic cell death. this intracellula ... | 2008 | 18606244 |
| selective activation of human intestinal mast cells by escherichia coli hemolysin. | mast cells (mcs) are recognized to play an important role in bacterial host defense in the murine system. in this study, we studied the interaction of human mcs, isolated from the intestine and purified to homogeneity, with different escherichia coli and shigella flexneri strains. we show that alpha-hemolysin (hly)-producing e. coli strains induce the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal mcs. in contrast, mcs were virtually unresponsive to s. flexneri a ... | 2008 | 18606698 |
| microcalorimetric studies of the action on four organic acids in radix isatidis on the growth of microorganisms. | the actions of four organic acids in radix isatidis, a traditional chinese medicinal (tcm) herb, on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and shigella dysenteriae growth were investigated by microcalorimetry. the four organic acids were syringic acid, 2-amino-benzoic acid, salicylic acid and benzoic acid. the power-time curves of escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and shigella dysenteriae growth with and without organic acids were acquired, meanwhile the extent and duration of inhibitory ... | 2008 | 18616177 |
| functional characterization of the shigella dysenteriae heme abc transporter. | the heme atp binding cassette (abc) transporter, shuuv, of shigella dysenteriae has been incorporated into proteoliposomes. functional characterization of shuuv revealed that atp hydrolysis and transport of heme from the periplasmic binding protein, shut, to the cytoplasmic binding protein, shus, are coupled. site-directed mutagenesis of shut residues proposed to be required for stabilization of the complex abolished heme transport. furthermore, residues his-252 and his-262, located in the trans ... | 2008 | 18616281 |
| structures of synthetic o-antigen fragments from serotype 2a shigella flexneri in complex with a protective monoclonal antibody. | the anti-lps igg mab f22-4, raised against shigella flexneri serotype 2a bacteria, protects against homologous, but not heterologous, challenge in an experimental animal model. we report the crystal structures of complexes formed between fab f22-4 and two synthetic oligosaccharides, a decasaccharide and a pentadecasaccharide that were previously shown to be both immunogenic and antigenic mimics of the s. flexneri serotype 2a o-antigen. f22-4 binds to an epitope contained within two consecutive 2 ... | 2008 | 18621718 |
| first italian case of cyclosporiasis in an immunocompetent woman: local acquired infection. | cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian agent of chronic diarrhea in humans with a worldwide distribution. we report the first documented case of acquired cyclosporiasis in italy. the patient was an immunocompetent woman with no recent history of travel outside the country. microscopy detected cyclospora oocysts in a feces sample. pcr detected the pathogen in a second sample, which had tested negative by microscopy. the patient was investigated to detect other microorganisms in feces, such as sal ... | 2008 | 18623995 |
| [detection of enteric pathogenic bacteria from surface waters by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr)]. | a rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) analysis method with universal primers was developed to detect cell densities of the enteric pathogenic bacteria from 5 surface water of xi'an city for 4 months continuously. and the detection results by qpcr method were compared with counts of coliforms colony-forming units (cfu) determined by membrane filter (mf) analysis. the results showed that qpcr method had an estimated 94% confidence, and detection limit was 2.7 escherichia coli cells ... | 2008 | 18624175 |
| overview of the inactivation by 254 nm ultraviolet radiation of bacteria with particular relevance to biodefense. | our goal was to ultimately predict the sensitivity of untested bacteria (including those of biodefense interest) to ultraviolet (uv) radiation. in this study, we present an overview and analysis of the relevant 254 nm data previously reported and available in the literature. the amount of variability in this data prevented us from determining an "average" response for any bacterium. therefore, we developed particular selection criteria to include the data in our analysis and suggested future gui ... | 2008 | 18627518 |
| is irritable bowel syndrome an inflammatory disorder? | histopathologic data demonstrate low-grade mucosal inflammation in a subset of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). this inflammatory infiltrate is mainly represented by increased numbers of t lymphocytes and mast cells lying in the lamina propria. the close apposition of immunocytes to gut nerves supplying the mucosa provides a basis for neuroimmune cross-talk, which may explain gut sensorimotor dysfunction and related symptoms in patients with ibs. a previous gastroenteritis (due to c ... | 2008 | 18627650 |
| a single-tube screen for salmonella and shigella. | salmonella and shigella species are routinely sought in stool specimens submitted for culture. it is a common practice to screen lactose-negative colonies by using triple sugar iron agar, lysine iron agar, and christensen urea agar to determine if further identification is necessary. we designed and evaluated a novel combination of media, which are layered in a single tube, for screening isolates suspected to possibly represent salmonella or shigella. we tested this media combination with 106 sa ... | 2008 | 18628099 |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome in children admitted to a rural district hospital in kenya. | we studied children admitted to kilifi district hospital, kenya, between 1997 and 2005 with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) and reviewed their records in order to determine the clinical features and outcomes of the disease. thirty-one children fulfilled the criteria: 21 (68%) had diarrhoea-associated hus (d + hus), the remainder did not (d-hus); five had involvement of the central nervous system. those with d-hus had lower haemoglobin and platelet counts when compared with those with d + hus. ... | 2008 | 18628547 |
| [investigation on species composition of cockroaches and bacteria-carrying on their bodies in five cities of hainan]. | "za-type" cages were used to capture cockroaches in 267 sites of 5 cities in hainan. species were identified and bacteria were isolated by routine method. 441 cockroaches were collected and identified as five species belonging to two genera, 75.3% being periplaneta americana. more cockroaches were found in sewerage. bacteria were detected from 82.4% of cockroaches, including escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella sp, staphylococcus aureus, shigella sp, bacillus proteus and sort of ... | 2008 | 18637594 |
| crystal structure of a glutamate/aspartate binding protein complexed with a glutamate molecule: structural basis of ligand specificity at atomic resolution. | the crystal structure of a periplasmic l-aspartate/l-glutamate binding protein (debp) from shigella flexneri complexed with an l-glutamate molecule has been determined and refined to an atomic resolution of 1.0 a. there are two debp molecules in the asymmetric unit. the refined model contains 4462 non-hydrogen protein atoms, 730 water molecules, 2 bound glutamate molecules, and 2 tris molecules from the buffer used in crystallization. the final r(cryst) and r(free) factors are 13.61% and 16.89%, ... | 2008 | 18640128 |
| the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and nutritional development of infants with acute diarrhoea, in north-eastern brazil. | in order to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and changing nutritional status of infants suffering from acute diarrhoea, 103 infants with such diarrhoea and the same number of age-matched controls were investigated at the universidade federal do rio grande do norte's paediatric hospital, in north-eastern brazil. each child with diarrhoea was given oral rehydration or, in the severe cases, intravenous rehydration. each subject was checked for enteropathogens and his or her w ... | 2008 | 18510816 |
| a hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in a middle-income country. | to identify factors associated with diarrhoea occurrence in children in a city in a middle-income country, with high access to water and sanitation. | 2008 | 18515864 |
| viral, bacterial and parasitic etiology of pediatric diarrhea in gaza, palestine. | to determine the etiology of acute diarrhea in palestinian children under 5 years of age and to improve knowledge of the etiology of gastrointestinal pathogens using traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques. | 2008 | 18523397 |
| the serine protease motif of pic mediates a dose-dependent mucolytic activity after binding to sugar constituents of the mucin substrate. | the pic gene is harbored on the chromosomes of three important pathogens: enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec), uropathogenic e. coli (upec), and shigella flexneri. since pic is secreted into the intestinal lumen during eaec infection, we sought to identify intestinal-mucosal substrates for pic. pic did not damage epithelial cells, cleave fodrin, or degrade host defense proteins embedded in the mucus layer (siga, lactoferrin and lysozyme). however, by using a solid-phase assay to evaluate t ... | 2008 | 18538533 |
| prevalence of different virulence factors and biofilm production in enteroaggregative escherichia coli isolates causing diarrhea in children in ifakara (tanzania). | this study investigated the prevalence of 19 virulence factors and biofilm production in 86 eaec isolates causing diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age from ifakara, tanzania. virulence factors were detected by pcr, whereas biofilm production was determined using a microtiter plate assay. no virulence factor, with the exception of the aat gene used to identify eaec, was detected in 11/86 isolates (12.8%). the most frequently detected virulence factor was the aggr gene in 53 (61.6%) eaec, ... | 2008 | 18541781 |