Publications

onset and duration of protective immunity against clinical disease and renal carriage in dogs provided by a bi-valent inactivated leptospirosis vaccine.	protection against clinical disease and prevention of the renal carrier state remain the key objectives of vaccination against leptospirosis in the dog. in the present paper, groups of dogs were vaccinated twice with a commercial bacterin (eurican l) containing leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola and challenged with heterologous representatives of both serovars at 2 weeks (onset of immunity) or 14 months (duration of immunity) after the second vaccination. control do ...	2009	19179023
expression of major histocompatibility complex class ii antigens in porcine leptospiral nephritis.	class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhcii) is required for the presentation of antigens to cd4 helper t cells. during nephritis, not only primary antigen presenting cells such as histiocytes and lymphocytes, but also cytokine-stimulated tubular epithelial cells express mhcii. leptospirosis in fattening pigs is characterized by several degrees of nephritis, from absence of lesions to severe multifocal tubulo-interstitial inflammation. renal tissue from 20 8-month-old pigs with spontaneous ...	2009	19179617
geographical dissemination of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona during seasonal migration of california sea lions.	leptospirosis is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonoses in the world and affects most mammalian species. although leptospirosis is well documented and characterized in terrestrial species, less information is available regarding the distribution and impact of leptospirosis in marine mammals. additionally, the role of animal migrations on the geographical spread of leptospirosis has not been reported. periodic epizootic outbreaks of acute leptospirosis among california sea lions (zalophus ...	2009	19186009
genome sequence of desulfobacterium autotrophicum hrm2, a marine sulfate reducer oxidizing organic carbon completely to carbon dioxide.	sulfate-reducing bacteria (srb) belonging to the metabolically versatile desulfobacteriaceae are abundant in marine sediments and contribute to the global carbon cycle by complete oxidation of organic compounds. desulfobacterium autotrophicum hrm2 is the first member of this ecophysiologically important group with a now available genome sequence. with 5.6 megabasepairs (mbp) the genome of db. autotrophicum hrm2 is about 2 mbp larger than the sequenced genomes of other sulfate reducers (srb). a h ...	2009	19187283
novel activities of glycolytic enzymes in bacillus subtilis: interactions with essential proteins involved in mrna processing.	glycolysis is one of the most important metabolic pathways in heterotrophic organisms. several genes encoding glycolytic enzymes are essential in many bacteria even under conditions when neither glycolytic nor gluconeogenic activities are required. in this study, a screening for in vivo interaction partners of glycolytic enzymes of the soil bacterium bacillus subtilis was used to provide a rationale for essentiality of glycolytic enzymes. glycolytic enzymes proved to be in close contact with sev ...	2009	19193632
variable nucleotide tandem-repeat analysis revealing a unique group of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona isolates associated with california sea lions.	leptospira interrogans serovar pomona isolates were compared by variable nucleotide tandem-repeat typing. most cattle isolates grouped together, while isolates from pigs and wildlife were distributed across several groups. significantly, california sea lion isolates formed a unique group, providing evidence that these animals are maintenance hosts of serovar pomona.	2009	19204099
low-density macroarray for rapid detection and identification of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus.	crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis which occurs throughout africa, eastern europe, and asia and results in an approximately 30% fatality rate. a reverse transcription-pcr assay including a competitive internal control was developed on the basis of the most up-to-date genome information. biotinylated amplification products were hybridized to dna macroarrays on the surfaces of polymer supports, and hybridization events were visualized by incubation with a strepta ...	2009	19225100
structure and activity of human mitochondrial peptide deformylase, a novel cancer target.	peptide deformylase proteins (pdfs) participate in the n-terminal methionine excision pathway of newly synthesized peptides. we show that the human pdf (hspdf) can deformylate its putative substrates derived from mitochondrial dna-encoded proteins. the first structural model of a mammalian pdf (1.7 a), hspdf, shows a dimer with conserved topology of the catalytic residues and fold as non-mammalian pdfs. the hspdf c-terminus topology and the presence of a helical loop (h2 and h3), however, shape ...	2009	19236878
are white-spot lesions in kidneys in sheep associated with leptospirosis?	to determine the association between white-spot lesions in kidneys and serological and cultural prevalence of leptospirosis in sheep, and to evaluate the diagnostic value of these lesions in individual sheep and lines of sheep at slaughter as indicators of past or current episodes of leptospirosis.	2009	19252540
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of lipl32 from leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni.	lipl32 is a major surface protein that is expressed during infection by pathogenic leptospira. here, the crystallization of recombinant lipl32(21-272), which corresponds to the mature lipl32 protein minus its n-terminal lipid-anchored cysteine residue, is described. selenomethionine-labelled lipl32(21-272) crystals diffracted to 2.25 a resolution at a synchrotron source. the space group was p3(1)21 or p3(2)21 and the unit-cell parameters were a = b = 126.7, c = 96.0 a.	2009	19255491
genome sequence of the pathogenic intestinal spirochete brachyspira hyodysenteriae reveals adaptations to its lifestyle in the porcine large intestine.	brachyspira hyodysenteriae is an anaerobic intestinal spirochete that colonizes the large intestine of pigs and causes swine dysentery, a disease of significant economic importance. the genome sequence of b. hyodysenteriae strain wa1 was determined, making it the first representative of the genus brachyspira to be sequenced, and the seventeenth spirochete genome to be reported. the genome consisted of a circular 3,000,694 base pair (bp) chromosome, and a 35,940 bp circular plasmid that has not p ...	2009	19262690
rapid and accurate diagnosis of human intestinal spirochetosis by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	human intestinal spirochetosis (his) is associated with overgrowth of the large intestine by spirochetes of the genus brachyspira. the microbiological diagnosis of his is hampered by the fastidious nature and slow growth of brachyspira spp. in clinical practice, his is diagnosed histopathologically, and a significant portion of cases may be missed. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) is a molecular method that allows the visualization and identification of single bacteria within tissue sec ...	2009	19279178
infection and stillbirth.	infection may cause stillbirth by several mechanisms, including direct infection, placental damage, and severe maternal illness. various organisms have been associated with stillbirth, including many bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. in developed countries, between 10% and 25% of stillbirths may be caused by an infection, whereas in developing countries, which have much higher stillbirth rates, the contribution of infection is much greater. in developed countries, ascending bacterial infection, b ...	2009	19285457
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant leptospira immunoglobulin-like protein b (rligb) in a hamster challenge model.	leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein (ligb) was truncated into conserved (ligbcon) and variable (varb1, varb2) fragments and expressed as gst/his-tag fusion proteins. four-week-old hamsters were immunized with equal amounts of each fragment individually or combined in alum adjuvant at days 0 and 21 and subsequently challenged three weeks after the booster with 2.5 ld(50) live virulent leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. our results demonstrate that immunization with ligb produced strong hu ...	2009	19070678
monitoring of leptospirosis seroprevalence in a colony of captive collared peccaries (tayassu tajacu) from the peruvian amazon.	leptospirosis, an endemic zoonoses, is maintained in the environment by several wildlife species in the peruvian amazon. in order to evaluate the possible role of collared peccaries (cp) in the maintenance this disease, two serological surveys of leptospirosis were performed and zootechnical parameters were monitored in a captive cp colony in an interval of 27 months. total seroprevalence changed from 100% (n=27) to 86.4% (n=22), with reactions to a diversity of serogroups of zoonotic importance ...	2009	19000627
association of high orientia tsutsugamushi dna loads with disease of greater severity in adults with scrub typhus.	orientia tsutsugamushi, the cause of scrub typhus, is a major pathogen in the asia-pacific region. the severity of infection ranges from mild features to multiorgan failure and death. the aim of this prospective study was to define the o. tsutsugamushi loads in the blood samples of patients with scrub typhus on the day of hospital admission and to determine whether this was associated with disease severity. quantitation was performed using a real-time pcr assay targeting the 16s rrna gene of o. ...	2009	19091812
association of high orientia tsutsugamushi dna loads with disease of greater severity in adults with scrub typhus.	orientia tsutsugamushi, the cause of scrub typhus, is a major pathogen in the asia-pacific region. the severity of infection ranges from mild features to multiorgan failure and death. the aim of this prospective study was to define the o. tsutsugamushi loads in the blood samples of patients with scrub typhus on the day of hospital admission and to determine whether this was associated with disease severity. quantitation was performed using a real-time pcr assay targeting the 16s rrna gene of o. ...	2009	19091812
a simple and rapid nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique for differentiation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospira spp.	a rapid and specific nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) has been developed to detect and differentiate pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospira spp. leptospiral genomic dna was extracted from suspected human sera using an improved method of standard phenol-chloroform, and specific primers have been used to amplify 16s ribosomal rna from all pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospira spp. the pcr products of all nonpathogenic species were digested wit ...	2009	19097839
major surface protein lipl32 is not required for either acute or chronic infection with leptospira interrogans.	leptospira interrogans is responsible for leptospirosis, a zoonosis of worldwide distribution. lipl32 is the major outer membrane protein of pathogenic leptospires, accounting for up to 75% of total outer membrane protein. in recent times lipl32 has become the focus of intense study because of its surface location, dominance in the host immune response, and conservation among pathogenic species. in this study, an lipl32 mutant was constructed in l. interrogans using transposon mutagenesis. the l ...	2009	19103763
leptospira interrogans requires heme oxygenase for disease pathogenesis.	we recently characterised the leptospira interrogans heme oxygenase (hemo) gene and showed that hemo was required for growth with hemoglobin as the sole iron source. here we investigated the role of hemo in pathogenesis. hamsters inoculated with the hemo mutant showed 83% survival, compared with 33% for a control mutant (intergenic transposon insertion). lung pathology was consistent with survival data, showing that hemo contributes significantly to pathogenesis and heme is a major in vivo iron ...	2009	19114124
expression and characterization of recombinant leptospiral outer membrane protein lipl32 from leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis.	leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis, a causative agent of leptospirosis in thailand, was isolated from a patient for dna extraction and amplification of lipl32 gene by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the 782 bp pcr product was obtained, which was inserted into pae plasmid with polyhistidine (his6 tag) to construct pae-lipl32. this recombinant plasmid was transfected into e. coli bl21 (de3). his6-lipl32 was purified by ni-nta affinity chromatography. the recombinant protein was used as ant ...	2009	19323048
leptospira seroprevalence and associations between seropositivity, clinical disease and host factors in horses.	a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of different serovars of leptospira spp. and their association with clinical disease and host factors in swedish horses.	2009	19331656
leptospira noguchii and human and animal leptospirosis, southern brazil.		2009	19331754
molecular basis of the inhibitor selectivity and insights into the feedback inhibition mechanism of citramalate synthase from leptospira interrogans.	licms (leptospira interrogans citramalate synthase) catalyses the first reaction of the isoleucine biosynthesis pathway in l. interrogans, the pathogen of leptospirosis. the catalytic reaction is regulated through feedback inhibition by its end product isoleucine. to understand the molecular basis of the high selectivity of the inhibitor and the mechanism of feedback inhibition, we determined the crystal structure of licmsc (c-terminal regulatory domain of licms) in complex with isoleucine, and ...	2009	19351325
use of quantitative real-time pcr for studying the dissemination of leptospira interrogans in the guinea pig infection model of leptospirosis.	the dynamics of leptospirosis infection have been poorly studied. the purpose of this study was to determine the ld(50), rate of bacterial dissemination, histopathology and antibody responses against leptospira following inoculation with the highly virulent leptospira interrogans fiocruz l1-130 strain in a guinea pig model of leptospirosis. three routes of infection (intraperitoneal, conjunctival and subcutaneous inoculation) were used to establish disease in guinea pigs. the size and kinetics o ...	2009	19369528
characterization of two homologous disulfide bond systems involved in virulence factor biogenesis in uropathogenic escherichia coli cft073.	disulfide bond (dsb) formation is catalyzed by disulfide bond proteins and is critical for the proper folding and functioning of secreted and membrane-associated bacterial proteins. uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) strains possess two paralogous disulfide bond systems: the well-characterized dsbab system and the recently described dsbli system. in the dsbab system, the highly oxidizing dsba protein introduces disulfide bonds into unfolded polypeptides by donating its redox-active disulfide ...	2009	19376849
multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for clonal identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates by using capillary electrophoresis.	epidemics of vibrio parahaemolyticus in chile have occurred since 1998. direct genome restriction enzyme analysis (dgrea) using conventional gel electrophoresis permitted discrimination of different v. parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from these outbreaks and showed that this species consists of a highly diverse population. a multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) approach was developed and applied to 22 clinical and 91 environmental v. parahaemolyticus isolates fr ...	2009	19376898
detection of pathogenic leptospira spp. through taqman polymerase chain reaction targeting the lipl32 gene.	rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis, through culture and/or serology, can be difficult without proper expertise and is often delayed because of the length of time required to obtain results. in this study, we developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay using a taqman probe targeting lipl32, which is present only in pathogenic leptospira spp. using leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae dna, the lower limit of detection was found to be 20 genomic equivalents/reaction with ...	2009	19395218
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase paralogs replace the folate synthesis enzyme dihydroneopterin aldolase in diverse bacteria.	dihydroneopterin aldolase (folb) catalyzes conversion of dihydroneopterin to 6-hydroxymethyldihydropterin (hmdhp) in the classical folate biosynthesis pathway. however, folb genes are missing from the genomes of certain bacteria from the phyla chloroflexi, acidobacteria, firmicutes, planctomycetes, and spirochaetes. almost all of these folb-deficient genomes contain an unusual paralog of the tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis enzyme 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (ptps) in which a glutamate resi ...	2009	19395485
serologic survey for selected infectious diseases in raccoons (procyon lotor) in indiana, usa.	the objective of this study was to characterize the antibody prevalence of important livestock and domestic animal pathogens in raccoons (procyon lotor) trapped and sampled in 39 forest patches in north-central indiana, usa, between 2004 and 2005. a total of 459 serum samples were tested for antibodies to leptospira serovars, 512 for canine distemper virus (cdv) antibodies, and 340 for antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). in total, 47, 16, and 0% of the samp ...	2009	19395767
borrelia burgdorferi reva antigen binds host fibronectin.	borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease-causing spirochete, can persistently infect its vertebrate hosts for years. b. burgdorferi is often found associated with host connective tissue, where it interacts with components of the extracellular matrix, including fibronectin. some years ago, a borrelial surface protein, named bbk32, was identified as a fibronectin-binding protein. however, b. burgdorferi bbk32 mutants are still able to bind fibronectin, indicating that the spirochete possesses additi ...	2009	19398540
mutational analysis of escherichia coli sigma28 and its target promoters reveals recognition of a composite -10 region, comprised of an 'extended -10' motif and a core -10 element.	sigma28 controls the expression of flagella-related genes and is the most widely distributed alternative sigma factor, present in motile gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the distinguishing feature of sigma28 promoters is a long -10 region (gccgataa). despite the fact that the upstream gc is highly conserved, previous studies have not indicated a functional role for this motif. here we examine the functional relevance of the gccg motif and determine which residues in sigma28 participate ...	2009	19400790
reclassification of leptospira meyeri serovar perameles to leptospira interrogans serovar perameles through serological and molecular analysis: evidence of a need for changes to current procedures in leptospira taxonomy.	it has been recognized that there is heterogeneity among leptospira isolates in culture collections worldwide, causing confounding results for researchers utilizing these organisms; one such culture is leptospira meyeri serovar perameles. the serovar reference strain bandicoot 343 was previously identified to the species level by dna-dna hybridization; however, subsequent published studies demonstrated results that contradicted the initial speciation. in this study, initial serological testing w ...	2009	19406819
pulmonary disease in hamsters infected with leptospira interrogans: histopathologic findings and cytokine mrna expressions.	our aim was to evaluate the pulmonary changes induced by leptospira interrogans infection in hamsters, and the gene expression of endogenous mediators in lung fragments during 28 days of observation. the animals were euthanized on days 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-inoculation. histopathologic lung analysis showed hemorrhage, pneumonia, alveolar congestion, and infiltrated cellular areas, with increasing severity until day 21 post-inoculation. tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha mrna expression enhanc ...	2009	19407133
wild canids as sentinels of ecological health: a conservation medicine perspective.	abstract : the extinction of species across the globe is accelerating, directly or indirectly due to human activities. biological impoverishment, habitat fragmentation, climate change, increasing toxification, and the rapid global movement of people and other living organisms have worked synergistically to diminish ecosystem function. this has resulted in unprecedented levels of disease emergence, driven by human-induced environmental degradation, which poses a threat to the survival and health ...	2009	19426446
intact flagellar motor of borrelia burgdorferi revealed by cryo-electron tomography: evidence for stator ring curvature and rotor/c-ring assembly flexion.	the bacterial flagellar motor is a remarkable nanomachine that provides motility through flagellar rotation. prior structural studies have revealed the stunning complexity of the purified rotor and c-ring assemblies from flagellar motors. in this study, we used high-throughput cryo-electron tomography and image analysis of intact borrelia burgdorferi to produce a three-dimensional (3-d) model of the in situ flagellar motor without imposing rotational symmetry. structural details of b. burgdorfer ...	2009	19429612
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after leptospirosis.	we report a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after infection by the spirochete leptospira interrogans and review the few cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and central nervous system disorders described in literature. the high prevalence of leptospirosis in developing countries and the possibility of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, per se, highlights the importance of complete investigation for diagnosis and early treatment, leading to a better prognosis with reducti ...	2009	19433285
limited transcriptional responses of rickettsia rickettsii exposed to environmental stimuli.	rickettsiae are strict obligate intracellular pathogens that alternate between arthropod and mammalian hosts in a zoonotic cycle. typically, pathogenic bacteria that cycle between environmental sources and mammalian hosts adapt to the respective environments by coordinately regulating gene expression such that genes essential for survival and virulence are expressed only upon infection of mammals. temperature is a common environmental signal for upregulation of virulence gene expression although ...	2009	19440298
structural basis for the sugar nucleotide and acyl-chain selectivity of leptospira interrogans lpxa.	the first step of lipid a biosynthesis is catalyzed by lpxa in escherichia coli (eclpxa), an acyltransferase selective for udp-glcnac and r-3-hydroxymyristoyl-acyl carrier protein (acp). leptospira interrogans lpxa (lilpxa) is extremely selective for r-3-hydroxylauroyl-acp and an analogue of udp-glcnac, designated udp-glcnac3n, in which nh(2) replaces the glcnac 3-oh group. eclpxa does not discriminate between udp-glcnac and udp-glcnac3n; however, e. coli does not make udp-glcnac3n. with lilpxa, ...	2009	19456129
chemokines expression during leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni infection in resistant balb/c and susceptible c3h/hej mice.	the role of innate immune responses in protection against leptospirosis remains unclear. we examined the expression of the chemokines ccl2/je (mcp-1), ccl3/mip-1 alpha (mip-1 alpha) and cxcl1/kc (il-8) regarding resistance and susceptibility to leptospirosis in experimental mice models balb/c and c3h/hej, respectively. a virulent strain of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni was used in this study. twenty-five animals of each mouse strain of c3h/hej and balb/c, were infected intraperitone ...	2009	19460427
repeated domains of leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins interact with elastin and tropoelastin.	leptospira spp., the causative agents of leptospirosis, adhere to components of the extracellular matrix, a pivotal role for colonization of host tissues during infection. previously, we and others have shown that leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins (lig) of leptospira spp. bind to fibronectin, laminin, collagen, and fibrinogen. in this study, we report that leptospira can be immobilized by human tropoelastin (hte) or elastin from different tissues, including lung, skin, and blood vessels, a ...	2009	19473986
severe human infection with rickettsia felis associated with hepatitis in yucatan, mexico.	rickettsia felis infection usually is a mild-to-moderate illness characterized by general signs and symptoms. generally, patients do not require hospitalization. however, we detected 2 severe infections with r. felis. our findings support the importance of r. felis infection as a potentially severe illness in humans.	2009	19481502
the elastic basis for the shape of borrelia burgdorferi.	the mechanisms that determine bacterial shape are in many ways poorly understood. a prime example is the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi), which mechanically couples its motility organelles, helical flagella, to its rod-shaped cell body, producing a striking flat-wave morphology. a mathematical model is developed here that accounts for the elastic coupling of the flagella to the cell cylinder and shows that the flat-wave morphology is in fact a natural consequence o ...	2009	19486665
soluble st2 levels are associated with bleeding in patients with severe leptospirosis.	severe leptospirosis features bleeding and multi-organ failure, leading to shock and death. currently it is assumed that both exaggerated inflammation and immune suppression contribute to mortality in sepsis. indeed, several proinflammatory cytokines are reported to be induced during leptospirosis. toll-like receptors, which play an important role in the initiation of an innate immune response, are inhibited by negative regulators including the membrane-bound st2 (mst2) receptor. soluble st2 (ss ...	2009	19488407
disease threats to the endangered iberian lynx (lynx pardinus).	the iberian lynx, (lynx pardinus), is the most endangered felid in the world. to determine whether sympatric carnivores are reservoirs of pathogens posing a disease risk for the lynx, evidence of exposure to 17 viral, bacterial and protozoan agents was investigated in 176 carnivores comprising 26 free-living lynx, 53 domestic cats, 28 dogs, 33 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 24 egyptian mongooses (herpestes ichneumon), 10 common genets (genetta genetta) and 2 eurasian badgers (meles meles) in the are ...	2009	18555712
hprk regulates succinate-mediated catabolite repression in the gram-negative symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti.	the hprk kinase/phosphatase is a common component of the phosphotransferase system (pts) of gram-positive bacteria and regulates catabolite repression through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of its substrate, the pts protein hpr, at a conserved serine residue. phosphorylation of hpr by hprk also affects additional phosphorylation of hpr by the pts enzyme ei at a conserved histidine residue. sinorhizobium meliloti can live as symbionts inside legume root nodules or as free-living organisms and ...	2009	18931135
hprk regulates succinate-mediated catabolite repression in the gram-negative symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti.	the hprk kinase/phosphatase is a common component of the phosphotransferase system (pts) of gram-positive bacteria and regulates catabolite repression through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of its substrate, the pts protein hpr, at a conserved serine residue. phosphorylation of hpr by hprk also affects additional phosphorylation of hpr by the pts enzyme ei at a conserved histidine residue. sinorhizobium meliloti can live as symbionts inside legume root nodules or as free-living organisms and ...	2009	18931135
leptospirosis in wild and domestic carnivores in natural areas in andalusia, spain.	leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. carnivores are at the top of the feeding chain, thus being exposed to pathogens through their preys. from june 2004 to april 2007, we analyzed for evidences of contact with 14 serovars of leptospira interrogans sensu lato serum (analyzed by indirect microscopic agglutination test) and urine or kidney samples (analyzed by microscopic observation, immunostaining and culture) collected from 201 wild and domestic carniv ...	2009	18973450
haem acquisition is facilitated by a novel receptor hma and required by uropathogenic escherichia coli for kidney infection.	iron acquisition, mediated by specific outer membrane receptors, is critical for colonization of the urinary tract by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec). the role of specific iron sources in vivo, however, remains largely unknown. in this study, we identified a 79 kda haem receptor, haemacquisition protein hma, and established that it functions independently of chua to mediate haemin uptake by upec strain cft073. we demonstrated that expression of hma promotes tonb-dependent haemin utilizatio ...	2009	19019144
haem acquisition is facilitated by a novel receptor hma and required by uropathogenic escherichia coli for kidney infection.	iron acquisition, mediated by specific outer membrane receptors, is critical for colonization of the urinary tract by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec). the role of specific iron sources in vivo, however, remains largely unknown. in this study, we identified a 79 kda haem receptor, haemacquisition protein hma, and established that it functions independently of chua to mediate haemin uptake by upec strain cft073. we demonstrated that expression of hma promotes tonb-dependent haemin utilizatio ...	2009	19019144
leptospira immunoglobulin-like protein a variable region (ligavar) incorporated in liposomes and plga microspheres produces a robust immune response correlating to protective immunity.	subunit vaccines are attractive as an intervention strategy against leptospirosis, an important zoonotic disease afflicting both humans and livestock. however, the success of subunit vaccines has been hampered by weak or short-term immunity and unavailability of nontoxic, potent adjuvants. in the present study, the variable region of recombinant leptospira immunoglobulin like protein a (ligavar) incorporated into conventional liposomes and plga microspheres produced robust immune responses that ...	2009	19022317
transcription and genetic analyses of a putative n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase in borrelia burgdorferi.	in this study, a putative n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase gene (bb0666) was identified in the genome of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. this protein shares c. 30% identity with its counterparts from other bacteria. reverse transcriptase-pcr analysis showed that bb0666 along with two other genes (bb0665 and bb0667) are cotranscribed with the motility and chemotaxis genes. this newly identified operon is termed as pami. sequence and primer extension analyses showed that pami wa ...	2009	19025570
transcription and genetic analyses of a putative n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase in borrelia burgdorferi.	in this study, a putative n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase gene (bb0666) was identified in the genome of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. this protein shares c. 30% identity with its counterparts from other bacteria. reverse transcriptase-pcr analysis showed that bb0666 along with two other genes (bb0665 and bb0667) are cotranscribed with the motility and chemotaxis genes. this newly identified operon is termed as pami. sequence and primer extension analyses showed that pami wa ...	2009	19025570
genetic diversity of the leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (lig) genes in pathogenic leptospira spp.	recent serologic, immunoprotection, and pathogenesis studies identified the lig proteins as key virulence determinants in interactions of leptospiral pathogens with the mammalian host. we examined the sequence variation and recombination patterns of liga, ligb, and ligc among 10 pathogenic strains from five leptospira species. all strains were found to have intact ligb genes and genetic drift accounting for most of the ligb genetic diversity observed. the liga gene was found exclusively in l. in ...	2009	19028604
leptospira interrogans induces apoptosis in macrophages via caspase-8- and caspase-3-dependent pathways.	apoptosis of host cells plays an important role in modulating the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. it has been reported that leptospira interrogans, the causal agent of leptospirosis, induces apoptosis in macrophages and hepatocytes. however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for host cell death remained largely unknown. here we demonstrate that l. interrogans induced apoptosis in a macrophage-like cell line, j774a.1, and primary murine macrophages in a time- and dose-dependent manne ...	2009	19029301
genome-wide transposon mutagenesis in pathogenic leptospira species.	leptospira interrogans is the most common cause of leptospirosis in humans and animals. genetic analysis of l. interrogans has been severely hindered by a lack of tools for genetic manipulation. recently we developed the mariner-based transposon himar1 to generate the first defined mutants in l. interrogans. in this study, a total of 929 independent transposon mutants were obtained and the location of insertion determined. of these mutants, 721 were located in the protein coding regions of 551 d ...	2009	19047402
bilateral facial palsy associated with leptospirosis.	leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide occurrence caused by the spirochete leptospira interrogans. it is an acute feverish disease with a broad clinical spectrum and follows a characteristic biphasic course. bilateral facial palsy is a rare clinical condition and the differential diagnosis of its causes is extensive. the objective of this exploratory study, presented as a case report, is to describe the occurrence of bilateral facial palsy as an unusual manifestation of leptospirosis. this sug ...	2009	20232000
comparative transcriptional and translational analysis of leptospiral outer membrane protein expression in response to temperature.	leptospirosis is a global zoonosis affecting millions of people annually. transcriptional changes in response to temperature were previously investigated using microarrays to identify genes potentially expressed upon host entry. past studies found that various leptospiral outer membrane proteins are differentially expressed at different temperatures. however, our microarray studies highlighted a divergence between protein abundance and transcript levels for some proteins. given the abundance of ...	2009	19997626
inactivation of the fliy gene encoding a flagellar motor switch protein attenuates mobility and virulence of leptospira interrogans strain lai.	pathogenic leptospira species cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease of global importance. the spirochete displays active rotative mobility which may contribute to invasion and diffusion of the pathogen in hosts. fliy is a flagellar motor switch protein that controls flagellar motor direction in other microbes, but its role in leptospira, and paricularly in pathogenicity remains unknown.	2009	20003186
evidence that two atp-dependent (lon) proteases in borrelia burgdorferi serve different functions.	the canonical atp-dependent protease lon participates in an assortment of biological processes in bacteria, including the catalysis of damaged or senescent proteins and short-lived regulatory proteins. borrelia spirochetes are unusual in that they code for two putative atp-dependent lon homologs, lon-1 and lon-2. borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, is transmitted through the blood feeding of ixodes ticks. previous work in our laboratory reported that b. burgdorferi lon-1 i ...	2009	19956677
epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface.	few infectious diseases are entirely human-specific: most human pathogens also circulate in animals or else originated in nonhuman hosts. influenza, plague, and trypanosomiasis are classic examples of zoonotic infections that transmit from animals to humans. the multihost ecology of zoonoses leads to complex dynamics, and analytical tools, such as mathematical modeling, are vital to the development of effective control policies and research agendas. much attention has focused on modeling pathoge ...	2009	19965751
serological and genetic analysis of leptospirosis in patients with acute febrile illness in kandy, sri lanka.	leptospirosis has emerged as an important infectious disease in sri lanka and little information is available on circulating leptospiral species and serogroups in this country. therefore, we studied circulating leptospiral species and serogroups in patients with acute febrile illness using polymerase chain reaction and the microscopic agglutination test, respectively. anti-leptospiral antibodies were detected in 26 of 107 serum samples studied (24.3%). the predominant reacting serogroups were se ...	2009	19934544
evolutionary implication of outer membrane lipoprotein-encoding genes ompl1, upl32 and lipl41 of pathogenic leptospira species.	leptospirosis is recognized as the most widespread zoonosis with a global distribution. in this study, the antigenic variation in leptospira interrogans and leptospira borgpetersenii isolated from human urine and field rat kidney was preliminarily confirmed by microscopic agglutination test using monoclonal antibodies, and was further subjected to amplification and identification of outer membrane lipoproteins with structural gene variation. sequence similarity analysis revealed that these prote ...	2009	19944382
cohesion group approach for evolutionary analysis of aspartokinase, an enzyme that feeds a branched network of many biochemical pathways.	aspartokinase (ask) exists within a variable network that supports the synthesis of 9 amino acids and a number of other important metabolites. lysine, isoleucine, aromatic amino acids, and dipicolinate may arise from the ask network or from alternative pathways. ask proteins were subjected to cohesion group analysis, a methodology that sorts a given protein assemblage into groups in which evolutionary continuity is assured. two subhomology divisions, ask(alpha) and ask(beta), have been recognize ...	2009	19946135
a pair of ligation-independent escherichia coli expression vectors for rapid addition of a polyhistidine affinity tag to the n- or c-termini of recombinant proteins.	6x his tag is one of the most widely used affinity fusion tags that facilitates detection and purification of recombinant proteins. however, the location of this tag within a particular type of protein may influence the expression, solubility, and bioactivity of the protein, and the optimal location needs to be determined experimentally. to provide a tool for rapid generation of 6x his tags at the n- or c-terminus of any recombinant protein, we have constructed a pair of escherichia coli express ...	2009	19949695
a comprehensive approach to identification of surface-exposed, outer membrane-spanning proteins of leptospira interrogans.	leptospirosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution caused by pathogenic spirochetes belonging to the genus leptospira. the leptospiral life cycle involves transmission via fresh water and colonization of the renal tubules of their reservoir hosts or infection of accidental hosts, including humans. bacterial outer membrane proteins (omps), particularly those with surface-exposed regions, play crucial roles in virulence mechanisms of pathogens and the adaptation to various environmental condi ...	2009	19562037
run-off replication of host-adaptability genes is associated with gene transfer agents in the genome of mouse-infecting bartonella grahamii.	the genus bartonella comprises facultative intracellular bacteria adapted to mammals, including previously recognized and emerging human pathogens. we report the 2,341,328 bp genome sequence of bartonella grahamii, one of the most prevalent bartonella species in wild rodents. comparative genomics revealed that rodent-associated bartonella species have higher copy numbers of genes for putative host-adaptability factors than the related human-specific pathogens. many of these gene clusters are loc ...	2009	19578403
fibronectin binds to and induces conformational change in a disordered region of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein b.	leptospira interrogans is a pathogenic spirochete that causes disease in both humans and animals. ligb (leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein b) contributes to the binding of leptospira to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin (fn), fibrinogen, laminin, and collagen. a high affinity fn-binding region of ligb has been recently localized to ligbcen2, which contains the partial eleventh and full twelfth immunoglobulin-like repeats (ligbcen2r) and 47 amino acids of the non-repeat regio ...	2009	19581300
plasminogen acquisition and activation at the surface of leptospira species lead to fibronectin degradation.	pathogenic leptospira species are the etiological agents of leptospirosis, a widespread disease of human and veterinary concern. in this study, we report that leptospira species are capable of binding plasminogen (plg) in vitro. the binding to the leptospiral surface was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy with living bacteria. the plg binding to the bacteria seems to occur via lysine residues because the ligation is inhibited by addition of the lysine analog 6-aminoc ...	2009	19581392
functional analysis of the helicobacter pylori flagellar switch proteins.	helicobacter pylori uses flagellum-mediated chemotaxis to promote infection. bacterial flagella change rotational direction by changing the state of the flagellar motor via a subcomplex referred to as the switch. intriguingly, the h. pylori genome encodes four switch complex proteins, flim, flin, fliy, and flig, instead of the more typical three of escherichia coli or bacillus subtilis. our goal was to examine whether and how all four switch proteins participate in flagellation. previous work de ...	2009	19767432
molecular characterization of the pl40 protein in leptospira interrogans.	leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic leptospires. the identification of outer membrane proteins (omps) conserved among pathogenic leptospires, which are exposed on the leptospiral surface and expressed during mammalian infection, has become a major focus of leptospirosis research. pl40, a 40 kda protein coded by the la3744 gene in leptospira interrogans, was found to be unique to leptospira. triton x-114 fractionation and flow cytometry analyses indicate that pl40 ...	2009	19767845
molecular analysis of leptospira spp. isolated from humans by restriction fragment length polymorphism, real-time pcr and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	a total of 17 leptospira clinical strains isolated from humans in croatia were serologically and genetically analysed. for serovar identification, the microscopic agglutination test (mat) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) were used. to identify isolates on genomic species level, pcr-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and real-time pcr were performed. mat revealed the following serogroup affinities: grippotyphosa (seven isolates), icterohaemorrhagiae (eight isolates) ...	2009	19780841
increase in seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis and its risk factors, ontario 1998-2006.	canine leptospirosis has been described as having re-emerged in north america around the mid-1990s, with a change in the epidemiology of the infecting serovars responsible for the disease emergence. a retrospective case-control study was conducted to examine the re-emergence of seroprevalent cases of canine leptospirosis in ontario using serology submission records from 1406 dogs from january 1, 1998 to december 31, 2006. the data collected [results of the microscopic agglutination test (mat), v ...	2009	19794888
protein typing of major outer membrane lipoproteins from chinese pathogenic leptospira spp. and characterization of their immunogenicity.	leptospirosis, caused by different leptospira species, is one of the most widespread zoonotic infections worldwide. here we expressed three major leptospiral lipoproteins and examined their immunogenicity. all the pathogenic leptospira strains tested possess the lipl21, lipl32 and lipl41 genes, but the latter two can be further divided into different gene types (lipl32-1, lipl32-2, lipl41-1, lipl41-2). microscopic agglutination test revealed that rlipls antisera had extensive cross-immunoaggluti ...	2009	19796723
nationwide survey of leptospira antibodies in dogs in japan: results from microscopic agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by leptospira interrogans sensu lato and is common in both humans and animals. in the present study, serum samples were collected from 801 dogs across all 47 prefectures in japan, and evaluated with a microscopic agglutination test (mat), using 5 major l. interrogans serovars (icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, autumnalis, hebdomadis, and australis) as antigens, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using recombinant ompl1 protein as the antig ...	2009	19801899
leptospira interrogans binds to human cell surface receptors including proteoglycans.	leptospirosis is a global public health problem, primarily in the tropical developing world. the pathogenic mechanisms of the causative agents, several members of the genus leptospira, have been underinvestigated. the exception to this trend has been the demonstration of the binding of pathogenic leptospires to the extracellular matrix (ecm) and its components. in this work, interactions of leptospira interrogans bacteria with mammalian cells, rather than the ecm, were examined. the bacteria bou ...	2009	19805539
cryo-electron tomography elucidates the molecular architecture of treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete.	cryo-electron tomography (cet) was used to examine the native cellular organization of treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. t. pallidum cells appeared to form flat waves, did not contain an outer coat and, except for bulges over the basal bodies and widening in the vicinity of flagellar filaments, displayed a uniform periplasmic space. although the outer membrane (om) generally was smooth in contour, om extrusions and blebs frequently were observed, highlighting the structure's fluidity ...	2009	19820083
[identification of immunoreactive antigens of leptospira interrogans].	a batch of 28 llama (lama gama) sera from jujuy province in argentina was studied in order to identify immune reactive antigens to leptospira interrogans. different antigenic preparations from the bacterium were used to study the immune reactivity by the microagglutination (mat), elisa and western immunoblot tests. a control pool of positive bovine sera was used. all the llama sera were negative to mat as well as to elisa. two of the llama sera and the positive bovine sera pool rendered positive ...	2009	19831309
visual proteomics of the human pathogen leptospira interrogans.	systems biology conceptualizes biological systems as dynamic networks of interacting elements, whereby functionally important properties are thought to emerge from the structure of such networks. owing to the ubiquitous role of complexes of interacting proteins in biological systems, their subunit composition and temporal and spatial arrangement within the cell are of particular interest. 'visual proteomics' attempts to localize individual macromolecular complexes inside of intact cells by templ ...	2009	19838170
destruction of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (rbs) by the antibiotic tigecycline.	persistence of tissue spirochetes of borrelia burgdorferi as helices and round bodies (rbs) explains many erythema-lyme disease symptoms. spirochete rbs (reproductive propagules also called coccoid bodies, globular bodies, spherical bodies, granules, cysts, l-forms, sphaeroplasts, or vesicles) are induced by environmental conditions unfavorable for growth. viable, they grow, move and reversibly convert into motile helices. reversible pleiomorphy was recorded in at least six spirochete genera (>1 ...	2009	19843691
retrospective evaluation of idiopathic hematuria and associated pathology in grant's gazelles (gazella granti): 10 cases.	ten cases of hematuria in grant's gazelle (gazella granti) (two male and eight female) from five institutions were examined and the clinicopathologic data summarized. five gazelles died spontaneously and five were euthanized. all gazelles had marked hematuria without pyuria. mean age at the onset of clinical signs and time of euthanasia or death was 5.0 +/- 1.4 yr and 8.2 +/- 3.7 yr, respectively. the severity of clinical signs with hematuria ranged from episodes of chronic intermittent hematuri ...	2009	20063809
experimental leptospirosis in capybaras (hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) infected with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.	capybara (hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), the largest rodent in the world, is widely distributed in south america. these animals live in areas with abundant water, which makes them a potential reservoir for leptospira. the objective of this study was to investigate seroconversion, leptospiremia, and leptospiruria in capybaras experimentally infected with a virulent strain of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. seven capybaras were used: one control and six infected. agglutinins against serovar po ...	2009	20063819
risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of leptospirosis, amongst at-risk groups in and around tanga city, tanzania.	the epidemiological status of human leptospirosis in tanzania has not been well defined because of a general lack of awareness of the disease and difficulties in its diagnosis. a cross-sectional seroprevalence study, using the microscopic agglutination test with a threshold titre of 1 : 160, was therefore conducted, among various occupational groups from tanga city, in november 2005. of the 199 subjects investigated, 30 (15.1%) were found to have antibodies that reacted with antigens from at lea ...	2009	20030995
cytopathic effect in bhk 21 (c13) cells inoculated with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona isolated from a porcine abortion.		2009	20085192
averaging of electron subtomograms and random conical tilt reconstructions through likelihood optimization.	the reference-free averaging of three-dimensional electron microscopy (3d-em) reconstructions with empty regions in fourier space represents a pressing problem in electron tomography and single-particle analysis. we present a maximum likelihood algorithm for the simultaneous alignment and classification of subtomograms or random conical tilt (rct) reconstructions, where the fourier components in the missing data regions are treated as hidden variables. the behavior of this algorithm was explored ...	2009	20004160
unifying vertical and nonvertical evolution: a stochastic arg-based framework.	evolutionary biologists have introduced numerous statistical approaches to explore nonvertical evolution, such as horizontal gene transfer, recombination, and genomic reassortment, through collections of markov-dependent gene trees. these tree collections allow for inference of nonvertical evolution, but only indirectly, making findings difficult to interpret and models difficult to generalize. an alternative approach to explore nonvertical evolution relies on phylogenetic networks. these networ ...	2009	20525618
unifying vertical and nonvertical evolution: a stochastic arg-based framework.	evolutionary biologists have introduced numerous statistical approaches to explore nonvertical evolution, such as horizontal gene transfer, recombination, and genomic reassortment, through collections of markov-dependent gene trees. these tree collections allow for inference of nonvertical evolution, but only indirectly, making findings difficult to interpret and models difficult to generalize. an alternative approach to explore nonvertical evolution relies on phylogenetic networks. these networ ...	2009	20525618
comparing cellular proteomes by mass spectrometry.	mass spectrometry and cryo-electron tomography together enable the determination of the absolute and relative abundances of proteins and their localization, laying the groundwork for comprehensive systems analyses of cells.	2009	19886975
sphingomyelin metabolism at the plasma membrane: implications for bioactive sphingolipids.	the plasma membrane (pm) is a major resource for production of bioactive lipids and contains a large proportion of the cellular sphingomyelin (sm) content. consequently, the regulation of sm levels at the pm by enzymes such as sphingomyelinase (smase) and sm synthase 2 (sms2) can have profound effects - both on biophysical properties of the membrane, but also on cellular signaling. over the past 20 years, there has been considerable research into the physiological and cellular functions associat ...	2009	19857494
sphingomyelin metabolism at the plasma membrane: implications for bioactive sphingolipids.	the plasma membrane (pm) is a major resource for production of bioactive lipids and contains a large proportion of the cellular sphingomyelin (sm) content. consequently, the regulation of sm levels at the pm by enzymes such as sphingomyelinase (smase) and sm synthase 2 (sms2) can have profound effects - both on biophysical properties of the membrane, but also on cellular signaling. over the past 20 years, there has been considerable research into the physiological and cellular functions associat ...	2009	19857494
molecular basis of substrate promiscuity for the sam-dependent o-methyltransferase ncsb1, involved in the biosynthesis of the enediyne antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin.	the small molecule component of chromoprotein enediyne antitumor antibiotics is biosynthesized through a convergent route, incorporating amino acid, polyketide, and carbohydrate building blocks around a central enediyne hydrocarbon core. the naphthoic acid moiety of the enediyne neocarzinostatin plays key roles in the biological activity of the natural product by interacting with both the carrier protein and duplex dna at the site of action. we have previously described the in vitro characteriza ...	2009	19702337
absolute abundance for the masses.		2009	19741640
testing and validation of high density resequencing microarray for broad range biothreat agents detection.	rapid and effective detection and identification of emerging microbiological threats and potential biowarfare agents is very challenging when using traditional culture-based methods. contemporary molecular techniques, relying upon reverse transcription and/or polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr/pcr) provide a rapid and effective alternative, however, such assays are generally designed and optimized to detect only a limited number of targets, and seldom are capable of differentiation among variants ...	2009	19668365
a hidden reservoir of integrative elements is the major source of recently acquired foreign genes and orfans in archaeal and bacterial genomes.	archaeal and bacterial genomes contain a number of genes of foreign origin that arose from recent horizontal gene transfer, but the role of integrative elements (ies), such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements, in this process has not been extensively quantified. moreover, it is not known whether ies play an important role in the origin of orfans (open reading frames without matches in current sequence databases), whose proportion remains stable despite the growing number of complete ...	2009	19531232
therapeutic targeting of toll-like receptors for infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer.	since first being described in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, toll-like receptors (tlrs) have proven to be of great interest to immunologists and investigators interested in the molecular basis to inflammation. they recognize pathogen-derived factors and also products of inflamed tissue, and trigger signaling pathways that lead to activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappab and the interferon regulatory factors. these in turn lead to induction of immune and inflamma ...	2009	19474110
overview of toll-like receptors in the cns.	mammalian toll-like receptors (tlrs) were first identified in 1997 based on their homology with drosophila toll, which mediates innate immunity in the fly. over the past eight years, the number of manuscripts describing tlr expression and function in the central nervous system (cns) has been increasing steadily and expanding beyond their traditional roles in infectious diseases to neurodegenerative disorders and injury. interest in the field serves as the impetus for this volume in the current t ...	2009	19688325
novel pharmacologic approaches to the management of sepsis: targeting the host inflammatory response.	sepsis is currently the 10(th) leading cause of death overall and accounts for significant healthcare expenditures in the developed world. there are now more deaths attributable to sepsis than coronary artery disease, stroke, or cancer, and it is widely believed that the incidence of sepsis and sepsis-related mortality will continue to rise. based on these sobering statistics, there is great interest in identifying novel treatments for managing critically ill children and adults with sepsis. unf ...	2009	19519586
small intestinal intussusception in five dogs with acute renal failure and suspected leptospirosis (l. australis).	this case series describes 5 dogs with small intestinal intussusception and acute kidney injury due to infection with leptospira interrogans serovar australis.	2009	25164636
a systematic survey of mini-proteins in bacteria and archaea.	mini-proteins, defined as polypeptides containing no more than 100 amino acids, are ubiquitous in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. they play significant roles in various biological processes, and their regulatory functions gradually attract the attentions of scientists. however, the functions of the majority of mini-proteins are still largely unknown due to the constraints of experimental methods and bioinformatic analysis.	2008	19107199
isolation of leptospira serovars canicola and copenhageni from cattle urine in the state of paraná, brazil.	in 2001, 698 urine samples were randomly collected from cattle at a slaughterhouse in the state of paraná, brazil. direct examination using dark field microscopy was carried out immediately after collection. five putative positive samples were cultured in modified emjh medium, yielding two positive cultures (lo-14 and lo-10). typing with monoclonal antibodies revealed that the two isolates were similar to canicola (lo-14) and copenhageni (lo-10). microscopic agglutination test results show that ...	2008	24031301