Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| seasonal nutrient dynamics in a chalk stream: the river frome, dorset, uk. | chalk streams provide unique, environmentally important habitats, but are particularly susceptible to human activities, such as water abstraction, fish farming and intensive agricultural activity on their fertile flood-meadows, resulting in increased nutrient concentrations. weekly phosphorus, nitrate, dissolved silicon, chloride and flow measurements were made at nine sites along a 32 km stretch of the river frome and its tributaries, over a 15 month period. the stretch was divided into two sec ... | 2005 | 15589261 |
| employment characteristics and job loss in patients awaiting surgery on the hip or knee. | to investigate the factors, including size of organisation, associated with job loss in patients awaiting surgery to the hip or knee joint. | 2005 | 15613609 |
| triploidy identified through second-trimester serum screening. | to describe the maternal serum marker patterns of triploid pregnancies and estimate the second-trimester prevalence of triploidy. | 2005 | 15791661 |
| bla(ctx-m) genes in clinical salmonella isolates recovered from humans in england and wales from 1992 to 2003. | cefotaximases (ctx-m) are a rapidly growing class a beta-lactamase family that has been found among a wide range of clinical bacteria. one hundred and six isolates were selected from 278,308 salmonella isolates based on resistance to ampicillin and cephalosporins and subjected to further characterization. fourteen isolates were bla(ctx-m) pcr positive, and cefotaxime mics for these isolates were > or = 16 mg/liter. furthermore, sequence analysis revealed the presence of type ctx-m9, -15, or -17 ... | 2005 | 15793104 |
| overcoming the barriers to patient-centred care: time, tools and training. | to investigate whether nurses experience barriers to delivering high quality care in areas that are of particular concern to patients and to describe which aspects of care are most affected when nurses lack the required resources, such as time, tools and training to do their job. | 2005 | 15807750 |
| association of the dopamine transporter (dat1) 10/10-repeat genotype with adhd symptoms and response inhibition in a general population sample. | association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) and the 10-repeat allele of the dopamine transporter gene (dat1) has been reported in independent clinical samples using a categorical clinical definition of adhd. the present study adopts a quantitative trait loci (qtl) approach to examine the association between dat1 and a continuous measure of adhd behaviours in a general-population sample, as well as to explore whether there is an independent association between dat1 and per ... | 2005 | 15809660 |
| medicine and literature: writing and reading. | the humanities and arts are appropriate areas of study within interdisciplinary medicine. medicine has long been considered to be both a science and an art. within each patient, the psychological, emotional, spiritual, and the physical are all inextricably linked. the values, ideas and images of individuals and culture, as well as the way the human body and mind physically function and dysfunction, impinge in an equally inextricable way upon all these elements. the humanities and arts, included ... | 2005 | 15813714 |
| dangerous severe personality disorders: england's experiment in using psychiatry for public protection. | 2005 | 15814525 | |
| influenza and its relationship to circulatory disorders. | three sources of data (general practice episode data from the weekly returns service of the royal college of general practitioners, national hospital admission data for england and national mortality data by date of death) were examined separately in each winter (1994/1995 to 1999/2000) to investigate the impact of influenza on circulatory disease. weekly data on incidence (clinical new episodes) hospital emergency admissions and deaths certified to circulatory disorders and to respiratory disea ... | 2005 | 15816150 |
| the transmission dynamics of groups a and b human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) in england & wales and finland: seasonality and cross-protection. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) transmission dynamics are inherently cyclical, and the observed genetic diversity (between groups a and b) also appears to have a repeating pattern. a key unknown is the extent to which genetic variants interact immunologically, and thus impact on epidemiology. we developed a novel mathematical model for hrsv transmission including seasonal forcing of incidence and temporary intra- and inter-group partial immunity. simultaneous model fits to data from two ... | 2005 | 15816153 |
| the dental caries experience of 5-year-old children in england and wales (2003/4) and in scotland (2002/3). surveys co-ordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry. | this paper reports the results of standardized clinical caries examinations of 5 year old children from across england and wales in 2003/4 and scotland in 2002/3. these co-ordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seek to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services. | 2005 | 15819117 |
| the place of 360 degree appraisal within a team approach to professional development. | the role of appraisal within professional development has assumed a higher profile in response to national policies including those relating to clinical governance and workforce development. under the guidance of a service development manager trained in human resource management, a new interprofessional primary care practice team near cambridge defined and implemented a new appraisal system drawing on the principles of 360 degree appraisal. the appraisal system was designed to support the servic ... | 2005 | 15823888 |
| eye anomalies: seasonal variation and maternal viral infections. | eye anomalies, including anophthalmos and microphthalmos (absent eye and small eye), are common features in congenital infection syndromes such as rubella. influenza, coxsackie virus, and parvovirus are less well-established teratogens. we report an ecologic analysis of anophthalmia/microphthalmia prevalence in england in relation to temporal variation in these infections using routine infection data. | 2005 | 15824546 |
| radioguided occult lesion localisation (roll) is available in the uk for impalpable breast lesions. | to test the feasibility and reliability of roll in a district general hospital (dgh) dealing with screening detected breast lesions. | 2005 | 15826415 |
| a regional audit of the use of cox-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) in rheumatology clinics in the west midlands, in relation to nice guidelines. | whilst all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) can cause adverse gastrointestinal events, cox-2-selective inhibitors (cox-2) may have improved gastrointestinal safety compared with non-selective nsaids (nsnsaids). in 2001, the national institute for clinical excellence (nice) published guidance on the use of the cox-2 agents celecoxib, rofecoxib, meloxicam and etodolac for rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and osteoarthritis (oa). this study aimed to audit the appropriateness of nsaid use in ... | 2005 | 15827035 |
| evidence-based policy making in health care: what it is and what it isn't. | in this paper, i aim to re-establish the meaning and importance of the concept of 'evidence-based policy making' (ebp) in health care. the term ebp is often misunderstood as being either vacuous (who thinks that public policy should not be based on evidence?), unrealistic (the naive product of ivory tower thinking) or conservative (an excuse permanently to delay reform). it need be none of these things. ebp should be thought of as a set of rules and institutional arrangements designed to encoura ... | 2005 | 15831195 |
| advances in anti-viral therapeutics. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hiv infections are of high economical importance as they have a global impact, high mortality rates and, consequently novel treatments are urgently needed. worldwide, 170 and 34 - 46 million people are infected with hcv and hiv, respectively. hcv and hiv medications constitute the largest antiviral markets today. the efforts in fighting hcv infections are still limited to early clinical development, trying to establish proof-of-concept in man. however, in hiv, there i ... | 2005 | 15833066 |
| the edinburgh electronic veterinary curriculum: an online program-wide learning and support environment for veterinary education. | the edinburgh electronic veterinary curriculum (eevec) is a purpose-built virtual learning support environment for the veterinary medicine program at the university of edinburgh. it is web based and adapted from a system developed for the human medical curriculum. it is built around a set of databases and learning objects and incorporates features such as course materials, personalized timetables, staff and student contact pages, a notice board, and discussion forums. the eevec also contains glo ... | 2005 | 15834819 |
| human t-cell lymphotropic virus antibody prevalence in hiv-1-infected individuals attending a sexual health clinic in south-east london. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv) are both retroviruses with similar routes of transmission. a number of reports suggest variable clinical outcomes in hiv and htlv co-infected individuals. there is no published information regarding the prevalence of hiv and htlv co-infection in the uk. we therefore carried out an unlinked anonymised retrospective study to investigate the prevalence of htlv co-infection in hiv infected patients attending a sexual healt ... | 2005 | 15834880 |
| immunomonitoring of renal transplant recipients in the early posttransplant period by sequential analysis of chemokine and chemokine receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | we sought to determine whether sequential changes in chemokine ligand/receptor gene expression in the early posttransplant period of human renal allografts can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and whether any such changes are predictive of clinical events. | 2005 | 15848520 |
| a new hla-a allele, hla-a*6824, identified in three unrelated individuals. | a novel allele, human leukocyte antigen (hla)-a*6824, has been identified in three unrelated individuals of northwestern european origin in a period of less than 4 months, implying that this allele may be quite common in this population. hla-a*6824 differs from a*680102 by a single nucleotide change at position 275 in exon 2, which results in a conservative amino acid substitution from lysine to arginine in the peptide-binding groove at codon 68. | 2005 | 15853904 |
| identification of vehicle design requirements for older drivers. | the proportion of older people in the population is rising, as is the proportion of older women driving licence holders. the needs and abilities of older drivers therefore need to be considered in vehicle design. following some initial focus groups an extensive nation-wide postal survey was conducted to ascertain the type and degree of problems associated with automotive design for older drivers and to guide further research into the most appropriate areas. over a thousand questionnaires were re ... | 2005 | 15854568 |
| respiratory illness associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection. | to estimate excess morbidity during periods of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) activity. | 2005 | 15855178 |
| psychological services for people with stroke: compliance with the u.k. national clinical guidelines. | the uk national clinical guidelines for stroke (2000) include recommendations on psychological services. the third national sentinel audit of stroke was completed in 2001-2002. | 2005 | 15859533 |
| the european convention and mental health law in england and wales: moving beyond process? | 2005 | 15862870 | |
| genotypic analysis of the earliest known prehistoric case of tuberculosis in britain. | the earliest known case of human tuberculosis in britain dates to the middle period of the iron age, approximately 2,200 years before present. bone lesions on the spine of a male skeleton excavated at tarrant hinton in dorset, united kingdom, show evidence of pott's disease and are supported by molecular evidence of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex dna amplified by is6110 pcr (19). in the present study, we used a further series of sensitive pcr methods to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis ... | 2005 | 15872248 |
| characterization of ampc-mediated resistance in clinical salmonella isolates recovered from humans during the period 1992 to 2003 in england and wales. | the increase in ampc-mediated resistance in salmonellae constitutes a serious public health concern, since these enzymes confer resistance to a wide range of beta-lactams. one hundred six isolates were selected from 278,308 salmonella isolates based on resistance to ampicillin and cephalosporins and were subjected to further characterization. nine isolates had a cefoxitin inhibition diameter < or = 17 mm and were proven to be ampc positive by multiplex pcr. sequence analysis revealed the presenc ... | 2005 | 15872253 |
| a large norwegian family with inherited malignant melanoma, multiple atypical nevi, and cdk4 mutation. | mutations in two loci encoding cell-cycle-regulatory proteins have been shown to cause familial malignant melanoma. about 20% of melanoma-prone families bear a mutation in the cdkn2a locus, which encodes two unrelated proteins, p16ink4a and p14arf. mutations in the other locus, cdk4, are much rarer and have been linked to the disease in only three families worldwide. in the 1960s, a large norwegian pedigree with multiple atypical nevi and malignant melanomas was identified. subsequently, six gen ... | 2005 | 15880589 |
| darwinian criminality theory: a tragic chapter in history. | darwinists once believed that individual human beings occasionally reverted, both physically and mentally, to a prehuman stage of evolutionary development. this person was called an atavistic criminal type. as a result of this belief, the focus in darwinian criminology was on identifying the criminal type who should be imprisoned permanently to protect society, even if the particular offense committed was minor. conversely, if a "non-criminal type" committed even a serious offense, it was an abe ... | 2005 | 15889340 |
| the negative effect of red tape on research. | to describe the kind of the difficulties encountered when seeking research governance approval for a nationwide public health and genetic study-the drug-induced arrhythmia risk evaluation study-in england. | 2005 | 15892170 |
| cdx1 is an important molecular mediator of barrett's metaplasia. | the molecular pathogenesis of barrett's metaplasia (bm) of the esophagus is poorly understood. the change to an intestinal phenotype occurs on a background of esophagitis due to refluxing acid and bile. cdx1, an important regulator of normal intestinal development, was studied as a potential key molecule in the pathogenesis of bm. cdx1 mrna and protein were universally expressed in all samples of bm tested but not in normal esophageal squamous or gastric body epithelia. this tissue-specific expr ... | 2005 | 15894614 |
| patient safety: do nursing and medical curricula address this theme? | in this literature review, we examine to what extent patient safety is addressed within medical and nursing curricula. patient safety is the foundation of healthcare practice and education both in the uk and internationally. recent research and policy initiatives have highlighted this issue. the paper highlights the significance of this topic as an aspect of study in its own right by examining not only the fiscal but also the human costs such events invite. in the united kingdom patient safety i ... | 2005 | 15896418 |
| ethnicity and the need for correction of biochemical and ultrasound markers of chromosomal anomalies in the first trimester: a study of oriental, asian and afro-caribbean populations. | to assess whether there is a need to correct first-trimester biochemical markers (free beta-hcg and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a (papp-a)) or first-trimester fetal nuchal translucency thickness (nt) in different ethnic groups, when screening for downs syndrome at 11-14 weeks of gestation. | 2005 | 15906426 |
| a tiered risk-based approach for predicting diffuse and point source phosphorus losses in agricultural areas. | implementation of the european union water framework directive requires an assessment of the pressures from human activity, which, combined with information on the sensitivity of the receiving waterbody to the pressures, will identify those water bodies at risk of failing to meet the directive's environmental objectives. part of the process of undertaking the risk assessment for lakes is an assessment of diffuse agricultural phosphorus (p) pressures. three approaches of increasing sophistication ... | 2005 | 15907520 |
| estimating time and out-of-pocket costs incurred by families attending a pediatric cochlear implant programme. | the objectives of this study are to estimate time and out-of-pocket costs incurred by families attending a pediatric cochlear implant programme. in addition, qualitative data examine the intangible costs faced by families. | 2005 | 15911011 |
| comparative genomics of helicobacter pylori isolates recovered from ulcer disease patients in england. | genomic diversity of h. pylori from many different human populations is largely unknown. we compared genomes of 65 h. pylori strains from nottingham, england. molecular analysis was carried out to identify rearrangements within and outside the cag-pathogenicity-island (cag pai) and dna sequence divergence in candidate genes. phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on various high-resolution genotyping techniques. | 2005 | 15916705 |
| do clinical trials improve quality of care? a comparison of clinical processes and outcomes in patients in a clinical trial and similar patients outside a trial where both groups are managed according to a strict protocol. | the conventional view that participants in randomised controlled trials sacrifice themselves for the good of future patients is challenged by increasing evidence to suggest that individual patients benefit from participation in trials. | 2005 | 15933313 |
| psa testing for prostate cancer: an online survey of the views and reported practice of general practitioners in the uk. | the role of prostate specific antigen (psa) testing in the early detection of prostate cancer is controversial. current uk policy stipulates that any man who wishes to have a psa test should have access to the test, provided he has been given full information about the benefits and limitations of testing. this study aimed to determine uk gps' current reported practice regarding psa testing, and their views towards informed decision-making and psa testing. | 2005 | 15946386 |
| mortality in children from influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. | to quantify mortality attributable to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children. | 2005 | 15965143 |
| prospective first-trimester screening for trisomy 21 in 30,564 pregnancies. | this study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of a 1-stop clinic for first-trimester assessment of risk (oscar) for trisomy 21 by a combination of maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency (nt) thickness, and maternal serum-free ss- human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a (papp-a). | 2005 | 15970804 |
| the impact of high risk human papillomavirus testing in an inner london colposcopy clinic. | this is an audit of a new technique to improve the colposcopy service. samples were tested for high risk hpv dna using digene hybrid capture ii. sixty-four percent of the sampled women under 30 had detectable high risk hpv dna, decreasing to 44% in 30--39 year olds and to 27% in women over 40. high risk hpv prevalence increased with severity of cytology, although 22% with normal colposcopy had detectable high risk hpv. of those women treated for cervical dysplasia, 83% had detectable high risk h ... | 2005 | 15977240 |
| feminizing the textual body: female readers consuming the literary annual. | 2005 | 19637423 | |
| physical anthropology/paleoanthropology meetings. once-balmy climate lured humans to england early. | 2005 | 15845823 | |
| replacing positivism in medical geography. | revisiting debates about philosophical approaches in medical geography suggests that logical positivism may have been prematurely discarded. an analysis of authoritative texts in medical geography and their sources in human geography shows that logical positivism has been conflated with comtean positivism, science, empiricism, quantification, science politics, scientism and so on, to produce the "standard version" of the all-purpose pejorative "positivism", which it is easy to dismiss as an evil ... | 2004 | 15820580 |
| "to what purpose does it think?": dreams, sick bodies and confused minds in the age of reason. | this paper investigates the debate on the nature of dreams that took place in eighteenth-century britain. focusing on the increasingly popular view of the time that perfect sleep was sleep without dreams, it examines the medicalization of dreaming that developed alongside the conceptualization of dreams as instances of mental derangement. at the end of the seventeenth century, john locke had likened dreaming to madness and drunkenness, and characterized it as a disturbance of the self. in the co ... | 2004 | 15628026 |
| the origins of intensive marine fishing in medieval europe: the english evidence. | the catastrophic impact of fishing pressure on species such as cod and herring is well documented. however, the antiquity of their intensive exploitation has not been established. systematic catch statistics are only available for ca.100 years, but large-scale fishing industries existed in medieval europe and the expansion of cod fishing from the fourteenth century (first in iceland, then in newfoundland) played an important role in the european colonization of the northwest atlantic. history ha ... | 2004 | 15590590 |
| richard lower, m.d., physician and surgeon (1631-1691). | richard lower (1631-1691) was a follower of william harvey and conducted extensive studies of the physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. he employed surgery as a key component of his experimental work. he described and employed cardiac massage and maintained arterial oxygenation through positive-pressure respiration. making good use of these procedures, he established the role of the lungs in the "admixture of air" to the blood. lower performed exchange transfusion in dogs and ... | 2004 | 15593472 |
| association of a common variant of the casp8 gene with reduced risk of breast cancer. | apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is perturbed in many cancers. we tested the hypothesis that coding polymorphisms of the death receptor 4 (dr4), caspase-8 (casp8), and caspase-10 (casp10) genes might act as low-penetrance breast cancer genes. single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) of these genes were genotyped in a series of 999 breast cancer case patients and 996 control subjects from sheffield, u.k., and in a second, independent u.k. population of 2192 case patients and 2262 control subjec ... | 2004 | 15601643 |
| mp raises new allegations against andrew wakefield. | 2004 | 15612092 | |
| outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a highly-vaccinated religious community: a retrospective cohort study. | an outbreak of influenza occurred at the end of the 2001-2 winter season in a highly-vaccinated, semi-enclosed, religious community. on the basis of retrospective self reporting, 43% met the case definition (151/350) and 81% (25/31) of throat swabs from cases were polymerase chain reaction (pcr) -positive for influenza a (h3n2). the risk of developing influenza in people aged 65 or more was lower than that of children aged 2 years and under (odds ratio 0.1, 95% confidence interval 0.02 to 0.38). ... | 2004 | 15779788 |
| outcome of hiv-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. | the benefit of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in the treatment of patients coinfected with tuberculosis (tb) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is unclear because of concerns about treatment-related complications. | 2004 | 15478074 |
| in the shadow of hiv-htlv infection in england and wales, 1987-2001. | like human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), human t-cell leukaemia/ lymphoma viruses (htlv) i and ii are persistent retroviral infections. once infected, the lifetime risk of developing the htlv-associated diseases, malignant or inflammatory, is low (approximately 5%). for those affected, however, these diseases are debilitating, with few treatment options and a poor prognosis. surveillance of htlv infections by the communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) has been ongoing since serological ... | 2004 | 15481213 |
| htlv infection in england and wales in 2002--results from an enhanced national surveillance system. | human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv) is a retrovirus transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, blood transfusion and injecting drug use. htlv is endemic in the caribbean and parts of africa, japan and south america, with isolated foci in other areas. infection is life-long. less than 5% of those infected progress to one of the htlv-related diseases, but these are debilitating and often fatal. laboratory reports of new htlv diagnoses are followed up through clinicians to establish info ... | 2004 | 15481214 |
| quality assurance for clinical research: challenges in implementing research governance in uk hospitals. | the oversight of clinical research in the uk is currently in a state of flux. discusses the quality assurance problems that have arisen in the management of research and the protection of the rights of human participants. contrasts clinical governance and regulatory approaches to research quality assurance and performs a critical analysis of the department of health (england) research governance framework (rgf) to see where it falls within the continuum. highlights the implications for uk hospit ... | 2004 | 15481690 |
| factory's loss of licence halves supply of flu vaccine to us. | 2004 | 15485949 | |
| the eyam plague revisited: did the village isolation change transmission from fleas to pulmonary? | back in the 17th century the derbyshire village of eyam fell victim to the black death, which is thought to have arrived from london in some old clothes brought by a travelling tailor. the village population was 350 at the commencement of plague, of which only 83 survived. led by the church leaders, the village community realized that the whole surrounding region was at risk from the epidemic, and therefore decided to seal themselves off from the other surrounding villages. in the first 275 days ... | 2004 | 15488668 |
| dementia with lewy bodies: no association of polymorphisms in the human synphilin gene. | 2004 | 15490287 | |
| factors influencing increases in cd4 cell counts of hiv-positive persons receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. | highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) results in an improvement in immunologic function. we sought to investigate the factors associated with increases in cd4 cell count among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive antiretroviral-naive patients starting haart. | 2004 | 15499544 |
| mind, brain, body, and soul: a review of the electrophysiological undercurrents for dr. frankenstein. | mary shelley's frankenstein is perhaps the most famous work of medical science fiction. she and her husband, the poet percy shelley, were aware of nascent neuroscience experimentation and the effects of electricity on neuromuscular function. such experiments generated theories of voluntary, involuntary, and unconscious neuromuscular function; animal electricity; and the anima--the human vital principle. in germany and italy, investigators were performing bizarre electrical experiments on animals ... | 2004 | 15509919 |
| doctors need not ventilate baby to prolong his life. | 2004 | 15514327 | |
| a 77-kilobase region of chromosome 6p22.2 is associated with dyslexia in families from the united kingdom and from the united states. | several quantitative trait loci (qtls) that influence developmental dyslexia (reading disability [rd]) have been mapped to chromosome regions by linkage analysis. the most consistently replicated area of linkage is on chromosome 6p23-21.3. we used association analysis in 223 siblings from the united kingdom to identify an underlying qtl on 6p22.2. our association study implicates a 77-kb region spanning the gene ttrap and the first four exons of the neighboring uncharacterized gene kiaa0319. the ... | 2004 | 15514892 |
| increasing incidence of resistance to nalidixic acid in shigellas from humans in england and wales: implications for therapy. | among shigellas isolated from patients in england and wales in 2002, 10% of subgroups a, b and c, and 13% of subgroup d (shigella sonnei), were resistant to nalidixic acid. as a consequence, should antimicrobial therapy be indicated, the efficacy of nalidixic acid as the preferred treatment for children with bacillary dysentery has been jeopardised. | 2004 | 15522014 |
| tnf and tnfr polymorphisms in severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective multicentre study. | tumour necrosis factor (tnf) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine produced in sepsis. studies examining the association of individual tnf single nucleotide polymorphisms with sepsis have produced conflicting results. this study investigated whether common polymorphisms of the tnf locus and the two receptor genes, tnfrsf1a and tnfrsf1b, influence circulating levels of encoded proteins, and whether individual polymorphisms or extended haplotypes of these genes are associated with susceptibili ... | 2004 | 15526005 |
| cervical screening in england and wales: an update. | the national health service cervical screening programme (nhscsp) has played a major role in reducing the mortality from cervical cancer in england and wales. however, the current system has numerous shortcomings and it is likely that its success has reached a plateau. in light of this, significant changes have recently been made to the programme. these alterations, as well as further potential developments, are considered here. | 2004 | 15534446 |
| is influenza vaccination cost effective for healthy people between ages 65 and 74 years? a randomised controlled trial. | the aim of this study was to determine the cost effectiveness of influenza vaccination for healthy people aged 65-74 years living in the uk. people without risk factors for influenza (chronic heart, lung or renal disease, diabetic, immunosuppressed or those living in an institution) were identified from 20 general practitioner (gp) practices in liverpool in september 1999. 729/5875 (12.4%) eligible individuals were recruited and randomised to receive either influenza vaccine or placebo (ratio 3: ... | 2004 | 15542184 |
| the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 2003 to paul c. lauterbur, peter mansfield for magnetic resonance imaging. | imaging of human internal organs by exact and non-invasive methods is very important for medical diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. 2003 nobel laureates in physiology or medicine have made original discoveries in the use of magnetic resonance to visualize different structures. their discoveries have led to the development of modern magnetic resonance imaging, mri, which represents a breakthrough in medical diagnostics and research. atomic nuclei within a strong magnetic field rotate with a freq ... | 2004 | 15543844 |
| not for resuscitation instructions: the law for children in the uk. | case scenario: david glass, a boy of 13 years, was severely disabled with only a limited life span. his mother wished him to receive whatever medical treatment was necessary to prolong his life. following an incident in which the hospital gave the child diamorphine against the mother's wishes, family members resuscitated the child and prevented him from dying. there was a complete breakdown of trust between the family and the hospital. his mother, ms glass, sought a declaration as to the course ... | 2004 | 15549015 |
| how to deal with influenza: worthwhile surveillance system is in action. | 2004 | 15550438 | |
| [the tortuose path of human evolution]. | the human genome sequencing and also the chimpanzee's, among others alive beings in every kingdom, and the similarities between genomes, due to an unique life origin, has developed two movements in the biological sciences to the xxi century. in the first place to find a genetic explanation to understand the genomic affinity, very narrow in many cases, in front of the reality, with abyssal differences in behavior, which undervalue the significance of the genomic resemblance between the alive bein ... | 2004 | 15553404 |
| liverpool veterinary school: the first 100 years. | in 1904, liverpool veterinary school became the first uk veterinary school to be incorporated into a university. this weekend, it marks its centenary with a symposium celebrating veterinary science and its contribution to animal and human health and welfare. here, alison kraft traces the history of the school and argues that its foundation was a turning point for veterinary education in the uk. | 2004 | 15573783 |
| free speech, democracy, and eugenics. | 2004 | 15574434 | |
| de facto imprisonment and covert medication use in general nursing homes for older people in south east england. | there is growing interest in ethical issues in nursing home care, including capacity to consent to residence and covert medication use. this study assessed capacity to consent to residence amongst a group of randomly selected residents of non-specialist uk nursing homes and examined the prevalence of de facto imprisonment and covert medication. | 2004 | 15575128 |
| can a short period of micronutrient supplementation in older institutionalized people improve response to influenza vaccine? a randomized, controlled trial. | to test the hypothesis that a micronutrient supplement can improve seroconversion after influenza immunization in older institutionalized people. | 2004 | 14687310 |
| a retrospective assessment of mortality from the london smog episode of 1952: the role of influenza and pollution. | the london smog of 1952 is one of history's most important air pollution episodes in terms of its impact on science, public perception of air pollution, and government regulation. the association between health and air pollution during the episode was evident as a strong rise in air pollution levels was immediately followed by sharp increases in mortality and morbidity. however, mortality in the months after the smog was also elevated above normal levels. an initial government report proposed th ... | 2004 | 14698923 |
| high resolution hla-drb1 identification of a caucasian population. | polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes typing methods have been applied to 1000 individuals from the northern ireland population to give human leukocyte antigen drb1 (hla-drb1) allele assignment. hla-drb1 allele frequencies and four-locus haplotypes (a/b/c/dr) for this caucasian population, based on hla class i and class ii allele assignment, are now presented. no significant deviations from hardy-weinberg proportions were observed. the hla-c locus exhibited marginal ... | 2004 | 14700598 |
| variation in crown and root formation and eruption of human deciduous teeth. | the aim of this study was to document variation of deciduous tooth formation and eruption. the material comprises 121 individuals of known or estimated age (using tooth length) from spitalfields in london, and radiographs of 61 healthy living children aged 2-5 years. other skeletal material from two medieval scottish archaeological sites (whithorn, n=74; newark bay, n=59) was also examined. stages of crown and root formation as well as eruption (alveolar, midway, and occlusal levels) were assess ... | 2004 | 14730650 |
| hypokalaemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in an asian man in the united kingdom. | a large number of ethnic chinese and other oriental populations are living in the west because of the modern day migration of people. hypokalaemic periodic paralysis attributable to thyrotoxicosis is a common presentation in an asian emergency department. it is uncommon in the white communities. there is a difference in the genetic type in the different racial groups. thyrotoxic features are often masked or absent. life may be threatened because of severe hypokalaemia and therefore a prompt diag ... | 2004 | 14734400 |
| developing health and social care under the reforms of tony blair and clement attlee, prime ministers of great britain and northern ireland. | in july 1948, the british national health service (nhs) was introduced by then prime minister clement attlee with the aim of offering "free" medical treatment for the entire british population from cradle to grave. since then, the british public have come to see the nhs and its free health care as a fundamental human right and a cornerstone to their democracy, and subsequent governments have been understandably reluctant to change or reform this popular program. yet, funding issues, as well as s ... | 2004 | 15053219 |
| the involuntary detention of persons with mental disorder in england and wales--a human rights critique. | 2004 | 15063637 | |
| measurement of antibody against contemporary virus lineages of human respiratory syncytial virus sub-group a in infants and their mothers. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infects the majority of infants in their first year of life. maternal antibodies offer some protection although a small proportion of infected infants develop bronchiolitis and require admission to hospital. a number of lineages of the virus co-circulate in the population and the prevalent virus lineage changes from epidemic to epidemic. the effect of antigenic variation between virus lineages upon the protection offered by maternal antibodies has not bee ... | 2004 | 15072758 |
| the dental caries experience of 14-year-old children in england and wales. surveys co-ordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry in 2002/2003. | this paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 77,693 14-year-old children from across england, wales, jersey and the isle of man. these 2002/3 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seeks to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services. | 2004 | 15074872 |
| will transplantation of kidneys from donors with blood group a2 into recipients with blood group b help british indo-asian patients with renal failure? | despite a high incidence of renal failure, disproportionately fewer indo-asians in the united kingdom receive a renal transplant, in part because of the high prevalence of blood group b. it is now clear that it is possible to safely transplant kidneys from donors with blood group a of the subtype a2 into recipients with blood group b if the latter have low titers of anti-a antibodies. we measured the anti-a titers in 25 indo-asian patients on dialysis being considered for transplantation and fou ... | 2004 | 15084952 |
| the dynamic flow of nursing and society: a united kingdom perspective. | society and the definition of health are dynamically fluid. the skill for nursing is to be involved in this process of growth. the process of change provokes one into examining issues from various perspectives. it requires reflection, questioning, and dialogue to develop solutions. could the developments launched in the united kingdom (specific focus england) advance intentional care to the fore? can the deeper ontological root of nursing be brought into the human development of becoming whole? ... | 2004 | 15090095 |
| carrying short-acting nitrates is not a contra-indication to the use of pde5 inhibitors. | 2004 | 15095746 | |
| web-based behavioral surveillance among men who have sex with men: a comparison of online and offline samples in london, uk. | to compare the characteristics of men who have sex with men (msm) surveyed online (through gay internet chat rooms and profiles) and offline (in community venues) in london, uk. | 2004 | 15097159 |
| organising services for influenza vaccination for older people. | to follow up a trial of home-administered influenza vaccination of older people to explore reasons for their immunisation behaviour, including their views on the organisation of services. | 2004 | 15099455 |
| factors influencing the incidence and scale of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in southwest england. | bovine tuberculosis (tb) in cattle is a major economic problem in britain. in the past 25 years, the infection has been concentrated in the southwest region of england. we investigated the effects of agricultural and farm-management characteristics on the occurrence and scale of tb in cattle in the region (1988-1996) using logistic and linear regression. factors relating to the existence of previous infection in cattle and the management of cattle and badgers are all linked to the incidence of t ... | 2004 | 15099712 |
| anatomists and entrepreneurs in early eighteenth-century london. | anatomical demonstration in the eighteenth century took place in many formats. in this essay i discuss public anatomical demonstration as performed by entrepreneurial anatomists in london between 1700 and 1740. these anatomists offered courses, advertised in newspapers, to anyone who was willing to pay. in contrast to courses offered in official settings to prospective physicians and surgeons, these courses emphasized natural philosophy and natural theology rather than practical knowledge. entre ... | 2004 | 15109154 |
| variation in the cranial base orientation and facial skeleton in dry skulls sampled from three major populations. | the aim of this study was to analyse the effects of cranial base orientation on the morphology of the craniofacial system in human populations. three geographically distant populations from europe (72), africa (48) and asia (24) were chosen. five angular and two linear variables from the cranial base component and six angular and six linear variables from the facial component based on two reference lines of the vertical posterior maxillary and frankfort horizontal planes were measured. the europ ... | 2004 | 15130044 |
| the clinical and cost-effectiveness of anakinra for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults: a systematic review and economic analysis. | to review the evidence of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra), for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) in adults. | 2004 | 15130461 |
| an evaluation of occupational health services within the nhs in london. | to establish the nature, extent and organization of occupational health service provision for employees within the national health service (nhs) in london and to review the systems for monitoring performance. | 2004 | 15133138 |
| highly significant linkage to the sli1 locus in an expanded sample of individuals affected by specific language impairment. | specific language impairment (sli) is defined as an unexplained failure to acquire normal language skills despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. we have reported elsewhere a full-genome scan in 98 nuclear families affected by this disorder, with the use of three quantitative traits of language ability (the expressive and receptive tests of the clinical evaluation of language fundamentals and a test of nonsense word repetition). this screen implicated two quantitative trait loci, one on c ... | 2004 | 15133743 |
| syphilis clusters in walsall: case profiles and public health implications. | between the beginning of december 2002 and the end of march 2003, eight cases of infectious syphilis were diagnosed in walsall. two unrelated clusters were identified. the first consisted of three cases, two heterosexual patients and a baby with congenital syphilis. the infant had no congenital stigmata of syphilis, which is consistent with recent infection. the second cluster consisted of five cases in men who have sex with men (msm) who attended a local sauna that attracts men from the midland ... | 2004 | 15137279 |
| the human right to dignity v. physical integrity in manual handling. | in the case of the queen v. east sussex county council and the disability rights commission [2003] the position in english and european law with regard to the rights of disabled people to be lifted manually in their homes was reviewed. the judgement also reviewed the position with regard to the risks posed to carers when they manually lift. the judgement stated that where the human rights of disabled people were in issue--where their article 8 right to "dignity" was offended--then carers would i ... | 2004 | 15150462 |
| attitudes to self-sampling for hpv among indian, pakistani, african-caribbean and white british women in manchester, uk. | to examine attitudes to self-sampling for human papillomavirus (hpv) testing among women from contrasting ethnic groups. | 2004 | 15153323 |
| epidemiological features of a new strain of the influenza a virus--influenza a (h1n2) circulating in england and its public health implications. | the uk influenza season of 2001/2002 was characterized by widespread geographic circulation of a new subtype of influenza a (h1n2) virus throughout the duration of the season. younger children were predominantly infected, suggesting primary infection. despite this, the public health impact of this new virus was minimal. it remains to be seen whether influenza a (h1n2) virus will persist and co-circulate with the previously circulating subtypes of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2), or whether it was a ... | 2004 | 15163488 |
| prenatal screening for down syndrome: the problem of recurrent false-positives. | it has been reported that, in prenatal screening programmes for down syndrome, women who have false-positive results in one pregnancy have an increased risk of a false-positive result in a subsequent pregnancy. we examined the effect of this in the screening programme conducted from the wolfson institute of preventive medicine with a view to determining the magnitude of the effect, and to describe a method of avoiding the problem. | 2004 | 15164416 |
| the nearest relative in mental health law. | this article considers the concept of the 'nearest relative' in mental health law in england and wales and argues, inter alia, for its retention in a way that avoids violation of the european convention on human rights and the human rights act 1998. it looks, first, at the meaning of nearest relative and then focuses on his/her role today, including its link with advance directives for mental health care, and on the tension between nearest relatives and approved social workers and the law. the p ... | 2004 | 15176627 |
| like a frog in boiling water: the public, the hfea and sex selection. | this paper analyses the british human fertilisation and embryology authority's 2002 public consultation on sex selection, a consultation that was mainly concerned with sex selection for non-medical reasons. based on a close reading of the consultation document and questionnaire it is argued that the consultation is biased towards certain outcomes and can most plausibly be construed as an attempt not to investigate but to influence public opinion. | 2004 | 15186078 |
| a cohort study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in older people, performed using the united kingdom general practice research database. | the effectiveness of influenza vaccination against hospitalization and death can only ethically be assessed in observational studies. a concern is that individuals who are vaccinated are healthier than individuals who are not vaccinated, potentially biasing estimates of effectiveness upward. | 2004 | 15195237 |