Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| reexamination by bacteriophage typing of clostridium difficile strains isolated during a nosocomial outbreak. | 1984 | 6490845 | |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile reservoir in a neonatal intensive care unit. | a new bacteriophage/bacteriocin typing system was used to study clostridium difficile colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit. c. difficile was isolated from 21 of 62 (34%) stools from 15 of 37 (41%) infants. colonization was reduced during antimicrobial therapy and for about 1 week thereafter. one of five nurses and one of two parents studied were carriers. eight isolates were cultured from environmental surfaces. thirty of 31 c. difficile isolates were found to be a single type, cld 6,9 ... | 1984 | 6494014 |
| differential cytotoxic effects of toxins a and b isolated from clostridium difficile. | toxin a and toxin b preparations of clostridium difficile have been shown to affect metabolic functions of intact hela cells with different kinetics. the cytotoxins were purified from dialyzed filtrates of c. difficile strain vpi 10463 by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography and were concentrated by dialysis or by ultrafiltration. the toxins, which are immunologically unrelated, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunochemistry with the ... | 1984 | 6500693 |
| significance of stool toxin determination to clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile toxin in stool from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea was titered and correlated with stool consistency, presence of white cells, epithelial cells and occult blood. it was found that watery stools contained more toxin, with a higher % of positive occult blood and leukocytes than did soft or formed stools, suggesting a correlation between toxic titer and the severity of the pathologic processes of the disease. of 71 toxin-positive stools from patients with antim ... | 1984 | 6501819 |
| alterations in human fecal flora, including ingrowth of clostridium difficile, related to cefoxitin therapy. | to evaluate the effects of parenteral cefoxitin therapy on human fecal flora, we cultured fecal specimens obtained from six patients before, during, and after therapy and used standard methods to identify and quantify all microorganisms. the major changes (observed in at least three patients) included the acquisition or proliferation of group d streptococcus species, coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, cefoxitin-resistant members of the family enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas species, and ... | 1984 | 6508264 |
| a new purification procedure for clostridium difficile enterotoxin. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins, an enterotoxin and a cytotoxin. the enterotoxin was purified using fast methods (tangential flow filtration, fast protein liquid chromatography). the purified enterotoxin is composed of two subunits (a1 = 41,500, a2 = 16,000) and its pi is 3.5. | 1984 | 6508777 |
| cytotoxin and enterotoxin production by clostridium difficile. | 30 strains of cl. difficile isolated from faeces of patients with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aac) and other intestinal disorders and from faeces of asymptomatic carriers were studied for production of toxins. tissue culture assay was used for the detection of cytotoxin (toxin b) and ileal loop test for enterotoxin (toxin a). all cl. difficile isolates from patients with pmc and aac were found to produce cytotoxin, whereas enterotoxin was demonstrated only in ... | 1984 | 6513801 |
| routine culturing for clostridium difficile? | in order to determine whether routine culturing for clostridium difficile was warranted or whether culturing a selected group of patients was adequate, we conducted a prospective trial of culturing all stool specimens for c. difficile. a total of 408 specimens from 297 patients was studied. two hundred and eighteen stool specimens from 169 patients were selected on the basis of fulfilling one or more of the following criteria; (i) the stools were loose or watery; (ii) leukocytes and/or red cells ... | 1984 | 6514390 |
| [infectious clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | 1984 | 6516058 | |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea: a highly infectious organism. | this paper describes an outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in a ward for the elderly in a 550-bedded district general hospital. the measures taken to contain it and clinical features, previously undescribed, are highlighted. | 1984 | 6516973 |
| prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in hamsters by saccharomyces boulardii. | saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast used in a number of countries for general and antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illnesses, was examined for possible application in the prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in the hamster colitis model. hamsters were given free access to an aqueous 5% suspension of lyophilized yeast for 3 days before and 10 days after administration of a single oral clindamycin dose of from 0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg. mortality was recorded in groups of 7 to 20 animals every 24 ... | 1984 | 6517545 |
| diagnosis and epidemiology of clostridium difficile enterocolitis in sweden. | experience of the diagnosis and epidemiology of clostridium difficile in sweden is reviewed. samples from 5885 patients have been investigated at the national bacteriological laboratory in stockholm from 1978-1983. patients originate from all parts of the country and their number continues to increase. cl. difficile seem to be of growing importance, especially in nosocomial infections. most patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis (aad/aac) and cl. difficile in their stools were ... | 1984 | 6520069 |
| treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis with vancomycin. | sixty-five patients were treated with oral vancomycin for clostridium difficile colitis associated with treatment of infection by antibiotics. colitis was confirmed by endoscopy in patients with diarrhoea and positive tests on diarrhoeal stools for cl. difficile and/or its cytotoxin or, if endoscopy could not be performed, by the presence of fever and peripheral or faecal leucocytosis. vancomycin dosage ranged from 125 to 500 mg four times daily for an average of about ten days. the mean duratio ... | 1984 | 6520070 |
| [severe digestive complications of aids in a group of patients from zaire]. | severe digestive complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) were observed in 9 patients among a group of 17 patients from zaire treated for aids in belgium between may 1979-april 1983. among the 9 cases, there were 10 ailments of the upper digestive tract, 7 of intestinal disorders, 3 of hepatic disorders, and 2 of pancreatic disorders. the average age of affected patients was 35 years. 4 men averaged 32 years and 5 women averaged 39 years. their average stay in belgium was ... | 1984 | 6524266 |
| a screen for clostridium difficile in the vagina: an out-patient study using and comparing selective media. | cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) gives good presumptive identification of clostridium difficile after 1- or 2-day incubation whereas reinforced clostridial medium (rcm)/p-cresol is not very selective for the organism from the vagina. the identification of 91.5% of the isolates from an initial screen subjected to biochemically based tests was achieved. conventional screening of vaginal swabs failed to confirm any significant occurrence of cl. difficile in the vagina of pregnant or non-p ... | 1984 | 6524911 |
| [in vitro activity of several cytostatic drugs against aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria]. | the human normal intestinal flora prevents the colonization of exogenous bacteria, maintaining a constant microecology: this property is called "colonization resistance". in leukemia patients antibiotics used for prevention and/or therapy of infectious episodes can alter the intestinal microecology, so that the gut can represent the trigger zone for generalized septicemia. moreover cytotoxic drugs used in these patients can favour intestinal disturbances. in our study we evaluated the in vitro a ... | 1984 | 6534396 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents. | the "in vitro" susceptibility of 48 strains of "clostridium difficile" to 12 antimicrobial agents was determined by agar dilution method. all isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, metronidazole, piperacillin, vancomycin and n-formimidoylthienamycin, resistant or intermediate to the new cephalosporins: cefoxitin, cefotaxime and moxalactam. for clindamycin, the mic distribution appeared to be bimodal with 41.7% of the strains susceptible to 8 micrograms/ml and 58.3% resistant to 128 micrograms/ ... | 1984 | 6535652 |
| a survey of plasmids in clostridium difficile strains. | 1984 | 6543891 | |
| clostridium difficile peritonitis in a neonate. a case report. | we describe a case of fatal peritonitis due to clostridium difficile in a neonate. although the patient had several clinical features that were compatible with the diagnosis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, examination of the bowel at laparotomy disclosed that a mesenteric band caused the patient's underlying disease. postmortem histopathologic tests revealed gram-positive rods in the wall of the small intestine. clostridium difficile was the only organism recovered from an antemortem cult ... | 1984 | 6546347 |
| clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. | during a prospective study of infectious gastroenteritis in children under 2 years, 19 out of 390 patients (4.9%) were found to have clostridium difficile cytotoxin in the faeces. in several there was no history of use of antibiotics. the symptoms of many infants with toxin settled spontaneously, but one child became acutely and severely ill and developed a toxic megacolon and five others required, and responded to, vancomycin. cl difficile was cultured from the stools in 191 (49%) of the childr ... | 1984 | 6421363 |
| [clostridium difficile. frequent occurrence on a ward]. | 1984 | 6423992 | |
| biochemical characterization and biologic actions of two toxins (d-1 and d-2) from clostridium difficile. | two toxins were isolated from a toxigenic strain of clostridium difficile. the toxins were purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography to homogeneity as judged from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were designated d-1 and d-2. toxin d-1 was lethal for mice, increased vascular permeability, and induced fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and toxin d-2 displayed cytotoxicity in hela cells with a minimum of 1 pg of toxin. the molecular weights of toxins d-1 ... | 1984 | 6426016 |
| polymicrobial septicaemia due to clostridium difficile and bacteroides fragilis. | 1984 | 6432176 | |
| criteria for detection of clostridium difficile toxin production by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) was compared with a cytotoxicity assay and isolation of toxin-producing clostridium difficile for the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. standardized criteria for cie positivity were established as two major precipitin lines with specific c. difficile antitoxin. using these criteria on 425 fecal specimens, we determined the sensitivity of cie (80%) to be comparable to that of the cytotoxicity assay (82%). both methods were highly specific. with carefu ... | 1984 | 6439733 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of mt-141, a new semisynthetic cephamycin, compared with those of five cephalosporins. | the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of mt-141 were compared with those of cefoxitin, cefmetazole, moxalactam, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone. the mics of mt-141 for 90% of bacterial isolates were lower than the reference drugs against clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile, and bacteroides fragilis, whereas against clinical isolates of other gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, the mics of mt-141 were similar to or higher than those of the r ... | 1984 | 6440478 |
| typing clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6444140 | |
| epidemiology of colitis induced by clostridium difficile in hamsters: application of a bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing system. | the epidemiology of colitis induced by clostridium difficile in hamsters was studied with a new bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing system. fatal enterocolitis was induced by administration of n-formimidoyl thienamycin. environmental cultures were obtained repeatedly throughout the experiments. thirteen percent of 90 healthy hamsters were already colonized with c difficile on arrival from the supplier. mortality from enterocolitis after antibiotic administration was 75% and was not diminished b ... | 1984 | 6586860 |
| impact of imipenem/cilastatin therapy on faecal flora. | to evaluate the effects of parenteral imipenem/cilastatin therapy upon human faecal microflora, stool specimens obtained from ten patients before, during and after therapy were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. the patients received 500 mg imipenem combined with 500 mg cilastatin every 6 h for 6-11 days. the antimicrobial therapy was associated with a small decrease in the numbers of enterobacteria, anaerobic cocci and bacteroides during treatment but afterward th ... | 1984 | 6594237 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during treatment with imipenem. | 1984 | 6597089 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | we reviewed all rectal biopsies performed on patients with proven c. difficile infection between 1977 and 1982 (36 patients). all patients were symptomatic and all had received antibiotic treatment recently, the commonest antibiotic treatment being ampicillin or amoxycillin. there was poor correlation between the histological appearances and the severity of symptoms. a range of histological appearances was observed: normal (8%), congestion and edema (8%), nonspecific colitis (3%), infective coli ... | 1984 | 6597706 |
| clindamycin as an anti-staphylococcal agent--indications and limitations. | in a general survey it is stated that for single staphylococcus aureus infections, clindamycin is not considered to be a first-line drug. its chief indication is penicillin allergy. penetration and accumulation of clindamycin within leukocytes demonstrated in vitro may be of value in the treatment of s. aureus diseases resulting in large abscesses. an insidious risk of the development of clostridium difficile diarrhoea limits the use of clindamycin in ambulatory long-term treatment of diabetic o ... | 1984 | 6598522 |
| incidence and origin of clostridium difficile in neonates. | the stools of 65 of 92 (71%) infants in a special care nursery yielded clostridium difficile on culture. ninety percent of stools collected after 6 to 35 days in the unit were positive, and 36% of these also contained toxin. when tested in vitro, 94% of the isolates produced toxin. of 110 swabs collected from the environment of the unit, 9% were positive for c. difficile, but the stools of 12 nurses working on the unit were negative. thirty-five vaginal swabs collected from mothers just before d ... | 1984 | 6690469 |
| rapid death of infant rhesus monkeys injected with clostridium difficile toxins a and b: physiologic and pathologic basis. | clostridium botulinum can colonize and produce botulinal toxin in the human infant intestine, which the toxin then permeates to cause generalized flaccid paralysis, and occasionally, sudden death. this study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that toxins produced by other intestinal clostridia, e.g., c. difficile, might also cause systemic illness and sometimes death in infants (j pediatr 100:568, 1982). because this hypothesis could not be evaluated clinically until the systemic manifestatio ... | 1984 | 6690674 |
| detection of clostridium difficile in faeces by direct gas liquid chromatography. | stool specimens examined for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin were screened by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of volatile fatty acids and p-cresol. twenty seven of 110 (25%) stools yielded c difficile or cytotoxin; iso-valeric acid was detected in 63/110 (57%) and iso-caproic acid in 18/110 (16%) stools. para-cresol was found in 24/71 (34%) stools examined. iso-valeric acid was detected in 85% of stools positive for c difficile, whereas iso-caproic acid (41%) a ... | 1984 | 6693575 |
| an outbreak of clostridium difficile necrotizing enterocolitis. | 1984 | 6694887 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin with mccoy cell monolayers and cell suspensions and comparison with hela cell assay. | mccoy cell monolayers were compared with hela cell monolayers for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin in 301 stool samples. tests were positive (greater than or equal to 1/100 dilution) in 83 and 81 specimens tested with mccoy and hela cell monolayers, respectively. mccoy cell suspensions were compared with hela cell monolayers in 532 stool filtrates. overall, 90 positive specimens were within one dilution and 432 filtrates were negative with either test, giving a correlation coefficien ... | 1984 | 6699153 |
| clostridium difficile and gastroenteritis: how strong is the association in children? | 1984 | 6701103 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis with recurring diarrhoea and prolonged persistence of clostridium difficile in a 10-year-old girl. | a 10-year-old girl developed, after treatment with amyxocillin, a clinically and sigmoidoscopically apparent pseudomembranous colitis with positive clostridium difficile stool culture. treatment with vancomycin resulted in rapid clinical cure, but there was a relapse of diarrhoea and reappearance of c. difficile, with no pseudomembranous colitis, within one month. clinical symptoms subsided spontaneously but c. difficile persisted for 2 more months in the stools. this case reflects three differe ... | 1984 | 6702443 |
| clostridium difficile in young children. association with antibiotic usage. | clostridium difficile was isolated from the stools of 11/52 (21%) of children aged 0 to 2 years hospitalized with diarrhoea, and from 17/52 (33%) of a control group of hospitalized children with no diarrhoea; this difference was not significant. direct demonstration of c. difficile toxin from the stools was positive in 1 case with diarrhoea and in 5 control cases. the children with positive stool culture for c. difficile had had significantly more treatments with antibiotics or chemotherapeutics ... | 1984 | 6702456 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with the use of antineoplastic agents. | eight patients are presented in whom treatment with antineoplastic agents, in particular the folic acid antagonist methotrexate, precipitated clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. the clinical presentation of these patients was identical to that encountered in patients developing antibiotic associated diarrhoea and colitis. clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea and colitis should be suspected in any patient developing diarrhoea during the course of anti-neoplast ... | 1984 | 6705768 |
| clostridium difficile and its toxins. | 1984 | 6706412 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis in surgical patients. | the clinical course of 75 patients with diarrhea and positive c. difficile toxin stool assays has been examined. the mean age of the patients was 68 years. five of 25 surgical nursing units accounted for two thirds of the cases. many patients were immuno-suppressed with cancer, sepsis, or diabetes mellitus. the median onset of diarrhea was 2.7 days after initial administration of antibiotics. fever and leukocytosis were frequently seen. diarrhea ceased in 30 percent of the patients after withdra ... | 1984 | 6711751 |
| inciting and etiologic agents of colitis. | since 1979, 3,115 stool samples were tested for detection of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin; these were obtained from patients who had drug-related diarrhea. presumed or proven colitis due to c. difficile was diagnosed in 130 patients. drugs implicated most commonly as causing or associated with the onset of enterocolitis due to c. difficile were ampicillin (38 episodes), cephalosporins (71), clindamycin (36), and the aminoglycosides (45). the hamster model of colitis was employed to ex ... | 1984 | 6718935 |
| polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns produced by clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of pseudomembranous colitis following antimicrobial therapy. there is evidence to suggest that this organism may be hospital acquired. polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (page) analysis of protein profiles of c. difficile cell extracts was examined for possible usefulness in epidemiologic studies. at least 50 bands could be distinguished in soluble cell extracts of c. difficile. freeze-thawing of extracts and/or length of storage time did not affect the pro ... | 1984 | 6718936 |
| clostridium difficile enterotoxin (toxin a): new results. | 1984 | 6724112 | |
| systemic absorption of oral cholestyramine. | a patient with clostridium difficile -toxin colitis was treated with oral cholestyramine, but died of other causes 15 days later. at autopsy, the colitis had resolved, but cholestyramine particles were found within the vessels of most body tissues, most prominently in his ulcerated distal esophagus. clusters of bacteria were found adjacent to some of the cholestyramine particles, suggesting a common portal of entry. | 1984 | 6724264 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | during the course of 1 year, clostridium difficile was isolated from 145 (4 per cent) of 3591 faecal specimens submitted to a hospital routine bacteriology laboratory. these c. difficile positive specimens came from 95 patients or 10.99 per cent of 864 patients investigated for suspected gastroenteritis. in a control population of 318 persons c. difficile was isolated from only 10 of them or 3.1 per cent; this difference was statistically significant. we conclude that as this increase in the iso ... | 1984 | 6725965 |
| unravelling the secrets of clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6725969 | |
| immunochemical fingerprinting of clostridium difficile strains isolated from an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhoea. | twenty eight strains of clostridium difficile , isolated from an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhoea in an orthopaedic ward and from sporadic cases throughout sweden, were sent to edinburgh for immunochemical fingerprinting without information about their origin. edta extracts of the organisms were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (cie), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and electroblot transfer. two patterns were revealed by cie: group a (18 strains) and gro ... | 1984 | 6726785 |
| comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against campylobacter spp. and other bacterial enteric pathogens. | a comparison was made of the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin (bay o 9867) with nine other antibiotics against isolates of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp., shigella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, clostridium difficile, vibrio spp., and escherichia coli. minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin were the lowest of any compound tested for all organisms except c. difficile. | 1984 | 6732220 |
| asymptomatic neonatal colonisation by clostridium difficile. | in a prospective survey of infants born in a single maternity unit, asymptomatic faecal colonisation by clostridium difficile occurred in 31 (47%) of 66 babies who provided a faecal sample during week one of life and at age 14 and 28 days, and in 46 (30.7%) of the total of 150 babies for whom at least one faecal sample was obtained during the month of study. there was no evidence for acquisition of the organism from the mother during delivery and colonisation was unrelated to the means of delive ... | 1984 | 6732277 |
| role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to clostridium difficile. | the in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile by volatile fatty acids was correlated with the ph and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the ceca of hamsters of different ages. the concentrations of cecal volatile fatty acids increased with the age of the animals. maximum concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids were attained when the animals were ca. 19 days old, with acetic, propionic, and butyric acids occurring in the highest concentrations (72, 16, and 32 microequivalents/ ... | 1984 | 6735467 |
| effect of therapy with latamoxef (moxalactam) on carriage of clostridium difficile. | twenty-seven patients receiving latamoxef (moxalactam) as a single antimicrobial agent were studied prospectively for clostridium difficile carriage and development of diarrhoea or colitis. stools were available prior to therapy from only seven patients, one of whom (14.3%) was an asymptomatic carrier. none of twelve patients studied during therapy were carriers. seven of 27 patients (25.9%) were colonized with cl. difficile after completion of latamoxef therapy, and three patients had cytotoxin ... | 1984 | 6735965 |
| clostridium difficile isolation in neonates in a special care unit. lack of correlation with necrotizing enterocolitis. | the stools of 78% of 45 infants in a special care baby unit yielded clostridium difficile on culture, and in 67% of these it was possible to detect c. difficile toxin by means of a tissue culture technique. the stools of six of the seven infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were positive for c. difficile, but neither of the two most severely affected contained c. difficile toxin. the incidence of c. difficile isolation was similar in infants treated by exchange transfusion, those treated with ... | 1984 | 6740221 |
| relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of normal faeces. | repeated recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated enterocolitis is uncommon but troublesome for the afflicted patient. the patient described here received vancomycin treatment several times but always had a relapse of c. difficile enterocolitis 2-3 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. she did not form serum antibodies to c. difficile cytotoxin (toxin b). rectal infusion of enemas prepared from fresh faeces resulted in final cure. | 1984 | 6740251 |
| [colitis caused by clostridium difficile not associated with antibiotic therapy]. | 1984 | 6741407 | |
| immediate postnatal inoculation of a microbial barrier to prevent neonatal diarrhea induced by clostridium difficile in young conventional and gnotobiotic hares. | the cecal content of a healthy young hare (a 10-fold dilution prepared in anaerobiosis) was transferred into gnotobiotic recipient mice. the fecal flora of recipient mice was inoculated into 49 conventional young hares (kept in a closed building) immediately after birth. all the inoculated hares survived until weaning whereas 35% of 48 non-treated conventional hares died of diarrhea. clostridium difficile and c perfringens were present in all the diarrheal noninoculated hares, whereas these spec ... | 1984 | 6742589 |
| clostridium difficile in the genital tract. | 1984 | 6744015 | |
| [bacterial etiology of hospital-acquired infections]. | during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ... | 1984 | 6745985 |
| selective enrichment broth culture for detection of clostridium difficile and associated cytotoxin. | a procedure was devised for routine examination of feces for clostridium difficile with selective enrichment broth culture containing increased levels of carbohydrates and antibiotics to detect cytotoxin and volatile acids in broths inoculated with fecal samples. c. difficile was detected and identified with a rapidity comparable to that of conventional culture on selective cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar. detection rates for c. difficile in inoculated broths (111/401 or 27%) were significan ... | 1984 | 6746889 |
| prospective study of clostridium difficile colonization and paracresol detection in the stools of babies on a special care unit. | infants' stools were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in a study performed over a one-year period on a special care baby unit. overall, 21% of infants were colonized, but the organism was only recovered in a seven-month period during which its weekly prevalence in the group varied from zero to 44%, with a distinct clustering of colonized infants being observed. tests for the presence of cytotoxin in the stools and in supernatants of broth that had been inocula ... | 1984 | 6747283 |
| in vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity of human colostrum and milk against purified toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | the neutralizing activity (na) of supernates of colostral samples collected postpartum from 55 women and tested against a 50% cytopathic dose of purified toxins a and b of clostridium difficile was evaluated in y1 adrenal cells. thirty-one (56%) of the samples had na against one or both toxins. samples of breast milk were collected postpartum from five women-three had colostral na and two did not. all milk specimens from the three women with colostral na had na titers of 1:1-1:4 throughout the s ... | 1984 | 6747345 |
| vaginal carriage and neonatal acquisition of clostridium difficile. | the relationship between vaginal carriage and subsequent neonatal acquisition of clostridium difficile was investigated. vaginal carriage of c. difficile was detected in 11% of women attending the department of genital medicine clinic. c. difficile was isolated from the vagina in 18% of 50 mothers before delivery, and 8% after delivery; 62% of their babies had positive faecal cultures. eight of nine of the babies whose mothers had positive cultures before delivery became colonised with c. diffic ... | 1984 | 6748040 |
| acute oligoarthritis associated with clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | the abrupt onset of a sterile inflammatory oligoarthritis developed in a patient with active clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. the arthritis affected a hip and a knee. leukocyte counts of synovial fluid obtained from the patient's left hip and knee were elevated. he was haplotyped as hla-b27 antigen-positive. the colitis and arthritis promptly abated after treatment with oral vancomycin hydrochloride. three other cases of arthritis associated with antibiotic-induced colitis were re ... | 1984 | 6608328 |
| moxalactam therapy of haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in children. | thirty-four children with haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis were given prospectively either moxalactam (200 mg/kg/day) or ampicillin (400 mg/kg/day) plus chloramphenicol (75 mg/kg/day). one patient in each group died. the mean duration of fever, clinical response, sequential cerebrospinal fluid findings, and incidence of neurologic sequelae were similar between groups. moxalactam cerebrospinal fluid bioactivity was significantly greater than that of ampicillin or chloramphenicol throughou ... | 1984 | 6608581 |
| beta-aspartyl-epsilon-lysine, a peptide of the fecal contents of axenic mice. | small quantities of low-molecular weight peptides have been characterized in the feces of axenic mice. in fecal material of axenic mice fed an autoclaved synthetic (sn) diet, we isolated a dipeptide and characterized its structure as beta-aspartyl-epsilon-lysine. this product was also present in the feces of gnotobiotic mice harbouring clostridium perenne. we could not detect the product in the fecal contents of holoxenic mice, clostridium difficile-contaminated mice or axenic mice fed the irrad ... | 1983 | 6612090 |
| antibodies to clostridium difficile cytotoxin in a pediatric population. | 1983 | 6613933 | |
| infectious colitis endoscopically simulating inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective evaluation. | this prospective evaluation of patients presenting with mucoid bloody diarrhea and suspected idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease demonstrated a 38% incidence of infectious colitides. the infectious agents detected were campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, amoeba, and clostridium difficile. an increased awareness and the utilization of selective culture media should allow the clinician to definitively diagnose patients who present with signs and symptoms suggestive of idiopathic inflammatory bo ... | 1983 | 6618115 |
| effect of cefoperazone on faecal flora. | the effect of cefoperazone on the intestinal flora was investigated in 29 patients receiving the drug for 7 to 14 days. faecal specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms before, during and after therapy. the cefoperazone treatment was associated with major changes in the faecal flora. there was marked suppression of enterobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, anaerobic cocci, bacteroides, fusobacteria, bifidobacteria, eubacteria and lactobacilli. the number ... | 1983 | 6619054 |
| enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibody to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | an enzyme immunoassay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [elisa]) to detect hamster antibody to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile was developed in which toxin preparations are used to coat the solid phase. the specificity of the assay was supported by blocking tests with the toxin preparations and proteins from a nontoxigenic strain. sera from immunized and control hamsters were tested by this technique, and results were compared with those from a cytotoxicity neutralization assay. antibod ... | 1983 | 6619280 |
| comparison of methods for recovery of clostridium difficile from an environmental surface. | survival of clostridium difficile in an aerobic environment is possible because of spore formation. when sodium taurocholate is substituted for the egg yolk of a selective medium, cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose-agar (ccfa), enhanced recovery of c. difficile spores is shown. this selective medium (tccfa) does not improve recovery of vegetative forms. in this study, dry and saline-moistened swabs, adhesive paddles, and rodac plates containing ccfa and tccfa were compared in their ability to recove ... | 1983 | 6619285 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with changes in an ileal conduit. | a case of antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis following total cystectomy is reported, in which there was involvement of the ileal conduit. the small bowel remaining in situ was uninvolved. bacteriological studies revealed clostridium difficile and the toxin in both colon and ileal conduit. relevant publications concerning pathogenesis are discussed, in relation to the unusual site described in this case. epidemiological evidence is reviewed which suggests that isolation of patients wi ... | 1983 | 6619315 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a in infants. | c difficile produces two toxins, each of which is cytotoxic and lethal to animals [1]. whether one or both of the toxins is responsible for pseudomembranous colitis in humans is unknown. c difficile is rarely found in the intestinal tracts of healthy adults, and then only in relatively low numbers. the same numbers of c difficile found in adults with pseudomembranous colitis may be present in infants with no obvious adverse effects [3]. the primary cytotoxin of c difficile, toxin b, may also be ... | 1983 | 6619580 |
| antibiotic-associated colitis due to clostridium difficile in a kodiak bear. | clostridium difficile and its toxins usually are present in feces of laboratory animals and persons with antibiotic-associated colitis. we report antibiotic-associated colitis in a captive kodiak bear (alaskan brown bear, ursus arctos) in which c difficile and its cytotoxin were found in feces. this indicates that the colitis associated with c difficile and its toxins can occur in nonlaboratory large animals and that this organism may be the causative agent in certain cases of idiopathic colitis ... | 1983 | 6625306 |
| ultrastructural effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. | the mechanism by which clostridium difficile toxin b causes cells in culture to round was investigated. cultured human lung fibroblasts and rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with partially purified or purified toxin b and monitored by light and transmission electron microscopy (tem). both preparations caused progressive cell rounding which correlated with disorganization of actin-containing myofilament bundles. thin myofilaments became fragmented and finally disappeared (after 24 h) ... | 1983 | 6628564 |
| concomitance of cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | six patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and one patient with diarrhea unrelated to antibiotic use yielded both cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic isolates of clostridium difficile from the same stool specimens. in addition, these isolates were shown to be pathogenic and nonpathogenic, respectively, in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. these data imply that more than one toxin type of c. difficile may be harbored simultaneously. if toxin testing is used to identify c. ... | 1983 | 6630455 |
| efficiency of various bile salt preparations for stimulation of clostridium difficile spore germination. | taurocholate, desoxycholate, and cholate stimulated germination of clostridium difficile spores in broth medium and enhanced recovery of c. difficile spores on a selective agar medium. desoxycholate and some crude taurocholate preparations also inhibited multiplication of vegetative cells. at a concentration of 1.2 x 10(-2) m, sodium cholate inhibited multiplication of vegetative cells, but at concentrations of 1.2 x 10(-3) to 2.4 x 10(-3) m, it stimulated germination without inhibiting cell mul ... | 1983 | 6630458 |
| use of gas-liquid chromatography as a screening test for toxigenic clostridium difficile in diarrhoeal stools. | in order to determine if gas-liquid chromatography (glc) on concentrated stool extracts could be substituted to cell culture assay for cytotoxicity, we prospectively studied 154 diarrhoeal stools submitted for detection of clostridium difficile toxin. isocaproic-positive samples were cultured on egg yolk agar supplemented with cycloserine, cefoxitin and fructose for isolation of c difficile, and on egg yolk agar plus kanamycin for isolation of other clostridium species. of the 154 samples, 129 w ... | 1983 | 6630574 |
| cytotoxin production by clostridium sordellii strains. | a total of 55 strains of clostridium sordellii, 21 lethal toxin-positive and 34 lethal toxin-negative, were tested for cytotoxin production in brain heart infusion medium supplemented with 0.2% na2hpo4 (m-bhi) and cooked-meat-glucose (cmg) medium using baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/wi-2) cells as indicator cells. the m-bhi medium was preferred to cmg medium and 24 hr of incubation was sufficient for cytotoxin production. nineteen of the 21 toxigenic strains were also cytotoxigenic, and the strengt ... | 1983 | 6633300 |
| lack of relationship of clostridium difficile to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. | we studied prospectively the conversion rate to clostridium difficile-positive stool cultures in 31 children receiving oral antibiotics for common infections and looked for a possible association of c. difficile colonization with diarrhea. the incidence of pretreatment positive stool cultures was 35% with the majority of positive findings in infants less than 1 year of age. after treatment with oral antibiotics c. difficile was cultured from the stool of 42% of the children. eleven children deve ... | 1983 | 6634465 |
| rifampin and pseudomembranous colitis. | isolates of toxigenic clostridium difficile, the most frequent cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, are almost always highly susceptible to rifampin. however, resistant isolates exist and have been associated with colitis in both hamsters and humans given rifampin. rifampin is rarely implicated in the disease in humans; only six cases have been documented, all in elderly patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis. at least three of these patients had liver disease, and all ... | 1983 | 6635443 |
| intestinal colonization of infant hamsters with clostridium difficile. | infant hamsters of different ages were examined for their susceptibility to enteric clostridium difficile colonization. intragastric administration of c. difficile to infant hamsters resulted in multiplication of the organism in the intestinal tracts of animals 4 to 12 days old; hamsters younger or older were resistant to c. difficile intestinal colonization. toxicity to the colonized animals could not be demonstrated despite cytotoxin titers in some infant hamsters comparable to titers found in ... | 1983 | 6642638 |
| internalization of clostridium difficile cytotoxin into cultured human lung fibroblasts. | in cultured human lung fibroblasts treated with clostridium difficile cytotoxin, the latency before appearance of the cytopathogenic effect was dose-related with a minimum of 45 min. at 37 degrees c, the toxin was accessible on all cells to inactivation with trypsin or neutralization with antitoxin during the first tenth of the latency. at 0 degrees c, the toxin was accessible considerably longer. the cytopathogenic effect was reversibly prevented by the lysosomotropic agents chloroquine and amm ... | 1983 | 6652117 |
| false-positive counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests for clostridium difficile: the role of clostridium bifermentans and clostridium sordellii. | 1983 | 6655298 | |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxins and mouse hepatic microsomes. | intraperitoneal administration of toxins of clostridium difficile to mice resulted in loss of hepatic cytochrome p450 and peroxidation of microsomal lipids. pretreatment with the microsomal enzyme inducer beta-naphthoflavone partially alleviated these effects and increased survival time of intoxicated animals. | 1983 | 6658814 |
| detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin in hep-2 and cho cell lines. | the detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin was compared in two established cell lines; chinese hamster ovary (cho) and a human epithelial line, hep-2. all specimens with positive toxin assays were detected with the cho cell line, whereas only one-half of positive specimens were detected with the hep-2 cells. | 1983 | 6667607 |
| [clostridium difficile]. | 1983 | 6670306 | |
| [clostridium difficile and its toxin in a series of cases of crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis]. | 1983 | 6670447 | |
| improved immunologic detection of clostridium difficile antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | an improved counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) procedure for detection of clostridium difficile antigen is described. commercially available antiserum to c. difficile toxin was absorbed with whole cells of c. difficile. cie (absorbed) was 100% sensitive and 77.5% specific when compared to the tissue culture toxin assay. instances are noted in which the cie (absorbed) and/or bacterial culture was positive and the tissue culture assay was negative. | 1983 | 6671366 |
| toxin a of clostridium difficile: production, purification and effect in mouse intestine. | clostridium difficile produces one diarrhoeogenic toxin designed a, and one cytopathogenic toxin designed b. toxin a was purified in a four-step-fractionation procedure. in the last purification step the toxin was separated by elution with galactose from an agarose gel. the purified toxin a induced a clear and watery hypersecretion in intestinal loops of mouse, while mixtures of toxin a and b induced a haemorrhagic secretion. at an ed50 value for the purified toxin a of 0.5 microgram there was a ... | 1983 | 6673499 |
| [anaerobic effect of tinidazol compared with metronidazol, ornidazol, cefoxitin and lamoxactam]. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of tinidazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and moxalactam was determined against 150 isolates of clinically important anaerobes including bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides bivius and clostridium perfringens by means of agar dilution tests. the members of 18 gramnegative and 14 grampositive species were inhibited by tinidazole at less than or equal to 0,01-8 micrograms/ml thus being without exception susceptible to the drug. a similar in vitro activity wa ... | 1983 | 6676177 |
| [efficacy of tinidazole against anaerobes in comparison with metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and lamoxactam]. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of tinidazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and moxalactam was determined against 150 isolates of clinically important anaerobes including bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides bivius and clostridium perfringens by means of agar dilution tests. the members of 18 gramnegative and 14 grampositive species were inhibited by tinidazole at less than or equal to 0,01-8 micrograms/ml thus being without exception susceptible to the drug. a similar in vitro activity wa ... | 1983 | 6681175 |
| loss of surface fibronectin from human lung fibroblasts exposed to cytotoxin from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile cytotoxin caused an irreversible dose- and time-dependent loss of fibronectin from the surfaces of human lung fibroblasts, paralleling the appearance of the cytopathic effect. fibronectin was not required for the intoxication process. the results lend further support to a transmembrane connective link between fibronectin and the microfilaments. | 1983 | 6682405 |
| massive mural edema in severe pseudomembranous colitis. | three patients had severe acute pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile toxin and required surgical resection. in addition to the characteristic mucosal lesions, the colonic specimens showed a marked degree of diffuse mural edema that extended into the muscularis propia and involved areas of the colon with and without pseudomembranes. to our knowledge, such extreme edema has not been previously noted in pathologic descriptions of this disorder; it may possibly result from a toxic e ... | 1983 | 6687545 |
| household pets as a potential reservoir for clostridium difficile infection. | the purpose of this study was to assess the carriage of clostridium difficile by household pets to determine their potential as a reservoir of infection. the selective cycloserine-cefoxitin medium was used for c difficile isolation, and tissue culture used for detection of cytotoxin. carriage of c difficile by household pets was found to be common (23%). the carriage tends to be transient and does not appear to be associated with gastrointestinal disease. although carriage was higher in animals ... | 1983 | 6822681 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from patients and the environment of hospital wards. | rectal swabs from 122 patients and 497 environmental swabs from several wards were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile in order to assess the role of the environment in the spread of this organism. clostridium difficile was isolated from 6/27 (22.2%) oncology patients and from 8/163 (4.9%) environmental specimens obtained from the oncology unit. items found positive for c difficile were those subjected to faecal contamination such as commode chairs, bed pans, dust pans, discard bi ... | 1983 | 6822682 |
| vancomycin. | vancomycin is a narrow-spectrum bactericidal antistaphylococcal antibiotic that was introduced in 1956 because of its efficacy against resistant penicillinase-producing staphylococci. it was effective for serious staphylococcal infections for which no satisfactory alternative to penicillin g was available at the time. when methicillin and the other semisynthetic penicillins and the cephalosporins were introduced, the role of vancomycin was relegated to the alternative therapy of choice when the ... | 1983 | 6823162 |
| clostridium difficile cytotoxin in a pediatric population. | assays for cytotoxin of clostridium difficile were performed on stool samples submitted to the laboratory for routine microbiologic study. cytotoxin was recovered from 8.6% of 208 pediatric patients studied. cytotoxin was identified significantly more often in younger patients (median age, 11 months) and in those with hospital-associated illness (17%) and antibiotic-associated illness (18%). hospitalization and antibiotic use were significant independent risk factors. clinical diagnoses in patie ... | 1983 | 6823926 |
| chronic diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile in children. | clostridium difficile toxin was associated with chronic diarrhea without classic symptoms of colitis in seven children (age range, 7 weeks to 7 years). all patients had received antibiotics. six of the seven were treated with vancomycin hydrochloride and demonstrated improvement. after treatment, four patients suffered relapses, and three required further therapy. one patient had four relapses. during all clinical relapses, toxin reappeared in the stool; recovery was always associated with its d ... | 1983 | 6823927 |
| differentiation of clostridium difficile toxin from clostridium botulinum toxin by the mouse lethality test. | the mouse lethality test is the most sensitive method for confirming the diagnosis of infant botulism. both clostridium difficile and clostridium botulinum produce heat-labile toxins which are lethal for mice and can be found in the feces of infants. these two toxins can be distinguished from one another in this assay when both are present in the same fecal specimen because they appear to be immunologically distinct toxins. | 1983 | 6824325 |