Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| lack of relationship between clostridium difficile toxin and inflammatory bowel disease in children. | conflicting reports have appeared concerning the role of clostridium difficile toxin in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. therefore, we prospectively evaluated the incidence of c. difficile toxin in 44 children with inflammatory bowel disease of variable clinical severity over a 1-year period. only 3/128 stool specimens provided by these patients were found to be toxin-positive. these three stool specimens were from three different patients with crohn's disease of moderate severity who had no ... | 1985 | 4067226 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea follows perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxitin. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during prolonged therapy of obstetric and gynecologic infections is known to occur with use of all classes of antibiotics except vancomycin and the aminoglycosides. we present 11 cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea which followed a short course of perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxitin during a 1-year period. nine of the cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea were among 162 women who received cefoxitin perioperative prophylaxis for cesarean se ... | 1985 | 4073152 |
| clostridium difficile-associated colitis in uremic patients. | five uremic patients managed in a renal unit developed clostridium difficile-associated colitis. four cases occurred in a cluster at about the same time. all patients had previously received or were on antibiotic therapy at the onset of diarrhea and one patient was also on oral steroid therapy. cefotaxime, a third generation cephalosporin was involved in all five cases. all patients had severe diseases with explosive diarrhea and systemic toxicity. the diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by cul ... | 1985 | 4075596 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in leukemia patients. | leukemia patients with diarrhea or other abdominal symptoms have been investigated for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in stools. of the patients studied 19% had c. difficile, in most cases together with cytotoxin. all patients but one had received antibiotics, while one had been treated with cytotoxic agents only. symptoms of colitis were most often abdominal pain and distension rather than diarrhea. owing to the not infrequent fatal evolution, it is recommended that rou ... | 1985 | 4076283 |
| clostridium difficile induced colitis occurring during cefotaxime therapy. | 1985 | 4082361 | |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile to new beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics. | the in vitro susceptibilities of 34 to 73 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile to 24 antimicrobial agents, including 18 beta-lactams, 4 fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, and metronidazole were examined. metronidazole was the most active (mic for 90% of the isolates [mic90], 0.5 microgram/ml), followed by the carbapenems (sch 34343, 4 micrograms/ml; imipenem, 8 micrograms/ml) and the antipseudomonas penicillins (piperacillin, 8 micrograms/ml; ticarcillin, 32 micrograms/ml; carbenicillin, 32 mi ... | 1985 | 4083868 |
| inhibitory effect of a copper-dipeptide complex on the establishment of a clostridium perenne strain in the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic mice. | a semisynthetic diet fed to axenic mice was found to prevent the establishment of a clostridium perenne strain in their intestinal tract. this inhibitory effect did not occur when axenic mice were preinoculated with a strain of clostridium difficile. the inhibitory effect was related to the presence in the intestinal contents of axenic mice of both dietary copper and a dipeptide, aspartic-epsilon-lysine. when c. difficile was inoculated into axenic mice, the dipeptide disappeared from the digest ... | 1985 | 4091557 |
| clostridium difficile in hospital patients. | 1985 | 4093157 | |
| [the isolation of clostridium difficile and the detection of its cytotoxin from the hamster colitis model]. | 1985 | 3837547 | |
| the influence of single dose intravenous antibiotics on faecal flora and emergence of clostridium difficile. | the influence of a single intravenous dose of antibiotic on faecal flora and the emergence of clostridium difficile was studied in volunteers. seventy-eight volunteers (13 groups of 6 receiving 5 penicillins and 8 cephalosporins) were given a single intravenous dose of antibiotic. results were compared with a control group of 6 volunteers who did not receive an antibiotic. changes in the faecal flora were monitored over two weeks. only cephalosporins were associated with emergence of cl. diffici ... | 1985 | 3846592 |
| in vitro activity of cefbuperazone against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of cefbuperazone was compared with that of cefoxitin, moxalactam, and piperacillin against 305 strains of anaerobic bacteria. piperacillin was the most active overall, inhibiting 97% of all anaerobes tested at 128 micrograms/ml. cefbuperazone had poor activity against the bacteroides fragilis group and clostridium difficile (43 and 0% susceptible, respectively) but good activity (90.5%) against all other anaerobic bacterial species tested. | 1985 | 3847274 |
| effect of aspoxicillin on anaerobic bacteria. | aspoxicillin (aspc), a semisynthetic penicillin has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. its in vitro antibacterial activity was less than those of cefoxitin against peptostreptococcus and veillonella, but was significantly high against bacteroides fragilis, one of the most clinically important anaerobe. the therapeutic and/or protective effect of aspc in experimental subcutaneous abscess or experimental intraabdominal mixed inf ... | 1985 | 3850132 |
| clostridium difficile isolation in leukemic children on maintenance cancer chemotherapy. a preliminary study. | between december 1982 and november 1983, stool specimens from 15 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who were on maintenance cancer chemotherapy, were examined weekly for the presence of clostridium difficile and its toxin. four out of 15 patients were positive for c. difficile: three patients had stool specimens that did not contain toxin, but cultures yielded growth of toxigenic c. difficile on only one occasion. the fourth patient, who had a recent history of hospitalization, particul ... | 1985 | 3857141 |
| clostridium difficile in haematological malignancy. | twenty patients with haematological malignancies who developed clostridium difficile bowel infection or colonisation are described. all isolates of c difficile were toxigenic in vitro and faecal cytotoxin (toxin b) was detected in 20/26 episodes. ten of 20 episodes with detectable faecal cytotoxin were associated with typical antibiotic associated diarrhoea. in the other 10 episodes (nine patients), there was a severe unusual illness which was associated with detection of c difficile. the unusua ... | 1985 | 3857233 |
| role for newer beta-lactam antibiotics in treatment of osteomyelitis. | monotherapy of osteomyelitis with the newer broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics has become attractive because of the efficacy, safety, and cost of these antibiotics when compared with conventional combination therapy. imipenem/cilastatin is a recent and promising addition to this antibiotic family. experience with imipenem/cilastatin and that reported for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftizoxime in the treatment of biopsy-proved osteomyelitis was compared, using data from published reports fr ... | 1985 | 3859212 |
| safety and efficacy of high-dose treatment with imipenem-cilastatin in seriously ill patients. | imipenem-cilastatin was given in doses of 1 g intravenously every 6 h to 31 patients. twenty-five patients, with 27 infections, were clinically evaluable and received 20 to 210 g of imipenem for a duration of 5 to 56 days (average 16.3 days). infections included seven cases of osteomyelitis, seven of bacteremia, five of cellulitis, two of pneumonia, three of pelvic cellulitis, two of intraabdominal abscess, and one each of empyema, mediastinitis, and endometritis. fifty-five percent of the infec ... | 1985 | 3860187 |
| the comparative in-vitro activity of cefotetan against anaerobic bacteria. | the in-vitro activity of cefotetan, a new cephamycin, was assessed against a total of 336 strains of anaerobic bacteria by means of an agar dilution procedure and compared with that of cefoxitin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, clindamycin and metronidazole. overall clindamycin and metronidazole were the most active of the test compounds. cefotetan showed good activity against anaerobic cocci and clostridia, except for clostridium difficile (mic90 = 16 mg/l), although it was comparatively less active ... | 1985 | 3861604 |
| effect of imipenem/cilastatin on the colonic microflora. | the effect of imipenem/cilastatin on the colonic microflora was investigated in 10 patients receiving the drug for six to 11 days. fecal specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms before, during, and after therapy. imipenem/cilastatin treatment was associated with minor changes in the colonic flora. a small decrease in the numbers of enterobacteria, enterococci, anaerobic cocci, and organisms of the bacteroides fragilis group was observed. after treatment was ... | 1985 | 3863218 |
| [a clinical study of antibiotic-associated acute hemorrhagic colitis, with special reference of clostridium difficile]. | 1985 | 3872955 | |
| relationship between fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin and colonization with clostridium difficile in asymptomatic infants. | 1985 | 3874946 | |
| studies with temocillin in a hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. | hamsters given the new penicillin temocillin, either orally or by injection, did not develop antibiotic-associated colitis, whereas animals given the control antibiotics cefoxitin or clindamycin developed the disease, which is characterized by marked hemorrhagic cecitis and high cecal levels of clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | 1985 | 3875312 |
| the pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftazidime in the neonate. | the pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftazidime (25 mg/kg twice daily intravenously or intramuscularly) were determined in 41 young, premature neonates who were clinically infected and would otherwise have received gentamicin plus penicillin. ceftazidime was assayed in 46 series of blood samples by hplc. blood was collected before, during and after treatment for analysis of biochemical and haematological factors. faecal specimens were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile and its tox ... | 1985 | 3882658 |
| stool desorbing activity: a possible cause of false-positive reactions in competitive enzyme immunoassays. | we have developed a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of purified toxin a of clostridium difficile. however, when we applied this assay to the detection of c. difficile toxin in stool specimens, we noted a high rate of nonspecific activity in fecal specimens which did not contain toxin. we found that the low specificity (26%) of the assay was due to the presence in stool specimens of interfering factors which desorbed the antigen coated on the solid-phase surface. these factors ... | 1985 | 3882746 |
| pathogenesis of pseudomembranous colitis. | this work is concerned with new morphologic data pointing to an immune component in the pathogenesis of pseudomembranous colitis. the focal distribution of the pseudomembranes suggests selective damage induced by clostridium difficile toxins. the sites of attachment to the mucosa correspond anatomically to the intestinal structures specialized for immune information and response. furthermore, viable iga production supports the view that toxins are carried to lymphoid aggregates where plasma cell ... | 1985 | 3885623 |
| studies of metabolites in diarrheal stool specimens containing shigella species by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. | eleven diarrheal stool specimens and 10 control stool specimens from cairo, egypt, were studied by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (fpec-glc). four cases involving shigella sonnei, three cases involving shigella boydii, and four cases involving shigella flexneri were studied. the aqueous stools were centrifuged, extracted with organic solvents, and derivatized to form specific electron-capturing derivatives of carboxylic acids, alcohols, hydroxy acids, and amines. ana ... | 1985 | 3886695 |
| increased risk of illness among nursery staff caring for neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. | in 1983 an outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis occurred in our newborn nurseries. eleven children were ill and three required bowel resections. during the outbreak many of the medical and nursing staff in the nurseries also were ill, prompting a microbiologic and epidemiologic investigation. bacterial and viral cultures, clostridium difficile toxin assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for viral antigens and immunoelectron microscopy of stools identif ... | 1985 | 3889874 |
| short-chain fatty acids in intestinal content of germfree mice monocontaminated with escherichia coli or clostridium difficile. | the short-chain fatty acids (scfas) have been analysed in coecal and small-intestinal content of conventional (conv) and germfree (gf) mice, in germfree mice monocontaminated with escherichia coli (mec) or clostridium difficile (mcd), and in germfree mice conventionalized by the visitor technique (exg). the total concentrations of scfas in coecal content, measured by gas chromatography, were (mean (sd), mmol/kg): conv, 125.2 (32.9); gf, 1.02 (0.39); mec, 6.88 (0.76); mcd, 4.50 (0.12); and exg, 1 ... | 1985 | 3890142 |
| review of the in vitro spectrum of activity of imipenem. | imipenem (n-formimidoyl thienamycin, mk0787), a new carbapenem was found to have the widest antimicrobial activity of currently available beta-lactam drugs. enterobacteriaceae had minimal inhibitory concentrations of imipenem of 8.0 micrograms/ml or less for 99.8 percent of clinical isolates. only rare strains of enterobacter species and proteus mirabilis have higher imipenem minimal inhibitory concentration results. hemophilus and neisseria species were inhibited, but minimal inhibitory concent ... | 1985 | 3890537 |
| management of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | the diagnosis, etiology, epidemiology, and drug therapy of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (aapmc) are reviewed. aapmc is an uncommon but potentially serious adverse reaction to therapy with almost any oral or injectable antibiotic and certain antineoplastic agents that alter intestinal flora. proliferation of clostridium difficile and subsequent release of clostridial cytotoxins cause pseudomembranous lesions and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, and low- ... | 1985 | 3891202 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1985 | 3899842 | |
| the significance of quantitative results of c. difficile cultures and toxin assays in patients with diarrhea. | the clinical courses of 114 patients with positive clostridium difficile cultures or toxin assays performed between 1981 and 1984 were reviewed to determine the relationship between outcome of treatment and quantitative bacteriologic test results. c. difficile culture was positive in 60 of 91 patients while toxin assay was positive in 99 of 114. one third of the patients received supportive therapy only, and 30 percent of these failed to resolve their symptoms. ninety-one percent of the patients ... | 1985 | 3902411 |
| an immunochemical method for fingerprinting clostridium difficile. | the use of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in association with electrophoretic transfer of proteins to nitrocellulose and subsequent probing with antisera appears useful as a method for fingerprinting clostridium difficile. thorough testing of the stability of the antigenic nature of isolates of the organism during subculture and antigen preparation has shown it to be remarkably stable both in vitro and in vivo. minor differences in the method of antigen extraction do ... | 1985 | 3902977 |
| pathogenesis and diagnosis of clostridium difficile enterocolitis. | antibiotic associated clostridium difficile enterocolitis is an infectious disease with symptoms ranging from self-limiting diarrhoea to severe colitis with bloody stools and formation of pseudomembranes. the carrier rate of c. difficile in a general swedish population was found to be low (2%; 11/594). in patients with acute diarrhoea unrelated to antibiotics the bacterium or its toxin was found in 3% (12/398). in patients with diarrhoea associated with antibiotics c. difficile or its toxin was ... | 1985 | 3906856 |
| discovery and development of the monobactams. | a novel procedure designed to detect naturally occurring beta-lactam-containing molecules led to isolation of the monobactams - structurally unique, bacterially produced, monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics. although none of these monobactams exhibited impressive antimicrobial activity, side-chain variation - as with the penicillins and cephalosporins - resulted in potently active compounds. aztreonam was chosen from hundreds of compounds for extended laboratory studies. in addition to a unique c ... | 1985 | 3909315 |
| clinical experience with aztreonam in the treatment of gram-negative bacteremia. | aztreonam was used for the treatment of gram-negative bacteremia in 101 patients. in 34 instances a second antibiotic was prescribed for the treatment of suspected or documented gram-positive or anaerobic infection. the sources of bacteremia were the urinary tract (50 patients), an intraabdominal site (17), the respiratory tract (8), an intravascular site (9), and an unknown site (17). the clinical response rate was 92% (91 of 99 patients). the bacteriologic response rate was 97% (98 of 101 pati ... | 1985 | 3909338 |
| cefuroxime versus ceftriaxone prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery. | in a randomized, prospective study a 2-day course of cefuroxime prophylaxis (zinacef, 1.5g every 12 h) was compared with 2-day ceftriaxone prophylaxis (rocephin, 2g i.v. plus 1g i.v. after 24 h). to date 512 patients undergoing cardiac (n = 418) and major vascular surgery (n = 94) entered the study: 258 in the cefuroxime and 254 in the ceftriaxone group. the one-month lethality rate was 1.0%. the total infection rate was 4.7% (12 patients in the cefuroxime and 12 in the cefuroxime group. septica ... | 1985 | 3915287 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals. | we examined the activities of clostridium difficile toxin preparations given intragastrically to hamsters, mice, and rats. the culture filtrate from a highly toxigenic strain of c. difficile caused hemorrhage and accumulation of fluid in the small intestine and cecum, diarrhea, and death in hamsters and mice. in rats, the culture filtrate caused only a small amount of fluid accumulation and slight hemorrhage along the small intestine. when toxin a was removed from the culture filtrate, the filtr ... | 1985 | 3917975 |
| [isolation of clostridium difficile from specimens other than stool]. | 1985 | 3923135 | |
| [a case of clostridium difficile colitis induced by rifampicin]. | 1985 | 3925038 | |
| in-vitro activity of sch 34343 against nosocomial pathogens: methicillin-resistant staphylococci, gentamicin-susceptible and -resistant streptococcus faecalis, clostridium difficile and bacteroides fragilis. | the in-vitro activity of sch 34343, a new beta-lactam antimicrobial, was studied in vitro by quantitative broth dilution methods. it was found to have good antibacterial activity against four emerging problem pathogens: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis isolates showing high level resistance to gentamicin (and other aminoglycosides), clostridium difficile (the cause of pseudomembranous colitis), and bacteroides fragilis. on the basis of these promising results, ... | 1985 | 3928577 |
| clostridium difficile colitis mimicking acute peritonitis. | five patients receiving penicillin v potassium or a cephalosporin antibiotic for 18 hours to 22 days developed fever, marked leukocytosis, and signs and symptoms that suggested right-lower-quadrant peritoneal irritation. all underwent emergency laparotomy, at which dilatation and inflammation of the ascending colon were found. only one of the patients had profuse diarrhea, and two patients had no diarrhea prior to laparotomy. postoperatively, clostridium difficile colitis was diagnosed by stool ... | 1985 | 3931611 |
| [significance of ureaplasma urealyticum and clostridium difficile in nongonococcal urethritis]. | 1985 | 3932554 | |
| [the effect of prostaglandins on cytotoxin and enterotoxin production of clostridium difficile]. | 1985 | 3936886 | |
| antimicrobial activity of aridicins, novel glycopeptide antibiotics with high and prolonged levels in blood. | three new glycopeptide antibiotics, aridicins a, b, and c, produced by kibdelosporangium aridum have a spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro which is similar to that of vancomycin. the antimicrobial activities of these glycopeptides against clinical bacterial isolates were compared with those of vancomycin and other related glycopeptide antibiotics in vitro by agar dilution and microtiter broth dilution tests and in vivo in mouse protection studies. in vitro they were somewhat less effecti ... | 1985 | 3937489 |
| p-cresol formation by cell-free extracts of clostridium difficile. | cell-free extracts of clostridium difficile were shown to form p-cresol by decarboxylation of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. this activity required both high and low molecular weight fractions. the active component of the low molecular weight fraction had properties of an amino acid and could be replaced by serine, threonine or the corresponding alpha keto acids. pyruvate was shown to function catalytically. since the high molecular weight fraction was o2-sensitive and since dithionite was as effec ... | 1985 | 3938267 |
| [demonstration of clostridium difficile and toxin b in patients at a university clinic]. | 107 stool specimens from not hospitalized individuals and 69 stool specimens from 61 hospitalized patients (internal medicine) were examined for c. difficile and toxin b. included were 42 specimens of 33 female patients of the department of maxillo-facial surgery, receiving prophylactic clindamycin and 7 samples from the ward staff. from the samples of the first group, c. difficile was isolated in one case (0.93%), whereas 8 out of 61 internal patients (13%) were positive for c. difficile by cul ... | 1985 | 3939049 |
| [antibiotic-associated colitis and clostridium difficile]. | 1985 | 2939996 | |
| impact of oral ciprofloxacin on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers. | the intestinal flora was studied in 12 volunteers after the administration of 400 mg ciprofloxacin b.i.d. over seven days. stool samples were taken prior to and several times after the initiation of therapy, and qualitative and quantitative analyses of microorganisms were performed. escherichia coli was eliminated in all volunteers after two days of treatment. a selection of resistant enterobacteria could not be observed. a higher incidence of streptococcus faecium was seen, mainly after the end ... | 1985 | 2934338 |
| comparison of the in vitro activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin against clostridium difficile and their interactions with cholestyramine. | the in vitro activity of teicoplanin was compared with that of vancomycin against fecal isolates of clostridium difficile. all strains were susceptible to both antibiotics, but teicoplanin was fourfold more active than vancomycin. cholestyramine was found to bind teicoplanin almost completely, reducing its activity to nondetectable levels. | 1985 | 2935077 |
| antitoxin activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. | human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmnl) inactivate clostridium difficile cytotoxin and c. perfringens phospholipase c, but not c. perfringens enterotoxin. both whole cells and sonicated suspensions possess activity, but mononuclear cell fractions of peripheral blood do not. antitoxin activity closely correlates with cell concentration. the highest cell concentrations tested completely inactivated c. difficile cytotoxin by 2 min. sucrose density gradient fractionation of pmnl showed antitoxin a ... | 1985 | 2859049 |
| the activity of glutaraldehyde against clostridium difficile. | the sporicidal activity of 2% glutaraldehyde against bacillus subtilis var. globigii and bacillus stearothermophilus was compared with that against clostridium difficile. the aerobic species, normally chosen for test purposes, survived for 2 h but cl. difficile was killed in under 10 min. in view of the impractical and lengthy immersions required to satisfy standard tests using non-pathogenic spores, a less stringent standard would probably be more appropriate. | 1985 | 2859321 |
| clostridial toxins active locally in the gastrointestinal tract. | clostridium difficile and clostridium spiroforme have only in recent years been recognized as intestinal pathogens. they both produce toxins that are also produced by other clostridia. c. difficile toxins a and b are produced by c. sordellii and a few strains of c. perfringens whereas c. spiroforme produces the same toxins as c. perfringens type e (iota toxin). iota toxin activity may be the product of two proteins. toxigenic strains of c. spiroforme and type e produce two antigens which possess ... | 1985 | 2861069 |
| crohn's disease with persistence of clostridium difficile, surgical elimination. | clostridium difficile has been associated with increased activity of crohn's disease in some patients, and in them its eradication has proved beneficial. we have seen a patient unresponsive to two courses of vancomycin with persistence of c. difficile colonization and toxin production in whom surgical intervention eliminated the c. difficile cytotoxin and organism. | 1985 | 2862181 |
| ceftazidime in the treatment of neonatal infection. | the efficacy of ceftazidime in the treatment of neonatal sepsis was studied in 42 low birthweight premature babies. forty-nine courses of ceftazidime (25 mg/kg bd, iv or im were administered. in 19 babies, treatment was stopped after 48 h, the remainder were treated for 5 days or more. six neonates had bacteriological evidence of infection, one other was pyrexial and 29 had radiological evidence compatible with respiratory tract infection. eight of the study population died. only one death was a ... | 1985 | 2862190 |
| in vitro effects of sulphasalazine, azodisal sodium, and their metabolites on clostridium difficile and some other faecal bacteria. | the effects of sulphasalazine (sasp), azodisal sodium (ads), and their metabolites were tested in vitro on aerobic and anaerobic faecal bacterial strains. sulphapyridine (sp) had a mild to moderate effect on escherichia coli and streptococcus faecalis. sasp also had a growth-inhibitory effect on strep. faecalis. the other substances had no effect on the aerobic strains. sasp, sp, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and, to a certain extent, n-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid exerted a growth-inhibitory effect on ... | 1985 | 2862692 |
| a hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile? | an increase in numbers of patients with clostridium difficile and its toxin in their stools at a hospital in south-west london led to closure of a ward to admissions and to an investigation of a possible nosocomial outbreak. the findings suggested that the increase was not due to an outbreak of related cases but to increased investigation. the cost of the episode both in financial terms and in the effect on patient care, was considerable. this study highlights the need for caution in interpretin ... | 1985 | 2865298 |
| effect of the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile on cultured hepatoma cells. | clostridium difficile is the major etiologic agent of human pseudomembranous colitis. it produces two toxins: an enterotoxin and a cytotoxin. in cultured hepatoma cells, at very low doses, the cytotoxin inhibits the incorporation of precursors into biological macromolecules. protein synthesis is more affected than rna and dna synthesis. the toxin also induces severe alterations of the cell morphology consisting in damages to the cytoskeleton and to the cell shape. | 1985 | 2581643 |
| the influence of drugs on the response of a cell culture preparation to bacterial toxins. | the influence was studied of lanthanum chloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, indomethacin and sodium cromoglycate on the morphological changes induced in vero cells by the action of the cholera toxin, the thermolabile enterotoxin (lt) and the vero cell cytotoxin (vt) of escherichia coli, the enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens, and the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile. these drugs were able to inhibit the effects produced by c. difficile cytotoxin but not by the other toxins examined. | 1984 | 6142959 |
| typing scheme for clostridium difficile: its application in clinical and epidemiological studies. | epidemiological studies of clostridium difficile diarrhoeal disease have been hindered by the lack of a typing scheme for this organism. a typing method based on the incorporation of sulphur-35-labelled methionine into cellular proteins and their separation by sodium dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed clear pattern differences between strains, and nine distinct groups within the c difficile species were established. 98% of 250 clinical strains derived from four hospitals w ... | 1984 | 6143871 |
| diarrhoea and simultaneous excretion of clostridium difficile cytotoxin and c perfringens enterotoxin. | 1984 | 6150266 | |
| cefotaxime-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile. | a patient with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial pneumonitis, treated with prednisolone, developed mild colitis due to clostridium difficile in association with the use of cefotaxime (ctx). diarrhea was successfully treated with the discontinuation of ctx and initiation of oral vancomycin. | 1984 | 6088823 |
| micro-organisms in gastroenteritis. | we present bacteriological and virological findings together with salient clinical features from a prospective study of 447 children aged under 2 years admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. putative pathogenic micro-organisms were identified in the stools of 75% of these children. eight identifiably distinct groups of viruses, found on electron microscopy and tissue culture were present in 67% of patients--rotavirus was detected most frequently. pathogenic bacteria (salmonellas, ... | 1984 | 6091568 |
| quantitative assay for acute intestinal inflammation based on myeloperoxidase activity. assessment of inflammation in rat and hamster models. | an assay was devised to quantitate acute intestinal inflammation based on the assessment of myeloperoxidase activity. myeloperoxidase is an enzyme found in neutrophils and, in much smaller quantities, in monocytes and macrophages. myeloperoxidase was solubilized with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and myeloperoxidase activity was measured with a dianisidine-h2o2 assay. in neutrophil suspensions, myeloperoxidase activity was directly related to cell number down to as few as 500 cells. myelope ... | 1984 | 6092199 |
| enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in fecal specimens. | enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b were developed with use of a double-sandwich microtiter plate format. each assay was specific for its respective toxin and was sensitive to 0.1 ng of toxin. neither assay was reactive with 13 other species of clostridia. one hundred fifty fecal specimens submitted for tissue culture cytotoxicity assay were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). of the 79 tissue culture-positive specimens, 72 (91%) were pos ... | 1984 | 6101243 |
| [isolation of clostridium difficile from anaerobic myonecrosis of the upper extremity]. | 1984 | 6238682 | |
| inactivation of clostridium difficile cytotoxin by the neutrophil myeloperoxidase system. | the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile was examined for sensitivity to oxidant secretory products of neutrophils. exposure to myeloperoxidase, h2o2, and a halide resulted in loss of toxin activity measured by tissue-culture cytotoxicity. the peroxide requirement was provided by reagent h2o2, a peroxide-generating enzyme (glucose oxidase), or a peroxide-producing intestinal microorganism, lactobacillus acidophilus. human neutrophils stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate caused similar toxin ina ... | 1984 | 6321608 |
| clostridial toxins in neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. | clostridium difficile cytopathic toxin was found in the faeces or gut content of five of 39 neonates with necrotising enterocolitis (nec). toxin concentrations were uniformly low and did not differ from those found in healthy neonates. c difficile is unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of nec. stools from 33 babies with nec were also tested for c perfringens alpha toxin, with negative results. | 1984 | 6324700 |
| [effect of the ingestion of wheat bran on the fecal microbial flora of human donors and of recipient gnotoxenic mice, and on the barrier effects exerted by these flora against various potentially pathogenic microorganisms]. | the effect of bran ingestion on the flora of the human digestive tract was studied using two methods: quantitative enumeration of various microbial populations of the faecal flora, and a demonstration of the antagonistic effect exerted by the faecal flora against various potentially pathogenic bacteria of the environment. since this latter study cannot be effected in human subjects, we used a model constituted by axenic mice inoculated with patients' flora. faecal samples from 3 human donors rec ... | 1984 | 6326642 |
| comparative study of the nature and biological activities of bacterial enterotoxins. | it is apparent that there are considerable similarities between many of the enterotoxins produced by enteric pathogens. although the effect of most of these toxins is restricted to the intestine in vivo, many cells are also sensitive to intoxication in vitro. the resultant in-vitro biochemical changes may have no pathological significance but serve to underline the central role of cyclic nucleotides in cellular fluid regulation. the biological activity of these enterotoxins is the result of inte ... | 1984 | 6327986 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin-associated gastroenteritis following antibiotic therapy for otitis media in young children. | the pathogenesis of diarrhea following antibiotic therapy for otitis media in young children remains unknown. we performed a prospective study evaluating the incidence of diarrhea and clostridium difficile toxin in 115 outpatients (ages 6 months to 6 years) with acute otitis media treated with ampicillin, amoxicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. in 21 patients younger than one year of age six of 11 developing diarrhea had toxin-positive stools compared with three of 10 without diarrhea (p = ... | 1984 | 6333674 |
| [epidemiology of acute infectious diarrhea in switzerland (endemic diarrhea)]. | acute infectious diarrhoea and its etiology are described. toxin-induced diarrhoea, usually caused by foodstuffs, and travellers' diarrhoea (etiologically different from endemic diarrhoea) are mentioned. the epidemiology of acute diarrhoea in adults in switzerland, which has so far not been investigated extensively, is documented from results of our own prospective study. these results demonstrate that 30% of endemic diarrhoea cases in switzerland are caused by salmonella and campylobacter and 1 ... | 1984 | 6334358 |
| sealed adult mice: new model for enterotoxin evaluation. | outbred, inbred, and congenic strains of conventional mice which were ano-rectally occluded with cyanoacrylate ester glue and converted to sealed adult mice (sam) were given, per os, crude cholera enterotoxin (ct) in 10% nahco3. at 6 h when the response was maximal, mice were killed, the small intestines were removed, and gut weight/body weight ratios were calculated. experimental mice gave a linear response after receiving 1.5 to 60 micrograms of ct. purified heat-stable enterotoxin from escher ... | 1984 | 6363287 |
| improved enzyme immunoassays for the detection of antigens in fecal specimens. investigation and correction of interfering factors. | solid phase enzyme immunoassays (eia) are widely used for the detection of infectious agents in body fluids such as stool specimens. however, we found that stool specimens contained substances which desorb from 50% to 68% of the immunoreactant from solid phase surfaces. this desorbing activity decreased the sensitivity of eia systems for toxin a of c. difficile, rotavirus and adenovirus. the desorbing activity in stool specimens was partially heat labile at 56 degrees c for 30 min, was present i ... | 1984 | 6366064 |
| a selective enrichment broth for the isolation of clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6368602 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile has become one of the commonest pathogens of the lower intestinal tract. this organism appears unique in that infection almost always occurs during or after antibiotic therapy, suggesting that some component of the normal microflora prevents colonization by c. difficile. once it has overgrown in the colon, c. difficile releases several toxins which cause tissue damage and diarrhea. infection can range from a simple self-limited diarrheal illness to fulminant colitis with pe ... | 1984 | 6369936 |
| clostridium difficile. colonization and toxin production in a cohort of patients with malignant hematologic disorders. | we examined 45 (80%) of 56 consecutive adult patients with malignant hematologic disorders who were hospitalized during a 15-week period at emory university hospital, atlanta. stool samples for clostridium difficile culture and cytotoxin assay were obtained on admission and then weekly during each patient's hospitalization. on admission, four patients had detectable c difficile in their stool samples, which was associated with prior antimicrobial use but not with prior cancer chemotherapy. one o ... | 1984 | 6370168 |
| adsorption of clostridium difficile antiserum for rapid detection of toxin. | 1984 | 6370572 | |
| anaerobic infections in childhood. | anaerobic bacteria are part of the normal flora of mucous membranes and outnumber aerobic bacteria in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. anaerobes can be isolated from pediatric patients with various infections when appropriate techniques for transportation and cultivation of samples are employed. frequently anaerobes are isolated in combination with other facultative or aerobic bacteria. the genera or groups of anaerobes most frequently isolated from pyogenic infections in children are ... | 1984 | 6372028 |
| breast feeding and toxigenic intestinal infections: missing links in crib death? | infant botulism results when clostridium botulinum spores germinate, colonize the gut, and there produce botulinal toxin, which after absorption causes flaccid muscle paralysis. the observed variation in the severity of the disease was linked to the infant's milk source, in that all sudden death cases indistinguishable from typical crib death occurred in infants who had been formula-fed, whereas the more gradual onset, hospitalized cases occurred in infants who were predominantly breast-fed. sec ... | 1984 | 6372029 |
| antimicrobial agent-associated colitis and diarrhea: historical background and clinical aspects. | in the late 1970s it was found that clostridium difficile causes a lethal, clindamycin-induced ileocecitis in the syrian hamster; this animal model has been an invaluable aid to our understanding of antimicrobial agent-induced diarrhea in humans. c. difficile is involved in almost all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and in approximately one-fourth of cases of antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea in humans in which a pseudomembrane is not detected. the presenting signs and symptoms of c. dif ... | 1984 | 6372031 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced intestinal disease. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced intestinal disease is an intriguing subject about which there are few answers but many remaining questions. although it is accepted that altered intestinal microecology (usually the result of antimicrobial therapy) is a major predisposition to disease, the details of microbial interactions are not yet known and clearly involve more than simple overgrowth of a resistant member of the resident flora. a variety of reservoirs of c. difficile are reco ... | 1984 | 6372032 |
| rapid identification of clostridium difficile by direct detection of volatile organic acids from primary isolation media. | 1984 | 6373841 | |
| [clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis]. | 1984 | 6374792 | |
| selected aspects of nosocomial infections in the 1980s. | unusual or rare pathogens and syndromes may become significant problems in nosocomial infection. pathogens that usually produce community-onset disease, particularly respiratory viruses, legionella, and atypical mycobacteria, also cause nosocomial infection. conversely, nosocomial pathogens may also produce disease in the community, as has been seen with clostridium difficile. contamination of parenteral and antiseptic solutions continues to be a problem in hospitals. hospital-acquired viral inf ... | 1984 | 6380284 |
| evaluation of the 24-h api 20a anaerobe system for identification of clostridium difficile. | accurate identification of clostridium difficile is important when antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis is suspected. presumptive identification of c. difficile was made on the basis of microscopic features and colony characteristics on cycloserine, cefoxitin, fructose, and egg yolk agar medium. we studied the reliability of the 24-h api 20a anaerobe system for definitive identification of c. difficile. this system showed low dependability after the recommended 24 h of incu ... | 1984 | 6381531 |
| production and release of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile. | the production and release of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile during in-vitro culture was investigated. cell-associated toxin a was detected by immunoelectrophoresis of bacterial extracts released by ultrasonication and by fluorescent antibody labelling of whole cells. extracellular toxin a was detected by immunoelectrophoresis and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; extracellular toxin b was detected by cytotoxin assay. both toxins a and b were produced and released during the decline ... | 1984 | 6389875 |
| treatment of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | pseudomembranous colitis is caused by release of toxins from clostridium difficile when it colonizes the large intestine. this clostridium is susceptible to concentrations of vancomycin which are readily attained in the colon after oral administration. when vancomycin is given orally to infected patients in a dose of 125 mg every 6 h, a rapid clinical cure can be expected. some patients may relapse after the vancomycin is stopped, but a further course of treatment will control symptoms. | 1984 | 6394575 |
| rapid differentiation of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli that produce heat-stable and heat-labile toxins by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography analysis of diarrheal stool specimens. | thirty-three stool specimens from infants in the village of tamooh near cairo, egypt, were studied by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (fpec-glc). in 13 of the diarrheal cases, the suspected causative agent isolated was escherichia coli which produced heat-stable toxin (st), and in 10 other cases e. coli that produced heat-labile toxin (lt) were isolated. ten control stool samples, collected from infants from whom no pathogenic organisms were isolated, were analyzed at ... | 1984 | 6394617 |
| [bacterial agents of hospital infections]. | during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ... | 1984 | 6398796 |
| acute diarrhea in horses of the potomac river area: examination for clostridial toxins. | fecal specimens from horses in montgomery county, md, and in fairfax and loudoun counties, va, were examined for clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin and for c difficile cytotoxin (92 and 108 specimens, respectively). the toxins were found in feces from horses that had experienced an acute diarrhea syndrome and from clinically normal horses. the toxins did not appear to be primary determinants of the diarrhea syndrome, although they may have contributed to the spectrum of clinical entities ... | 1984 | 6469842 |
| interaction between clostridium difficile and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the elderly and post-operative cancer patients: phagocytosis and bactericidal function. | the ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmns) from elderly healthy subjects and post-operative cancer patients to ingest and kill clostridium difficile was studied. the percentage of phagocytosis in clinically healthy subjects aged 69-82 years ranged from 20.2 +/- 3.2 (mean +/- sd) to 34.1 +/- 4.2, depending on the strain of c. difficile, from 6.7 +/- 2.2 to 11.2 +/- 2.2 in post-operative cancer patients aged 65-69, and from 68.4 +/- 3.1 to 81.1 +/- 6.3 in young healthy control subjects. in ... | 1984 | 6472200 |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxin a with l cells in culture. | toxin a of clostridium difficile was purified by column chromatography and acetic acid precipitation. cells exposed to toxin a showed polarization of nuclei towards one pole of the cells. toxin a was conjugated to ferritin and applied to l cells to localize binding sites of this toxin to the cell surface. it was found that toxin a conjugate attached to the cell membrane in aggregated form. antibody specific to toxin a was prepared and used for localization of intracellular toxins in intoxicated ... | 1984 | 6478312 |
| clostridium difficile in crohn's disease. | clostridium difficile has been detected in the stools of some patients with relapse of crohn's disease. the authors looked prospectively for present or previous exposure to c. difficile cytotoxin in 10 patients with mild to severe crohn's disease. none of 25 stool samples from these 10 patients was positive for c. difficile cytotoxin. these negative stool ultrafiltrates had mild cytotoxin neutralizing activity, but this finding did not differ from that in 30 cytotoxin-negative stools from patien ... | 1984 | 6478320 |
| polyphosphate-mediated protection from cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | the influence of polyphosphorylated compounds on intoxication of human lung fibroblasts with clostridium difficile toxin b was studied. atp, as well as other nucleoside di-, tri-, and tetraphosphates, inorganic polyphosphates and polyphosphorylated sugars, caused a dose-dependent (1-5 mm range) delay in the appearance of the cytopathogenic effect. with a longer phosphate chain, the delay was more pronounced, although the cytopathogenic effect always developed finally, reaching the level of the c ... | 1984 | 6487657 |
| comparative efficacy of four antibiotics in anaerobic pulmonary infection. an experimental model in rabbits. | the efficacy of cefoxitin, mezlocillin, latamoxef and metronidazole in anaerobic lung infection was studied using a rabbit model. a mixture of bacteroides fragilis, peptococcus morbillorum, eubacterium lentum and fusobacterium nucleatum was inoculated transtracheally to produce infection within the lung. mezlocillin was most effective, achieving bacteriologic cure in 5 out of 8 animals. with cefoxitin therapy, 4 out of 8 became bacteriologically sterile. severe diarrhea with elevated titers of c ... | 1984 | 6488936 |
| fusidic acid for the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis induced by clostridium difficile. | twenty courses of fusidic acid were given to 16 patients with antibiotic-associated colitis caused by clostridium difficile. fusidic acid was given in a dose of 0.5-1.5 g daily for seven to 21 days. diarrhoea disappeared rapidly. clinical relapse occurred after five courses and once when the patient was still on treatment. clinical cure with persistence or reappearance of toxin occurred in four further patients. nineteen courses of metronidazole were given to 19 patients who experienced six fail ... | 1984 | 6490173 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants in mexico. | the incidence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxic activity were determined in the feces of 122 children under 1 year of age. samples were obtained from children receiving antibiotics and with (52 cases) or without (26 cases) diarrhea, from children with diarrhea who did not receive antibiotics (22 cases), and from healthy children (22 cases). isolation of c. difficile in feces from children in all groups was similar (mean 23.4%) except for the group with non-antibiotic-associated diarrhea ... | 1984 | 6490818 |
| latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile toxin in stool samples. | a total of 163 stool specimens were tested for detection of clostridium difficile and its toxin by cytotoxicity assay with tissue culture, latex agglutination test, and isolation of the organism. from 33 specimens which were positive for toxin by cytotoxicity, 30 were positive by the latex agglutination test; the organism was isolated from 21. the total number of samples which were positive with the latex agglutination test was 44. the predictive value of a positive latex agglutination result re ... | 1984 | 6490824 |
| frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites produced by clostridium difficile in broth enriched with amino acids. | clostridium difficile strain cdc a-567 was cultured in trypticase (bbl microbiology systems)-yeast-salt broth supplemented with 0.2% l-leucine, l-norleucine, l-isoleucine, l-tyrosine, or l-tryptophan. four extractions were done on the spent medium, three at ph 2 and one at ph 10, using chcl3 or ether. derivatizations were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-ethanol. all samples were analyzed with frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid ... | 1984 | 6490835 |
| studies of stools from pseudomembranous colitis, rotaviral, and other diarrheal syndromes by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. | thirty-five patients with various diarrheal syndromes and 22 controls were studied. all stool samples were carefully cultured for clostridium difficile, using selective isolation media. cytotoxin assays with proper antitoxin neutralization were done in mrc-5 cells. the stool samples were extracted four times, three times at ph 2 and once at ph 10, using chcl3 or ether. derivatizations of extracts were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-etha ... | 1984 | 6490836 |