Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| rectal swab cultures for clostridium difficile surveillance studies. | we compared the recovery of clostridium difficile from hospitalized patients by two collection methods: rectal swabs and stool cultures. rectal swab cultures were as sensitive as stool cultures and were more easily obtained. transport of swabs in an anaerobic vacutainer system resulted in longer survival times compared with transport in amies medium. | 1987 | 3693551 |
| an evaluation of ampicillin pharmacokinetics and toxicity in guinea pigs. | sodium ampicillin was administered subcutaneously to 350-550 g male dunkin hartley guinea pigs at doses of 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg tid for 5 days. over a period of 12 days, the lowest ampicillin dose appeared to be tolerated well. however, significant body weight reduction and mortality occurred with the two higher dosage regimens. cecal cultures of dead animals confirmed the presence of clostridium difficile, an organism associated with antibiotic-induced enterotoxemia. assay of serum collected from ... | 1987 | 3695404 |
| in vitro activity of efrotomycin, ciprofloxacin, and six other antimicrobials against clostridium difficile. | the susceptibility of 69 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from the minneapolis veterans administration medical center and 29 c. difficile strains from other hospitals to efrotomycin, ciprofloxacin, and six other antimicrobials was tested in vitro by agar dilution. ciprofloxin (mic50 and mic90 = 8 mcg/ml) was only moderately active whereas efrotomycin (mic50 = 0.125, mic90 = 0.25 mcg/ml) was highly active against c. difficile. | 1987 | 3802745 |
| clostridium difficile, sulphasalazine, and ulcerative colitis. | clostridium difficile has been implicated in the relapse of ulcerative colitis. controversy exists over this role and its relationship to sulphasalazine exposure. sixty two of 77 patients with a documented relapse of ulcerative colitis were investigated for the presence of clostridium difficile, or its toxin, prior to hospitalization. there was a low incidence of detection which was related to antibiotic exposure (2/62). sampling during the treatment period showed that the occurrence of clostrid ... | 1987 | 2897683 |
| purification of two high molecular weight toxins of clostridium difficile which are antigenically related. | two cl. difficile toxins were isolated from cultures of cl. difficile strain vpi 10463. a purification procedure to prepare homogenous cl. difficile toxins is given. this procedure allows purification of high molecular weight toxins a and b without using immunaffinity chromatography. the main step of the purification is the separation of a partially purified toxin preparation over a fplc-mono q column by anion exchange chromatography. the experimental conditions for a rechromatography were deter ... | 1987 | 2467163 |
| prophylactic antibiotics for patients undergoing elective biliary tract surgery: a prospective randomized study of cefotiam and cefoperazone. | cefotiam, a second generation cephalosporin and cefoperazone, a third generation cephalosporin have a broad spectrum of activity against a majority of organisms commonly found in the bile. although cefoperazone is excreted into the human bile to a greater extent than is cefotiam, there are no comparative data available that cefoperazone prophylaxis is safer and more effective than cefotiam for patients undergoing biliary tract surgery. a prospective randomized study was performed to compare the ... | 1987 | 2952826 |
| [isolation and diagnosis of clostridium difficile]. | 1987 | 2961468 | |
| molecular cloning and expression of clostridium difficile toxin a in escherichia coli k12. | clostridium difficile toxin a was purified to homogeneity and was used to raise monospecific antiserum in rabbits. a gene bank of c. difficile dna in escherichia coli was constructed by cloning sau3a-cleaved clostridial dna fragments into the bacteriophage vector lambda embl3. out of 4500 plaques screened with antitoxin a, 9 clones were positively identified. one of these clones lambda ta5 expressed a 235 kda protein which exhibited a cytotonic effect on chinese hamster ovary cells, and had the ... | 1987 | 2961615 |
| the effects of clostridium difficile crude toxins and purified toxin a on stripped rabbit ileal mucosa in ussing chambers. | clostridium difficile crude toxins and purified toxin a had similar effects on stripped rabbit ileal mucosa in ussing chambers. both toxin preparations caused secretion of sodium and chloride ions by increasing serosa to mucosa (s----m) fluxes. transmural potential difference and resistance decreased after toxin treatment. onset of changes in electrical measurements and ion fluxes coincided with onset of histological changes. the response to theophylline was greatly reduced in toxin-treated tiss ... | 1987 | 2856844 |
| is clostridium difficile endemic in chronic-care facilities? | 1987 | 2886846 | |
| mortality and clostridium difficile diarrhoea in the elderly. | 1987 | 2890895 | |
| investigation of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in a district general hospital: room for improvement? | a retrospective survey of case-notes was carried out on all patients investigated for possible clostridium difficile diarrhoea during a 1-month period at a district general hospital. seven of 29 patients probably had the disease, but no case of pseudomembranous colitis was documented. delay in reporting and discrepancies between culture and cytotoxin results contributed in several cases to mismanagement. in 14 of 16 cases negative by culture and cytotoxin, a plausible non-microbiological case fo ... | 1987 | 2891751 |
| successful treatment of relapsing clostridium difficile colitis with lactobacillus gg. | 1987 | 2892070 | |
| [pseudomembranous colitis after antibiotic therapy associated with the presence of entamoeba histolytica histolytica. apropos of 2 cases]. | the authors report on two cases of pseudomembranous colitis (p.m.c.) developed in two senegalese women of 38 and 36 years, and discovered at the 4th and 5th day respectively of an antibiotherapy based on ampicillin. in these two observations, cysts of entamoeba histolytica histolytica were found in both feces and biopsies. they recall the circumstances of the occurrence, diagnosis techniques and treatment. they underline the unfrequency of this disease in africa south of sahara and they discuss ... | 1987 | 2893239 |
| homology of a transferable tetracycline resistance determinant of clostridium difficile with streptococcus (enterococcus) faecalis transposon tn916. | in several tetracycline-resistant (tetr) clostridium difficile strains, homology with the tn916 part of plasmid pam120 dna was observed. this 15-kilobase transposon, carrying a tetr determinant, was originally found in streptococcus (enterococcus) faecalis. hybridization experiments revealed that at least six of seven hincii fragments of tn916, representing greater than 95% of its length, showed homology with dna of tetr c. difficile strains. therefore, a close relationship of the c. difficile t ... | 1987 | 2821887 |
| genetic characterization of a clostridium difficile erythromycin-clindamycin resistance determinant that is transferable to staphylococcus aureus. | the transferable macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin b (mls) resistance determinant of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile, designated ermz, has been shown to share homology with ermb, which is associated with staphylococcus aureus transposon tn551. homology within tn551 was confined to less than or equal to 1.3 kilobases, whereas no homology could be demonstrated between tn551 sequences external to ermb and mls-resistant c. difficile. transfer of ermz from c. difficile to s. aureus was ... | 1987 | 2821888 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters with a lipopeptide antibiotic, ly146032. | ly146032, an acidic lipopeptide antibiotic which inhibits the biosynthesis of cell wall peptidoglycan, was found to be effective in delaying death in a hamster model of pseudomembranous colitis. a dose of 0.05 mg/day was effective. the equivalent protection with vancomycin required a dose 100-fold higher, i.e., 5 mg/day. | 1987 | 2821892 |
| restriction endonuclease analysis of nosocomial isolates of clostridium difficile. | a total of 110 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis by using both bacterial restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) and plasmid profiles. a total of 72 isolates were divided into 12 groups according to their rea patterns. some 38 isolates exhibited unique patterns. pattern a occurred in 20% of isolates. isolates with patterns b, e, and g were cytotoxin negative. the remaining groups were cytotoxin positive. multiple isolates obtained from two st ... | 1987 | 2826534 |
| restriction endonuclease dna analysis of clostridium difficile. | hindiii restriction enzyme digests of genomic dna from nine distinct strains of clostridium difficile were undertaken, and the results were related to those of a previously established typing method based on [35s]methionine-labeled protein profiles. each of the typed strains identified by its protein profile could also be distinguished by its unique dna digestion pattern. analysis of strains isolated from 10 patients during a hospital outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis revealed identical ... | 1987 | 2828418 |
| ly146032 treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters. | 1987 | 2831048 | |
| is clostridium difficile endemic in chronic-care facilities? | an apparent outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhoea on the chronic hospital ward of a long-term care facility prompted an investigation lasting seven months. approximately a third of patients had stools that were positive for c difficile by either toxin or culture. attempts to eradicate the infection by simultaneously treating all toxin-positive patients with metronidazole, limiting antibiotic use, and implementing enteric isolation were unsuccessful. new cases were both nosocomially acquire ... | 1986 | 2873315 |
| prevention of clostridium difficile outbreaks in hospitals. | 1986 | 2874362 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin in chronic idiopathic colitis. | clostridium difficile toxin was isolated from the stools of three patients with chronic idiopathic colitis. two patients were known to have chronic idiopathic colitis before cl difficile toxin was isolated. the third patient was subsequently found to have ulcerative colitis after presentation with cl difficile toxin in the stool. two patients were on sulphasalazine at the time of diagnosis of cl difficile infection and one had taken sulphasalazine two months previously. only one patients had ant ... | 1986 | 2875426 |
| hospital outbreaks of clostridium difficile. | 1986 | 2876218 | |
| clostridium difficile--a neglected pathogen in chronic-care wards? | 1986 | 2876242 | |
| anaerobic infections in childhood. | bacteroides melaninogenicus and bacteroides oralis are predominant anaerobes in orofacial infections and aspiration pneumonia. fusobacterium species are common pathogens in aspiration pneumonia, brain abscesses and orofacial infections. clostridium perfringens can cause bacteremia and wound infections. clostridium botulinum can produce a paralytic toxin that causes a paralytic syndrome in infants. clostridium difficile can cause diarrhea or antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1986 | 2876620 |
| pathogenicity of clostridium species with other bacteria in mixed infections. | the relationship of clostridial isolates with other bacteria in mixed infections was studied by means of a subcutaneous abscess model in mice. we used 26 isolates of seven clostridial species, two bacteroides spp., eight gram-positive facultative or anaerobic cocci and three enteric gram-negative aerobic rods. abscesses were induced by all seven clostridium perfringens and three c. butyricum isolates and by some of the others. selective antimicrobial therapy experiments showed that enteric gram- ... | 1986 | 2878957 |
| insusceptibility of fetal intestinal mucosa and fetal cells to clostridium difficile toxins. | 1986 | 2954421 | |
| pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and effect of repeated dosage on salivary and fecal microflora. | the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin was studied in 12 volunteers during a 5-day course of 500 mg of ciprofloxacin given orally twice a day. the effects on the microflora of saliva and feces were also examined. serum and urine samples were assayed for ciprofloxacin microbiologically, and the salivary and fecal microflora were examined quantitatively after processing onto a series of selective media. fecal samples were also investigated for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin ... | 1986 | 2940965 |
| comparative in vitro activity of seven quinolones against 100 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile. | the in vitro activity of seven quinolone derivatives against 100 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile was determined. ci934 was the most active, inhibiting 90% of the strains at 4 micrograms/ml and 100% at 8 micrograms/ml. ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin had moderate activity (16 and 32 micrograms/ml) whereas enoxacin, pefloxacin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid had poor activity (128 micrograms/ml). | 1986 | 2940968 |
| effect of oral ciprofloxacin on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers. | the effect of oral ciprofloxacin on the intestinal flora was investigated in six male volunteers aged between 21 and 54 years. faecal specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms before, during and after a five day course of ciprofloxacin. ciprofloxacin resulted in a significant reduction in aerobic flora in all volunteers and colonisation with resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci or corynebacteria in two volunteers. the total anaerobic flora counts were ... | 1986 | 2941281 |
| effects of topical clindamycin on intestinal microflora in patients with acne. | thirty-two patients with acne completed a randomized, double-blind study using topical 1% clindamycin phosphate or its vehicle applied twice daily for 8 weeks for a study of its effects on the intestinal microflora. two clindamycin patients and one vehicle patient had clostridium difficile in stools prior to therapy. of the remaining twenty-nine patients, four of nineteen patients who used clindamycin and none of ten patients who used vehicle had c. difficile detected during treatment; the diffe ... | 1986 | 2943760 |
| adp-ribosylation in cultured cells treated with clostridium difficile toxin b. | in cultured fibroblasts intoxicated with clostridium difficile toxin b, a radioactive moiety was transferred from [14c-adenosine]nad, but not from [14c-nicotinamide] nad, into a cellular protein (mw 90,000). no labeling was detected in toxin-treated cultures not yet showing any toxin-induced cytopathogenic effect, whereas maximal labeling was obtained in cultures with about half of the cells showing a cytopathogenic effect. the radioactivity was removed from the substrate by treatment with snake ... | 1986 | 2945553 |
| comparative in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against bacteroides fragilis and clostridium difficile. | the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against 99 bacteroides fragilis strains and 105 clostridium difficile strains were determined by the agar dilution method. ofloxacin was the most potent agent. the mic for 90% of the b. fragilis and c. difficile strains was 8 mg/l. ciprofloxacin had mic90's of 16 mg/l for b. fragilis and c. difficile. the mic90's of pefloxacin against b. fragilis and c. difficile were 32 mg/l. 90% of the b. fragilis strains w ... | 1986 | 2939556 |
| pseudomembranous colitis caused by topical clindamycin phosphate. | pseudomembranous colitis was observed on two occasions in the same patient and was associated with the topical administration of clindamycin phosphate. assay for clostridium difficile toxin was positive, and the patient was ultimately cured by oral vancomycin hydrochloride and the withdrawal of clindamycin therapy. | 1986 | 2939805 |
| bacterial agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing clostridium difficile. | bacterial agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) were methods evaluated for typing strains of clostridium difficile. a panel of four antisera, obtained by immunizing rabbits with washed whole cells of different strains of c. difficile, produced distinctive patterns of agglutination. ethylenediaminetetraacetate (edta) extracts subjected to page also produced distinctive protein profiles. excellent correlation between the two methods was observed when geographically distant is ... | 1986 | 3080531 |
| diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile associated with antibiotic treatment in patients receiving dialysis: the role of cross infection. | 1986 | 3081086 | |
| efficacy of routine fiberoptic endoscope cleaning and disinfection for killing clostridium difficile. | we have evaluated a standard procedure for cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes for efficacy in eradicating a spore-forming bacterial organism, clostridium difficile. initially, 23 endoscopes were cultured for the presence of c. difficile after hanging in storage for at least 24 hours after cleaning and disinfection. all cultures were negative. subsequently, endoscopes used in 15 patients who had stool cultures positive for c. difficile were cultured immediately after use and again after clea ... | 1986 | 3081401 |
| commercial latex test for clostridium difficile toxin a does not detect toxin a. | the rapid latex test recently marketed by marion scientific (div. marion laboratories, inc., kansas city, mo.) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a does not react with the toxin, based on the following findings: culture filtrates from nontoxigenic strains of c. difficile gave positive reactions in the test, culture filtrate in which toxin a had been removed gave positive reactions, purified toxin a did not react in the test, and the latex reagent bound an antigen which is distinct ... | 1986 | 3082928 |
| comparison of culture, cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for toxin a and toxin b in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-related enteric disease. | clostridium difficile culture, test tube, and microtiter cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for toxin a and toxin b, were simultaneously performed on 113 fresh diarrheal stool specimens randomly selected from those submitted to our clinical laboratory for routine c. difficile testing. the performance of these tests in diagnosing c. difficile-related enteric disease (cdred) was based on a clinical assessment of the likelihood of cdred as determined by a systemati ... | 1986 | 3086027 |
| evaluation of a commercially available latex immunoagglutination test kit for detection of clostridium difficile d-1 toxin. | 1986 | 3086678 | |
| growth of clostridium difficile and production of toxins a and b in complex and defined media. | the ability of several strains of clostridium difficile to grow and to produce toxins a and b in complex and defined culture media has been studied with special reference to the amino-acid composition of the medium. the production of these toxins varied with the strain used and with the composition of the growth medium. toxin a production was not inextricably linked to production of toxin b since conditions were found in which only one or other toxin was produced. | 1986 | 3088279 |
| asymptomatic carriage of clostridium difficile in patients with cystic fibrosis. | faecal samples from 37 patients with cystic fibrosis and 40 control patients at the brompton hospital and the london chest hospital were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile. the organism was isolated from 2 (17%) of control patients who were receiving antibiotics and from one (3.6%) of control patients who had no antimicrobial treatment. thirty two per cent of the patients with cystic fibrosis excreted c difficile, though none of them had diarrhoea. two of the three isolates from ... | 1986 | 3093537 |
| screening for clostridium difficile in chronic inflammatory bowel disease in relapse. is it helpful? is it cost efficient? | 1986 | 3093561 | |
| [detection of clostridium difficile and its clinical significance]. | 1986 | 3094851 | |
| [intestinal microflora of patients with antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis associated with klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium difficile enterotoxin]. | 1986 | 3097201 | |
| characterization of toxins a and b of clostridium difficile with monoclonal antibodies. | two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to learn more about the structures of clostridium difficile toxins a and b. one of the antibodies, the pcg-4 mab, reacted specifically with toxin a. this mab precipitated toxin a and neutralized the enterotoxic but not the cytotoxic activity of the toxin. the site to which the antibody bound was resistant to denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate; however, it was destroyed by n-bromosuccinimide. immunoblot analysis with the pcg-4 mab revealed the pres ... | 1986 | 2428753 |
| immunoblotting to demonstrate antigenic and immunogenic differences among nine standard strains of clostridium difficile. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease is being elucidated with the development of typing schemes for the organism. we recently described a new typing scheme based on the incorporation of [35s]methionine into bacterial proteins followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. nine standard strains were identified. we report here some observations on the antigenic differences among these nine strains when studied by immunoblotting. t ... | 1986 | 2428826 |
| stimulation of enzyme secretion from isolated pancreatic acini by clostridium difficile toxin b. | exposure of isolated rat pancreatic acini to increasing concentrations (10 ng - 800 ng/ml) of toxin b from clostridium difficile produced a biphasic effect on the rate of secretion of amylase, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen. whereas doses of toxin b from 10-30 ng/ml increased enzyme secretion by 15-20%, doses between 30 ng and 60 ng/ml showed a regression of this effect, whereafter the rate of secretion of amylase, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen increased with increasing concentrations of ... | 1986 | 2432695 |
| nosocomial diarrhoeas in a surgical division hyperendemic for clostridium difficile: epidemiologic aspects emerging from an analysis of clinical records. | having previously shown that clostridium difficile was responsible for an intense and protracted endemic of nosocomial diarrhoeas in the surgical division of a tuscan hospital, we started a retrospective analysis on all records from the affected division, to cover a period of 15 months. a statistical description is given of a large series of nosocomial diarrhoeas, as well as direct estimates of their incidence rates in selected high risk subgroups. the situation described is epidemiologically un ... | 1986 | 3803539 |
| fever due to clostridium difficile during hemodialytic treatment. | a ten-year-old on hemodialysis had a prolonged unexplained fever secondary to clostridium difficile antibiotic-associated colitis and posed a great diagnostic challenge. | 1986 | 3804581 |
| a comparison of the clinico-pathological features with stool pathogens in patients hospitalised with the symptom of diarrhoea. | the clinico-pathological features of 515 adult patients admitted to a major regional infectious diseases unit in united kingdom with the symptom complex of diarrhoea were compared to the pathogens detected in their stool specimens. routine clinical examination supported by basic pathological and laboratory investigations identified 138 (28%) in whom the cause of diarrhoea was extragastrointestinal or non-infectious gastrointestinal. of the 351 patients (72%) with infectious gastroenteritis 72 (2 ... | 1986 | 3810049 |
| [clostridium difficile infections]. | 1986 | 3810619 | |
| [clostridium difficile infections]. | 1986 | 3810620 | |
| prevention of clostridium difficile induced mortality in gnotobiotic mice by saccharomyces boulardii. | oral preventive treatment of gnotobiotic mice by saccharomyces boulardii significantly decreased mortality following clostridium difficile infection. a single s. boulardii ingestion protected 16% of mice, whereas 56% were protected when s. boulardii was given continuously in the drinking water. no direct antagonistic effect of the yeast on c. difficile numbers was detected, whereas a modulation of fecal cytotoxin production was demonstrated. | 1986 | 3815159 |
| [the immunoenzyme system in research on e. coli enterotoxin lt and c. difficile toxins]. | 1986 | 3826991 | |
| epidemiology of an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated-diarrhoea. application of a typing system. | 1986 | 3826999 | |
| faecal carriage of clostridium difficile in cystic fibrosis patients. | 1986 | 3827000 | |
| [clostridium difficile colitis in patients with blood diseases]. | 1986 | 3827004 | |
| clinical considerations in the diagnosis of antimicrobial agent-associated gastroenteritis. | most gastrointestinal infections secondary to the use of antimicrobial agents that have been documented are related to overgrowth of clostridium difficile which produces a spectrum from severe pseudomembranous colitis to mild diarrhea or asymptomatic carriage. the most common inducers of pseudomembranous colitis or antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea are ampicillin, clindamycin, and various cephalosporins, but almost all antimicrobials may cause this problem. symptoms vary from watery to blo ... | 1986 | 3698542 |
| yersinia colitis masquerading as pseudomembranous colitis. | we describe a 15-month-old male who presented with fever and diarrhea 24 hr after receiving antibiotics for otitis media. a flexible sigmoidoscopy was initially interpreted endoscopically as antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, and the patient was treated with vancomycin. the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis was excluded in our patient by the negative stool examination for clostridium difficile toxin, the failure to obtain supportive features on rectal biopsy, and the failur ... | 1986 | 3698772 |
| method for the typing of clostridium difficile based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35s]methionine-labeled proteins. | a typing method for clostridium difficile based on the incorporation of [35s]methionine into cellular proteins, their separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their visualization by autoradiography is described. on analysis of the radiolabeled-protein profiles, nine distinct groups were observed (a to e and w to z). the method, which is simple, reproducible, and readily expandable, has been applied in epidemiological studies to demonstrate cross-infection and ... | 1986 | 3700603 |
| evaluation of a commercial kit for the routine detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin by tissue culture. | the toxi-titer microtiter plate system (bartels immunodiagnostic supplies, inc., bellevue, wash.) is a simplified procedure for detecting the cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile in stool filtrates. in a parallel study of 74 stool specimens, results from the toxin-titer system compared favorably with those from the conventional system. our experience with the toxin-titer system in testing 540 stool specimens was, in general, satisfactory, although a few problems with toxin control did occ ... | 1986 | 3700631 |
| clostridium difficile in diarrheal disease. | 1986 | 3701124 | |
| variations in the anaerobic faecal flora of ten healthy human volunteers with special reference to the bacteroides fragilis-group and clostridium difficile. | ninety nine stool specimens of ten healthy human volunteers were collected over a one year period, and processed anaerobically. the individual variations in intestinal colonization with bacteria of the bacteroides fragilis-group were detected, using the bacteroides bile esculin medium and an identification scheme for bile-resistant bacteroides species. clostridium difficile agar supplemented with cycloserine/cefoxtin was used to detect the incidence of c. difficile in this group. the species of ... | 1986 | 3705797 |
| evaluation of a commercial cytotoxicity assay for detection of clostridium difficile toxin. | a comparative study was performed to determine the accuracy of clostridium difficile toxin detection. a commercial cytotoxicity assay (bartels immunodiagnostic supply, bellevue, wash.) was compared with conventional microcytotoxicity assays, using vero and mrc-5 cells. the bartels system was found to be essentially equivalent to conventional cytotoxicity assays currently being performed for routine c. difficile toxin detection. | 1986 | 3711282 |
| changing epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of clostridium difficile toxin-associated colitis. | one hundred and ninety patients with clostridium difficile toxin-associated colitis (ctac) or pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) were identified, from microbiology records, disease index and proctoscopy service records, and studied retrospectively. ctac was associated with cephalosporin antibiotic administration in 70 per cent of the patients. ctac developed postoperatively in 108 patients after all types of surgery with no preponderance for abdominal surgery. identification of cytotoxin in stool sa ... | 1986 | 3719271 |
| rapid identification of clostridium difficile by determination of leucine arylamidase activity. | 1986 | 3720738 | |
| technique for measuring 50% end points in cytotoxicity assays for clostridium difficile toxins. | serial dilutions of clostridium difficile culture filtrates were incubated overnight with hela cell monolayers. cells were fixed in formalin, stained with crystal violet, rinsed, and drained. cell rounding could be observed microscopically in the stained monolayers. absorbance of the retained dye on monolayers in the drained wells was measured at 595 nm-405 nm. end points could also be estimated visually. the dilution at which dye absorbance was reduced by 50% agreed with that determined by micr ... | 1986 | 3722420 |
| an in-vitro model of colonisation resistance to clostridium difficile infection. | to investigate the importance of the normal gut flora in preventing the establishment of clostridium difficile in vivo we have developed an in-vitro test system based on growth in faecal emulsions. growth of c. difficile and cytotoxin production are inhibited in faecal emulsions from healthy adults, but not in sterilised emulsions; the importance of viable bacteria in the inhibitory system is evident. generally, faecal emulsions derived from infants, children and geriatric patients were less inh ... | 1986 | 3723582 |
| [clostridium difficile and its significance as an intestinal pathogenic bacterium]. | 1986 | 3725396 | |
| effect of moxalactam on human fecal microflora. | five healthy male adults received 2 g of moxalactam every 12 h for 7 days. the alterations of fecal microflora were investigated before, during, and after treatment with moxalactam. on day 7 of treatment, the number of total bacteria was decreased in all subjects. there was marked suppression of the obligate anaerobic bacteria and enterobacteria to undetectable levels, but the counts of streptococcus spp. and lactobacillus spp. increased. on day 7, two subjects had clostridium innocuum and clost ... | 1986 | 3729329 |
| application of a technique for serogrouping clostridium difficile in an outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | a severe outbreak of clostridium difficile antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) in an orthopaedic surgical unit is reported. thirty-seven cases and eight relapses were observed. the 45 related strains together with another 13 strains of c. difficile isolated during the same period in other wards of the same hospital were typed by detection of cytotoxin production, determination of sorbitol fermentation and serogrouping by agglutination with six rabbit antisera defining the serogroups a, b, c, d ... | 1986 | 3734468 |
| aetiology and epidemiology of acute gastro-enteritis in swedish children. | in a prospective 1-year study, 144 children attending or admitted to hospital and 272 children outside hospital with acute gastro-enteritis and 200 controls were investigated by a broad panel of diagnostic methods for enteropathogenic agents in the faeces and for related antibody responses. enteropathogens were identified in 77% of the inpatients, 63% of the outpatients and 8% of the controls. rotavirus and yersinia enterocolitica were detected significantly more often among inpatients. altogeth ... | 1986 | 3734469 |
| detection of clostridial toxins in stools from children with diarrhoea. | a cell-culture assay was used to detect toxins directly in stools from sporadic cases of infantile diarrhoea. cytotoxins were revealed in 11 out of 58 samples from children with diarrhoea, nine of whom had no common enteric pathogens in their stools. a preliminary characterisation of the cytotoxins was obtained by neutralisation tests with clostridial antitoxins. | 1986 | 3735388 |
| sporogenesis and toxin a production by clostridium difficile. | the kinetics of spore production by clostridium difficile were not paralleled by release of c. difficile toxin a in vitro. toxin a was not found to be associated with either purified whole spores or spore coats. residual traces of toxin a detected in spore contents were almost certainly derived from contaminating vegetative cell debris. thus, toxin a is unlikely to be a spore constituent or associated with sporogenesis. | 1986 | 3735389 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxins a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin) in clinical specimens. evaluation of a latex agglutination test. | a new latex test, culturette brand rapid latex test for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a, was tested on 408 stool samples. in 247 frozen tissue culture supernate specimens previously obtained from patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cad), the latex test (enterotoxin) was positive in 182 (74%) as compared with 194 (79%) for the repeat tissue culture (p greater than 0.1) cytotoxin (toxin b) test. testing of 161 fresh stool samples found the latex test superior to tissue cultu ... | 1986 | 3739972 |
| [incidence and origin of clostridium difficile in neonatology]. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile was studied prospectively in 101 newborn infants by screening of fecal samples collected in the first or second day of life and in the fourth or fifth one. a vaginal swab and a stool specimen were collected from mothers before delivery. environmental cultures were obtained from selected sites in the ward, while colonization of intestinal tract and contamination of the hands were evaluated in the personnel. c. difficile was isolated from the feces of 13 i ... | 1986 | 3741636 |
| cell surface binding site for clostridium difficile enterotoxin: evidence for a glycoconjugate containing the sequence gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac. | this study was undertaken to determine whether a binding site for clostridium difficile enterotoxin (toxin a) exists in the brush border membranes (bbms) of the hamster, an animal known to be extremely sensitive to the action of the toxin. toxin a was the only antigen adsorbed by the bbms from the culture filtrate of c. difficile. the finding that binding activity could not be destroyed by heat indicated that a carbohydrate moiety might be involved. we therefore examined erythrocytes from variou ... | 1986 | 3744552 |
| the carrier state: clostridium difficile. | 1986 | 3745032 | |
| predicting the susceptibility of anaerobes to cefoperazone, cefotaxime, and cefoxitin with the thioglycolate broth disk procedure. | a variety of clinical anaerobic isolates were tested against cefoperazone (216 strains), cefoxitin (120 strains), and cefotaxime (120 strains) by the thioglycolate anaerobic broth disk method, and the results were compared with the national committee for clinical laboratory standards reference agar dilution method. the broth disk and reference breakpoint concentrations were as follows: cefoperazone, 60 and 64 or 30 and 32 micrograms/ml; cefotaxime, 30 and 32 micrograms/ml; cefoxitin, 18 and 16 m ... | 1986 | 3745418 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from human jejunum: identification of a reservoir for disease? | the possibility that the small intestine may represent a reservoir for clostridium difficile was studied, using segments of human jejunum collected at necropsy. our results (three of 100 specimens positive for c difficile culture) support the hypothesis that c difficile can be found in human jejunum and that it adheres to the normal mucosa as a resident bacterium. these findings suggest that gastrointestinal disease caused by c difficile has an endogenous origin. | 1986 | 3745477 |
| [undesirable colorectal effects of drugs]. | the most severe adverse reactions associated with medicinal treatment of the colon involve pseudomembranous colitis following antibiotic treatment, notably with clindamycin, lincomycin and betalactamine. the frequency of this adverse reaction is poorly defined: 1 per 100 to 1 per 5 000 treatments depending on the study. lesions are explained by the cytotoxic effect of clostridium difficile toxin. necrotizing anorectitis has been seen in cases of abuse of suppositories containing propoxyphene. th ... | 1986 | 3752909 |
| [pseudomembranous rectocolitis]. | the following conclusions were drawn from a study of 15 cases of pseudo-membranous coloproctitis (pmcp): pmcp was seen in subjects of both sexes and all ages. the causative agent was found in all antibiotic classes. clinical signs comprised constant diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, toxic shock and, more rarely, pseudo-occlusive, pseudo-perforative surgical evidence. diagnosis involved visualization of pseudo-membranes by endoscopy. lesions were most frequent in the left colon and increased in se ... | 1986 | 3752911 |
| hydrophobic and adherence properties of clostridium difficile. | nine strains of clostridium difficile isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and four other species of clostridia were tested for relative hydrophobicity by determining the degree of adherence to polystyrene. under three different conditions of growth all strains of clostridium difficile had high rates of adherence, whereas the other clostridial species showed no pronounced adherence. isolates of clostridium difficile were also tested for their ability to adhere to human embryonic i ... | 1986 | 3758054 |
| clostridium difficile cytotoxin inhibits protein synthesis in fibroblasts and intestinal mucosa. | the pathophysiology of clostridium difficile colitis is thought to be mediated by release of toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. we compared the differential effects of toxin b on protein synthesis in imr-90 fibroblasts and in hamster esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, and cecum in organ culture. toxin b in low concentrations stimulated (p less than 0.001) incorporation of [3h]leucine into fibroblast proteins, whereas at higher dosages it inhibited incorporation (p ... | 1986 | 3758606 |
| [role of clostridium difficile toxins in pseudomembranous colitis with special reference to experimental studies using germfree rats]. | 1986 | 3761681 | |
| fecal bacterial microflora of newborn infants during intensive care management and treatment with five antibiotic regimens. | aerobic and anaerobic fecal bacterial flora of normal newborn infants, of preterm newborn infants without other health problems and of five groups of newborn infants treated with combinations of benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefoxitin and gentamicin were compared. preterm birth alone was associated with growth of klebsiella which could be attributed to a higher rate of cesarean section in preterm than in term infants. all antibiotic regimens led to a pron ... | 1986 | 3763418 |
| clostridium difficile antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1986 | 3766494 | |
| clostridium difficile culture-positive toxin-negative diarrhea. | antibiotic-associated colitis (aac) is confirmed by the isolation of clostridium difficile cytotoxin from stool in patients with diarrhea. culture of the organism has not been required to confirm the diagnosis. a review of cases of c. difficile culture-positive patients was performed in an attempt to clarify the significance of culture-positive toxin-negative (cptn) compared to culture-positive toxin-positive (cptp) disease. during an 11-month period, 45 patients were identified who had stool cu ... | 1986 | 3766495 |
| [enterocolitis caused by clostridium difficile. analysis of 15 cases in adults]. | each of 48 patients with suspected clostridium difficile enterocolitis after treatment with antibiotics underwent a faecal test in which a clostridium difficile culture was set up and a cytotoxin test carried out. the detection of clostridium difficile was positive in 15 cases. diarrhoea with varying severity was present in all patients, most frequently after medication with the newer cephalosporins. nine patients also underwent rectoscopy: a typical pseudo-membranous colitis was seen only in 5 ... | 1986 | 3940837 |
| the epidemiology of clostridium difficile with use of a typing scheme: nosocomial acquisition and cross-infection among immunocompromised patients. | 1986 | 3941281 | |
| testing for clostridium difficile. | 1986 | 3941630 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults. a prospective case-controlled epidemiologic study. | in a one-year period, 149 adult cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis were compared with 148 diarrhea-free controls. eighty-seven percent were nosocomial and 75% were on surgical services. endoscopy revealed pseudomembranes in 51% of the 109 cases in which stool cytotoxin was present, compared with 11% of the 40 cases that were culture-positive but cytotoxin-negative. cases diagnosed only by stool culture showed essentially no differences from controls, 21% of whom had a ... | 1986 | 3942469 |
| clostridium difficile colitis/diarrhea. | 1986 | 3942643 | |
| purification and properties of clostridium difficile cytotoxin b. | toxin b, a potent cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile, was purified to homogeneity from 6-day broth cultures of a toxigenic isolate. cytotoxin was purified approximately 4000-fold by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, deae-sepharose chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography on a mono q anion-exchange column. the molecular weight of reduced purified toxin was 50,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, compared to 150,000 for unreduced tox ... | 1986 | 3944088 |
| effect of toxin a and b of clostridium difficile on rabbit ileum and colon. | the effect of purified toxin a and partially purified toxin b on rabbit ileum and colon was investigated. toxin a caused tissue damage which was followed by permeability changes and fluid accumulation in both tissues. toxin a did not increase the permeability of the colon to the extent observed for ileum; secreted fluid contained less protein of plasma origin. toxin b had no effect on either tissue. secretory and tissue damaging properties of crude c difficile toxins were found to be due to toxi ... | 1986 | 3949240 |
| latex particle agglutination for detecting and identifying clostridium difficile. | a total of 329 selective enrichment broth cultures were tested for detection of clostridium difficile by latex particle agglutination (lpa), gas-liquid chromatography, and bacterial culture. of 53 broths positive by lpa, 36 were positive by gas-liquid chromatography, and 42 were positive by bacterial culture. the sensitivity and specificity of lpa relative to bacterial culture was 95.6% and 96.3%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity of gas-liquid chromatography relative to bacter ... | 1986 | 3950045 |
| clostridium difficile in general practice and community health. | the isolation rate for clostridium difficile in diarrhoeal stools was investigated in patients from general practice and community health centres over a 14-month period. c. difficile or its cytotoxin was detected in specimens from 89 (4.7%) of 1882 patients studied and accounted for 30.3% of all enteropathogenic micro-organisms isolated. overall c. difficile was second only to giardia lamblia in frequency. recovery rates in the different groups of patients surveyed varied from 3.6 to 27.5%. the ... | 1986 | 3950393 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxins by enzyme immunoassay. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the rapid diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis (aac) is presented. commercially available antisera to clostridium difficile toxins contain antibodies to other antigens found in non-toxigenic c. difficile and other bacteria. removal of these unwanted antibodies by absorption increased the specificity of elisa for detection of c. difficile toxins. specimens tested included 40 faecal extracts positive for cytotoxicity from cases of aac, 30 diar ... | 1986 | 3950397 |