Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile in an oncology unit. | in one year 21 new cases of clostridium difficile infection occurred on a paediatric oncology unit. eleven cases were in a two month period. this infection should be regarded as a communicable disease. investigations to detect c difficile should be carried out in children with malignant disease who have diarrhoea. | 1988 | 3415338 |
| role of competition for nutrients in suppression of clostridium difficile by the colonic microflora. | the cecal flora of mice is able to eliminate clostridium difficile from the mouse cecum even when c. difficile is the first organism established. we used a continuous-flow (cf) culture model of the cecal flora to investigate the possibility that competition for nutrients is one mechanism for this antagonism. the medium for the cf cultures consisted of homogenates of fecal pellets from germfree mice. carbohydrate analysis showed that mouse flora depleted 74 to 99.8% of the various carbohydrates f ... | 1988 | 3417352 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with haematological malignant disease. risk factors, faecal toxins and pathogenic strains. | two hundred and forty-eight patients from shared oncology and general medical wards were prospectively studied over a 6-month period for carriage of clostridium difficile during an outbreak of clinical disease with an epidemic strain of the organism. risk factors for infection were assessed. acute leukaemia and/or its treatment were identified as significantly increasing the risk of infection. the relationship between the type of c. difficile isolated (as defined by a typing system based on the ... | 1988 | 3123260 |
| association between production of toxins a and b and types of clostridium difficile. | one hundred and seventy two strains of clostridium difficile isolated from 62 patients with antibiotic associated diarrhoea or pseudomembranous colitis were analysed for the production of toxins a and b and typed using 35s-methionine labelling followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). there was a correlation between production of toxins a and b and the type of c difficile. one hundred and forty four of 172 strains were either high or low producers of both ... | 1987 | 3123524 |
| prairie dog model for antimicrobial agent-induced clostridium difficile diarrhea. | we have noted that prairie dogs given cefoxitin develop diarrhea and lose weight yet survive for periods of up to 4 weeks. therefore, we tested the hypothesis that cefoxitin causes clostridium difficile cecitis in prairie dogs. six prairie dogs were given a single intramuscular dose of 100 mg of cefoxitin per kg of body weight, and six control animals received saline; both groups were sacrificed 1 week later. controls had no diarrhea and lost 2% of their body weight, whereas cefoxitin-treated an ... | 1987 | 3793229 |
| purification and characterization of clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and cross-reactivity with clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | lethal toxin (lt) was purified from clostridium sordellii ip82 by deae-trisacryl, ultrogel aca3-4 gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. the molecular weight of purified lt was estimated to be 240,000 to 250,000, and the pi was at ph 4.55. lt was lethal for mice by intraperitoneal injection (3.4 x 10(5) mouse lethal doses per mg of protein), cytotoxic for vero cells (6.1 x 10(4) cytotoxic units per mg of protein), erythematous and edematous by intradermal injection in guinea p ... | 1987 | 3793234 |
| monospecific antibodies for detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin. | tests of polyclonal antisera to homogeneous enterotoxin preparations of clostridium difficile by immunoblotting demonstrated that cross-reactions occurred with proteins from cell lysates of nearly all clostridium species. there was a notable reduction in the amount of crossreaction when only culture supernatants were analysed. the enterotoxin could be easily identified by its unique high molecular weight of 230,000. the findings suggest that care must be taken when immunological tests other than ... | 1987 | 3552665 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: a lethal complication of hirschsprung's disease unrelated to antibiotic usage. | seventy-two new cases of hirschsprung's disease were seen between 1980 and 1985. twenty-six patients (36%) developed the clinical features of enterocolitis and, of nine patients who died, colitis was the immediate cause of death in six. histologic material was available from 20 patients with colitis; this showed nonspecific inflammation typical of hirschsprung's colitis in 13 cases but seven had pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). five of the patients with pmc had not recently been exposed to antibi ... | 1987 | 3559870 |
| intestinal bacteria antagonistic to clostridium difficile in mice. | overgrowth by clostridium difficile has been reported in conventional mice injected intraperitoneally with ampicillin. in this study, we aimed to determine which types of indigenous intestinal bacteria were eliminated by ampicillin to allow overgrowth by c. difficile. c. difficile overgrowth was associated with a decrease in the numbers of lactobacilli, an increase in bacteroidaceae and a slight decrease in the frequency of isolation of fusiform-shaped bacteria (clostridia). c. difficile cytotox ... | 1987 | 3560860 |
| splenic abscess due to clostridium difficile and pseudomonas paucimobilis. | extraintestinal infection by clostridium difficile is a rare entity. herein we describe a 62-yr-old man with c. difficile bacteremia complicated by a splenic abscess. of particular interest was the isolation of c. difficile and pseudomonas paucimobilis from the splenic abscess. prompt antibiotic therapy and splenectomy resulted in a favorable outcome. although rare, these organisms should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a splenic abscess. | 1987 | 3565349 |
| suppression by saccharomyces boulardii of toxigenic clostridium difficile overgrowth after vancomycin treatment in hamsters. | saccharomyces boulardii prevented the development of high counts of clostridium difficile, high titers of toxin b, and positive latex agglutination tests after cessation of vancomycin treatment for hamsters. the protocol used was designed to stimulate relapse of human c. difficile-associated colitis. s. boulardii was protective in this model. | 1987 | 3566236 |
| comparative activity of metronidazole and tinidazole against clostridium difficile and peptostreptococcus anaerobius. | broth dilution mics of metronidazole against 38 strains of clostridium difficile (0.13 microgram/ml) and 11 strains of peptostreptococcus anaerobius (0.11 microgram/ml) were lower than those of tinidazole (0.16 and 0.17 microgram/ml, respectively). as molar concentrations the nitroimidazoles were equally active. the mics of the two drugs correlated positively, and the relative activity of tinidazole increased with decreasing susceptibility of both species. | 1987 | 3566248 |
| treatment of relapsing clostridium difficile diarrhoea by administration of a non-toxigenic strain. | two patients with relapsing clostridium difficile diarrhoea following metronidazole and vancomycin therapy were colonised with a non-toxigenic avirulent clostridium difficile strain given orally in three doses. both patients appeared to respond without side-effects. oral bacteriotherapy with a defined nontoxigenic strain of clostridium difficile would appear to represent an acceptable, alternative and novel way to treat hospitalised patients who relapse with clostridium difficile diarrhoea after ... | 1987 | 3569251 |
| therapy of relapsing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis with the combination of vancomycin and rifampin. | seven patients with multiple bacteriologic and symptomatic relapses of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and/or colitis were treated with vancomycin and rifampin in combination. diarrhea and abdominal pain promptly resolved in all, and neither c. difficile nor its toxin could be recovered from their stools shortly after therapy. however, stools of all patients subsequently became culture-positive for c. difficile and occasionally had demonstrable cytotoxin. except in one instance followi ... | 1987 | 3571889 |
| correlation between susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and clindamycin, and serogroups of clostridium difficile. | a total of 114 clostridium difficile strains were analysed for a possible correlation between serological susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and clindamycin, and serogrouping. all 17 chloramphenicol-resistant strains belonged to serovar i, while none of 32 tetracycline-resistant strains belonged to serovar i. all strains included in serovar iii were tetracycline- and clindamycin-resistant. | 1987 | 3574240 |
| fatal clostridium difficile cellulitis. | 1987 | 3575013 | |
| bowel flora changes in humans receiving cefixime (cl 284,635) or cefaclor. | twelve healthy young male subjects received either cefixime, a new oral cephalosporin (cl 284,635), or cefaclor (six subjects on each drug) orally for 2 weeks. in the case of cefixime, single daily doses of 400 mg were taken; with cefaclor, the dosage was 250 mg three times daily. modest changes in the fecal flora were noted in both drug groups, but the changes were of different types. in the case of cefixime, there was more of an impact on the indigenous flora, and in the case of cefaclor, ther ... | 1987 | 3579262 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea in critically ill burned patients. | we followed up 112 patients in the university of washington burn center, seattle, for the development of clostridium difficile diarrhea. diarrhea developed in 20 patients with a mean burn size of 42%, mean age of 38 years, and 49 mean total antibiotic days, for an incidence of 17%. eleven patients had 16 episodes of nonspecific diarrhea. nine patients had 11 episodes of c difficile-positive diarrhea and 15 episodes of nonspecific diarrhea for an incidence of 45% of all patients with diarrhea. th ... | 1987 | 3579579 |
| evaluation of gamma radiation levels for reducing pathogenic bacteria and fungi in animal sewage and laboratory effluents. | sewage samples collected from animal wastes and from effluents at an animal disease laboratory were inoculated with known numbers of pathogenic organisms and subjected to various doses of gamma radiation from a 60co source. surviving test organisms were quantitatively determined by selective and enrichment techniques. the experiment was modeled as a quantal assay in which probit analysis was applied to obtain d10 values. the d10 value represents the irradiating dose required to reduce the popula ... | 1987 | 3651881 |
| production of a unique cytotoxin by campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is an important diarrheal pathogen worldwide; the mechanisms by which it causes disease remain unclear. because of its association with inflammatory diarrhea, we postulated that c. jejuni might produce a cytotoxin similar to that produced by shigella sp., enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157, or clostridium difficile. filtrates of 12 polymyxin-treated isolates of c. jejuni were placed on hela cells (sensitive to shiga toxin cytotoxicity) and chinese hamster ovary (cho) ce ... | 1987 | 3653987 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from diarrhoea patients in bangladesh. | an attempt was made to detect clostridium difficile and its toxin from the stools of 20 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad), 35 with colitis, six with chronic diarrhoea and 300 with watery diarrhoea. two toxigenic and three non-toxigenic strains were isolated from patients associated with antimicrobial therapy. all 300 stools from watery diarrhoea patients, not associated with antibiotics, were negative for cl. difficile and its toxin. we conclude that cl. difficile might be a ca ... | 1987 | 3656496 |
| vancomycin. | vancomycin is a narrow-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic used primarily for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections. it is the alternative therapy of choice when the penicillins and cephalosporins cannot be used. vancomycin is also used in (1) methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections; (2) streptococcal endocarditis in conjunction with an aminoglycoside in patients intolerant of penicillin or ampicillin; (3) infections, including those involving prosthetic devices, caused by g ... | 1987 | 3657307 |
| acute gastroenteritis in children attending day-care centres with special reference to rotavirus infections. i. aetiology and epidemiologic aspects. | acute gastroenteritis (ge) among 214 children (aged 6 months-7 years) attending day-care centres (ddcs) in the copenhagen county was studied during a 12-month period. a total of 197 cases of ge was observed in 109 children (i.e. 51% of the participants). the aetiology was as follows: rotavirus (n = 48) (24%), pathogenic bacteria (n = 11) (6%), giardia lamblia (n = 3) (2%), while the aetiology of 68% remains unknown. the pathogenic bacteria included yersinia enterocolitica, thermophilic campyloba ... | 1987 | 3661178 |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole, its bioactive metabolites and tinidazole. | 1987 | 3665909 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin in various tissue culture monolayers. | thirty stool filtrates known to contain clostridium difficile toxin based on previous testing on mccoy cells were tested for toxicity on primary african green monkey kidney (agmk), mccoy, mrc-5, primary rhesus monkey kidney (rmk), and vero cells. all 30 filtrates showed cytotoxic effect at greater than or equal to 1:100 dilution on mccoy and vero cells. a total of 22 filtrates were positive on mrc-5 monolayers, while only 16 and 10 filtrates showed positive cytotoxic effect on agmk and rmk cells ... | 1987 | 3667920 |
| quantitative cell-adhesion assay for clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | a quantitative assay for clostridium difficile cytotoxin has been developed, based on the observation that suspended fibroblasts exposed to cytotoxin fail to adhere to plastic. a dye-binding technique was used to quantitate adherent cells, in order to obviate microscopy. adherent bhk cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde and cell protein was stained with coomassie blue r-250. cell-bound dye was eluted and estimated spectrophotometrically. the amount of eluted dye was proportional to the number of ... | 1987 | 3669053 |
| diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3672820 | |
| comparison of clostridium difficile detection by monolayer and by inhibition of nucleoside uptake. | detection and identification of clostridium difficile toxin by traditional monolayer assay were compared with results obtained by a new procedure based on toxin-dependent inhibition of target cell uptake of a radioactive nucleoside. a high degree of correlation was noted between the two determinations. although the new procedure was quantitative and objective, its value is seen at present as a rapid screen that may support results obtained in monolayers and as a potential assay for other, curren ... | 1987 | 3544801 |
| gastrointestinal features of culture-positive yersinia enterocolitica infection. | yersinia enterocolitica was cultured from feces of 122 symptomatic adults in a single facility using selective culture media; all isolates were confirmed in an independent reference laboratory. of 128 isolates, multiple serotypes were defined and all were biochemically typical for yersinia enterocolitica. other agents were seen in 20 patients; of these, seven were yersinia fredriksenii and six were clostridium difficile. diarrhea (80%) and abdominal pain (64%) were common, whereas other features ... | 1987 | 3781177 |
| retardation of growth in syrian hamsters associated with prolonged colonization with clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3426356 | |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of rifaximin against clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejunii and yersinia spp. | fifty-four isolates of campylobacter jejunii, 91 isolates of yersinia spp. and 56 isolates of clostridium difficile, recovered from stools of patients with diarrhoea or other intestinal disturbances and from stools of asymptomatic patients receiving antibiotic therapy, were tested in vitro for susceptibility to rifaximin, rifampicin and neomycin. the in vitro antibacterial activities were found to be comparable against the aerobic bacterium; on the contrary, against microaerophilic and anaerobic ... | 1987 | 3428130 |
| in-vitro comparison of roxithromycin and erythromycin against 900 anaerobic bacterial strains. | the in-vitro antibacterial activity of roxithromycin was assessed by an agar dilution method against 900 recent clinical anaerobic isolates by five laboratories in england, france, germany and japan. roxithromycin had similar activity to erythromycin against most anaerobic bacteria, the latter being slightly more active against gram-negative bacilli. roxithromycin inhibited 53% of the bacteroides fragilis group strains; the noticeable exception was bact. thetaiotaomicron, only 17% of strains of ... | 1987 | 3429381 |
| effect of streptococcus parvulus and peptostreptococcus magnus on cytotoxin levels of clostridium difficile in anaerobic continuous flow culture. | an anaerobic continuous flow (cf) culture method was used in order to study the effect of peptostreptococcus magnus and streptococcus parvulus, anaerobic gram-positive cocci which are members of intestinal bacterial flora, on growth and cytotoxin-activity of clostridium difficile. the growth- and the cytotoxin activity-patterns of c. difficile in an established cf culture of p. magnus were similar to those of c. difficile alone. on the other hand, in the mixed culture system of c. difficile and ... | 1987 | 3431487 |
| [activity of fusidic acid on strictly anaerobic bacteria]. | fusidic acid is a well known antimicrobial agent due to its narrow spectrum of activity against gram positive bacteria and especially staphylococci. therefore, it is after used preventively against bacterial infection in traumatology, but the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria is not well known. we have studied, the in vitro activity of sodium fusidate against 147 strains of anaerobic bacteria. this antibiotic has a moderate activity against bacteroides, more significant against clostridium, p ... | 1987 | 3302863 |
| [implantation of clostridium difficile in infants during antibiotherapy]. | in the adults, it is known that antibiotics allow colonization by c. difficile and its multiplication, in infants this facts is discussed. to study the influence of antibiotic treatment on the colonization of infants' intestinal tract by c. difficile, we searched this bacteria twice a week in hospitalized newborns since their birth. the population was divided in 2 groups: one never received any antibiotic, the other was treated with beta-lactams. c. difficile was isolated on appropriated selecti ... | 1987 | 3302865 |
| [experiences with ceftazidime in the therapy of neonatal infections]. | our experience of ceftazidime during the last three years has in almost every respect been favourable. as monotherapy it has resulted in clinical responses at least as good as those from gentamicin and ampicillin. the pharmacokinetics and activity of ceftazidime are far superior to those of gentamicin. we have not been able to demonstrate any significant haematological or biochemical side effects of ceftazidime therapy nor does it adversely affect neonatal blood clotting mechanisms. the incidenc ... | 1987 | 3312037 |
| automation in clinical microbiology: a new approach to identifying micro-organisms by automated pattern matching of proteins labelled with 35s-methionine. | a new rapid automated method for the identification and classification of microorganisms is described. it is based on the incorporation of 35s-methionine into cellular proteins and subsequent separation of the radiolabelled proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the protein patterns produced were species specific and reproducible, permitting discrimination between the species. a large number of gram negative and gram positive aerobic and anaerobic orga ... | 1987 | 3312300 |
| symposium on antimicrobial agents. metronidazole. | metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, is a unique antimicrobial agent that is active against both bacterial and parasitic organisms, although only the anaerobic members of these groups are susceptible. it has been used for the treatment of trichomoniasis for almost 30 years and is also effective in amebiasis and giardiasis. more recently, metronidazole has emerged as a principal agent for the treatment of anaerobic infections. it is highly effective against all species of anaerobes except ... | 1987 | 3312851 |
| comparison of alcohol shock enrichment and selective enrichment for the isolation of clostridium difficile. | two enrichment methods were compared for their ability to recover clostridium difficile from stool samples. one method used selective enrichment in an antibiotic-containing broth followed by detection with a latex particle agglutination (lpa) reagent. the other used enrichment in a non-selective broth following treatment of the specimen with alcohol. with clinical specimens enrichment culture was significantly more successful at detecting c. difficile than direct plating. alcohol shock enrichmen ... | 1987 | 3315708 |
| side effects of cephalosporins. | cephalosporins generally cause few side effects. hypersensitivity reactions are less common than with the penicillins and modern studies have presented data contradicting a true cross-reactivity to cephalosporins in patients who have previously reacted to penicillins. other hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins include fever, arthralgia and exanthema observed in two clusters of children who had been given cefaclor. nephrotoxicity is not a problem with modern cephalosporins, although sligh ... | 1987 | 3319495 |
| pharmacokinetic properties of the cephalosporins. | most cephalosporins can only be administered parenterally. among agents that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, those with bioavailabilities of 85 to 90% include cefroxadine, cefadroxil, cefsumide, cephalexin, cephradine, cephacetrile, and cefazaflur. most cephalosporins are eliminated rapidly, with serum half-lives (t1/2s) of 1 to 2 hours. exceptions are cefonicid with a t1/2 of 4.4 hours, cefpiramide with a t1/2 of 5.0 hours, and cefotetan with a t1/2 of 3.5 hours. the longest half- ... | 1987 | 3319507 |
| purification and immunochemical properties of a wall protein antigen from clostridium difficile atcc 11011. | a wall-surface protein antigen, designated 32k antigen, was extracted from whole cells of clostridium difficile strain atcc 11011 with phosphate buffered saline and purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and chromatofocusing. the 32k antigen preparation was determined to be highly homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the amino acid composition of the antigen was characteristic in the predominance of the acidic amino acids, the very low conte ... | 1987 | 3320689 |
| [reactive arthritis in enteral infections]. | certain gastrointestinal tract infections can trigger reactive arthritis. the best known triggering agents are yersinia, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter jejuni, and possibly clostridium difficile. the clinical findings show a subacute onset of mono- or oligoarthritis, less often of asymmetric polyarthritis with predominance of the lower limbs. the clinical picture is somewhat modified by the genetic constitution (hla type) of the patient. hla-b27-positive patients appear to have more severe ... | 1987 | 3326361 |
| epidemiological aspects of clostridium difficile in a pediatric hospital and its role in diarrheal disease. | the influence of antibiotics on the frequency of colonization by clostridium difficile and the presence of its cytotoxin in infants and older children was examined to determine its role in diarrheal disease. cytotoxin was more closely associated with cases of diarrhea, both in infants and in children than the microorganism, although not significantly. the isolates were typed by means of sensitivity to bacteriophages and bacteriocins and their cytotoxigenic potential was also determined. less tha ... | 1987 | 3436315 |
| epidemiology and prevention of clostridium difficile infections in a leukemia unit. | a 29-month prospective study was carried out in a leukemia unit with the aim of investigating the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections and limiting their spread. systematic cultures of stools and assays for cytotoxin were performed on patient admission and at weekly intervals, yielding 1,355 cultures and assays. the study period was divided in period a, before total unit renovation, and period b, afterwards. during period b all patient carriers of clostridium difficile received vanco ... | 1987 | 3440454 |
| effect of various sodium taurocholate preparations on the recovery of clostridium difficile spores. | the effect of four sodium taurocholate preparations, which are easily available in japan, on recovery of clostridium difficile spores was examined. all preparations, except for one, enabled the recovery of nearly all spores counted microscopically. moreover, by using 69 toxigenic and 34 nontoxigenic c. difficile strains, the relationship between the recovery of spores in the medium with sodium taurocholate and toxigenicity of c. difficile was analyzed. it was noted that the number of strains wit ... | 1987 | 3444427 |
| effect of age on the sensitivity of cell cultures to clostridium difficile toxin. | the effect of age on the sensitivity of four cell lines, human foreskin fibroblasts (hfs), cho-k1, hep-2, and wi-38 to detect clostridium difficile toxin was tested. this study also addressed the sensitivity of these cell lines as expressed by early toxin detection. twenty-eight positive and 13 negative patient specimens were tested. cell cultures were inoculated at ages 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 14 days and examined for cytopathic effects at 4, 24, and 48 hours post-inoculation. the sensitivity of t ... | 1987 | 3449315 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin. | a 25 year old woman developed clostridium difficile colitis following a course of vancomycin and metronidazole prescribed for pelvic inflammatory disease. the condition resolved after treatment with vancomycin given alone. colitis following this combination of antibiotics has not been described previously. | 1987 | 3451227 |
| neutralization of cytotoxic activity of clostridium difficile with fecal flora. | 1987 | 3453624 | |
| in vitro activity of imipenem against gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of imipenem, a new penem antibiotic, was determined against 210 clinical gram-positive anaerobic isolates and compared with the activities of metronidazole, clindamycin, cefoxitin, moxalactam, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone and cefotiam. all investigated strains were inhibited by a 4-mg/l concentration of imipenem. cefoxitin demonstrated good activity against most strains with exception of some clostridium difficile and clostridium ramosum strains. cephalosporins were classed in ... | 1987 | 3473047 |
| clostridium difficile colitis induced by cytarabine. | pseudomembranous enterocolitis (pmc) has become a widely recognized syndrome of nausea, abdominal distention, and severe (frequently bloody) diarrhea (1). while this syndrome was first associated with the administration of clindamycin, almost all antimicrobial drugs can serve as predisposing agents (2). we wish to report a patient with typical pmc induced by the administration of cytarabine. | 1987 | 3477943 |
| recovery of pefloxacin in saliva and feces and its action on oral and fecal floras of healthy volunteers. | pefloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was given to 10 volunteers in single 400-mg oral doses repeated at 12-h intervals during 7 days. serum, saliva, and feces samples were collected before and at appropriate intervals after the initiation of treatment. drug concentrations were determined by bioassay. qualitative and quantitative analyses of the saliva and fecal floras were performed. mean concentrations in saliva (3.46 micrograms/ml on day 1 and 7.54 micrograms/ml on day 7) were closely related to ... | 1987 | 3481248 |
| in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of the oral cephalosporin bmy-28100. | bmy-28100 was compared with cephalexin, cefaclor, cefixime, and cefteram and found to be more active than the reference cephalosporins against staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus faecalis, and clostridium difficile. bmy-28100 was the next most active, after cefteram, against streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumoniae. against gram-negative bacteria, bmy-28100 showed similar activity to that of cefaclor. the antimicrobial activity of bmy-28100, including bact ... | 1987 | 3501756 |
| [antimicrobial sensitivity of clostridium difficile]. | 1987 | 3506279 | |
| in vitro activity of coumermycin in comparison to other non-beta-lactam antibiotics against staphylococci, streptococci, and clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3509379 | |
| the effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b on membrane integrity and protein synthesis in intestinal cells in vivo and in vitro and in mccoy cells in vitro. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b inhibited protein synthesis in mccoy tissue-culture cells but not in intestinal cells in vitro or in vivo. toxins a and b had no effect on membrane permeability of either intestinal cells or mccoy cells. | 1987 | 3585957 |
| biological mode of action of clostridium difficile toxin a: a novel enterotoxin. | antibody neutralisation and toxin a elution experiments showed that toxin a uptake from rabbit intestinal lumen was a continuous process. the kinetics of the ileal and colonic responses were significantly different; a much longer incubation (4 h) with toxin was required for colon, compared with 45 min for the ileum, to induce fluid accumulation at 12 h. fluid secretion was induced only when toxin had gained access to deeper tissues, probably achieved by several toxin uptake-tissue damage cycles. ... | 1987 | 3585958 |
| pediatric gastroenteritis in primary care and in hospitalized patients. | one-hundred and fifty-seven consecutive children below seven years of age (primary care n = 48, hospitalized patients n = 109) with acute gastroenteritis of assumed infectious origin were studied. rotavirus was demonstrated by electron microscopy of faeces in 44% of all patients. the occurrence of rotavirus among patients in primary care, 15%, was significantly lower than among hospitalized patients, 57% (p less than 0.01). adenovirus was isolated in six per cent and enterovirus in two per cent ... | 1987 | 3589234 |
| differential effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b on rabbit ileum. | the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile enterocolitis appears to involve colonization of the bowel followed by release of toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of purified toxins a and b on intestinal secretion, epithelial permeability, and morphology in perfused rabbit ileal loops. intestinal permeability after toxin exposure was assessed by blood-to-lumen clearance of [3h]mannitol. toxin a at doses of 5-100 micrograms/10 cm i ... | 1987 | 3596162 |
| role of clostridium difficile toxins in disease. | 1987 | 3596176 | |
| factors influencing the phagocytosis of clostridium difficile by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | phagocytosis of clostridium difficile by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) and the possible role of the clostridial toxins in this process were investigated. phagocytosis of c. difficile was independent of aerobiosis and clearly depended on opsonization. either complement or antibodies to c. difficile could serve as opsonins. toxigenic strains of c. difficile were more resistant to phagocytosis than were nontoxigenic strains. pretreatment of pmns with as much as 10,000 units of toxins fr ... | 1987 | 3596798 |
| biochemical studies on the effect of clostridium difficile toxin b on actin in vivo and in vitro. | we describe a simplified procedure for purification of clostridium difficile toxin b. in this procedure, cytotoxicity is associated with a single protein band with a molecular mass of 230 kilodaltons. we used direct fluorescent staining of actin filaments to study the effect of this toxin on cultured cells. morphologic changes were preceded by a decrease in the number and length of stress fibers followed by their disappearance with condensation of cellular actin around the nucleus. we then showe ... | 1987 | 3596804 |
| role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. | clostridium difficile is an agent involved in the development of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. the purpose of this work was to investigate the role of volatile fatty acids (vfas) in resistance to colonization by c. difficile by using a gnotobiotic animal model. accordingly, germfree mice were associated with different hamster flora, and the vfas in their cecal contents were measured by gas chromatography. the results showed that vfas were produced mainly by the intestinal flora ... | 1987 | 3596806 |
| calcium and calmodulin in cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | in cultured human lung fibroblasts treated with clostridium difficile toxin b, the development of the cytopathogenic effect was inhibited by the proton ionophore monensin but was not affected by some other ionophores. the calcium channel blockers verapamil and lacl3 protected the cells against intoxication, as did the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine, amitriptyline, r 24571, and dansylcadaverine. since these agents could not prevent intoxication when added after the toxin internalization w ... | 1987 | 3597551 |
| the effects of acute clostridium difficile diarrhea on fecal nitrogen content in adult hospitalized patients. | clostridium difficile diarrhea (cdd) is a frequent cause of hospital-associated infectious diarrhea and a common reason for nutritional consultation. limited data are available on fecal nitrogen losses during infectious diarrhea in adults. eleven patients with acute cdd were studied for stool volume and fecal nitrogen. the mean stool output was 630 +/- 110 g/day and fecal nitrogen 2.5 +/- 0.3 g per 24 hour period (mean +/- sem). fecal nitrogen loss was increased from the predicted 12.0 mg/kg bw/ ... | 1987 | 3598023 |
| effect of various diets on toxin production by two strains of clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. | when axenic mice fed a commercial diet were monoassociated with two toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, 100% of them died 3 days after inoculation and both enterotoxin and cytotoxin were produced in their intestinal tract. however, when axenic mice were fed various semisynthetic diets before c. difficile challenge, some of them survived and their fecal cytotoxin and enterotoxin productions were highly reduced, whereas the c. difficile population level did not decrease to a great extent. ... | 1987 | 3610315 |
| commercial latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | a commercially available latex agglutination test for clostridium difficile was compared with a cell culture cytotoxin assay and bacteriological culture for the laboratory diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (cad). stool specimens from 626 patients were tested by the three methods, and specimens from 118 patients (19%) were positive by at least one of the methods. the results of the three tests agreed in 88% of the specimens tested, overall, but they agreed in only 34% of t ... | 1987 | 3611316 |
| the effects of clostridium difficile crude toxins and toxin a on ileal and colonic loops in immune and non-immune rabbits. | rabbits were solidly immunised by parenteral injection of purified clostridium difficile toxin a such that they resisted an intravenous challenge with a normally lethal dose of toxin a. ileal and colonic loops constructed in non-immune and immune animals received challenge injections of crude culture filtrate or purified toxin a of c. difficile. protection of ileum was manifest after sufficient initial mucosal damage resulted in release of high levels of antitoxin a into the loop lumen of immune ... | 1987 | 3612743 |
| clostridium difficile--a spectrum of virulence and analysis of putative virulence determinants in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. | each of nine different toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile was administered orally to groups of hamsters pre-treated with clindamycin and housed individually in sterile isolator boxes. faecal pellets and caecal contents from well, diarrhoeic, moribund and freshly dead animals were analysed for c. difficile and toxins a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin), and tissue obtained when animals were killed was examined histologically. not all strains were equally virulent in this model. four strains ... | 1987 | 3612744 |
| [detection of clostridium difficile toxin by latex agglutination reaction]. | 1987 | 3613165 | |
| [clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in stools of hospitalized infants. effects of antibiotic treatment]. | 1987 | 3619318 | |
| utility of a rapid latex test for the detection of clostridium difficile in fecal specimens. | currently, the method of choice for the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease is the detection of cytotoxin in stool filtrates by tissue culture. since many hospital laboratories do not have tissue culture facilities, there is a need for a rapid test which is both sensitive and specific to diagnose c. difficile disease. a commercial latex agglutination was compared with the conventional cytotoxin tissue culture assay for the detection of c. difficile or its toxin(s) in fecal spec ... | 1987 | 3619398 |
| clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3620589 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in uremic patients. | an outbreak of 94 episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in 62 patients in a nephrology ward over a two-year period was investigated. quantitative stool cultures were performed on ten uremic patients not on antibiotics and without diarrhoea and on ten healthy controls. all diarrhoeal episodes were associated with clostridium difficile, and no other bacterial pathogens were isolated. thirty-two relapses occurred in 16 patients, fourteen of the relapses without preceding antibiotic ... | 1987 | 3622506 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxin in faeces. | 1987 | 3626930 | |
| [determination of the biological activity of clostridium difficile toxins in in vivo and in vitro experiments]. | the biological activity of the filtrates of 29 c. difficile strains was studied in vivo (suckling white mice) and in vitro (cell cultures of different species and origin). the action of the filtrates on the experimental models in vivo was evaluated from the cytotoxic effect index, while in vitro the intensity of the cytotoxic effect was evaluated from the percentage of dead cells in the monolayer. the results of the comparative determination of toxicity characteristics in vivo and in vitro demon ... | 1987 | 3630480 |
| extra-intestinal clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3153598 | |
| surveillance cultures and benefit of laminar airflow units in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. | the effectiveness of gastrointestinal and topical decontamination, as well as isolation in laminar airflow (laf) units were investigated in 20 patients. on a weekly basis, surveillance cultures were taken. environmental controls were taken on the medical ward outside the two laf units and from the laf unit itself when being used by a patient. the use of laf units seems to be of benefit in preventing exogenous infections, but there are two weak points in the isolation techniques: the opening of t ... | 1987 | 3121516 |
| diarrhea in the intensive care unit: the role of hypoalbuminemia and the response to a chemically defined diet (case reports and review of the literature). | we describe five patients who developed acute kwashiorkor-like hypoalbuminemia during their hospitalization in the intensive care unit. with the initiation of enteral alimentation, diarrhea ensued and continued for at least 48 hours. routine evaluation for the cause of diarrhea including stool culture for enteric pathogens, white blood cells, ova and parasites, clostridium difficile cytotoxin, and flexible sigmoidoscopy was negative. when a peptide based formula (vital hn, ross laboratories, col ... | 1987 | 3121713 |
| cellular internalisation of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the cytopathogenic effect of toxin a from clostridium difficile was studied in cultured human lung fibroblasts. the final effect was dependent on toxin concentration and exposure time. binding of the toxin to cells occurred at 0 degrees c as well as at 37 degrees c. the latency before appearance of the cytopathogenic effect was dose-dependent with a minimum of 45 min. the appearance of a cytopathogenic effect in toxin-treated cells was prevented by the addition of trypsin, antitoxin, lysosomotro ... | 1987 | 3148814 |
| therapy of clostridium difficile in pseudomembranous and antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1987 | 2978388 | |
| molecular cloning of clostridium difficile toxin a gene fragment in lambda gt11. | toxin a of clostridium difficile has been purified and monospecific antiserum produced. a reliable procedure for isolation and restriction of c. difficile chromosomal dna was developed which allowed for the construction of a genomic library in lambda gt11. approx. 35,000 plaques were screened using anti-toxin a which resulted in the identification of one stable positive clone, lambda cd19. verification of the immunological identity of the isolated toxin a gene fragment in lambda cd19 was determi ... | 1987 | 3030812 |
| comparative in vitro activity of ly146032 (daptomycin), a new lipopeptide antimicrobial. | the in vitro activity of ly146032, a new cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic, was compared with those of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and either oxacillin or ampicillin by determining agar dilution mic values for 304 clinical gram-positive isolates. ly146032 had superior in vitro activity against oxacillin-resistant staphylococci when compared to vancomycin or teicoplanin. against oxacillin-sensitive staphylococci, group jk-diphtheroids, streptococci, listeria monocytogenes and clostridium difficile, ly14 ... | 1987 | 3032607 |
| application of whole-cell dna restriction endonuclease profiles to the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. | two patients in one hospital room acquired pseudomembranous colitis, one shortly after the other. the dna restriction patterns of isolates from the patients and of four isolates from the environment were indistinguishable from one another and differed from isolates of other patients. restriction endonuclease digest analysis appears to be a useful method for studying the epidemiology of clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3033017 |
| effect of calcium on in vitro activity of ly146032 against clostridium difficile. | the in vitro mics of ly146032 against 63 isolates of clostridium difficile tested in wilkins-chalgren broth ranged from 0.5 to greater than 32 micrograms/ml, with mics of 4 and 8 micrograms/ml for 50 and 90% of the isolates, respectively. however, when the test medium was supplemented with physiologic concentrations of calcium, the mic for 90% of the isolates was reduced to less than or equal to 0.12 microgram/ml. | 1987 | 3034146 |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile to ly146032. | 1987 | 3036501 | |
| susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to fce 22101. | the activity of fce 22101 against 675 strains of anaerobic bacteria was determined by an agar dilution method. its activity was compared with those of benzylpenicillin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, fusidic acid, and bacitracin. fce 22101 and imipenem (mic, less than or equal to 0.5 mg/liter) were the most active agents against the anaerobic strains tested, except against clostridium difficile strains. on the basis of these results, f ... | 1987 | 3038012 |
| application of chromosomal restriction endonuclease digest analysis for use as typing method for clostridium difficile. | the usefulness of restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal dna as a typing method for clostridium difficile was tested. over four months all faecal samples were routinely cultured for c difficile. dna of all isolated strains was isolated and tested with the restriction endonuclease hind iii. the patterns obtained after electrophoresis in agarose gels seemed to be strain specific. antibiotic susceptibility profiles agreed with the results of the restriction endonuclease analysis, though t ... | 1987 | 3040811 |
| bmy 28100, a new oral cephalosporin. | bmy 28100, a new oral cephalosporin with a (z)-propenyl side chain at the 3 position and a p-hydroxyphenylglycyl substituent at the 7 position, was evaluated in comparison with cefaclor and cephalexin and, when appropriate, ampicillin and vancomycin. in vitro, bmy 28100 was more active than the reference cephalosporins against streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, listeria monocytogenes, haemophilus influenzae, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, and clos ... | 1987 | 3105449 |
| hypoalbuminemia as an indicator of diarrheal incidence in critically ill patients. | recently, we noted that substantial numbers of critically ill patients admitted to a medical icu developed diarrhea. we checked them for infectious, metabolic, and untoward medication effects, which were negative. we next considered a possible causal relation between reduced serum albumin and diarrhea. to document the frequency of diarrhea in this population, explore the relation between hypoalbuminemia and diarrhea, and make a preliminary assessment of a peptide-based, chemically defined diet i ... | 1987 | 3105959 |
| analysis of latex agglutination test for clostridium difficile toxin a (d-1) and differentiation between c difficile toxins a and b and latex reactive protein. | virulent toxigenic and avirulent non-toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile gave a positive result in the latex agglutination test (lat) for c difficile toxin a (d-1). similar concentrations of latex agglutinating antigen were produced by these strains in vivo. positive reactions were also given by c sporogenes, proteolytic c botulinum types a, b, and a/f, and bacteroides assaccharolyticus. the latex agglutinating antigen was denatured by boiling for 10 minutes, but not by heating at 56 degr ... | 1987 | 3108333 |
| purification of clostridium difficile toxin a by affinity chromatography on immobilized thyroglobulin. | an efficient, single-step method for isolating highly purified toxin a from clostridium difficile culture filtrates is described. the purification procedure was based on the affinity binding and release of toxin a to bovine thyroglobulin conjugated to agarose beads. the toxin strongly bound at 4 degrees c to the carbohydrate binding determinant gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac, a carbohydrate sequence which occurs on bovine thyroglobulin. toxin bound to thyroglobulin at 4 degrees c, allowing its ... | 1987 | 3112015 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile and detection of cytotoxin in the feces of diarrheic foals in the absence of antimicrobial treatment. | clostridium difficile was isolated from the feces of 27 of 43 diarrheic foals (63%), and cytotoxin was detected in feces from 28 diarrheic foals (65%). the foals had not received any antimicrobial treatment before the onset of diarrhea. c. difficile was not isolated from feces of 18 normal foals without diarrhea and 62 adult horses (p less than 0.005). this finding of c. difficile and its toxins in association with diarrhea in foals adds another possible cause to the list of infectious agents wh ... | 1987 | 3112178 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | 1987 | 3115085 | |
| toxin a from clostridium difficile binds to rabbit erythrocyte glycolipids with terminal gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac sequences. | the binding of toxin a isolated from clostridium difficile to rabbit erythrocyte glycolipids has been studied. total lipid extracts from rabbit erythrocytes were subjected to thin-layer chromatography and toxin-binding glycolipids detected by using 125i-labeled toxin a in a direct binding overlay technique. two major and several minor toxin-binding glycolipids were detected in rabbit erythrocytes by this method. the results of structural analyses of the major toxin-binding glycolipids were consi ... | 1987 | 3115180 |
| immunization of adult hamsters against clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters. | in this investigation, the role of antibodies against clostridium difficile toxins a and b in protecting hamsters against c. difficile-associated ileocecitis was examined. we also studied the transfer of protection against c. difficile-associated intestinal disease from immunized female hamsters to their infants. adult female hamsters immunized parenterally with toxoid a or a mixture containing both toxoids a and b were protected against clindamycin-induced c. difficile-associated fatal ileoceci ... | 1987 | 3679541 |
| plasmid profiles of clostridium difficile isolates from patients with antibiotic-associated colitis in two community hospitals. | 1987 | 3680990 | |
| [mucosal blood flow as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis]. | 1987 | 3682263 | |
| acute diarrhoea in adults: a prospective study. | a prospective study of 74 adults with acute diarrhoea was carried out in sydney in 1984-1985 to determine the infective agents that were involved and their relationship to clinical, epidemiological and laboratory features. thirty-four potential pathogens were identified in 32 (43.2%) patients. these included, in order of frequency: campylobacter spp., rotavirus, clostridium difficile, salmonella enteritidis, aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio parahaemolyticus, adenovirus, a small round virus and giard ... | 1987 | 3683260 |
| [effect of clostridium difficile toxin on human large intestine motility. in vitro studies]. | 1987 | 3683327 |