Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| molecular cloning and genetic analysis of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase determinant from clostridium difficile. | a gene bank from a clinical isolate of clostridium difficile expressing high chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was constructed by cloning sau3a-cleaved clostridial dna fragments into the plasmid vector puc13. among 1,020 clones tested, 11 were resistant to chloramphenicol; 1 of these, with an insert size of 1.9 kilobases (pppm9), was studied further. the clone pppm9 was mapped using a variety of restriction enzymes, and a 0.27-kilobase ecorv-taqi restriction fragment was shown to be wit ... | 1988 | 2847649 |
| in vitro activity of azithromycin (cp-62,993), a novel macrolide, against enteric pathogens. | azithromycin (cp-62,993 [9-deoxy-9a-methyl-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin]) is a novel macrolide antimicrobial. in this study the in vitro activity of cp-62,993 has been determined against selected enteropathogens, including clostridium difficile, and compared with that of erythromycin. mics were determined using an agar incorporation technique in mueller-hinton medium, containing saponin-lysed horse blood at a final concentration of 10% v/v, with an inoculum of 10(4) cfu. cp-62,993 was considerably ... | 1988 | 2854515 |
| immunochemical and structural similarities in toxin a and toxin b of clostridium difficile shown by binding to monoclonal antibodies. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b were shown to share immunochemical and structural features, including shared sequential epitopes. nineteen hybridomas generated after immunization of mice with a mixture of toxoids produced monoclonal antibodies, all igm(x), which bound to toxin a and toxin b in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (ria). none of the antibodies neutralized the cytotoxicity of either toxin, alone or in pairs, nor did they neutralize mouse lethality. the antibodies did not inhibit he ... | 1988 | 2459808 |
| identification and characterization of clostridium difficile promoter element that is functional in escherichia coli. | the promoter element involved in the expression of a previously characterized cloned clostridial antigen was isolated and characterized. a restriction fragment containing the promoter element of the clostridium difficile insert was cloned using the promoter probe vector, pga46. subclones of the clostridial dna insert in pga46 were then analyzed by nucleotide sequencing and by s1 nuclease experiments. the clostridial promoter element exhibits a high degree of homology with typical escherichia col ... | 1988 | 2463955 |
| clostridium difficile as a nosocomial pathogen. | patients admitted to a 19-bed floor with intermediate nursing care were studied for the onset of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during a six-month period (181 calendar days) in 1986-87. all admitted patients were reviewed weekly and followed after discharge from the study unit to other inpatient services. multiple items in the environment of five patients' rooms were sampled bacteriologically for the presence of c. difficile weekly during the study period. three of the rooms were sel ... | 1988 | 2896737 |
| gastrointestinal carriage rate of clostridium difficile in elderly, chronic care hospital patients. | the carriage rate of clostridium difficile in patients at a chronic care hospital was determined by two point prevalence surveys at 6-monthly intervals. in the first survey c. difficile or its toxin was present in stool samples from five symptomless patients on three of the four wards studied. all of these colonized patients had been in hospital for at least 2 months, but there was no relationship between carriage of the organism and antibiotic use. when the survey was repeated 6 months later, n ... | 1988 | 2899585 |
| hybridization analysis of the class p tetracycline resistance determinant from the clostridium perfringens r-plasmid, pcw3. | the tetracycline resistance determinant from pcw3, a conjugative plasmid from clostridium perfringens, has been identified and the structural gene localized to within a 1.4-kb region. hybridization analysis, which utilized an internal 0.8-kb specific gene probe, showed that eight nonconjugative tetracycline resistant c. perfringens strains all carried homologous resistance determinants. no homology was detected in dna prepared from tetracycline resistant isolates of clostridium difficile or clos ... | 1988 | 2901767 |
| isolation of shiga toxin-resistant vero cells and their use for easy identification of the toxin. | shiga toxin-resistant vero cells were isolated by treatment of the cells with nitrosoguanidine. these mutant cells were not affected by shiga toxin at more than 1 microgram/ml, although the parent vero cells were sensitive to 25 pg of the toxin per ml. immunofluorescence studies showed that all the mutant cells had lost toxin-binding capacity. the cytotoxic activities of various bacterial cultures against the parent and mutant cells were compared. all samples from 10 strains of shigella dysenter ... | 1988 | 3045003 |
| the histopathology of the hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli infections. | verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) infection was present in three cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus), two fatal and one non-fatal, in which detailed histopathologic investigations were conducted. two patients had a prodrome of bloody diarrhea, one of whom required a hemicolectomy for severe bleeding. the renal histopathology was characterized primarily by glomerular thrombotic microangiopathy (tma) with greater than 95% of glomeruli showing changes of capillary wall thickening ... | 1988 | 3047052 |
| [domestic animals as excreters of clostridium difficile]. | 1988 | 3048969 | |
| advances in ulcerative colitis. | ulcerative colitis is one of the two common chronic inflammatory bowel diseases which affect the colon of children. the disease can occur at any time during infancy and childhood and is far commoner than crohn's disease of the colon in children less than 6 years old. the jewish population outside of israel is at far greater risk of developing the condition than any other ethnic group. the reason for this is unknown. the chances of a family member developing the condition is 2-3 times as great as ... | 1988 | 3050919 |
| correlation between serogroup and susceptibility to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampicin and tetracycline among 308 isolates of clostridium difficile. | the susceptibility to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampicin and tetracycline of 308 isolates of clostridium difficile from various origins was determined by a disc diffusion susceptibility testing and the results were compared with the serogroup of the strains. for the five antimicrobials, there was a clear-cut separation between susceptible and resistant strains. some correlation between resistance and serogroup was found. almost all of the 161 isolates of serogroups a, f, g, h ... | 1988 | 3053559 |
| [bacteriologic and serologic diagnosis of enteral infections]. | infections of the gastrointestinal tract still are numerous, ranging on the second place after infections of the respiratory tract. some of them show quite severe or prolonged course. in contrast to other infections, especially those of the urinary tract, laboratory diagnostic of enteritis is only scarcely ordered. during the last ten years new methods and knowledge of etiologic germs like campylobacter, yersinia, various types of e. coli, clostridium difficile, rotavirus, adenovirus, giardia, b ... | 1988 | 3054377 |
| [in vitro activity of a combination of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid on anaerobic bacteria]. | one hundred and one anaerobes isolated from clinical specimen were examined for their susceptibility to amoxicillin, alone or in combination with clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefotaxime, piperacillin and metronidazole. tested strains were as follow: 90 bacteroides fragilis group, 16 bacteroides bivius and 5 clostridium difficile. for 54 strains combination amoxicillin-sulbactam were also studied. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined by agar dilution method on wilkin ... | 1988 | 3054746 |
| [in vitro activity of beta-lactams, clindamycin and metronidazole on clostridium difficile]. | in one year and a half period 47 clostridium difficile were isolated from stool samples. isolates with questionable morphologic features were identified using sugars fermentation, gaz liquid chromatography (glc). cytotoxin assay was performed on mac coy cells. the comparative susceptibilities to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amc), cefotetan (ctt), cefoxitin (fox), cefotaxime (ctx), latamoxef (mox), mezlocillin (mez), piperacillin (pip), clindamycin (clin) and metronidazole was tested using minima ... | 1988 | 3054747 |
| [clostridium difficile in children and adolescents undergoing anticancer and antimicrobial chemotherapy. the possibility of nosocomial acquisition]. | we looked for c. difficile and its cytotoxin among children and adolescents treated with diverse kinds of cancer chemotherapy in an oncologic ward of a pediatric hospital. most of them were also given multiple antibiotic treatments, susceptible of making c. difficile colonization easier due to the modification of the intestinal ecosystem. as the colonization may have an external origin, we also looked for c. difficile in the environment. 14 patients have been studied and we found cytotoxic strai ... | 1988 | 3054763 |
| evaluation of a computer-assisted method of analysing sds-page protein profiles in tracing a hospital outbreak of serratia marcescens. | sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) profiles of bacterial proteins have been successfully used for taxonomical purposes. more recently this technique has been applied to epidemiological investigations in respect of various micro-organisms including neisseria meningitidis, staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile. the main limitations of the methods so far described are lack of standardisation in extraction and separation as well as in the analysis of resu ... | 1988 | 3060541 |
| results of a prospective, 18-month clinical evaluation of culture, cytotoxin testing, and culturette brand (cdt) latex testing in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | an 18-mo evaluation of culture, cytotoxin, and latex testing for clostridium difficile was performed between july 1, 1985, and december 31, 1986, on 1,536 specimens from 1,406 patients during evaluation of diarrhea. all cases with at least one test positive were investigated for clinical status. there were 144 clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cad) patients; 139 (97%) were positive by culture, 96 (67%) by cytotoxin, and 98 (68%) by latex testing. in the 1,262 non-cad patients with diarr ... | 1988 | 3066571 |
| management and prevention of bacterial diarrhea. | the etiology, pathogenesis, transmission and communicability, diagnosis, and management of infectious diarrhea are reviewed. infectious diarrhea is common in both industrialized and unindustrialized areas of the world. better understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis and identification of "new" enteric pathogens has resulted in the use of a variety of drugs to relieve symptoms or to effect a clinical cure. both host and microbial virulence factors are key in the acquisition of diarrheal ill ... | 1988 | 3069286 |
| bacterial-induced diarrhoea. | in diverse parts of the world, many bacterial strains have been recognised as the causative agents of diarrhoea. great achievements have been made in perceiving the varied mechanisms which explain their intestinal pathogenicity. these achievements include the elucidation of the 5 mechanisms of disease production by escherichia coli, the mechanisms of action of shigella, salmonella, campylobacter and yersinia, new information about antimicrobial-associated colitis caused by clostridium difficile ... | 1988 | 3069445 |
| [nosocomial nature of antibiotic-induced intestinal clostridium infections caused by clostridium difficile]. | 1988 | 3069610 | |
| diagnosis of infectious diarrheal diseases. | for many years, microbiologic examination of feces was focused on the isolation of two members of the family enterobacteriaceae--salmonellae and shigellae. over the past two decades, other enteric pathogens such as the various classes of diarrheagenic e. coli, campylobacter, vibrio spp., yersinia enterocolitica, and clostridium difficile have gained prominence. a newly recognized protozoan parasite, cryptosporidium is now known to infect both immunocompetent and immunodeficient individuals. adde ... | 1988 | 3074126 |
| pseudomembranous colitis induced by clostridium difficile. | 1988 | 3077615 | |
| a comparison of teicoplanin and cefuroxime as prophylaxis for orthopaedic implant surgery: a preliminary report. | the relative merits of different antibiotic regimens for prophylaxis in orthopaedic implant surgery are difficult to evaluate because of the low frequency of infection. factors other than infection prevention may influence choice. we have compared 400 mg teicoplanin given intravenously on induction of anaesthesia with three perioperative injections of cefuroxime, in 146 patients undergoing total hip or total knee replacement. these interim results suggest that cefuroxime selects for increased ex ... | 1988 | 2965126 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of trospectomycin (u-63366f), a novel spectinomycin analog. | trospectomycin (u-63366f) is a novel spectinomycin analog with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. the in vitro activity of this analog was compared with that of spectinomycin and other reference antibiotics against 411 clinical isolates of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. mics were determined by agar or broth dilution methods. the stability of trospectomycin in the presence of an enzyme extract derived from spectinomycin-resistant escherichia coli was determined. trospectomycin was more activ ... | 1988 | 2966608 |
| clostridium difficile toxins a and b inhibit human immune response in vitro. | two clostridium difficile toxins isolated from strain vpi 10463 were tested for their effect on different human t-cell proliferation systems. in mitogen- and antigen-driven t-cell proliferation systems, toxins inhibited the proliferative response in a dose-dependent fashion. in interleukin-2-driven culture systems, no effect of toxins could be found on preactivated t cells. we suspected that monocytes were the influenced cells, since in antigen- and mitogen-driven systems monocytes were necessar ... | 1988 | 3128476 |
| purification and characterization of clostridium sordellii hemorrhagic toxin and cross-reactivity with clostridium difficile toxin a (enterotoxin). | hemorrhagic toxin (toxin ht) was purified from clostridium sordellii culture filtrate. the purification steps included ultrafiltration through an xm-100 membrane filter and immunoaffinity chromatography, using a monoclonal antibody to toxin a of clostridium difficile as the ligand. toxin ht migrated as a major band with a molecular weight of 525,000 and a minor band at 450,000 on nondenaturing gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the molecular weight was estimated at 300,000 by sodium do ... | 1988 | 3128481 |
| characterization of cross-reactive proteins detected by culturette brand rapid latex test for clostridium difficile. | clostridium sporogenes, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and bacteroides asaccharolyticus have been reported to react in the culturette brand rapid latex test (marion scientific, div. marion laboratories, inc., kansas city, mo.) for clostridium difficile. from the results of this study we showed that c. sporogenes and p. anaerobius produce a protein which is very similar biochemically and immunologically to the protein of c. difficile that is detected by the test. thus, the positive latex reaction ... | 1988 | 3128574 |
| purification and characterisation of two forms of toxin b produced by clostridium difficile. | toxin b from clostridium difficile was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration and high resolution ion exchange chromatography. two forms of toxin b were found. form 1 which seemed to consist of two identical subunits of 220-300 kda; femtogram amounts of this toxin induced rounding of fibroblast cells. form 2 contained subunits of 43 kda and 105 kda; the stoichiometric ratio probably being 4:1; picogram amounts were needed to induce rounding of fibroblast cells. immunological studies suggested ... | 1988 | 3133248 |
| incidence and significance of clostridium difficile in hospitalized cancer patients. | the aim of the study was to assess the incidence and clinical significance of clostridium difficile in patients in our cancer center. over a period of seven consecutive months, 557 stools samples obtained from 156 hospitalized cancer patients (37 leukemic patients receiving oral antimicrobial prophylaxis and 119 patients from whom a stool sample was sent to the laboratory) were analyzed for the presence of clostridium difficile. clostridium difficile and/or its toxin was recovered from 13 (35%) ... | 1988 | 3134231 |
| computer-aided densitometric analysis of protein patterns of clostridium difficile. | the applicability of whole-cell protein patterns obtained by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a typing method for clostridium difficile was examined using a total of 227 strains isolated from 191 patients and their surroundings. computer-aided densitometric analysis was used to establish a reliable standardization technique with which a large number of protein patterns could be efficiently classified. the normalized tracks could be electronically superimposed and compa ... | 1988 | 3134233 |
| clostridium difficile plasmid isolation as an epidemiologic tool. | a large hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea at the minneapolis veterans administration medical center (mvamc) was studied by plasmid profile typing. plasmids were obtained from 30 (37%) of 82 clinical isolates from mvamc patients and 10 (67%) of 15 non-mvamc isolates. while bacteriophage plus bacteriocin typing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) plus bacterial agglutination typing proved more universally applicable, plasmid profiles may be useful for tracing isolated e ... | 1988 | 3134239 |
| actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase produced by a clostridium difficile strain. | by screening possible adp-ribosyltransferase activities in culture supernatants from various clostridium species, we have found one clostridium difficile strain (cd196) (isolated in our laboratory) that is able to produce, in addition to toxins a and b, a new adp-ribosyltransferase that was shown to covalently modify cell actin as clostridium botulinum c2 or clostridium perfringens e iota toxins do. the molecular weight of the cd196 adp-ribosyltransferase (cdt) was determined to be 43 kilodalton ... | 1988 | 3137166 |
| [fundamental studies on the growth of clostridium difficile--the effect of medium ph on the germination & proliferation of spores]. | 1988 | 3138331 | |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | this paper reviews the various laboratory procedures available for the isolation and identification of clostridium difficile and the detection of toxins produced by this organism. laboratories should be selective in determining which patients require investigation for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. transport and storage of stool specimens at 4 degrees c is recommended when delays in processing may occur. tissue culture techniques are still the best method for detection of cytotoxin ... | 1988 | 3141153 |
| pancreatic abscess caused by clostridium difficile. | the first known case of pancreatic abscess caused by clostridium difficile in a patient with no history of diarrhea or previous antibiotic therapy is presented. after surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy with metronidazole (500 mg every 8 h) and cefotaxime (1 g every 8 h) the patient recovered completely. | 1988 | 3141163 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a perturbs cytoskeletal structure and tight junction permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelial monolayers. | toxin a of clostridium difficile causes severe inflammatory enterocolitis in man and animals that appears to be mediated in part by acute inflammatory cells that migrate into the toxin a-exposed mucosa. to determine the direct effects of toxin a on intestinal epithelial permeability and structure in the absence of other modulating factors, we used cultured monolayers of a human intestinal epithelial cell line (t84). a toxin a concentration of 7 x 10(-1) micrograms/ml (3 x 10(-9) m) nearly abolis ... | 1988 | 3141478 |
| effect of toxins produced by various clostridium difficile strains on cecum size reduction in gnotobiotic mice. | inoculation of axenic mice with clostridium difficile strains induced a significant reduction in ceca weight (dry or wet), whereas a nontoxinogenic strain led to a partial reduction. a strain, which produces cytotoxin and no enterotoxin in vivo, caused a reduction similar to that observed with a nontoxinogenic strain. simultaneous cytotoxin and enterotoxin production by various c. difficile strains caused the cecum size to diminish to that observed for conventional control mice. | 1988 | 3143476 |
| clostridium difficile: its disease and toxins. | clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis, a severe, sometimes fatal disease that occurs in adults undergoing antimicrobial therapy. the disease, ironically, has been most effectively treated with antibiotics, although some of the newer methods of treatment such as the replacement of the bowel flora may prove more beneficial for patients who continue to relapse with pseudomembranous colitis. the organism produces two potent exotoxins designated toxin a and toxin b. ... | 1988 | 3144429 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b induces reorganization of actin, vinculin, and talin in cultured cells. | clostridium difficile toxin b is a powerful cytopathic agent which causes animal cells in culture to become rounded and arborized, an effect similar to that induced by the cytochalasins. in this study, we demonstrated that the morphological effects of the toxin are directed specifically against the actin and related components of the cytoskeleton. dramatic disruption and reorganization of the actin stress fibers were detectable prior to significant changes in cell shape and alterations in the mi ... | 1988 | 3121372 |
| partial characterization of the enzymatic activity associated with the binary toxin (type c2) produced by clostridium botulinum. | clostridium botulinum produces a binary toxin that possesses a heavy chain (approximately 100,000 daltons) and a light chain (approximately 50,000 daltons). the heavy chain is a binding component that directs the toxin to vulnerable cells, and the light chain is an enzyme that has mono(adp-ribosyl)ating activity. a number of experiments have been done to help characterize the enzymatic activity of the toxin. the data reveal that the enzyme has a ph optimum within the range of 7.0 to 8.0. it is n ... | 1988 | 3121511 |
| [clostridium difficile in the colon of patient with pseudomembranous colitis and contamination of environment]. | 1988 | 3150408 | |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome and pseudomembranous colitis. | two cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) associated with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) are described. the toxin of clostridium difficile was detected post mortem in the stool of one patient and the other patient showed a good therapeutic response to oral vancomycin, an antibiotic with established efficacy in the management of pmc. when associated with hus, pmc is probably an independent specific disease that, in common with many other infections, may activate hus. | 1988 | 3153053 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following antiviral therapy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 1988 | 3163893 | |
| a multicenter study of the in vitro antianaerobic activity of cefotetan compared with other antimicrobial agents. | the in vitro antianaerobic activity of cefotetan was compared with that of chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cefoxitin, and penicillin in a multicenter study. both agar dilution and broth microdilution testing procedures, as described by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls), were employed; a total of 1,377 strains were examined. results were interpreted using the u.s. food and drug administration- and nccls-recommended criteria. this study indicates that bacteroides fragi ... | 1988 | 3163901 |
| in vitro activity of cefotetan compared with that of other antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria. | the activity of cefotetan against 430 strains of anaerobic bacteria was compared with that of cefoxitin, ceftizoxime, clindamycin, metronidazole, and chloramphenicol. percent susceptible values for the bacteroides fragilis group were 60, 80, 29, 86, 100, and 100%, respectively. percent susceptible values for the b. fragilis species were 91, 92, 46, 98, 100, and 100%, respectively. non-b. fragilis-group bacteroides species were inhibited very well (90 to 100%) by all drugs except ceftizoxime (80% ... | 1988 | 3163908 |
| chemical colitis due to endoscope cleaning solutions: a mimic of pseudomembranous colitis. | a unique form of colitis was observed during endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract in 21 patients. the patients were prepared using either tap-water enemas or standard lavage solutions. patients were found to have discrete or confluent white plaques adherent to the colonic mucosa, mild to severe erythema of the surrounding mucosa, and variable amounts of foamy liquid upon withdrawal of the endoscope. stool assays for clostridium difficile toxin and bacterial cultures were negative. mucos ... | 1988 | 3169504 |
| oral fluoroquinolone therapy in clostridium difficile enterocolitis. | 1988 | 3172400 | |
| clostridium difficile in preterm neonates. | stool specimens from premature neonates over the first month of life were examined for the presence of toxigenic clostridium difficile and to evaluate a possible correlation between colonization and bowel disorders or prior antibiotic administration. results showed a high isolation rate (63%) of clostridium difficile with similar incidence in infants treated or not with antibiotics and with or without bowel disorders. differentiation among strains according to sds-page, antibiotic susceptibility ... | 1988 | 3173125 |
| purification and some properties of cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile. | the cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile was highly purified by using ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatographies of deae-sephadex a-25, hydroxyapatite, bio-gel a-0.5m, phenyl-sepharose cl-4b, and mono q. the purified cytotoxin gave a single band on conventional and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dithiothreitol. its molecular weight was estimated to be 260,000 and 50,000 by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-po ... | 1988 | 3173147 |
| lack of association between clostridium difficile toxin and diarrhea in infants. | 1988 | 3174309 | |
| ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole. | ciprofloxacin has a reduced activity against anaerobic pathogens. therefore, a combination of ciprofloxacin with an antimicrobial agent active against anaerobes, such as metronidazole, seems to be interesting for the treatment of mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections. high metronidazole concentrations (10 mg/l or 40 mg/l) neither affected the bactericidal efficacy of ciprofloxacin on aerobic pathogens, such as escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococcus faecalis ... | 1988 | 3182096 |
| the in-vitro activity of pd127,391, a new quinolone. | mics of pd127,391 a new 4-quinolone, and of ci934 and ciprofloxacin, two previously reported 4-quinolones, were determined for common clinical bacterial isolates by an agar-dilution method. pd127,391 was the most active drug against enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp (mics less than 0.12 mg/l) and as active as ciprofloxacin against aeromonas spp. (mics less than 0.008 mg/l) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (mics less than 1 mg/l). it was more active than ciprofloxacin against pseudomonas spp. in ... | 1988 | 3182416 |
| [comparative characterization of the morphologic changes induced by the cytotoxic action of a filtrate of clostridium difficile strain b in cell cultures]. | investigations carried out by the authors have demonstrated the possibility of the simultaneous evaluation of the results of the quantitative and qualitative characterization of the cytotoxic action of the filtrate of c. difficile strain b in the cultures of diploid human cells and cells fl. the action of the filtrate used in the same dilution (1:1,000) over equal incubation periods (15 minutes) has resulted in the appearance of different morphological changes in each of these cultures. the degr ... | 1988 | 3188732 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-related disease. | 1988 | 3195507 | |
| efficacy and safety of cefpirome (hr810). | sixty adult patients with suspected systemic bacterial infections were treated with cefpirome 1 g or 2 g twice daily for 5-22 days. forty-seven patients were evaluable for clinical efficacy. diagnoses in evaluable patients were urinary tract infections (20), pneumonia (10), soft tissue infections (17), and bone and joint infections (4); four patients had two infections each. nine patients were bacteraemic and all were cured; the responsible bacteria were escherichia coli (6), streptococcus pneum ... | 1988 | 3204079 |
| yield of stool cultures, ova and parasite tests, and clostridium difficile determinations in nosocomial diarrheas. | stool cultures for bacterial pathogens, ova and parasites, and clostridium difficile are usually ordered for patients with nosocomial diarrhea. in the interest of cost containment we undertook an 18-month retrospective study to assess the cost/benefit of performing each of these three tests. during the study period nosocomial diarrhea developed in 118 patients. of 452 bacterial stool cultures ordered, only one was positive for campylobacter jejuni and none for ova and parasites. however, of 126 ... | 1988 | 3207206 |
| in vitro activity of flomoxef compared to moxalactam, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and clindamycin against anaerobes. | to assess the in vitro activity of flomoxef (6315-s), moxalactam, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and clindamycin against anaerobes 197 clinical isolates (27 bacteroides fragilis, 42 b. thetaiotaomicron, 10 b. vulgatus, 7 b. ovatus, 6 b. uniformis, 6 b. distasonis, 7 bacteroides melaninogenicus group, 11 bacteroides oralis group, 21 clostridium difficile, 7 c. perfringens, 3 c. sporogenes, 3 clostridium spp., 33 propionibacterium acnes, 14 peptococcaceae) were studied by means of agar dilution tests. the ... | 1988 | 3214438 |
| fast protein purification of clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | 1988 | 3215944 | |
| impact of cefixime on the normal intestinal microflora. | the ecological effects on the normal intestinal microflora after cefixime tablets in doses of 200 mg twice daily for 7 days were studied in 10 healthy volunteers. stool specimens were collected before and 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after start of treatment. plasma samples were collected during 12 h after the first dose on day 1 and 1 sample was taken on day 7 for bioassay of cefixime concentration. peak plasma concentration of cefixime occurred after about 4 h with a mean of 3.0 mg/l. the mean auc0 ... | 1988 | 3222669 |
| species-specific oligonucleotide probes for rrna of clostridium difficile and related species. | the large copy number of rrna makes it an appealing target for oligonucleotide probes designed to identify microorganisms. given that nucleotide sequences in rrna are known to reflect phylogeny, species-specific rrna probes should be feasible if the sequences found in closely related species are different. we sequenced portions of the 16s rrna of three closely related clostridia found in the human colonic microflora: clostridium bifermentans, c. sordellii, and c. difficile. the rrnas of these th ... | 1988 | 3230127 |
| [study of an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | twenty three clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheic faecal samples of 22 patients in a neurosurgical department of the pellegrin hospital in bordeaux between january 1984 and may 1987 (15 isolated in 1984, 2 in 1985, 3 in 1986 and 3 in 1987) and 15 strains isolated from 15 patients in other departments of the same hospital in 1984 have been compared using their antimicrobial susceptibility, cytotoxin production and electrophoretic pattern. twelve of the 15 strains isolated in the ... | 1988 | 3231846 |
| clostridium difficile in acute and long-stay elderly patients. | a recent report suggested that clostridium difficile (cl. difficile) was endemic in chronic-care facilities. we have examined the prevalence of cl. difficile carriage in 67 patients in a large geriatric hospital. cl. difficile was sought by both toxin and culture methods, but was not detected in the stools of any patient. these findings suggest that cl. difficile is not part of the normal faecal flora in elderly in-patients. | 1988 | 3232587 |
| evaluation of a commercial latex test for clostridium difficile for reactivity with c. difficile and cross-reactions with other bacteria. | seventy-eight species of bacteria (739 isolates) were tested for reactivity with a commercial latex test for clostridium difficile. all noncytotoxic as well as cytotoxic strains of c. difficile reacted positively. immuno-specific cross-reactions were found only with c. sporogenes, proteolytic c. botulinum, and peptostreptococcus anaerobius. | 1988 | 3235677 |
| an evaluation of a rapid latex test for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | we present here the results of an evaluation of a rapid latex test for detection of cl. stridium difficile-associated in comparison with our standard cytotoxin assay and culture for c. difficile. some 515 diarrheal stools were examined. c. difficile was cultured from 70 specimens (13.5%); 53 specimens (10.2%) were positive with the latex test, and 50 (9.6%) by cytotoxin assay. the latex test did not differ significantly from the cytotoxin assay in sensitivity or specificity compared to culture r ... | 1988 | 3241736 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a report of seven cases. | 1988 | 3241980 | |
| [occurrence of clostridium difficile in the feces of children of rio de janeiro, rj, brazil]. | 1988 | 3252437 | |
| reactive arthritis associated with clostridium difficile enteritis. | reactive arthritis of one or more peripheral joints developed after an enteric infection with clostridium difficile in 2 adult patients. other reactive signs such as conjunctivitis, mucous membrane lesions and urethritis were absent. one patient had the hla-b27 antigen. short term followup showed a benign course of the arthritis. three other cases of arthritis associated with c. difficile were reviewed. | 1988 | 3259987 |
| in vitro activity of cefotaxime against clinically significant pathogens. | the present in vitro antibacterial activities of cefotaxime and 8 other cephalosporins (cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, cefpiramide, latamoxef, cefamandole, cefmetazole, cefotiam and cephazolin) were evaluated simultaneously in 384 strains of gram-positive cocci, 595 strains of enterobacteriaceae, 240 strains of non-fermenters and 143 strains of anaerobes and miscellaneous organisms. the results were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) range, mic50 and mic90. of the beta-lactams, cefo ... | 1988 | 3260852 |
| hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis associated with clostridium difficile infection in four foals. | severe hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis was determined to be the cause of death for 4 foals. toxigenic clostridium difficile was isolated form the intestine of each foal, and large, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria lined the surface of necrotic villi. this finding of toxigenic c difficile associated with enteritis in foals adds another possible cause to the list of infectious agents that should be considered when evaluating foals with enteritis. definitive diagnosis requires a thorough di ... | 1988 | 3262102 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile determined by disc diffusion and breakpoint methods. | the susceptibility of 160 isolates of clostridium difficile to eight antimicrobial agents was studied by two methods. there was generally good agreement between the results obtained with the disc diffusion and breakpoint methods. more than 90% of isolates studied were considered sensitive by both methods. however there was a major difference between the results obtained with the two methods for penicillin g and clindamycin, resistance to both agents being overestimated by the disc diffusion meth ... | 1988 | 3263353 |
| [epidemiological study of the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile using a new serogrouping method]. | 1988 | 3272512 | |
| identification and molecular cloning of a 70 kda species-specific antigen common to clostridium difficile. | three common antigens (cb 1, 2 and 3), characteristic of clostridium difficile species were identified by immunoblot analysis using homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera, raised against whole cells from 9 distinct strains of c. difficile. a gene library of c. difficile genomic dna was constructed in escherichia coli by cloning in sau 3a-cleaved clostridial dna fragments into the bacteriophage vector lambda embl3. out of 3000 plaques screened using the whole cell antisera, 27 clones were po ... | 1988 | 3273466 |
| prospective study comparing imipenem-cilastatin with clindamycin and gentamicin for the treatment of serious surgical infections. | surgical infection remains a leading cause of hospital morbidity and mortality. we compared the efficacy and toxicity of imipenem-cilastatin sodium in 32 patients with that of clindamycin phosphate and gentamicin sulfate in 25 patients. in the imipenem-cilastatin group, 87.5% had a favorable outcome, with a 12.5% failure rate and 13 adverse reactions. in the clindamycin-gentamicin group, 80% had a favorable outcome, with a 20% failure rate and ten adverse reactions. two significant superinfectio ... | 1988 | 3277587 |
| comparison of api zym system with api an-ident, api 20a, minitek anaerobe ii, and rapid-ana systems for identification of clostridium difficile. | the api zym system was compared with four anaerobe identification systems for the definitive identification of clostridium difficile by using 88 cultures of c. difficile grown on mueller-hinton blood agar medium. the api zym system yielded a distinct and consistent enzyme profile for all test strains, whereas the sensitivities of the other systems in identifying c. difficile ranged from 78 to 96% (an-ident, 77.9%; rapid-ana, 88.6%; minitek anaerobe ii, 90.9%; and api 20a, 95.5%). the api zym sys ... | 1988 | 3277989 |
| effect of inoculum size on detection and recovery of clostridium difficile in selective broth cultures. | 1988 | 3278014 | |
| infections after experimental cadaver bone marrow transplantation in beagle dogs. transplantations with and without selective gastrointestinal decontamination. | experimental transplantations of cadaver bone marrow (bmt) in beagle dogs were performed to evaluate the problems and potentials in a preclinical setting. the effectiveness of selective decontamination of the gut (sd) and gnotobiotic surveillance in preventing infections during longer aplastic periods was investigated. three groups of dogs were compared. group a: controls. group b: dogs with bmt, without sd and irregular gnotobiotic surveillance. group c: dogs with bmt, with sd and regular gnoto ... | 1988 | 3283036 |
| cloning and expression of secreted antigens of clostridium difficile in escherichia coli. | the feasibility of the cloning and expression of clostridium difficile antigens in escherichia coli was investigated. the expression of a limited number of cloned clostridial antigens under the control of clostridial promoter elements in e. coli was observed. | 1988 | 3286505 |
| infectious complications in four long-term recipients of the jarvik-7 artificial heart. | this article describes the infectious complications that occurred among four of the longest-term recipients of the jarvik-7 artificial heart. infection arising from the drive lines, with spread to the mediastinal periprosthetic space, was the major limiting factor in long-term use of the device in these patients. periprosthetic infections were due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other pseudomonas species. other infectious complications incu ... | 1988 | 3336199 |
| clostridium difficile in neonates: serogrouping and epidemiology. | a typing scheme for clostridium difficile based on serogrouping, toxigenicity and sorbitol fermentation was applied to 270 strains isolated in one neonatal ward during a 6-month prospective study. two hundred and twenty-three strains were isolated from 377 faecal samples of 114 neonates and 47 from 92 environmental specimens. the isolates were distributed among five different types; 87% of the faecal and 85% of the environmental isolates belonged to two of these types (toxigenic, sorbitol negati ... | 1988 | 3338476 |
| evaluation of a latex agglutination test for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated colitis. | current methods for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated colitis (cac) based on detection of cytotoxin b by a tissue culture assay (tca) require technical expertise and up to 48 hours incubation. recently, a latex agglutination (la) test (marion laboratories) for rapid diagnosis of cac has become available. although early evaluations have been favorable, new evidence suggests that the la reagent binds a soluble bacterial antigen that is not unique to toxigenic strains of c. difficile. t ... | 1988 | 3341282 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in rabbit small and large intestine in vivo and on cultured cells in vitro. | clostridium difficile is recognized as the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis. c. difficile produces two toxins, a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin), that are implicated in the pathogenesis of the colitis. we examined the dose responses, time course, and synergism of these two toxins in ligated rabbit intestinal loops and in tissue culture. in rabbit small intestinal loops, toxin a caused histologically demonstrable intestinal tissue damage as early as 2 h. the secretory response greater ... | 1988 | 3343050 |
| immunoblots and plasmid fingerprints compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing clostridium difficile. | two new methods for typing clostridium difficile, immunoblotting and plasmid fingerprinting, were compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). of these methods, immunoblotting was found to be the most valuable for use in a comprehensive typing system. more groups could be distinguished by immunoblotting than by serotyping or page. immunoblotting results were also more reproducible and distinctive than results by page. plasmid fingerprinting was an excellent marker for ... | 1988 | 3343314 |
| absence of diarrhea in toxic megacolon complicating clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | we describe a patient with clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis who presented with toxic megacolon without diarrhea. the discussion includes a brief review of the literature, and suggests an important role for endoscopy in the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis and, possibly, as part of the therapy for toxic megacolon associated with clostridium difficile colitis. the unusual combination of toxic megacolon without antecedent diarrhea should be recognized as a possible man ... | 1988 | 3344734 |
| mucosal association by clostridium difficile in the hamster gastrointestinal tract. | for many organisms, mucosal association is an important virulence determinant. although studied in detail for other intestinal pathogens, this aspect of pathogenicity has not been studied for clostridium difficile. we compared the ability of an avirulent non-toxigenic strain (m-1), a highly virulent toxigenic strain (b-1), and a poorly virulent toxigenic strain (bat) of c. difficile to adhere to different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of hamsters pre-treated with clindamycin. strain b-1 ... | 1988 | 3346902 |
| stool caproic acid for screening of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the prime etiologic agent in the production of pseudomembranous colitis by its powerful cytotoxin. the most common test for the toxin is a tissue culture method with neutralization of cytopathic effect by a c. difficile antiserum. this method is expensive and requires a minimum of 72 hours before results can be obtained. attempts to create a rapid method, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, latex agglutination, and fluorescent antibody test are fra ... | 1988 | 3354506 |
| electrophoretic characterization of clostridium difficile strains isolated from antibiotic-associated colitis and other conditions. | clostridium difficile has been recognized as the cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and of less severe diarrheal diseases associated with the use of antimicrobial agents. however, healthy carriers of this microorganism have been found, particularly healthy neonates and small children. various typing systems have been used to clarify the epidemiology of c. difficile. we used the electrophoretic patterns of edta-extracted proteins to characterize c. difficile strains from vari ... | 1988 | 3356792 |
| emergence in gnotobiotic mice of nontoxinogenic clones of clostridium difficile from a toxinogenic one. | in previous studies, we showed that diet composition or saccharomyces boulardii ingestion could protect gnotobiotic mice against lethal clostridium difficile infection. using an original method, we detected nontoxinogenic clones from feces of protected mice challenged with a toxinogenic clone of c. difficile. these clones became established at the same level as the toxinogenic one after about 30 days. in these protected mice bearing nontoxinogenic clones, no enterotoxin production could be detec ... | 1988 | 3372017 |
| in vitro activity of flomoxef in comparison to other cephalosporins. | flomoxef and cefazolin had nearly the same activity against staphylococci, which was stronger than that of other cephalosporins. against streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pneumoniae, cefotaxime and cefazolin were more active than flomoxef, but the other cephamycins were less active than flomoxef. in comparison to the other cephalosporins, latamoxef and flomoxef had higher activity against branhamella catarrhalis, whereas cefotaxime, latamoxef and cefotetan were m ... | 1988 | 3372024 |
| studies on the resistance of clostridium difficile to antimicrobial agents. | the susceptibility of c. difficile isolated at the department of medical microbiology of the university of zurich to a wide selection of antibacterial, antimycobacterial and antifungal agents was tested in vitro. great differences in susceptibility were found against chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifamycin, and tetracycline. resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin could always be transferred jointly to a susceptible c. difficile strain by mixed culture on filters at low frequenc ... | 1988 | 3376619 |
| in vitro activities of two oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, dup 721 and dup 105. | the antibacterial activities of dup 105 and dup 721, new oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, were compared with those of beta-lactams and glycopeptides. ninety percent of staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, including methicillin-resistant isolates, were inhibited by 4 micrograms of dup 105 and 1 microgram of dup 721 per ml. dup 721 inhibited hemolytic streptococcus groups a, b, c, f, and g at a concentration of less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml, and it inhibited vir ... | 1988 | 3377467 |
| vertebral osteomyelitis caused by clostridium difficile. a case report and review of the literature. | 1988 | 3381119 | |
| purification and characterization of toxin b from clostridium difficile. | toxin b from clostridium difficile was purified to homogeneity and characterized. purification of toxin b was achieved by gel filtration, chromatography on two consecutive anion-exchange columns, and chromatography on a high-resolution anion-exchange column in the presence of 50 mm cacl2. the molecular weight of toxin b was estimated to be 250,000 by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and 500,000 by gel filtration. no subunits were apparent when the t ... | 1988 | 3384474 |
| evidence for cross-infection in an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in a surgical unit. | environmental studies were performed in a hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. transmission was associated with the sluice room and the storage room where medical equipment was found to be contaminated with c.difficile. typing of isolates by antibiotic-susceptibility patterns and profiles of edta-extracted proteins showed the presence of an "epidemic" strain common to the majority of patients and environmental sites. control of the outbreak was achieved by improvement ... | 1988 | 3385765 |
| clostridium difficile and acute enterocolitis. | clostridium difficile belonging to groups not normally detected in infancy was the only potential pathogen detected in the stools of two infants with severe enterocolitis. further information regarding the virulence of this organism was obtained by use of a recently introduced typing scheme. | 1988 | 3389873 |
| effect of a single dose of cefotaxime or ceftriaxone on human faecal flora. a double-blind study. | the effect of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone on faecal flora was investigated in women undergoing routine vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. three groups of 9 patients received, in a double-blind fashion and just before surgery, cefotaxime 2g intravenously, ceftriaxone 2g intravenously or no antibiotic (controls). stools were collected before prophylaxis (sample 1) and after surgery (samples 2 and 3). the only alteration after cefotaxime was a decrease of non-fastidious aerobic gram-negative flora i ... | 1988 | 3396490 |
| pathogenesis of postantibiotic diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile: an in vitro study in the rabbit intestine. | to elucidate the pathophysiological changes leading to postantibiotic diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin, oral ampicillin was given to rabbits, and jejunal, ileal, and caecal segments of those that developed diarrhoea were investigated in vitro. the rabbits that, in response to treatment, harboured clostridium difficile in their colonic lumen were studied, and the results expressed according to the presence or absence of clostridium difficile and/or its cytotoxin. thus, ... | 1988 | 3396947 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery. | we report 16 orthopaedic patients who had antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (pseudomembranous colitis) after operation. there was an association with the use of cephradine and with the prolongation of prophylaxis for more than three peri-operative doses. five cases occurred as a cluster, suggesting that the causative agent, clostridium difficile, may be infectious in some situations. | 1988 | 3403605 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile colonization in newborns: results using a bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing system. | we used a typing system based on bacteriophage and bacteriocin susceptibility to study the epidemiology of clostridium difficile colonization of newborn infants. c. difficile was found in the stools of 30 (16.0%) of 187 infants who were screened. increased length of stay in the nursery (p less than .001) and delivery by cesarian section (p less than .001) were associated with higher rates of colonization. the isolates initially detected from the environment and the infants were strain b1811-1700 ... | 1988 | 3403992 |
| acute diarrhoea in adults: aetiology, clinical appearance and therapeutic aspects. | a prospective study of acute diarrhoea was performed during 15 months 1981/1982 and included 731 patients and 240 controls. 43% had been infected abroad. a cluster of travellers with bacterial pathogens was diagnosed in july-august. the following pathogens were found: campylobacter (18%), enterotoxigenic e. coli (6%), salmonella spp. (5%), rotavirus (4%), yersinia enterocolitica (3%), giardia lamblia (3%), shigella spp. (2%), clostridium difficile (2%), enteroviruses (2%) and entamoeba histolyti ... | 1988 | 3406670 |