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prophylactic administration of immune lymphokine derived from t cells of salmonella enteritidis-immune pigs. protection against salmonella choleraesuis organ invasion and cecal colonization in weaned pigs.experiments involving 132 weaned piglets were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokine (pilk) derived from the t cells of salmonella enteritidis (se)-immunized pigs to protect weaned piglets from salmonella choleraesuis (sc) infection. fourteen-to-seventeen day-old piglets were weaned and randomly placed into 1 of 5 groups: (1) noninfected controls, (2) pilk 3x noninfected, (3) sc infected controls, (4) pilk 1x sc infected, and (5) pilk 3x sc infected. pil ...199910659371
predictors for extraintestinal infection of non-typhoidal salmonella in patients without aids.to identify the risks and predictors for extraintestinal infection (eii) in patients with non-typhoidal salmonellosis, we undertook a study of 398 patients with cultures positive for non-typhoidal salmonella seen at chang gung memorial hospital and chang gung children's hospital between november 1993 and october 1994. salmonella choleraesuis was the most invasive serotype observed. s. panama, s. typhimurium and s. schwarzengrund were the commonest causes of eii among those serotypes usually caus ...199910665125
overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary structural study of dtdp-6-deoxy-l-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase (rmld), the fourth enzyme of the dtdp-l-rhamnose synthesis pathway, from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.l-rhamnose is an essential component of the cell wall of many pathogenic bacteria. its precursor, dtdp-l-rhamnose, is synthesized from alpha-d-glucose-1-phosphate and dttp via a pathway requiring four distinct enzymes: rmla, rmlb, rmlc and rmld. rmld catalyses the terminal step of this pathway by converting dtdp-6-deoxy-l-lyxo-4-hexulose to dtdp-l-rhamnose. rmld from -salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been overexpressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant protein was purified by a two ...199910666586
[necrotizing pneumonia due to salmonella sp. complicated by pneumothorax in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus]. 199910650658
the virulence plasmids of salmonella.certain salmonella serovars belonging to subspecies i carry a large, low-copy-number plasmid that contains virulence genes. virulence plasmids are required to trigger systemic disease; their involvement in the enteric stage of the infection is unclear. salmonella virulence plasmids are heterogeneous in size (50-90 kb), but all share a 7.8 kb region, spv, required for bacterial multiplication in the reticuloendothelial system. other loci of the plasmid, such as the fimbrial operon pef, the conjug ...199910943411
effects of the antimicrobial growth promoter tylosin on subclinical infection of pigs with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.to determine whether feeding tylosin, an antimicrobial growth promoter, to pigs was associated with increased risk of infection with and excretion of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.199910791930
resistance to ciprofloxacin in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales-the current situation.objective: to report on the prevalence of isolates with ciprofloxacin resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales in 1997. methods: all non-typhoidal salmonellas referred to the laboratory of enteric pathogens in 1997 were screened for resistance to ciprofloxacin at 0.125 and 1.0 mg/l and nalidixic acid at 16 mg/l, and results were compared to those for 1994. full minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of these antimicrobials were also determined for a selection of ...199911856236
escherichia coli molecular phylogeny using the incongruence length difference test.molecular phylogeny of the species escherichia coli using the e. coli reference (ecor) collection strains has been hampered by (1) the absence of rooting in the commonly used phenogram obtained from multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) data and (2) the existence of recombination events between strains that scramble phylogenetic trees reconstructed from the nucleotide sequences of genes. we attempted to determine the phylogeny for e. coli based on the ecor strain data by extracting from genba ...19989866203
comparison of ribotyping and arbitrarily primed pcr for molecular typing of salmonella enterica and relationships between strains on the basis of these molecular markers.arbitrarily primed pcr (ap-pcr) using a discriminatory 10-mer primer and an automated ecori ribotyping technique (riboprinter) were compared for their ability to discriminate between 100 serovars of salmonella, including multiple isolates representing salm. enteritidis pt4 and salm. typhimurium dt104. profiles generated by each method were subjected to numerical analysis using gelcompar software, resulting in the construction of phylogenetic trees and calculation of simpson's numerical index of ...19989871312
application of recombinant fimbrial protein for the specific detection of salmonella enteritidis infection in poultry.a number of disease outbreaks of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (se) in humans have been traced to the consumption of se-contaminated egg and egg products. a rapid, specific, and inexpensive method of detecting se infection in poultry is necessary to reduce human outbreaks. we evaluated rsef14 fimbrial antigen of se for specific detection of se-infected birds in latex agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. rsef14 antigen was highly specific in identifying birds infec ...19989884830
a substrate of the centisome 63 type iii protein secretion system of salmonella typhimurium is encoded by a cryptic bacteriophage.salmonella enterica has evolved a type iii protein secretion system that allows these enteropathogens to translocate effector molecules directly into the host cell cytoplasm. these effectors mediate a variety of responses, including cytoskeletal rearrangements, cytokine production, and in certain cells, the induction of apoptosis. we report here the characterization of a substrate of this secretion system in s. enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium) that is homologous to the sope ...19989482928
characterization of the nonlamellar cubic and hii structures of lipid a from salmonella enterica serovar minnesota by x-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture electron microscopy.the aggregate structures of lipid a, the 'endotoxic principle' of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps), from rough mutant salmonella enterica sv. minnesota r595 was analyzed at different water content, cation (mg2+) concentration, and temperature applying synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction and, in selected cases, freeze-fracture electron microscopy. the x-ray diffraction spectra prove the existence of different lamellar, mixed lamellar/cubic, various cubic, and inverted hexagonal (hii) struct ...19989488999
distribution of chromosome length variation in natural isolates of escherichia coli.large-scale variation in chromosome size was analyzed in 35 natural isolates of escherichia coli by physical mapping with a restriction enzyme whose sites are restricted to rdna operons. although the genetic maps and chromosome lengths of the laboratory strains e. coli k12 and salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium lt2 are highly congruent, chromosome lengths among natural strains of e. coli can differ by as much as 1 mb, ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 mb in length. this variation has been generated by mu ...19989491600
characterisation of integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in danish multiresistant salmonella enterica typhimurium dt104.the presence and genetic content of integrons was investigated in eight salmonella enteritica typhimurium dt104 isolates from different pig herds in denmark. two different integrons were identified using pcr and sequencing. each of the integrons carried a single resistance cassette in addition to the sull and qace delta 1 genes characteristic of integrons. the first integron encoded the ant (3")-1a gene that specified resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin. the second contained the pse-1 b ...19989495010
lectin-like activity of escherichia coli k88, salmonella choleraesuis, and bifidobacteria pseudolongum of porcine gastrointestinal origin.the lectin-like activity of escherichia coli k88, salmonella choleraesuis, and bifidobacteria pseudolongum of porcine gastrointestinal origin was studied by hemagglutination (ha) and ha inhibition assays. although all the bacterial strains were able to agglutinate porcine and lagomorpna erythrocytes, much higher ha titers were consistently observed for b. pseudolongum than for e. coli k88 or s. choleraesuis. proteinaceous components and glycoproteins were responsible for the ha of e. coli k88 an ...19989498365
phylogenetic profiles: a graphical method for detecting genetic recombinations in homologous sequences.phylogenetic profiles constitute a novel way of graphically displaying the coherence of the sequence relationships over the entire length of a set of aligned homologous sequences. using a sliding-window technique, this method determines the pairwise distances of all sequences in the windows and evaluates, for each sequence, the degree to which the patterns of distances in these regions agree. this method is suited for exploring data consistency as well as detecting recombinant sequences. a compu ...19989501499
the ins and outs of virulence gene expression: mg2+ as a regulatory signal.the facultative intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium faces multiple environments during infection, including different cell types as well as extracellular fluids. we propose that salmonella ascertains its cellular location by assessing the mg2+ concentration of its milieu. a signal transduction system, phop/phoq, signals salmonella its presence in a intracellular (low mg2+) or extracellular (high mg2+) environment, thereby promoting transcription of genes required for s ...19989504051
iron, a novel outer membrane siderophore receptor characteristic of salmonella enterica.speciation in enterobacteria involved horizontal gene transfer. therefore, analysis of genes acquired by horizontal transfer that are present in one species but not its close relatives is expected to give insights into how new bacterial species were formed. in this study we characterize iron, a gene located downstream of the irobc operon in the iroa locus of salmonella enterica serotype typhi. like irobc, the iron gene is present in all phylogenetic lineages of s. enterica but is absent from clo ...19989515912
structural and immunochemical studies of two cross-reactive proteus mirabilis o-antigens, o6 and o23, containing beta1-->3-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose residues.a marked serological cross-reactivity was observed by elisa and a precipitation test between anti-proteus mirabilis o23 serum and the lipopolysaccharide as well as the o-specific polysaccharide from the proteus mirabilis strain belonging to serogroup o6. the structures of the o-specific polysaccharides were elucidated using chemical and nmr spectroscopic analyses, and the only common component, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranose (beta-d-glcnac), was revealed, which was suggested to be resp ...19989525774
the assembly system for the lipopolysaccharide r2 core-type of escherichia coli is a hybrid of those found in escherichia coli k-12 and salmonella enterica. structure and function of the r2 waak and waal homologs.in escherichia coli f632, the 14-kilobase pair chromosomal region located between waac (formerly rfac) and waaa (kdta) contains genes encoding enzymes required for the synthesis of the type r2 core oligosaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide. ten of the 13 open reading frames encode predicted products sharing greater than 90% total similarity with homologs in e. coli k-12. however, the products of waak (rfak) and waal (rfal) each resemble homologs in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium but ...19989535865
variation of the ribosomal operon 16s-23s gene spacer region in representatives of salmonella enterica subspecies.the 16s-23s spacer regions of two ribosomal operons (rrna and rrne) have been sequenced in seven representatives of the salmonella enterica subspecies. isolated nucleotide substitutions were found at the same sites as in escherichia coli but the number of polymorphic sites was much larger, as could be expected for a more heterogeneous species. still, as in e. coli, most of the variation found was due to insertions and/or deletions affecting blocks of nucleotides generally located at equivalent r ...19989555898
mosaic structure of the smpb-nrde intergenic region of salmonella enterica.the salmonella enterica smpb-nrde intergenic region contains about 45 kb of dna that is not present in escherichia coli. this dna region was not introduced by a single horizontal transfer event, but was generated by multiple insertions and/or deletions that gave rise to a mosaic structure in this area of the chromosome.19989555907
phylogenetic relationships of salmonella based on dna sequence comparison of atpd encoding the beta subunit of atp synthase.dna sequences covering 57% of atpd encoding the beta subunit of atp synthase were determined for 16 strains of salmonella enterica, two strains of s. bongori, and one strain each of citrobacter freundii and yersinia enterocolitica, and comparison was made with the published escherichia coli and enterobacter aerogenes sequences. the phylogenetic tree based on maximum-likelihood analysis showed separation of the subspecies of s. enterica except for two serotypes of subspecies ii which were unsuppo ...19989561735
general transducing phages like salmonella phage p22 isolated using a smooth strain of escherichia coli as host.a smooth colony strain, resistant to phages lambda and p22, was isolated from sewage and identified as escherichia coli (strain h). four temperate phages plaquing on strain h were isolated from sewage. the archetype, hk620, does not plaque on strains c and k12 of e. coli nor on the lt2 strain of salmonella enterica. bacterial mutants resistant to a clear plaque mutant of hk620 produce rough colonies. some are also galactose-negative, a few are histidine auxotrophs, and most show sensitivity to l ...19989561740
evolution of host adaptation in salmonella enterica. 19989746553
identification of two laminin-binding fimbriae, the type 1 fimbria of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and the g fimbria of escherichia coli, as plasminogen receptors.escherichia coli strains carrying recombinant plasmids encoding either the type 1 fimbria of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium or the g fimbria of e. coli exhibited binding of human 125i-glu-plasminogen and enhanced the tissue-type plasminogen activator-catalyzed conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. purified type 1 or g fimbriae similarly bound plasminogen and enhanced its activation. the binding of plasminogen did not involve the characteristic carbohydrate-binding property of the fimbri ...19989746604
multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium infections. 19989750090
restriction enzyme analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic dna amplicons of salmonella enterica ser. enteritidis pt4 and typhimurium dt104.salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis pt4 and typhimurium dt104 isolates were characterized using a random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) protocol found previously to be highly discriminatory for isolates of salmonella. profiles generated with a single primer 1254, and independently 1283, successfully characterized an outbreak strain of enteritidis pt4 but could not differentiate epidemiologically unrelated strains of enteritidis pt4 from the outbreak strains. primer 1254 differentia ...19989750319
[disinfection of medical and surgical equipment: efficacy of chemical disinfectants and water and soap].in this experimental study we compared the previous descontamination efficacy of the medical surgical materials by the use of chemical disinfectants and the mechanical cleaning with water and soap, as well as verified the organic material interference in these procedures. to carry out this study, we used surgical pincers under contamination with: staphylococcus aureus atcc-6538, salmonella cholerae suis atcc-10708, and pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc-15442 in presence and absence of organic matter ( ...19989752260
isolation and characterization of salmonella enterica weltevreden cytotoxin.cytotoxin of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar weltevreden (bm-1643), isolated from buffalo meat, was purified and characterized physicochemically and immunologically. cell-free culture supernatant (cfcs) of the organism showing marked cytotoxicity to vero cells and least enterotoxicity to rabbit ligated ileal loop (rlil) model, was salt precipitated with ammonium sulphate (60% saturation level) and dialysed. precipitated dialysed preparation (60% pdp) when filtered through sephade ...19989754063
antibiotic resistance in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.in order to analyse the development of antibiotic resistance in salmonella spp., a total of 262 salmonella strains isolated in 1987 (n = 148) and in 1996 (n = 114) from clinical specimens in wurzburg, germany, were tested in parallel by the agar diffusion method. in 1987. most of the strains were salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (42.6%), whereas in 1996 most were salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (68.4%). the majority of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolates was fully ...19989758275
[benign intracranial hypertension after treatment with pefloxacin]. 19989759304
multiple change-point analysis applied to the monitoring of salmonella prevalence in danish pigs and pork.in the nation-wide salmonella control program in denmark, the occurrence of salmonella enterica in pork, pigs at slaughter and herds is monitored. the objective of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate changes in sero-prevalence of meat juice samples and in the occurrence of salmonella enterica in pork in 1995 and 1996. three sets of data were used in this work: (1) serological test results of meat juice samples from pigs at slaughter (approximately 14000 samples per week); (2) bacte ...19989762734
sequencing of escherichia coli o111 o-antigen gene cluster and identification of o111-specific genes.shiga toxin (stx)-producing escherichia coli strains of serogroup o111 are the most frequently isolated non-o157 strains causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. the o111 o-antigen gene cluster had been cloned and about half of it has been sequenced; we have now sequenced the remainder of the gene cluster, which is 12.5 kb in length and which comprises 11 genes. on the basis of sequence similarity, we have identified all the o-antigen genes expected, including five su ...19989774562
extraintestinal salmonellosis in a general hospital (1991 to 1996): relationships between salmonella genomic groups and clinical presentations.episodes of extraintestinal salmonellosis treated at a general hospital (1,522 beds) over a 6-year period (1991 to 1996) were characterized by the analysis of phenotypic and genotypic traits of salmonella organisms and clinical data from medical reports. extraintestinal salmonellosis accounted for 8% of all salmonellosis episodes. fifty-two medical reports, dealing with 6 cases of typhoid fever, 32 cases of bacteremia, and 14 focal infections, were reviewed. all cases of typhoid fever except 1, ...19989774581
molecular basis for structural diversity in the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica.bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps) are unique and complex glycolipids that provide characteristic components of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. in lps of the enterobacteriaceae, the core oligosaccharide links a highly conserved lipid a to the antigenic o-polysaccharide. structural diversity in the core oligosaccharide is limited by the constraints imposed by its essential role in outer membrane stability and provides a contrast to the hypervariable o-antigen. the genetics of core ...19989791168
[quinolone resistance in salmonella enterica].nalidixic acid resistance is a marker of quinolone sensibility in salmonella spp. in our laboratory we observed an increase of nalidixic acid resistant strains from 0.44% in 1990 to 13.7% in 1996. the purpose of this work was to study the evolution of nalidixic acid resistance in salmonella spp., as well as the association with certain serotypes and the cross-resistance to others agents. a total of 1,782 isolates of salmonella enterica were studied from fecal and blood sources over a 7-year peri ...19989795288
supplement 1997 (no. 41) to the kauffmann-white scheme.this supplement reports the characterization of 15 new salmonella serovars recognized in 1997 by the who collaborating centre for reference and research on salmonella: 8 were assigned to s. enterica subsp. enterica, 4 to subspecies salamae, 2 to subspecies diarizonae, and 1 to subsp. houtenae. in addition, the antigenic factors h:z85 and h:z87 are described and one modification to the kauffmann-white scheme is reported.19989795998
response of salmonella choleraesuis lt2 spheroplasts and permeabilized cells to the bacteriocin as-48.the bacteriocin as-48 was not active against intact cells of salmonella choleraesuis lt2 at neutral ph, but it was very effective on spheroplasts, suggesting that the outer membrane (om) acts as a protective barrier. cells sublethally injured by heat or treated with om-permeabilizing agents (i.e., edta and tris) became sensitive to as-48. the combination of two or more treatments decreased the amount of as-48 required for cell killing. the activity of as-48 against heat-injured cells did not cha ...19989797335
inter- and intra-phage type differentiation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis isolates using molecular typing methods.seventy-six salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) isolates which represented 14 phage types and rdnc isolates were investigated by several independent molecular methods. eleven different plasmid profiles were detected. plasmid-encoded virulence genes of the spv gene cluster were shown by hybridization with a spvb/c gene probe to be located on plasmids of either 55 kbp or 95 kbp. ribotyping as performed with gene probes that recognized either the entire rrn oper ...19989809400
molecular characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium dt009 isolates: differentiation of the live vaccine strain zoosaloral from field isolates.a total of 25 epidemiologically unrelated salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (s.) serovar typhimurium dt009 isolates from various human and animal sources, the original s. typhimurium dt009 zoosaloral live vaccine strain and two zoosaloral strains reisolated from vaccinated chickens were investigated by various molecular typing methods (i) to determine the most suitable method or combination of methods for the differentiation of dt009 field isolates and (ii) to investigate which molecular metho ...19989809427
outbreak of salmonella serotype hartford infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice.acidic foods such as orange juice have been thought to be unlikely vehicles of foodborne illness.19989809731
phage types of australian isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar virchow.australian isolates (79) of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar virchow (salmonella virchow) were characterized by phage typing. thirteen phage types were identified, of which phage type (pt) 8, representing 54 of 79 isolates, was predominant, as it had been in england and wales up to 1994 when it was replaced by pt26. other phage types identified in australia were distinct from those observed in england and wales. this suggests that pt8 may be a global phage type, while others may be di ...19989812398
shigella infection as observed in the experimentally inoculated domestic pig, sus scrofa domestica.the domestic pig, sus scrofa domestica, was investigated as a potential animal model for shigellosis. we examined the effects of pig age, pig breed and antibiotic pretreatment upon shigella infection. shigella dysenteriae, and shigella flexneri (both virulent and avirulent strains) were utilized. our results indicated that young (4-week-old), conventionally re ared, domestic pigs were routinely, but briefly, colonized (average=3.5+/-2.5 days) following oral or gavage administration ofs. flexneri ...19989817822
molecular fingerprinting defines a strain of salmonella enterica serotype anatum responsible for an international outbreak associated with formula-dried milk.molecular analyses based on plasmid profile typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis have defined a strain of salmonella enterica serotype anatum associated with the consumption of a particular brand of formula-dried milk responsible for an outbreak in late 1996/early 1997 involving 15 infants and 2 relatives in the uk, and 2 infants in france. the study has demonstrated the value of laboratory-based surveillance involving identification of the outbreak strain at the molecular level coupled w ...19989825779
pathogenicity in isolates of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis pt4 which differ in rpos expression: effects of growth phase and low temperature.experiments with 2 wild type isolates of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis pt4, which differed in rpos expression, tolerance to certain hostile environments and pathogenicity, found that changes in in vitro acid, heat, or peroxide tolerance had no effect on the ability of the isolates to multiply in the spleens of c57/bl7/j mice infected orally. thus, with the pathogenic rpos-positive isolate, the infectivity of log phase chilled cells, which are profoundly acid-sensitive, was the same as ...19989825780
molecular and functional characterization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium poxa gene: effect on attenuation of virulence and protection.salmonella enterica poxa mutants exhibit a pleiotropic phenotype, including reduced pyruvate oxidase activity; reduced growth rate; and hypersensitivity to the herbicide sulfometuron methyl, alpha-ketobutyrate, and amino acid analogs. these mutants also failed to grow in the presence of the host antimicrobial peptide, protamine. in this study, poxa- mutants of s. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) were found to be 10,000-fold attenuated in orally inoculated balb/c mice and 1,000-fold ...19989826331
class 1 integron-borne multiple-antibiotic resistance carried by incfi and incl/m plasmids in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.the presence and genetic content of integrons were investigated for 37 epidemiologically unrelated multiple-drug-resistant strains of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium from humans. all isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim, as well as to tetracycline and/or nalidixic acid; 20% of them were also resistant to gentamicin and amikacin. three different class 1 integrons (in-t1, in-t2, and in-t3) were identified by southe ...19989835490
james carroll: a biography.james carroll was born in england in 1854; at the age of 15, he emigrated to canada where he worked at various odd jobs. at age 20, he crossed the border and volunteered for the us army, in which he remained for the rest of his life. appointed as hospital steward, he became interested in medicine. he was permitted to take basic courses at st paul university and later at bellevue hospital in new york. he received his md degree in 1891 from the university of maryland while still a sergeant. he the ...19989845758
computer-assisted restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid dna in field strains of salmonella enteritidis.computer-assisted restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid dna in field strains of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is described. the procedure consists of plasmid dna purification, its digestion with restriction endonuclease taqi, electrophoresis, charge-coupled device camera scanning of the gels, and an analysis of the restriction patterns with the software gel manager. the system allowed us to analyse, in detail, results of plasmid profiling in more than 600 field ...199810347865
a study of current trends in enteric fever.the results of a study based on 68 cases of blood culture proven enteric fever are presented. sensitivity to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole was found to be 55.88, 54.41, 38.23% respectively. common clinical features were fever, vomiting, pain abdomen and cough in both the groups. there was no difference in complications in chloramphenicol sensitive against resistant cases. of the chloramphenicol sensitive cases, 21.05% were resistant to cefotaxime. all cases were sensitive to cipr ...199810093424
emergence of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium phage-type dt104 among salmonellae causing enteritis in israel.the relative frequency of salmonella strains isolated from hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in southern israel changed during the period, 1994-6. salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium definitive phage-type 104 (dt104) appeared in israel in 1994 and became the most prevalent strain in 1996. an outbreak of enteritis due to salmonella enterica serotype agona occurred in israel, in october 1994 and lasted for 4 months. the relative frequency of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis r ...199810030704
risk factors for the occurrence of sporadic salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infections in children in france: a national case-control study.to determine risk factors associated with the occurrence of sporadic cases of salmonella enteritidis infections among children in france, we conducted a matched case-control study. cases were identified between 1 march and 30 september 1995. one hundred and five pairs of cases and controls matched for age and place of residence were interviewed. in the 1-5 years age group, illness was associated with the consumption of raw eggs or undercooked egg-containing foods (or 2.4, 95% ci 1.2-4.8). storin ...199810030705
an outbreak of food poisoning associated with restaurant-made mayonnaise in abha, saudi arabia.in may 1996, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among customers who bought dinner from a restaurant that specialised in fried chicken in abha city, south-west saudi arabia. the median incubation period was 10 hours (range: 3 to 27 hours). of the 10 food items served, only mayonnaise (rr 2.52; 95% ci 1.71-3.73) and minced garlic (rr 1.20; 95% ci 1.02-1.41) were associated with cases. salmonella enterica was isolated from 124 (84%) of the 159 persons with symptoms of food poisoning, and 91 (7 ...19989919018
prevalence of the "high-pathogenicity island" of yersinia species among escherichia coli strains that are pathogenic to humans.the fyua-irp gene cluster contributes to the virulence of highly pathogenic yersinia (yersinia pestis, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and yersinia enterocolitica 1b). the cluster encodes an iron uptake system mediated by the siderophore yersiniabactin and reveals features of a pathogenicity island. two evolutionary lineages of this "high pathogenicity island" (hpi) can be distinguished on the basis of dna sequence comparison: a y. pestis group and a y. enterocolitica group. in this study we demons ...19989453599
comparison of the abilities of different attenuated salmonella typhimurium strains to elicit humoral immune responses against a heterologous antigen.we compared the abilities of different salmonella enterica var. typhimurium (s. typhimurium) strains harboring mutations in the genes aroa, aroad, pura, ompr, htra, and cya crp to present the heterologous antigen, c fragment of tetanus toxin, to the mouse immune system. plasmid ptettac4, encoding c fragment, was transferred into the various s. typhimurium mutants, and the levels of antigen expression were found to be equivalent. after primary oral immunization of balb/c mice, all attenuated stra ...19989453634
identification of a novel core type in salmonella lipopolysaccharide. complete structural analysis of the core region of the lipopolysaccharide from salmonella enterica sv. arizonae o62.for the first time, the complete structure of a lipopolysaccharide (lps) core region from salmonella enterica has been identified that is different from the ra core type generally thought to be present in all salmonella lps. the lpss from two rough mutants and the smooth form of s. enterica sv. arizonae iiia o62, which all failed to react with an ra core type-specific monoclonal antibody and were resistant to phage fo1, were analyzed after chemical modification using monosaccharide analysis, mas ...19989461562
levels of expression and immunogenicity of attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains expressing escherichia coli mutant heat-labile enterotoxin.the effects of heterologous gene dosage as well as salmonella typhimurium strain variability on immune response toward both the heterologous antigen, the nontoxic mutant of the escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin ltk63, and the carrier salmonella strain have been analyzed. effects of a single integration into the host dna and different-copy-number episomal vectors were compared in s. typhimurium delta cya delta crp delta asd strains of two different serotypes, uk-1 and sr-11. expression of ...19989423862
relationships among the o-antigen gene clusters of salmonella enterica groups b, d1, d2, and d3.the o antigen is an important cell wall antigen of gram-negative bacteria, and the genes responsible for its biosynthesis are located in a gene cluster. we have cloned and sequenced the dna segment unique to the o-antigen gene cluster of salmonella enterica group d3. this segment includes a novel o-antigen polymerase gene (wzyd3). the polymerase gives alpha(1-->6) linkages but has no detectable sequence similarity to that of group d2, which confers the same linkage. we find the remnant of a d3-l ...19989473060
emergence of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104 infections in the united states.strains of salmonella that are resistant to antimicrobial agents have become a worldwide health problem. a distinct strain of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, known as definitive type 104 (dt104), is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline and has become a major cause of illness in humans and animals in europe, especially the united kingdom.19989571252
multidrug resistance--a sign of the times. 19989571260
a mixed culture recovery method indicates that enteric bacteria do not enter the viable but nonculturable state.a new method, called the mixed culture recovery (mcr) method, has been developed to determine whether recovery of culturable bacterial cells from a population of largely nonculturable cells is due to resuscitation of the nonculturable cells from a viable but nonculturable state or simply to growth of residual culturable cells. the mcr method addresses this issue in that it involves the mixing of two easily distinguishable strains (e.g., lactose positive and negative) in such a way that large num ...19989572945
differential early interactions between salmonella enterica serovar typhi and two other pathogenic salmonella serovars with intestinal epithelial cells.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (hereafter referred to as s. typhi) is a host-restricted pathogen that adheres to and invades the distal ileum and subsequently disseminates to cause typhoid fever in humans. however, s. typhi appears to be avirulent in small animals. in contrast, other pathogenic salmonellae, such as s. enterica serovars typhimurium and dublin (s. typhimurium and s. dublin, respectively), typically cause localized gastroenteritis in humans but have been used as models for typho ...19989573122
biosynthesis of escherichia coli o9 polysaccharide and its evolution. 19989575544
tetracycline resistance in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin.the 47-kbp plasmid pgft1 from salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin mediated tetracycline resistance via a tet(a) gene located on an integrated copy of a tn1721-analogous transposon. the integration site of the transposon was located within the reading frame of a fip gene. plasmid pgft1 was shown to be conjugative and to be able to replicate and express tetracycline resistance in escherichia coli.19989593170
variants of smooth salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis that grow to higher cell density than the wild type are more virulent.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis that grows to a higher cell density (se-hcd) than wild type while retaining o-chain lipopolysaccharide was isolated by transforming wild type serovar enteritidis with the cell density sensor plasmid psb402 and selecting for bioluminescence. a luminescent strain, se-hcd, that emitted light in proportion with cell density and opacity through stationary phase was isolated. after a peak cell density of 1.5 x 10(11) cfu/ml was observed, luminescence decreased, ...19989603830
herd size and sero-prevalence of salmonella enterica in danish swine herds: a random-effects model for register data.the association between herd size and sero-prevalence of salmonella was assessed in a random-effects model with herd size, county and date of slaughter as fixed effects. a total of 510,915 meat-juice samples from 14,593 herds located in 13 counties in denmark was included in the study. a random-effects model was developed from separate models for smaller strata of data from herds with approximately equal sizes. the combined model was analysed and the results reported. herd size was positively as ...19989604267
stability and bactericidal activity of chlorine solutions.to determine the stability of sodium hypochlorite (diluted household bleach) when stored for 30 days in various types of containers and to determine the efficacy of low concentrations of free available chlorine to inactivate test bacteria.19989613692
suitability of repetitive-dna-sequence-based pcr fingerprinting for characterizing epidemic isolates of salmonella enterica serovar saintpaul.three molecular typing methods, repetitive-sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr) fingerprinting, plasmid profiling, and arbitrarily primed pcr fingerprinting, were used to characterize isolates of salmonella enterica serovar saintpaul. most of the isolates were obtained from epidemic human cases of food-borne salmonellosis, together with some from the food material suspected to be the source of infection, and a few were obtained from other cases apparently not related to the epidemic. all three methods a ...19989620375
antimicrobial susceptibilities and molecular epidemiology of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis strains isolated in hong kong from 1986 to 1996.the incidence of salmonellosis has been increasing in hong kong since 1989. the most common salmonella enterica serotype isolated in 1994 was s. enteritidis. the antimicrobial susceptibilities and molecular epidemiology of 275 s. enteritidis strains isolated in this locality between 1986 and 1996 were studied. over 99% of the isolates were susceptible to 17 of the 19 antimicrobial agents tested. one isolate harbored an autotransferring plasmid that confers resistance to tetracycline and trimetho ...19989620402
molecular fingerprinting of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhi.for epidemiologic investigations, the primary subdivision of salmonella typhi is vi-phage typing; 106 vi-phage types are defined. for multidrug-resistant strains the most common types have been m1 (pakistan) and e1 (india, pakistan, bangladesh, and the arabian gulf); a strain untypable with the vi phages has been responsible for a major epidemic in tajikistan. most often, isolates from the indian subcontinent have been resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracy ...19989621206
multicellular and aggregative behaviour of salmonella typhimurium strains is controlled by mutations in the agfd promoter.a colony morphology type is described in which cells of salmonella typhimurium form a rigid multicellular network with expression of thin aggregative fimbriae that mediate tight intercellular bonds. surface translocation of cells on plates and adherence to glass and polystyrene surfaces in biofilm assays are further characteristics of the morphotype. this morphotype (rdar) is normally expressed only at low temperature. however, in two unrelated s. typhimurium strains, spontaneous mutants were fo ...19989622351
molecular typing of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar hadar: evaluation and application of different typing methods.a highly discriminatory molecular typing system for isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (s.) serovar hadar was developed based on the data obtained from 34 epidemiologically unrelated s. hadar isolates from germany and brazil. plasmid profile analysis and macrorestriction analysis with the enzymes xbai, spei and blni represented the most discriminative typing methods. in contrast, ribotyping as performed with a gene probe that recognized the entire rrn operon did not reveal any diffe ...19989631533
identification and sequence analysis of a 27-kilobase chromosomal fragment containing a salmonella pathogenicity island located at 92 minutes on the chromosome map of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2.using a genomic approach, we have identified a new salmonella pathogenicity island, spi-4, which is the fourth salmonella pathogenicity island to be identified. spi-4 was located at 92 min on the chromosome map and was flanked by the ssb and soxsr loci. the dna sequence covering the entire spi-4 and both boundaries was determined. the size of spi-4 was about 25 kb and it contains 18 putative open reading frames (orfs). three of these orfs encode proteins that have significant homology with prote ...19989632606
yersinia pseudotuberculosis and yersinia pestis show increased outer membrane permeability to hydrophobic agents which correlates with lipopolysaccharide acyl-chain fluidity.the hydrophobic probe n-phenyl-1-naphthylamine accumulated less in non-pathogenic yersinia spp. and non-pathogenic and pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica than in yersinia pseudotuberculosis or yersinia pestis. this was largely due to differences in the activity of efflux systems, but also to differences in outer membrane permeability because uptake of the probe in kcn/arsenate-poisoned cells was slower in the former group than in y. pseudotuberculosis and y. pestis. the probe accumulation rate w ...19989639922
salmonella virulence plasmid. modular acquisition of the spv virulence region by an f-plasmid in salmonella enterica subspecies i and insertion into the chromosome of subspecies ii, iiia, iv and vii isolates.the spv operon is common to all salmonella virulence plasmids. dna hybridization analysis indicates that the spv region is limited in distribution to serovars of salmonella enterica subspecies i, ii, iiia, iv, and vii and is absent from salmonella bongori isolates. among strains of subspecies ii, iiia, and vii, all isolates examined contained sequences that hybridized with the spv region. however, among isolates of subspecies i, dna sequences capable of hybridizing with the spv region were found ...19989649513
typhaea stercorea (coleoptera: mycetophagidae), a carrier of salmonella enterica serovar infantis in a danish broiler house.in december 1994, salmonella enterica serovar infantis (s. infantis) was accidentally introduced into a danish broiler house by stocking an s. infantis-infected broiler flock of 39,900 day-old chicks. at the time of the study, the infection had persisted through 6 broiler cycles. typhaea stercorea (l.), the hairy fungus beetle, was found in large quantities inside and around the broiler house. various attempts to control the beetle had failed; t. stercorea had been uncontrollable on the farm sin ...19989650515
chromosomal rearrangements in salmonella enterica serotype typhi affecting molecular typing in outbreak investigations.salmonella enterica serotype typhi strains belonging to eight different outbreaks of typhoid fever that occurred in spain between 1989 and 1994 were analyzed by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. for three outbreaks, two different patterns were detected for each outbreak. the partial digestion analysis by the intron-encoded endonuclease i-ceui of the two different strains from each outbreak provided an excellent tool for examining the organization of the genomes of epidemiologicall ...19989650981
detection of lawsonia intracellularis, serpulina hyodysenteriae, weakly beta-haemolytic intestinal spirochaetes, salmonella enterica, and haemolytic escherichia coli from swine herds with and without diarrhoea among growing pigs.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was optimized to detect lawsonia intracellularis in faeces from naturally infected pigs. by combining a boiling procedure to extract dna and a nested pcr procedure, a detection limit at 2 x 10(2) bacterial cells per gram of faeces was achieved. the optimized pcr was used together with conventional culture techniques to detect serpulina hyodysenteriae, weakly beta-haemolytic intestinal spirochaetes (wbhis), salmonella enterica, and haemolytic escherichia coli, in ...19989659692
interpretations of antibody responses to salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis gm flagellin in poultry flocks are enhanced by a kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.many regulatory and diagnostic programs for the detection of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infection in commercial poultry flocks have relied on rapid pullorum agglutination tests to screen birds because of the shared antigens of s. enterica enteritidis and s. enterica pullorum and gallinarum; however, the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) format affords better analytical sensitivity than crude agglutination tests. in this study, we adapted our earlier conventional ...19989665965
characterization of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed at the lipopolysaccharide of chlamydia pneumoniae.identification of protective epitopes is one of the first steps in the development of a subunit vaccine. one approach to accomplishing this is to identify structures or epitopes by using monoclonal antibodies (mab) that can attenuate infectivity in vitro and in vivo. to date attempts to use this approach with chlamydia pneumoniae have failed. this report is the first description of a mab directed to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of chlamydia that neutralizes both in vitro and in vivo the infectiv ...19989673271
enteric bacterial pathogens, villus atrophy and microbial growth.the effects of three bacterial pathogens on the villus architecture of small intestines and the role that bacterial virulence factors play in pathogenesis are described. bacterial pathogens cause a spectrum of effects ranging from severe tissue damage to a lack of perceptible damage. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, which cause acute and severe diarrhea, does so by producing potent toxins, but these toxins act by altering the biological activity in epithelial cells. however, the cells are not d ...19989689730
experimental and natural infection of early weaned pigs with salmonella choleraesuis.a model for experimental and natural infection of early weaned pigs with salmonella choleraesuis, the aetiologic agent of swine paratyphoid, has been developed. an oral dose of 10(8) colony forming units (cfu) of s choleraesuis caused 100 per cent infection of 10 pigs inoculated, as indicated by recovery of the challenge organism from ileocolic lymph nodes collected at necropsy seven days post challenge. seven of the pigs were observed shedding s choleraesuis at least once post s choleraesuis ch ...19989690614
[the roles of heat shock proteins in host defense against bacterial infection].heat shock proteins (hsp) are widely distributed in nature, and are highly conserved proteins among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. these proteins are known to be involved in cytoprotection against various stress conditions including bacterial infection, and immune responses to various pathogens such as bacteria. in this study, we showed that hsp70 protected macrophages infected with salmonella choleraesuis against tnf-alpha-induced cell death. furthermore, hsp70-reactive cd4+ t cells appeared durin ...19989691765
a community-based outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium associated with salami consumption in northern italy.an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium belonging to phage type (pt) 193 occurred in autumn 1995 and involved 83 individuals in a large area of northern italy (lombardy region). epidemiological and microbiological investigations of strains isolated from clinical and food specimens revealed that the vehicle was a batch of salami, produced on 4 september 1995 by a local firm. the outbreak was contained when the batch was withdrawn from sale. insufficient ripening of the salami had ...19989692597
is200 fingerprint of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium human strains isolated in sardinia.a collection of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium human strains isolated in northern sardinia (italy) was examined for the insertion sequence is200, phage type, antibiotic profile, ribotyping polymorphisms and plasmid profile. all clinical isolates studied contained from 4 to 10 copies of the is200 element. is200 permitted to discriminate typhimurium strains and to identify five is200 types, some of them circulating in sardinia at least since 1900. strains belonging to phage dt104 predomi ...19989692598
epidemiological analysis of salmonella enterica enteritidis isolates in japan by phage-typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolates of phage types (pts) pt1, pt4, pt13a and pt22 derived from sporadic cases and outbreaks of food poisoning in japan during 1994 and 1995 were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). while pt1 strains from 5 different outbreaks showed 14 pfge patterns, 5 pfge patterns were observed among pt4 isolates from 5 different outbreaks and 6 independent isolates from imported chicken. interestingly, 8 out of 9 pt4 strains associated with foreig ...19989692599
antibiotic resistance amongst salmonella enterica species isolated in the republic of ireland. 19989700542
expression of the o antigen gene cluster is regulated by rfah through the jumpstart sequence.o antigen genes are clustered, with a jumpstart sequence located upstream. jumpstart is a 39-bp sequence, present upstream of many polysaccharide gene clusters and also upstream of haemolysin and f factor gene clusters. rfah is known to regulate the expression of e. coli group ii capsule, haemolysin, f factor and the outer core of lipopolysaccharide all of which have the jumpstart sequence, and has been shown to function as a transcriptional antiterminator in some cases. using lacz fusions to ge ...19989711858
low endotoxic potential of legionella pneumophila lipopolysaccharide due to failure of interaction with the monocyte lipopolysaccharide receptor cd14.legionella pneumophila, a gram-negative bacterium causing legionnaires' disease and pontiac fever, was shown to be highly reactive in in vitro gelation of limulus lysate but not able to induce fever and the local shwartzman reaction in rabbits and mice. we analyzed the capacity of purified l. pneumophila lipopolysaccharide (lps-lp) to induce activation of the human monocytic cell line mono mac 6, as revealed by secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and desensitization to subsequent lps stimulat ...19989712761
successful treatment of murine listeriosis and salmonellosis with levofloxacin.levofloxacin (l-ofloxacin) is a fluoroquinolone derivative. it is the active substance contained in ofloxacin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. in this work we examined the activity of levofloxacin against the facultative intracellular bacteria listeria monocytogenes and salmonella typhimurium in vitro, in tissue culture and in animal models of infection. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) mic90 for salmonella enteric ...19989720471
characterisation of recently emerged multiple antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 and other multiresistant phage types from danish pig herds.a total of 670 isolates of salmonella enterica were isolated from danish pig herds, phage typed and tested for susceptibility to amoxycillin + clavulanate, ampicillin, colistin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim + sulphadiazine. s enterica serovar typhimurium (s typhimurium) isolates resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline and three isolates of s typhimurium dt104, two from 1994 and one from 1995, were further tested f ...19989725173
phylogenetic relationships of salmonella based on rrna sequences.to establish the phylogenetic relationships between the subspecies of salmonella enterica (official name salmonella choleraesuis), salmonella bongori and related members of enterobacteriaceae, sequence comparison of rrna was performed by maximum-likelihood analysis. the two salmonella species were separated by 16s rrna analysis and found to be closely related to the escherichia coli and shigella complex by both 16s and 23s rrna analyses. the diphasic serotypes s. enterica subspp. i and vi were s ...19989731304
multiple antibiotic resistance in salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis. 19989734924
restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of some flagellin genes of salmonella enterica.salmonellae often have the ability to express two different flagellar antigen specificities (phase 1 and phase 2). at the cell level, only one flagellar phase is expressed at a time. two genes, flic, encoding phase-1 flagellin, and fljb, encoding phase-2 flagellin, are alternatively expressed. flagellin genes from 264 serovars of salmonella enterica were amplified by two phase-specific pcr systems. amplification products were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis ...19989738029
[agglutination of hen egg-yolk immunoglobulins (igy) against salmonella enterica, serovar enteritidis].two groups of 6 laying hens were used to produce igy. in the vaccinated group (v), hens were injected by intramuscular route with two doses of a salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis bacterin at 20-day interval. in the control group (t) hens remained unvaccinated. four igy extractions were performed on the egg production of both groups. the first two extractions were carried out using the yolks obtained from the eggs produced during the 4th and 5th post-vaccination week (extracts 1v and 1t) an ...19989744035
a south australian salmonella mbandaka outbreak investigation using a database to select controls.between april and june 1996, 15 persons with salmonella enterica serovar mbandaka infection were reported in south australia (population 1.6 million) compared with 12 over the previous five years. to identify a possible source for the infections a case control study was conducted.19989744205
resistance to antimicrobial agents used for animal therapy in pathogenic-, zoonotic- and indicator bacteria isolated from different food animals in denmark: a baseline study for the danish integrated antimicrobial resistance monitoring programme (danmap).this study describes the establishment and first results of a continuous surveillance system of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria isolated from pigs, cattle and broilers in denmark. the three categories of bacteria tested were: 1) indicator bacteria (escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium), 2) zoonotic bacteria (campylobacter coli/jejuni, salmonella enterica, yersinia enterocolitica), and 3) animal pathogens (e. coli, staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphyl ...19989744762
plasmid profile analysis and antibiotic resistance of salmonella strains from clinical isolates in cluj-napoca.resistance patterns, plasmid profiles and the genetic resistance determinants were investigated in 38 isolates of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and 19 isolates of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis derived from children hospitalized in two clinics in cluj-napoca, during the period of 1995-1997. incidence of plasmid and antibiotic resistance was very high in salmonella typhimurium isolates. all strains were resistant to almost all antibiotics tested but susceptible to the third ge ...19979745325
[the biological activity of the transfer factor induced by bacterial antigens].today's statement of transfer factor, an immunostimulator derived from leukocytes which enhances antiinfectious immunity, is observed in the review. basic biological, physical and chemical characteristics of the transfer factor, its possible action mechanisms, and laboratory and clinical methods of use to cure infectious fungal (candida, coccidium), invasive (schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis), viral (varicella zoster, ophthalmic herpes, herpes simplex types 1 and 2, h. zoster, h ...19979480022
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