Publications

alterations in acetylcholinesterase and electrical activity in the nervous system of cockroach exposed to the neem derivative, azadirachtin.	botanical insecticides are relatively safe and biodegradable, and are readily available sources of bioinsecticides. in recent years, the neem derivative, azadirachtin, has been examined as an alternative to synthetic insecticides because of its broad-spectrum insecticidal action. because many of the natural products and synthetic compounds used in the control of insect pests are known to exhibit electrophysiological effects, in this paper we focused our studies on the alterations in the activity ...	2004	15327876
aquatic mesocosm assessments of a neem (azadirachtin) insecticide at environmentally realistic concentrations--2: zooplankton community responses and recovery.	a neem-based insecticide, neemix 4.5, was applied to forest pond enclosures at environmentally realistic concentrations (i.e., below the worst-case expected environmental concentration of 35 microg l(-1)). crustacean zooplankton communities were examined by multivariate ordination (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) and time-course analyses of population trends among indicator taxa over two field seasons to determine application effects on community structure and recovery patterns. significant ...	2004	15327875
biological activity of volatile di-n-propyl disulfide from seeds of neem, azadirachta indica (meliaceae), to two species of stored grain pests, sitophilus oryzae (l.) and tribolium castaneum (herbst).	head space volatiles, including 73% di-n-propyl disulfide, were collected from freshly crushed neem seeds. this compound along with previously reported diallyl disulfide (di-2-propenyl disulfide) were toxic when applied topically or as a fumigant to tribolium castaneum adults and 8-, 12-, and 16-d-old larvae, and sitophilus oryzae adults. di-n-propyl disulfide significantly decreased the growth rate and dietary utilization with moderate inhibition of food consumption in both insects. the total c ...	2004	15279303
behavioral and developmental effects of neem extracts on clavigralla scutellaris (hemiptera: heteroptera: coreidae) and its egg parasitoid, gryon fulviventre (hymenoptera: scelionidae).	extracts of neem, azadirachta indica a. juss, negatively affected feeding and development of clavigralla scutellaris (westwood), a coreid pest of pigeonpea, cajanus cajan (l.) millspaugh. labial dabbing, pod wall penetration, and seed damage by fifth instars were significantly reduced on beans, phaseolus vulgaris (l.), that had been dipped in aqueous, methanolic, or hexane extracts of neem seed kernel. when fourth instars were dipped directly into aqueous extract, developmental abnormalities of ...	2004	15279272
effects of azadirachtin/neemazal on different stages and adult life table parameters of trichogramma cacoeciae (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae).	the effects of azadirachtin/neemazal on adults, emergence, and life table parameters of trichogramma cacoeciae marchal were studied. the adults were exposed to fresh residues of the insecticide applied on glass plates. based on the dose-response study, the lc50 value was 1330 ppm or 13.3 microg (ai)/ml. the effect of neemazal on three developmental stages of the parasitoid was tested by dipping parasitized sitotroga cerealella (olivier) and cydia pomonella (l.) eggs at the field-recommended conc ...	2004	15279270
use of plants to monitor contamination of air by so2 in and around refinery.	the generation of so2 from a refinery may affect the surrounding environment. moreover, so2 and its by-products are phytotoxic as berg. this study aims to investigate plant responses to so2. the work has been designed with emphasis on using the plants directly in monitoring the contamination of the atmospheric air by so2. an assessment was made of the impacts of long-term so2 emissions from an oil refinery on plants located in nearby areas that are likely to be exposed to emission fallout. three ...	2004	15244337
preparation and evaluation of herbal shampoo powder.	two preparations of herbal shampoo powder were formulated using some common traditional drugs used by folk and traditional people of bundelkhand region (m.p) india, for hair care. the preparations were formulated using bahera, amla, neem tulsi, shikakai henna & brahmi evaluated for organoleptic, powder charecterestics, foam test and physical evaluation. as the selected drugs being used since long time as single drug or in combination, present investigations will further help to establish a stand ...	2004	22557149
neem--an omnipotent plant: a retrospection.	neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) has universally been accepted as a wonder tree because of its diverse utility. multidirectional therapeutic uses of neem have been known in india since the vedic times. besides its therapeutic efficacies, neem has already established its potential as a source of naturally occurring insecticide, pesticide and agrochemicals. safe and economically cheaper uses of different parts of neem in the treatment of various diseases and in agriculture are discussed in this ...	2004	15185362
rapid synthesis of au, ag, and bimetallic au core-ag shell nanoparticles using neem (azadirachta indica) leaf broth.	we report on the use of neem (azadirachta indica) leaf broth in the extracellular synthesis of pure metallic silver and gold nanoparticles and bimetallic au/ag nanoparticles. on treatment of aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and chloroauric acid with neem leaf extract, the rapid formation of stable silver and gold nanoparticles at high concentrations is observed to occur. the silver and gold nanoparticles are polydisperse, with a large percentage of gold particles exhibiting an interesting fla ...	2004	15178278
azadirachta indica leaf powder as an effective biosorbent for dyes: a case study with aqueous congo red solutions.	in the present work, the leaves of azadirachta indica (locally known as the neem tree) in the form of a powder were investigated as a biosorbent of dyes taking aqueous congo red solution as a model system. the sorbent was made from mature neem leaves and was investigated in a batch reactor under variable system parameters such as concentration of the aqueous dye solution, agitation time, adsorbent amount, ph, and temperature. an amount of 0.6 g of the neem leaf powder (nlp) per litre could remov ...	2004	15158285
genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and in combination in fish.	the genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride (cdcl(2)) and azadirachtin (aza) were assessed singly and conjointly in a fish, oreochromis mossambicus, with endpoints such as chromosome aberrations, abnormal red cell nuclei, abnormal sperm morphology, and protein content (both qualitative and quantitative) of selected tissues, namely, muscle, heart, eye, brain, gill, liver, spleen, and kidney. the primary objectives were, first, to examine if cdcl(2), a common pollutant, and aza, a natural product of ...	2004	15157573
[mite sprays with neem oil--recommended?].		2004	15137590
some ecological implications of a neem (azadirachtin) insecticide disturbance to zooplankton communities in forest pond enclosures.	a neem-based insecticide, neemix 4.5, was applied to forest pond enclosures at concentrations of 10, 17, and 28 microg l(-1) azadirachtin (the active ingredient). at these test concentrations, significant, concentration-dependent reductions in numbers of adult copepods were observed, but immature copepod and cladoceran populations were unaffected. there was no evidence of recovery of adult copepods within the sampling season (may to october). the ecological significance of this disturbance to th ...	2004	15063074
management of root lesion nematode, pratylenchus delattrei in crossandra using oil cakes.	selected oil cakes, neem, castor and mahua, were tried independently and in combination with a chemical nematicide (carbofuran 3g) for the management of pratylenchus delattrei in crossandra under glass house conditions. the neem oil cake was effective compared to other oil cakes used and there was a synergistic effect when the neemcake was coupled with carbofuran 3g in the management of pratylenchus delattrei. the treatment resulted in better establishment of seedlings, and with increased plant ...	2004	15062820
protective effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract on n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice.	we evaluated the effects of pretreatment with ethanolic neem leaf extract on n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in male swiss albino mice. the frequency of micronuclei (mn), concentrations of lipid peroxides and the status of the antioxidants, reduced glutathione (gsh), glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and glutathione-s-transferase (gst) were used as intermediate biomarkers of chemoprotection. animals were divided into four groups of five animals ea ...	2004	15038245
neem (azadirachta indica) leaf mediated immune activation causes prophylactic growth inhibition of murine ehrlich carcinoma and b16 melanoma.	conditional growth inhibition of murine ehrlich carcinoma (ec) and b16 melanoma (b16mel) was observed, following treatment of mice (swiss and c57bl/6) with aqueous extract of neem (azadirachta indica) (1 unit/mice/week for 4 weeks) either before or after inoculation of 1 x 10(6) tumor cells. tumor inoculation after weekly injections for 4 weeks with neem leaf preparation (nlp) induced significant reduction of tumor growth (both ec and b16mel) and increased survivability of mice. on the other han ...	2004	15037213
in vitro morphogenesis in zygotic embryo cultures of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.).	immature zygotic embryo cultures of neem yielded highly regenerative cultures, with the response varying with the embryo stage at culture. early dicotyledonous stage embryos were the most responsive followed by torpedo stage embryos. the embryo cultures differentiated three types of regenerants: somatic embryos (ses), shoot buds and neomorphs. ses exhibited morphological abnormalities such as pluricotyledony, fusion of cotyledons and absence of cotyledons. although these ses showed secondary emb ...	2004	14986057
molluscicidal effects of neem (azadirachta indica) extracts on edible tropical land snails.	the effects of 350, 500 and 700 mg kg(-1) of crude extracts of neem, azadirachta indica a juss, on edible tropical land snails archachatina marginata and limicolaria aurora (jay) were determined and compared with control using pawpaw, carica papaya l as bait. responses were measured through normal feeding, cessation of food intake, cessation of crawling, mucus secretion, lack of response to mechanical stimuli (mortality) and decomposition. results showed no effects on the controls or snails expo ...	2004	14971686
neem leaves as a source of fertilizer-cum-pesticide vermicompost.	vermicomposting of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) was accomplished in "high-rate" reactors operated at the earthworm (eudrilus eugeniae) densities of 62.5 and 75 animals per litre of reactor volume. contrary to the fears that neem--a powerful nematicide--might not be palatable to the annelids, the earthworms fed voraciously on the neem compost, converting upto 7% of the feed into vermicompost per day. indeed the worms grew faster and reproduced more rapidly in the neem-fed vermireactors than ...	2004	14766163
analysis of neem oils by lc-ms and degradation kinetics of azadirachtin-a in a controlled environment. characterization of degradation products by hplc-ms-ms.	since it was first isolated, the oil extracted from seeds of neem (azadirachtin indica a juss) has been extensively studied in terms of its efficacy as an insecticide. several industrial formulations are produced as emulsifiable solutions containing a stated titer of the active ingredient azadirachtin-a (az-a). the work reported here is the characterization of a formulation of this insecticide marketed under the name of neem-azal t/s and kinetic studies of the major active ingredient of this for ...	2004	14685815
larvicidal action of ethanolic extracts from fruit endocarps of melia azedarach and azadirachta indica against the dengue mosquito aedes aegypti.	ethanolic extracts from the kernels of ripe fruits from the indian lilac melia azedarach and from the well-known neem tree, azadirachta indica were assayed against larvae of aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue fever. the lethality bioassays were carried out according to the recommendations of the world health organization. extracts were tested at doses ranging from 0.0033 to 0.05 g% in an aqueous medium for 24 and 48 h, at 25 or 30 degrees c, with or without feeding of the larvae. lc50, ...	2004	15530964
laboratory evaluation of methanolic extract of atlantia monophylla (family: rutaceae) against immature stages of mosquitoes and non-target organisms.	methanolic extracts of the leaves of atlantia monophylla (rutaceae) were evaluated for mosquitocidal activity against immature stages of three mosquito species, culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi, and aedes aegypti in the laboratory. larvae of cx. quinquefasciatus and pupae of an. stephensi were found more susceptible, with lc50 values of 0.14 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l, respectively. insect growth regulating activity of this extract was more pronounced against ae. aegypti, with ei50 value 0.00 ...	2004	15057359
laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against aedes albopictus, culex nigripalpus, and ochierotatus triseriatus (diptera: culicidae).	four synthetic mosquito repellents (autan [10% kbr3023], ir3535 [7.5%], off! [15% deet], skinsations [7% deet]) and eight natural (primarily plant extracts and/or essential oils) product-based repellents (bite blocker [2% soybean oil], bygone, gone!, natrapel [10% citronella], neem aura, sunswat, mosquitosafe [25% geraniol], and repel [26% p-menthane-3,8-diol]) were tested in the laboratory against aedes albopictus skuse, culex nigripalpus theobald, and ochlerotatus triseriatus (say). when estim ...	2004	15311467
suppression of branches in eucalyptus trees.	the effect of neem oil, which acts as a suckericide in tobacco, on branch suppression in eucalyptus tereticornis was assessed to help maximize stem biomass. lateral branches of selected trees were pruned, and neem oil solutions at concentrations of either 80%, 40%, 20%, 10%, or 0% (untreated control) were applied to leaf axils of the pruned branches. regeneration of branches was suppressed, and the magnitude of suppression was proportional to the concentration of neem oil. compared to the contro ...	2004	21653456
traditional oral health practices among kanuri women of borno state, nigeria.	a structured questionnaire was administered on 495 women (urban 339, rural 156) from two lgas of borno state, nigeria, using the interviewer method. the age range of the subjects was 12 to 80 years with a mean age (+/- sd) of 35.7 +/- 13.44 years. majority (83.5%) did not have any formal education. oral hygiene tools used by the respondents included toothbrush/paste 36 (7.9%), chewing stick 250 (54.9%), charcoal 159 (34.9%) and ordinary water 10 (2.2%). of those using chewing sticks; 168 (67.2%) ...	2004	15900821
ultrastructural changes in cauda epididymidal epithelial cell types of azadirachta indica leaf treated rats.	to assess if cauda epididymis is a target for the effect of a. indica leaves, wistar strain male albino rats were administered (po) a. indica leaves (100 mg/rat/day for 24 days). transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that in the cauda epididymal epithelium the nuclei of principal cells were enlarged and the number of coated micropinocytotic vesicles of the apical cytoplasm decreased. microvilli were missing and mitochondrial cristae and golgi complex were highly disrupted. the cyto ...	2004	15587115
hypoglycaemic effects of some plant extracts are possibly mediated through inhibition in corticosteroid concentration.	to unravel the possible mechanism of glucose lowering activity, effects of ten different plant extracts in the regulation of serum cortisol and glucose concentrations were evaluated in male mice. while the extracts of inula racemosa, boerhaavia diffusa and ocimum sanctum decreased the serum concentration of both cortisol and glucose, aegle marmelos, azadirachta indica and gymnema sylvestre extracts could exhibit hypoglycaemic activity without altering the serum cortisol concentration. it appears ...	2004	15587591
bioefficacy and mode-of-action of some limonoids of salannin group from azadirachta indica a. juss and their role in a multicomponent system against lepidopteran larvae.	biological activities of the salannin type of limonoids isolated from azadirachta indica a. juss were assessed using the gram pod borer helicoverpa armigera (hubner) and the tobacco armyworm spodoptera litura (fabricius) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). inhibition of larval growth was concomitant with reduced feeding by neonate and third instar larvae. all three compounds exhibited strong antifeedant activity in a choice leaf disc bioassay with 2.0, 2.3 and 2.8 microg/cm(2) of 3-o-acetyl salannol, sala ...	2004	15625397
toward development of neem-based repellents against the scottish highland biting midge culicoides impunctatus.	oil of neem, from the tree azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae), was evaluated for repellent and antifeedant activity against culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae), by three complementary methods with serial dilutions. electroantennograms revealed the sensitivity of culicoides nubeculosus (meigen) females to neem > or = 0.10%. culicoides impunctatus goetghebuer females were repelled by > or = 1% in a y-tube olfactometer, using a membrane feeder for wild-caught parous females of c ...	2004	15642014
[preparation of contraceptive pill microcapsule and its anti-fertility effect].	the main component of this pill is 2-octadecanoic acid-4-palmitic acid-2, 4-pentanediyl ester separated from chloroform extract of neem oil. the microcapsules coated by the re-curdle method were fabricated with an average particle size of 100-180 microm. the morphological characteristics, incorporation efficiency, carrier reclamation efficiency of the microcapsule were investigated. kunming mice were used in the experiment, and the anti-fertility effect of the microcapsule on the histology and a ...	2004	15646346
the occurrence and allergising potential of airborne pollen in west bengal, india.	a continuous 2-year volumetric aerobiological survey was conducted in berhampore town, a centrally located and representative part of west bengal, india. the aim of the study was to assess the allergising potential of airborne pollen grains of west bengal. a total of 31 pollen types were identified of which poaceae (grasses) pollen showed maximum frequency, followed by cyperaceae, cassia sp., acacia auriculiformis, etc. the seasonal periodicities of the pollen types and their relationship to met ...	2004	15236497
effect of herbal molluscicides and their combinations on the reproduction of the snail lymnaea acuminata.	effects of sublethal treatment (20 and 60% of lc50/24 h) of the plant-derived molluscicides annona squamosa linn. and lawsonia inermis linn. and their combinations with other herbal molluscicides, such as cedrus deodara roxb, azadirachta indica a. juss, bulb powder of allium sativum linn. and polianthes tuberosa linn., and oleoresin of zingiber officinale rosc., and acetogenins extracted from the seeds of a. squamosa linn., on the reproduction of the snail lymnaea acuminata have been studied. it ...	2004	15253044
safety evaluation of neem (azadirachta indica) derived pesticides.	the neem tree, azadirachta indica, provides many useful compounds that are used as pesticides and could be applied to protect stored seeds against insects. however in addition to possible beneficial health effects, such as blood sugar lowering properties, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective effects, also toxic effects are described. in this study we present a review of the toxicological data from human and animal studies with oral administration of different neem-b ...	2004	15261960
evaluation of calcium-alginate gel as an artificial diet medium for bioassays on common cutworms.	a calcium-alginate gel diet was developed for spodoptera litura larvae, and its reliability as a carrier for incorporating antifeedants as well as insecticides was investigated. the alginate gel diet was prepared with a simple protocol, which does not involve any heating process. when tested using this diet, acephate, a bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin formulation and rotenone reproducibly showed insecticidal activity against the larvae, while neem oil and scabequinone deterred the larval feedin ...	2004	15264908
mechanism of antiulcer effect of neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extract: effect on h+-k+-atpase, oxidative damage and apoptosis.	the mechanism of the antiulcer effect of neem leaf aqueous extract to block gastric lesions in rat has been studied with emphasis on acid secretion, oxidative damage and apoptosis. the extract dose-dependently inhibits gastric lesions induced by restraint-cold stress, indomethacin and ethanol. in stress ulcer model, it is more effective than ranitidine but less effective than omeprazole. it also dose-dependently blocks pylorus ligation and mercaptomethylimidazole-induced acid secretion. in the p ...	2004	15265317
inhibition of patulin production by penicillium expansum cultured with neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extracts.	aqueous extract of the leaves of neem [azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae)] was tested in vitro for antifungal activity against penicillium expansum. patulin production was inhibited during cultivation, when concentrations higher than 50 mg/ml of neem leaf extract was added to the culture medium. analyses of mycotoxin production were performed by tlc and hplc. fungal growth and colony characteristics, in the presence of the extract, were investigated and compared with extract-free cultures.	2004	15069669
effect of bacopa monniera and azadirachta indica on gastric ulceration and healing in experimental niddm rats.	gastric ulcers were induced in normal/niddm rats by various physical (2 hr cold restraint stress and 4 hr pylorus ligation) and chemical agents (ethanol, 1 ml/200 g, oral, 1 hr before; aspirin, 200 mg/kg, oral, 4 hr) and duodenal ulcers were induced by cysteamine (40 mg/200 g). ulcer healing activity was studied in gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid (50%) and hci (0.6 m). the result indicated that in both, normal and niddm rats, b. monniera extract (bme, 20-100 mg/kg) did not show any signifi ...	2004	15088689
chemopreventive potential of azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract in murine carcinogenesis model systems.	numerous laboratory studies reveal that various naturally occurring dietary substances can modify the patho-physiological process of various metabolic disorders and can be an effective preventive strategy for various diseases, including cancer. indian neem tree, azadirachta indica a. juss. (family: meliaceae), contains at least 35 biologically active principles and is widely grown all over the tropics. the effect of two different doses (250 and 500 mg per kilogram body weight) of 80% ethanolic e ...	2004	15099843
ecological risk assessment of neem-based pesticides.	a tiered process was used to evaluate the risks of pure azadirachtin (aza) and two neem-based insecticides (neemix and bioneem) on six aquatic animals [crayfish (procambarus clarkii), white shrimp (penaeus setiferus), grass shrimp (palaemonetes pugio), blue crabs (callinectes sapidus), water fleas (daphnia pulex), and mosquito larvae (culex quinquefasciatus)] through short term acute toxicity tests. the risk was calculated using the level of concern endpoints (q values) and relative hazard index ...	2004	15132337
pesticide exposure--indian scene.	use of pesticides in india began in 1948 when ddt was imported for malaria control and bhc for locust control. india started pesticide production with manufacturing plant for ddt and benzene hexachloride (bhc) (hch) in the year 1952. in 1958, india was producing over 5000 metric tonnes of pesticides. currently, there are approximately 145 pesticides registered for use, and production has increased to approximately 85,000 metric tonnes. rampant use of these chemicals has given rise to several sho ...	2004	15138033
an antimalarial extract from neem leaves is antiretroviral.	an acetone-water neem leaf extract with antimalarial activity was evaluated in vitro at 5 microg/ml for inhibition of adhesion of malaria parasite-infected erythrocytes and cancer cells to endothelial cells, and at 10 microg/ml for protection of lymphocytes against invasion by hiv. the extract was also evaluated in 10 patients with hiv/aids at 1000 mg daily for 30 d. the mean binding of infected erythrocytes and cancer cells per endothelial cell was 15 and 11 respectively in the absence of the e ...	2004	15138081
deterrent effects of four neem-based formulations on gravid female boll weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) feeding and oviposition on cotton squares.	three commercial neem-based insecticides, agroneem, ecozin, and neemix, and a neem seed extract formulation, bitters, containing 1,036, 16,506, 471, and 223 microg/ml azadirachtin, respectively, were assessed for feeding and oviposition deterrence against gravid female boll weevils, anthonomus grandis grandis boheman, in the laboratory. in choice assays, excised cotton squares dipped in the separate formulations were first physically contacted by the weevils' tarsi or antennae fewer times than n ...	2004	15154463
comparison of anti-feedant and insecticidal activity of nimbin and salannin photo-oxidation products with neem (azadirachta indica) limonoids.	photo-oxidation of the neem limonoids nimbin and salannin with uv light in the presence of oxygen gives two isomeric lactone products per limonoid, nimbinolide and isonimbinolide, and salanninolide and isosalanninolide, respectively. when compared in insect tests with the important limonoids of neem seeds, azadirachtin, nimbin and salannin, isonimbinolide and isosalanninolide show activity greater than that of nimbin or salannin and in some respects show activity approaching that of azadirachtin ...	2004	15154512
nimbidin suppresses functions of macrophages and neutrophils: relevance to its antiinflammatory mechanisms.	nimbidin is a mixture of tetranortriterpenes and is the major active principle of the seed oil of azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae) possessing potent antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activities. the present study revealed that nimbidin significantly inhibited some of the functions of macrophages and neutrophils relevant to the inflammatory response following both in vivo and in vitro exposure. oral administration of 5-25 mg/kg nimbidin to rats for 3 consecutive days significantly inhibite ...	2004	15174005
evaluation of anthelmintic properties of some plants used as livestock dewormers against haemonchus contortus infections in sheep.	gastrointestinal helminth infections remain a major constraint to livestock production globally. this study evaluated anthelmintic efficacy of 7 plants used as dewormers by farmers and pastoralists in kenya. thus 3 commercial anthelmintics and 7 plant preparations were tested in lambs infected with 5000 or 3000 l3 haemonchus contortus in 4 experiments. in the first experiment, ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole were tested in 46 lambs. seven plant preparations of hagenia abyssinica, olea eur ...	2004	15376783
effects of aqueous extracts of garlic (allium sativum) and neem (azadirachta indica) leaf on hepatic and blood oxidant-antioxidant status during experimental gastric carcinogenesis.	the modifying effects of aqueous extracts of garlic and neem leaf during the pre-initiation and post-initiation phases of gastric carcinogenesis induced by n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine were investigated in male wistar rats. the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of phase ii biotransformation enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase that use reduced glutathione (gsh) as substrate were used to biomonitor the chemopreventive potential of these extracts. ...	2004	15383228
acaricidal properties of a chenopodium-based botanical.	the emulsifiable concentrate uda-245 [25% ec (vol:vol)], based on an essential oil extract from chenopodium ambrosioides variety ambrosioides, a north american herbaceous plant, was compared with commercially available pesticides for their effectiveness to control the adult stage and egg hatch of the twospotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae koch (acari: tetranychidae) and the european red mite, panonychus ulmi (koch) (acari: tetranychidae). after a laboratory bioassay with adult twospotted sp ...	2004	15384350
insecticidal properties of a chenopodium-based botanical.	the emulsifiable concentrate uda-245 based on an essential oil extract from chenopodium ambrosioides variety near ambrosioides, a north american herbaceous plant, was compared with commercially available pesticides for their effectiveness to control green peach aphid, myzus persicae (sulzer) (homoptera: aphididae), western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), and greenhouse whitefly, trialeurodes vaporariorium (westwood) (homoptera: aleyrodidae). side e ...	2004	15384351
biochemical effects of vepacide (from azadirachta indica) on wistar rats during subchronic exposure.	we investigated the effect of vepacide (from azadirachta indica), a neem-based pesticide, on acid (acp) and alkaline (akp) phosphatase in different tissues of male and female albino wistar rats. subchronic doses of vepacide in coconut oil (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg; maximum volume of 0.2 ml) were administered orally for 45 or 90 days. the administration of vepacide resulted in a significant increase in acp and akp in serum, kidney, lung, and liver tissue (akp only in liver), whereas a significant d ...	2004	15388273
clinical studies on the effect of neem (azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer.	we have shown earlier that neem (azadirachta indica) bark aqueous extract has potent antisecretory and antiulcer effects in animal models and has no significant adverse effect (bandyopadhyay et al., life sciences, 71, 2845-2865, 2002). the objective of the present study was to investigate whether neem bark extract had similar antisecretory and antiulcer effects in human subjects. for this purpose, a group of patients suffering from acid-related problems and gastroduodenal ulcers were orally trea ...	2004	15454339
the effect of neem (azadirachta indica) extract and dietary selenium on distribution of selenium in hepatocarcinogenesis induced rat.	neem, azadirachta indica, is a plant from the family meliaceae, known as "pokok semambu" in malay community. it has been extensively used in india as traditional ayurvedic and folklore minedicine for the treatment of various diseases. this study aimed to determine the distribution of selenium in the liver of rats during hepatocarcinogenesis when neem aqueous extract and dietary selenium was supplemented.	2004	15468891
effect of essential oils on the growth of fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin contamination in corn.	essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from local plants in benin, western africa, and oil from seeds of the neem tree (azadirachta indica) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their efficacy against fusarium verticillioides infection and fumonisin contamination. fumonisin in corn was quantified using a fluorometer and the vicam method. oils from cymbopogon citratus, ocimum basilicum, and ocimum gratissimum were the most effective in vitro, completely inhibiting the growth of f. vertic ...	2004	15506822
effects of azadirachta indica and melia azedarach (meliaceae) extracts from leaves on trypanosoma cruzi growth and ultrastructure.	the chloroformic extracts from dried fresh leaves ofazadirachta indica a. juss. and melia azedarach l. (meliaceae) showed marked inhibitory activity on epimastigotes growth of trypanosoma cruzi, evidenced by 96-wells microtiter plate bioassay and radioactive thymidine incorporation experiment. each chloroformic extract was separated using silica gel and alumina column. in transmission electron microscopy the bioactive chromatographic fractions caused ultrastructural changes in epimastigotes such ...	2004	15554501
larvicidal activity of a neem tree extract (neemarin) against mosquito larvae in the islamic republic of iran.	an insecticide containing azadirachtin, a neem tree (azadirachta indica) extract, was tested against mosquito larvae in the islamic republic of iran under laboratory and field conditions. lc50 and lc90 values for neemarin were 0.35 and 1.81 mg/l for anopheles stephensi, the main local malaria vector, and 0.69 and 3.18 mg/l for culex quinquefasciatus. the mortality in the pupal stage was significantly higher than the other stages. in field trials, using recommended dosages of 1 and 2 l/hectare, m ...	2004	16335649
evaluation of antiplaque activity of azadirachta indica leaf extract gel--a 6-week clinical study.	various chemical agents have been evaluated over the years with respect to their antimicrobial effects in the oral cavity; however, all are associated with side effects that prohibit regular long-term use. therefore, the effectiveness of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) leaf extract against plaque formation was assessed in males between the age group of 20-30 years over a period of 6 weeks. present study includes formulation of mucoadhesive dental gel containing azadirachta indica leaf extract ...	2004	14698516
effects of azadirachta indica extract on gastric ulceration and acid secretion in rats.	the effect of azadirachta indica extract on gastric ulceration was studied in albino rats. azadirachta indica extract (100-800 mg/kg p.o., 100-25 mg/kg i.p.) significantly inhibited gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin (40 mg/kg). administration of 800 mg/kg p.o. and 250 mg/kg i.p. caused 100% cytoprotection against indomethacin (40mg/kg, i.p.)-induced gastric ulceration. this action was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in total gastric acidity. in order to investigate the probable ...	2004	14698526
protective role of extracts of neem seeds in diabetes caused by streptozotocin in rats.	effect of petroleum ether extracts of kernel (nsk) and husk (nsh) of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss, meliaceae) seeds on the prevention of oxidative stress caused by streptozotocin (stz) was investigated. diabetes mellitus was induced in adult male wistar rats after administration of stz (55 mg/kg b.wt., i.p., tail vein). the effect of nsk (2 gm/kg, b.wt.) and nsh (0.9 gm/kg, b.wt.) orally for 28 days was investigated in diabetic rats. insulin-treated diabetic rats (6 u/kg, i.p., 28 days.) ser ...	2004	15013179
implication of reproductive endocrine malfunction in male antifertility efficacy of azadirachta indica extract in rats.	the effects of the ethanol extract of azadirachta indica stem bark on body and organ weights, sperm morphology, counts and viability, serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (lh), and follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) were studied in albino rats. intraperitoneal administration (i.p) of the extract for ten weeks caused significant dose-dependent decreases in weights of the testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles but an increase in that of the adrenal gland. sperm counts, morphology and ...	2003	15032463
comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats.	in our experiments 30 hypoglycaemic medicinal plants (known and less known) have been selected for thorough studies from indigenous folk medicines, ayurvedic, unani and siddha systems of medicines. in all the experiments with different herbal samples (vacuum dried 95% ethanolic extracts), definite blood glucose lowering effect within 2 weeks have been confirmed in alloxan diabetic albino rats. blood glucose values are brought down close to normal fasting level using herbal samples at a dose of 2 ...	2003	12499084
evaluation of anthelmintic properties of extracts from some plants used as livestock dewormers by pastoralist and smallholder farmers in kenya against heligmosomoides polygyrus infections in mice.	parasitic nematodes are among the most common and economically important infectious diseases of grazing livestock, especially in small ruminants in the tropics and subtropics in kenya the control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats is usually made with synthetic anthelmintics but substantial levels of anthelmintic resistance have been recorded. a number of medicinal plants, that may provide possible alternatives, and are used by pastoralists and smallholder farmers in keny ...	2003	14729169
interaction between chloroquine sulphate and aqueous extract of azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae) in rabbits.	this study was carried out to investigate the effect of concurrent oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of azadirachta indica (meliaceae) on the pharmacokinetic properties of chloroquine sulphate in experimental rabbits. the results indicated that concurrent administration of both agents resulted in a significant decrease in serum concentration, slower absorption and elimination as well as longer half-life of chloroquine sulphate. the highest relative decrease of 78.0% was recorded 4 hour ...	2003	14769237
an efficient method for the purification and characterization of nematicidal azadirachtins a, b, and h, using mplc and esims.	azadirachtin a enriched concentrate containing 60% active ingredient (a.i.) was prepared from the methanolic extract of the de-fatted neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) seed kernels. azadirachtins a, b, and h, the three major bioactive constituents of neem seed kernel, were purified from this methanolic concentrate by employing reverse phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography (mplc), using methanol-water solvent system as an eluant. the three pure azadirachtin congeners thus obtained were char ...	2003	12822931
effect of azadirachta indica on paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in albino rats.	azadirachta indica, a plant used widely in ayurveda, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and adaptogenic properties. the present study evaluates its hepatoprotective role. fresh juice of tender leaves of azadirachta indica (200 mg/kg body wt. p.o.) inhibited paracetamol (2 g/kg body wt. p.o.)-induced lipid peroxidation and prevented depletion of sulfhydryl groups in liver cells. there was an increase in serum marker enzymes of hepatic damage (aspartate transaminase, ala ...	2003	12834004
chemoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of neem leaf against mnng-induced oxidative stress.	we evaluated the modifying effects of ethanolic extract of neem leaves (azadirachta indica a. juss) on oxidative stress induced by the potent gastric carcinogen n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng) in male wistar rats. the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), reduced glutathione (gsh), glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) were used as intermediate endpoints of chemoprevention. three differen ...	2003	12889539
evaluation of the antimalarial properties and standardization of tablets of azadirachta indica (meliaceae) in mice.	the antimalarial activities of the tablet suspension of the bark and leaf of azadirachta indica were evaluated on plasmodium yoelli nigeriensis infected mice. the tablet suspensions exhibited high prophylactic, mode-rate suppressive and a very minimal curative schizonticidal effect. no animal was cured of the infection in the curative test and there was not much increase in the survival time of the animals compared with the control. the tablet suspensions from the leaf and bark at a concentratio ...	2003	12916083
ethanolic neem leaf extract protects against n-methyl -n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric carcinogenesis in wistar rats.	we evaluated the effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract on n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in wistar rats. the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), reduced glutathione (gsh), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), and glutathione-s-transferase (gst) in the stomach, liver and erythrocytes were used as biomarkers of chemoprevention. animals were divided into four groups of six animals each. rat ...	2003	14507242
prenylated flavanones isolated from flowers of azadirachta indica (the neem tree) as antimutagenic constituents against heterocyclic amines.	four prenylated flavanones were isolated from the methanol extract of the flowers of azadirachta indica (the neem tree) as potent antimutagens against trp-p-1 (3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) in the salmonella typhimurium ta98 assay by activity-guided fractionation. spectroscopic properties revealed that those compounds were 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-prenylflavanone (1), 5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-8-prenylflavanone (2), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',8-diprenylflavanone (3), and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3', ...	2003	14558762
spermicidal activity of azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract.	the present study was carried out to evaluate the effective concentration of aqueous extract of old and tender azadirachta indica (neem) leaves to immobilize and kill 100% human spermatozoa within 20 s. sander-cramer test was used to study the spermicidal activity of neem leaf extract. under the test conditions, minimum effective spermicidal concentrations for tender and old leaf extracts were 2.91 +/- 0.669 mg/million sperm and 2.75 +/- 0.754 mg/million sperm, respectively. the effect of extrac ...	2003	14561544
biological investigation and structure-activity relationship studies on azadirone from azadirachta indica a. juss.	azadirone 1, a limonoidal constituent of azadirachta indica is found to possess potent cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines in our in vitro studies. in vitro screening of a number of semi-synthetic analogues of 1 revealed that the alpha,beta-unsaturated enone moiety or its equivalent conjugated system in a-ring, c-7 acetyloxy/chloroacetyloxy or keto group in b-ring and the furan moiety are responsible for the activity of 1 and its analogues. compound 1 and two of the sem ...	2003	14592518
the anthelmintic efficacy of five plant products against gastrointestinal trichostrongylids in artificially infected lambs.	forty-eight helminth-free lambs were divided into eight groups (a-h) of six animals. groups a-g were infected artificially with 10,000 third stage larvae of haemonchus contortus and 20,000 third stage larvae of trichostrongylus colubriformis, whereas group h remained uninfected. thirty days post-infection the lambs were treated orally with a single dosage of one of the following products: group a with 3 mg/kg body weight (bw) of an aqueous ethanol extract (70%, v/v) of the seeds of azadirachta i ...	2003	14597279
n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced in vivo clastogenicity: protective effects of aqueous neem leaf extract.	we evaluated the modifying effects of aqueous neem leaf extract on the in vivo clastogenicity of n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng), a potent gastric carcinogen by quantitation of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in metaphase cells from the bone marrow of male wistar rats. intraperitoneal injection of mnng (40 mg/kg body weight) induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. pretreatment with aqueous neem leaf extract (100 mg/kg body w ...	2003	14609290
possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity of azadirachta indica leaf extract: part ii.	hepatoprotective activity of azadirachta indica leaf extract against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats has already been reported. in the present investigation effects of azadirachta indica leaf extract on blood and liver glutathione, na+k(+)-atpase activity and thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats have been studied with a view to elucidate possible mechanism behind its hepatoprotective action. it was interesting to observe that azadi ...	2003	14611885
acaricidal effects of cardiac glycosides, azadirachtin and neem oil against the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae).	the cardiac glycoside, digitoxin, from digitalis purpurea l (scrophulariaceae), a cardiac glycosidal (cardenolide) extract from calotropis procera (ait) r br (asclepiadaceae), azadirachtin and neem oil from azadirachta indica a juss (meliaceae) were tested for their effects against larvae and adult stages of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii koch (acari: ixodidae). the contact lc50 values of the first three materials against adults were 4.08, 9.63 and >40.7 microg cm(-2), respectively, whereas ...	2003	14620053
antibacterial activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in asia.	extracts of edible plants (26 species) from china, japan, thailand and yemen were screened for their antibacterial activity against bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli and salmonella infantis. buffered methanol (80% methanol and 20% pbs) and acetone extracted inhibitory substances against tested bacteria from 16 plants, as revealed by the disc assay. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of extracts determined by the agar dilution method ranged ...	2003	12423924
effect of single and binary combinations of plant-derived molluscicides on different enzyme activities in the nervous tissue of achatina fulica.	effect of single and binary treatments of plant-derived molluscicides on different enzymes--acetylcholinesterase (ache), lactic dehydrogenase (ldh) and acid/alkaline phosphatase (acp/alp)--in the nervous tissue of the harmful terrestrial snail achatina fulica were studied. sublethal in vivo 24-h exposure to 40% and 80% lc(50) of azadirachta indica oil, cedrus deodara oil, allium sativum bulb powder, nerium indicum bark powder and binary combinations of a. sativum (as) + c. deodara (cd) and cd + ...	2003	12518332
traditionally-used antimalarials from the meliaceae.	a quantitative ethnobotanical approach to antimalarial drug discovery led to the identification of lansium domesticum corr. ser. (meliaceae) as an important antimalarial used by kenyah dyak healers in indonesian borneo. triterpenoid lansiolides with antimalarial activity were isolated from the bark and shown to have activity in both in vitro bioassays with plasmodium falciparum, and in mice infected with p. berghei. a survey of african and tropical american meliaceae led to further development o ...	2003	12570769
antiplasmodial and antifungal activities of iridal, a plant triterpenoid.	iridal, a triterpenoidic compound extracted from iris germanica l., was previously shown to have an interesting activity on two cultured human tumor cell lines (a2780 and k562). in the present work, this same product was tested in vitro on plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant and -sensitive strains, in vivo on p. vinckei, and on some candida albicans and c. parapsilosis strains too. the ic(50) obtained in vitro on human malaria strain ranged from 1.8 to 26.0 microg/ml and the ed(50) in vi ...	2003	12620327
inhibition of propionibacterium acnes-induced mediators of inflammation by indian herbs.	propionibacterium acnes, an anaerobic pathogen, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne by inducing certain inflammatory mediators. these mediators include reactive oxygen species (ros) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. in the present study, ros, interleukin-8 (il-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) were used as the major criteria for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. to prove the anti-inflammatory effects of herbs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) and monocyt ...	2003	12622461
cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in southwestern nigeria.	the ethnographic study was conducted in two communities in oyo state in southwestern nigeria. the study sites consisted of a rural and an urban local government area located in the tropical rain forest zone of nigeria. the study was designed to obtain information on febrile illnesses and herbal remedies for treatment with the aim of identifying potential antimalarial drugs. the study revealed that fever is a general term for describing illnesses associated with elevated body temperature. the ind ...	2003	12639738
lethal and sublethal effects of a neem-based insecticide on balsam fir sawfly (hymenoptera: diprionidae).	lethal and sublethal effects of neemix 4.5 ec, a commercial neem preparation, on balsam fir sawfly, neodiprion abietis (harris), were determined in the laboratory. larval mortality of n. abietis increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and lethal time decreased with increasing neemix 4.5 ec concentration. fifty percent of the larvae died after 4.6 d at a concentration of 90 ppm azadirachtin (aza) and 12.3 d at a concentration of 0.08 ppm. neemix 4.5 ec showed some deterrent effects to feed ...	2003	12650342
post-harvest fungal quality of selected chewing sticks.	to study post-harvest fungal overgrowth on chewing sticks used for oral hygiene measures and role of disinfection.	2003	12657036
lens aldose reductase inhibiting potential of some indigenous plants.	cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldover. diabetes is one of the major risk factors for cataractogenesis and aldose reductase (ar) has been reported to play an important role in sugar-induced cataract. in the present study, the ar inhibitory activity of ocimum sanctum (os), withania somnifera (ws), curcuma longa (cl), azadirachta indica (ai) were studied together with their effect on sugar-induced cataractogenic changes in rat lenses in vitro. aqueous extracts of the plants, procured ...	2003	12686449
azadirachta indica adversely affects sperm parameters and fructose levels in vas deferens fluid of albino rats.	azadirachta indica treatment for 24 days in albino rats resulted in a decrease in the total sperm count, sperm motility, and forward velocity in vas deferens fluid. the percentage of abnormal sperm increased and the fructose content decreased. as diminished levels of fructose parallel androgen deficiency, we conclude that reduced androgen levels resulting from the anti-androgenic property of a. indica leaves probably influences the physiological maturation of sperm.	2003	15198309
lowering of blood sugar by water extract of azadirachta indica and abroma augusta in diabetes rats.	combination (1:1 ) of water extract of dried powder of root and leaves (200 mg/kg body wt) of a. augusta and a. indica respectively was administered orally to alloxan diabetic rats once a day for 8 weeks. this treatment caused significant lowering of blood sugar in fasted as estimated by glucose tolerance test. the treatment resulted in a significant reduction in serum lipids. aqueous extract also decreased the formation of lipid peroxides estimated as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, (tb ...	2003	15266913
operational use of neem oil as an alternative anopheline larvicide. part a: laboratory and field efficacy.	we conducted a study to determine the laboratory and field efficacy of neem oil towards anopheline larvae. no difference in lc50 was observed between laboratory and field strains for temephos, chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion and neem oil. no difference in susceptibility was found after 3 months of application every 2 weeks. water treated with a single application of traditional larvicides was free of larvae after 4 weeks; neem oil-treated water, however, was free after 2 weeks but not at 4 wee ...	2003	15748061
operational use of neem oil as an alternative anopheline larvicide. part b: environmental impact and toxicological potential.	this study was conducted to investigate the preliminary environmental and mammalian toxicology of neem oil, temephos and chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion. culex pipiens, daphnia magna and gambusia affinis were used to study environmental impact. a high level of toxicity was observed, with slight differences between organisms. the emulsifiers individually also displayed toxicity towards the tested organisms. up to 90 days daily oral crude neem oil treatment (5 g/kg body weight) of laboratory mic ...	2003	15748062
effect of azadirachta indica (neem) on the growth pattern of dermatophytes.	to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum fungicidal concentration (mfc) for the extracts of the leaves and seeds of the plant azadirachta indica against various dermatophytes.	2003	17642990
learning and memory in the mosquito aedes aegypti shown by conditioning against oviposition deterrence.	oviposition site choice by female mosquitoes, aedes aegypti (l) (diptera: culicidae), was affected by rearing them in water treated with 0.016% of the repellent mozaway trade mark containing citronella and neem. given a choice between a bowl of repellent-treated and a bowl of untreated water, ae. aegypti reared in untreated water strongly preferred to oviposit on the clean water (93-98%) instead of repellent-treated water. this demonstrates effective deterrence of oviposition by dilute mozaway t ...	2003	14651662
effect of herbal hypoglycemic agents on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in diabetic rats.	in the present study the antioxidative potential ofmomordica charantia, azadirachta indica, allium sativum andocimum sanctum was assessed in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. lipid peroxide levels were also measured in normal, diabetic and treated animals. malondialdehyde (mda) levels were significantly higher and antioxidant activity was found low in diabetic groups as compared to the control groups, and significant alteration in both the mda levels and antioxidant activity was also observe ...	2003	23105386
combining azadirachtin and paecilomyces fumosoroseus (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes) to control bemisia argentifolii (homoptera: aleyrodidae).	both azadirachtin and paecilomyces fumosoroseus (wize) brown & smith have been used to control the whitefly bemisia argentifolii bellows & perring, but with only moderate effectiveness. azadirachtin is a botanical insecticide derived from the neem tree, and p. fumosoroseus is an entomopathogenic fungus. to test whether these two agents might be more effective for whitefly control if used together, different rates of each were combined in laboratory bioassays in factorial treatment. both tank mix ...	2003	12650340
tetracyclic triterpenoids from the leaves of azadirachta indica and their insecticidal activities.	a new tetranortriterpenoid, meliatetraolenone [24,25,26,27-tetranor-apotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6alpha-o-methyl, 7alpha-senecioyl(7-deacetyl)-11alpha,12alpha,21,23-tetrahydroxy-21,23-epoxy-2,14,20(22)-trien-1,16-dione] (1) was isolated from the methanolic extract of fresh leaves of azadirachta indica along with the known compound odoratone (3) which was hitherto unreported from this source. their structures have been elucidated by spectral studies including 2d nmr. the insecticidal activities of 1 a ...	2003	12672995
medicinal and aromatic plant materials as nitrification inhibitors for augmenting yield and nitrogen uptake of japanese mint (mentha arvensis l. var. piperascens).	pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative performance of medicinal and aromatic plant materials and dicyandiamide (dcd) as nitrification inhibitors to regulate transformation of n from urea. their effect on the efficiencies of use of n by japanese mint (mentha arvensis cv. hy 77) was tested. urea was coated with these materials viz., mentha spicata, artemisia annua or dcd at the rate of 5% (w/w) of fertilizer urea using an appropriate coating technique. nimin (tetranortriterpenoids ...	2003	12688470
a continuous spectrophotometric assay for the determination of diamondback moth esterase activity.	conventional methods to determine esterase activity from insects are composed of a three-step process where the enzyme is allowed to hydrolyze a 1-naphthyl acetate substrate, that reaction is quenched by a sds detergent, and then a fast blue b dye complex is formed with 1-naphthol, the product of 1-naphthyl acetate hydrolysis. these methods measure dye-product complex rather than the product, 1-naphthol. a new assay is presented that continuously monitors the formation of 1-naphthol with the hyd ...	2003	14518005
cytogenetic toxicity of neem.	the cytogenetic toxicity of the leaf extract of neem was evaluated in murine germ cells. the extract was found to induce structural and numerical changes in the spermatocyte chromosomes as well as synaptic disturbances in them at their first metaphase. a significant increase in the frequency of sperms with abnormal head morphology and the decrease in mean sperm count were also observed. this spermatotoxic effect of the neem extract corroborates its germ cell mutagenicity. the possible role of az ...	2003	12909265
photostabilizers for azadirachtin-a (a neem-based pesticide).	photostability of azadirachtin-a (a neem based pesticide) has been studied without and with adding stabilizers such as ter. butyl-p-cresol, 8-hydroxy quinoline and ter. butyl hydroquinone as thin film on glass surface and on leaf surface under sunlight and uv light. half-life of azadirachtin has been found to be 48 min and 3.98 days as thin film under uv light and sunlight and 2.47 days on leaf surface, respectively. 8-hydroxy quinoline and ter. butyl hydroquinone have been found effective in co ...	2003	12856927
systemic effects of neem on western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).	the systemic effects of neem on the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), were investigated in laboratory trials using green bean, phaseolus vulgaris l., in arena and microcosm experiments. in arena experiments, systemic effects of neem against western flower thrips larvae on primary bean leaves were observed with maximum corrected mortality of 50.6%. in microcosm experiments using bean seedlings, higher efficacy in the control of western flower thrips were observed with ...	2003	12852622
the antimitotic effect of the neem terpenoid azadirachtin on cultured insect cells.	when cultured insect cells (sf9) were grown in the presence of 5 x 10(-6) m azadirachtin, there was a rapid increase in the mitotic index, with the appearance of many aberrant mitotic figures. flow cytometry established that cells accumulated in the g2/m phase of the cell cycle, and that the effect was concentration-dependent. at 10(-8) m a period of 20 h was necessary to raise the proportion in g2/m to 42% above the control values, but at 5 x 10(-6) m more than 90% of the cells were in this pha ...	2003	12826095
an efficient protocol for the production of triploid plants from endosperm callus of neem, azadirachta indica a. juss.	triploid plants of neem were obtained by immature endosperm culture. immature seeds, at the early dicotyledonous stage of embryo development, is the best explant to raise endosperm callus on ms + naa (5 mumol/l) + bap (2 mumol/l) + ch (500 mg l-1). maximum shoot bud differentiation from the endosperm callus occurred on ms + 5 mumol/l bap. shoots were multiplied by forced axillary branching and rooted in vitro. the plants were established in soil. over 66% of the plants were triploid with chromos ...	2003	12806785
production of haploids of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) by anther culture.	androgenic haploids of the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss.) were produced by anther culture at the early- to late-uninucleate stage of pollen. haploid formation occurred via callusing. the best medium for inducing callusing in the anther cultures was murashige and skoog's basal medium (ms) (9% sucrose) supplemented with 1 microm 2,4-d, 1 microm naa and 5 microm bap, while anther callus multiplied best on ms medium supplemented with 1 microm 2,4-d and 10 microm kn. these calli differentiat ...	2003	12789427
6beta-hydroxygedunin from azadirachta indica. its potentiation effects with some non-azadirachtin limonoids in neem against lepidopteran larvae.	the biological activity of 6beta-hydroxygedunin isolated from azadirachta indica a. juss. was assessed using the gram pod borer, helicoverpa armigera (hubner), and asian armyworm, spodoptera litura (fabricius) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), alone and in combination with other limonoids, gedunin, salannin, nimbinene, and azadirachtin. the compound exhibited growth inhibitory activity in artificial diet bioassays, with 24.2 and 21.5 ppm, respectively, inhibiting growth by 50%. this efficacy was higher ...	2003	12720374