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rational design, synthesis, and preliminary structure-activity relationships of α-substituted-2-phenylcyclopropane carboxylic acids as inhibitors of salmonella typhimurium o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase.cysteine is a building block for several biomolecules that are crucial for living organisms. the last step of cysteine biosynthesis is catalyzed by o-acetylserine sulfydrylase (oass), a highly conserved pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp)-dependent enzyme, present in different isoforms in bacteria, plants, and nematodes, but absent in mammals. beside the biosynthesis of cysteine, oass exerts a series of "moonlighting" activities in bacteria, such as transcriptional regulation, contact-dependent growth ...201626894308
de novo sphingolipid synthesis is essential for salmonella-induced autophagy and human beta-defensin 2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells.sphingolipids are important for innate immune response to eliminate infected pathogens and involved in autophagy. on the other hand, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (nod2) served as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor to enhance host defense by inducing autophagy and the production of antimicrobial peptides, such as human beta-defensin-2 (hbd-2). however, the role of sphingolipids in salmonella-induced autophagy and hbd-2 response in intestinal epithelial ...201626893616
mutagenicity assessment of aerosols in emissions from domestic combustion processes.domestic biofuel combustion is one of the major sources of regional and local air pollution, mainly regarding particulate matter and organic compounds, during winter periods. mutagenic and carcinogenic activity potentials of the ambient particulate matter have been associated with the fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) and their oxygenated (opah) and nitrogenated (npah) derivatives. this study aimed at assessing the mutagenicity potential of the fraction of this polycyclic aromat ...201626893179
photoactivated hypericin is not genotoxic.the study was designed to test the potential photogenotoxicity of hypericin (hyp) at three different levels: primary dna damages, gene mutations and chromosome aberrations. primary genetic changes were detected using the comet assay. the potential mutagenic activity of hyp was assessed using the ames/salmonella typhimurium assay. finally, the ability of photoactivated hyp to induce chromosome aberrations was evaluated by the in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test and compared to that of n ...201626891274
investigation of in vitro cytotoxic, mutagenic and anti-mutagenic effects of shirazolide extracted from jurinea leptoloba.shirazolide is an elemanolide isolated from jurinea leptoloba dc. the aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic, mutagenic and anti-mutagenic properties of shirazolide from j. leptoloba dc in vitro. cytotoxicity was measured using a modified mtt (3-(4,5-di methyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-di phenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on normal human lymphocytes and tumor hela cells, showing that the cytotoxicity of shirazolide is much higher for hela cells than for normal lymphocytes. mutagenic and anti-mu ...201626886048
identification of methylglyoxal as a major mutagen in wood and bamboo pyroligneous acids.to identify the major mutagen in pyroligneous acid (pa), 10 wood and 10 bamboo pyroligneous acids were examined using the ames test in salmonella typhimurium strains ta100 and ta98. subsequently, the mutagenic dicarbonyl compounds (dcs), glyoxal, methylglyoxal (mg), and diacetyl in pa were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the mutagenic contribution ratios for each dc were calculated relative to the mutagenicity of pa. eighteen samples were positive for mutagens and sh ...201626872409
heme oxygenase 1 controls early innate immune response of macrophages to salmonella typhimurium infection.macrophages are central for the immune control of intracellular microbes. heme oxygenase 1 (ho-1, hmox) is the first and rate limiting enzyme in the breakdown of heme originating from degraded senescent erythrocytes and heme-proteins, yielding equal amounts of iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. ho-1 is strongly up-regulated in macrophages in response to inflammatory signals, including bacterial endotoxin. in view of the essential role of iron for the growth and proliferation of intracellular ...201626866925
tumor-targeting salmonella typhimurium a1-r in combination with doxorubicin eradicate soft tissue sarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (pdox) model.a patient with high grade undifferentiated pleomorphic soft-tissue sarcoma from a striated muscle was grown orthotopically in the right biceps femoris muscle of mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (pdox) model. twenty pdox mice were divided into 4 groups: g1, control without treatment; g2, salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium)a1-r administered by intratumoral (i.t.) injection once a week for 4 weeks; g3, doxorubicin (dox) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection on ...201626859573
characterization of the outer membrane subproteome of the virulent strain salmonella typhimurium sl1344. 201627373869
enhanced therapeutic effect of an antiangiogenesis peptide on lung cancer in vivo combined with salmonella vnp20009 carrying a sox2 shrna construct.hm-3 is a polypeptide inhibiting angiogenesis. recent reports suggest that the antitumor effect of angiogenesis inhibitors administered alone might be limited. cancer stem cells can survive the lack of oxygen and nutrients. to achieve better anti-tumor effect, hm-3 was administered in combination with the attenuated salmonella typhimurium vnp20009 transformed with a shrna construct against sex determining region y-box 2 (sox2).201627371094
neutrophils mediate salmonella typhimurium clearance through the gbp4 inflammasome-dependent production of prostaglandins.inflammasomes are cytosolic molecular platforms that alert the immune system about the presence of infection. here we report that zebrafish guanylate-binding protein 4 (gbp4), an ifnγ-inducible gtpase protein harbouring a c-terminal card domain, is required for the inflammasome-dependent clearance of salmonella typhimurium (st) by neutrophils in vivo. despite the presence of the card domain, gbp4 requires the universal inflammasome adaptor asc for mediating its antibacterial function. in additio ...201627363812
role of fimbriae, flagella and cellulose on the attachment of salmonella typhimurium atcc 14028 to plant cell wall models.cases of foodborne disease caused by salmonella are frequently associated with the consumption of minimally processed produce. bacterial cell surface components are known to be important for the attachment of bacterial pathogens to fresh produce. the role of these extracellular structures in salmonella attachment to plant cell walls has not been investigated in detail. we investigated the role of flagella, fimbriae and cellulose on the attachment of salmonella typhimurium atcc 14028 and a range ...201627355584
antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, and anticytotoxic activities of silybum marianum [l.] gaertn assessed by the salmonella mutagenicity assay (ames test) and the micronucleus test in mice bone marrow.silymarin (sm), a standardized extract from silybum marianum (l.) gaertn., is composed mainly of flavonolignans, and silibinin (sb) is its major active constituent. the present study aimed to evaluate the antimutagenic activities of sm and sb using the ames mutagenicity test in salmonella typhimurium, as well as their anticytotoxic and antigenotoxic activities using the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. to assess antimutagenicity, salmonella typhimurium strains were treated with different con ...201627352027
effects of minimal exposures to atmospheric pressure plasma on the activity of salmonella typhimurium: deactivation of bacterial motility and suppression of host-cell invasion.atmospheric pressure plasma (app) has been shown effective in sterilization by reducing the number of viable microbes during surface cleaning, food processing, or human tissue treatment. for safe conduct, the majority of previous research focused on complete abolition of microbes, which may require severe treatments. our aim is to investigate the minimal treatment conditions necessary for effective inactivation of bacteria in such a manner that the app treated bacteria would not be able to harm ...201627345896
is anaerobic digestion effective for the removal of organic micropollutants and biological activities from sewage sludge?the occurrence of emerging organic micropollutants (omps) in sewage sludge has been widely reported; nevertheless, their fate during sludge treatment remains unclear. the objective of this work was to study the fate of omps during mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (ad), the most common processes used for sludge stabilization, by using raw sewage sludge without spiking omps. moreover, the results of analytical chemistry were complemented with biological assays in order to verify the ...201627344252
lamp-3 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 3) promotes the intracellular proliferation of salmonella typhimurium.lysosomes are cellular organelles containing diverse classes of catabolic enzymes that are implicated in diverse cellular processes including phagocytosis, autophagy, lipid transport, and aging. lysosome-associated membrane proteins (lamp-1 and lamp-2) are major glycoproteins important for maintaining lysosomal integrity, ph, and catabolism. lamp-1 and lamp-2 are constitutively expressed in salmonella-infected cells and are recruited to salmonella-containing vacuoles (scvs) as well as salmonella ...201627329040
electrochemical oxidation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics: mechanism, residual antibacterial activity and toxicity change.in this paper, we studied the electrochemical oxidation mechanisms of three typical fluoroquinolone antibiotics (fqs), and investigated residual antibacterial activity and toxicity changes after oxidation processes. electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry (ec-ms) was used to study the oxidation processes of ciprofloxacin (cip), norfloxacin (nor) and ofloxacin (ofl). eight oxidation products for each parent compound were identified and their chemical structures were elucidated. the transfor ...201627318447
heatwaves differentially affect risk of salmonella serotypes.given increasing frequency of heatwaves and growing public health concerns associated with foodborne disease, we examined the relationship between heatwaves and salmonellosis in adelaide, australia.201627317378
contribution of silver nanoparticles to extend salmonella typhimurium growth under various respiration regimes.living cells interact with different forms of metal; the resulted biochemical alteration depends on the dose. over an average dose in ionic form, metals interact with respiration processes at various levels, and it induces oxidative stress by shifting the whole oxydoreduction equilibrium. to correct the toxicity, cell develops different ways to cancel the effect of the exceeded charges, and it reduces the ion to get a more stable form. in the case of nanoparticles, the reactivity of surface has ...201627287758
inherent variability of growth media impacts the ability of salmonella typhimurium to interact with host cells.efficient invasion of non-phagocytic cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells, by salmonella typhimurium is dependent on the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1)-encoded type three secretion system. the environmental cues involved in spi-1 induction are not well understood. in vitro, various conditions are used to induce spi-1 and the invasive phenotype. although lysogeny broth (lb) is widely used, multiple formulations exist, and variation can arise due to intrinsic differences in comple ...201627280414
hypermutation and unique mutational signatures of occupational cholangiocarcinoma in printing workers exposed to haloalkanes.cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare cancer, but its incidence is increasing worldwide. although several risk factors have been suggested, the etiology and pathogenesis of the majority of cholangiocarcinomas remain unclear. recently, a high incidence of early-onset cholangiocarcinoma was reported among the workers of a printing company in osaka, japan. these workers underwent high exposure to organic solvents, mainly haloalkanes such as 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-dcp) and/or dichloromethane. we ...201627267998
assessing the mutagenic activities of smoke from different cigarettes in direct exposure experiments using the modified ames salmonella assay.the ames assay is useful for evaluating the mutagenic potentials of chemicals, and it has been used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of cigarette smoke (cs). in vitro direct exposure systems have been developed to mimic cs exposure in the human respiratory tract, and the ames assay has been used with such systems. ames tests were performed using the vitrocell(®) direct exposure system in this study. the mutagenic potentials of whole mainstream cs and gas/vapor phase fractions produced by conv ...201627265375
mutagenic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase and antimicrobial activities of scandix pecten-veneris l.scandix pecten-veneris l. or shepherd's-needle is a weed species used in some countries for medicinal purposes. in this study s. pecten-veneris leaves were shade dried, powdered and extracted with methanol. the purpose of this study was to assay the in vitro mutagenic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antilipoxygenase and antimicrobial activities of s. pecten-veneris leaf extract. the methanolic extract indicated no mutagenicity when tested with salmonella typhimurium strains ta98 and ta100. antimuta ...201627262795
novel surface antigen based impedimetric immunosensor for detection of salmonella typhimurium in water and juice samples.a specific surface antigen, ompd has been reported first time as a surface biomarker in the development of selective and sensitive immunosensor for detecting salmonella typhimurium species. the ompd surface antigen extraction was done from salmonella typhimurium serovars, under the optimized growth conditions for its expression. anti-ompd antibodies were generated and used as detector probe in immunoassay format on graphene-graphene oxide (g-go) modified screen printed carbon electrodes. the wat ...201627261886
use of an attenuated live salmonella typhimurium vaccine on three breeding pig units: a longitudinal observational field study.the study examined the effects of a licensed live salmonella typhimurium vaccine, administered to sows and gilts on three commercial pig units experiencing clinical salmonellosis associated with s. typhimurium or its monophasic variant. after vaccination, clinical salmonellosis resolved and shedding of s. typhimurium declined markedly and persistently on all breeding or breeding-finishing units, during the one- to two-year monitoring period. on two finishing units supplied in part by one of the ...201627260804
k45a mutation of ripk1 results in poor necroptosis and cytokine signaling in macrophages, which impacts inflammatory responses in vivo.receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (ripk1) participates in several cell signaling complexes that promote cell activation and cell death. stimulation of ripk1 in the absence of caspase signaling induces regulated necrosis (necroptosis), which promotes an inflammatory response. understanding of the mechanisms through which ripk1 promotes inflammation has been unclear. herein we have evaluated the impact of a k45a mutation of ripk1 on necroptosis of macrophages and the activation of inflammatory ...201627258786
role of pkctheta in macrophage-mediated immune response to salmonella typhimurium infection in mice.the serine/threonine protein kinase c (pkc) theta has been firmly implicated in t cell-mediated immunity. because its role in macrophages has remained undefined, we employed pkctheta-deficient (pkctheta (-/-)) mice in order to investigate if pkctheta plays a role in macrophage-mediated immune responses during bacterial infections.201627465248
delineation of attenuation of oxidative stress and mutagenic stress by murraya exotica l. leaves.murraya exotica l., a member of family rutaceae is rich in biologically active secondary metabolites and also known for its ethnobotanical importance. with this in mind, the plant was chosen and leaves were extracted sequentially to obtain ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions. the extract/fractions were evaluated for total phenolic and flavonoid content by spectrophotometric methods. the uhplc technique was employed for profiling the different polyphenolic ...201627462485
ifn-γ hinders recovery from mucosal inflammation during antibiotic therapy for salmonella gut infection.salmonella typhimurium (s.tm) causes acute enteropathy resolving after 4-7 days. strikingly, antibiotic therapy does not accelerate disease resolution. we screened for factors blocking remission using a s.tm enterocolitis model. the antibiotic ciprofloxacin clears pathogen stool loads within 3-24 hr, while gut pathology resolves more slowly (ψ50: ∼48 hr, remission: 6-9 days). this delayed resolution is mediated by an interferon-γ (ifn-γ)-dependent response that is triggered during acute infectio ...201627453483
evaluation of genotoxic potential throughout the upper and middle stretches of adige river basin.in this study a comprehensive genotoxicological survey throughout the upper and middle stretches of adige river basin is presented. the study was carried out at 7 sites located along the adige main course and one the most significant tributaries, the noce creek, both presenting different levels of pollution pressure. to give an insight into the nature of the genotoxic activity we employed the battery of prokaryotic and eukaryotic assays. mutagenicity in water samples was evaluated by sos/umuc te ...201627450952
rgd peptide cell-surface display enhances the targeting and therapeutic efficacy of attenuated salmonella-mediated cancer therapy.bacteria-based anticancer therapies aim to overcome the limitations of current cancer therapy by actively targeting and efficiently removing cancer. to achieve this goal, new approaches that target and maintain bacterial drugs at sufficient concentrations during the therapeutic window are essential. here, we examined the tumor tropism of attenuated salmonella typhimurium displaying the rgd peptide sequence (acdcrgdcfcg) on the external loop of outer membrane protein a (ompa). rgd-displaying salm ...201627446500
purification and characterization of a new antifungal compound 10-(2,2-dimethyl-cyclohexyl)-6,9-dihydroxy-4,9-dimethyl-dec-2-enoic acid methyl ester from streptomyces hydrogenans strain dh16.in agriculture, biocontrol agents have been emerged as safe alternative to chemical pesticides where streptomyces spp. and their metabolites constitute a great potential for their exploration as potent agents for controlling various fungal phytopathogens. the present study reports an antifungal compound purified from streptomyces hydrogenans strain dh16, a soil isolate, using silica gel chromatography and semi preparative hplc. the compound was characterized using various spectroscopic technique ...201627446043
bifunctional probes of cathepsin protease activity and ph reveal alterations in endolysosomal ph during bacterial infection.cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal proteases involved in regulation of both normal cellular processes and disease. biochemical studies with peptide substrates indicate that cathepsins have optimal activity at acidic ph and highly attenuated activity at neutral ph. in contrast, there is mounting evidence that cathepsins have biological roles in environments that have non-acidic ph. to further define the specific ph environments where cathepsins act, we designed bifunctional activity-based probes ( ...201627427229
biological activity of conventional and organic pomegranate juices: antioxidant and antimutagenic potential.none of the health claims about pomegranate juices has been approved yet by european food safety authority (efsa). there is a general perception among consumers that organic foods are healthier, tastier, and more nutritive than the conventional products. the aim of this research was to study the differences in the biological activity between ready-for-consumption juices obtained from pomegranates fruits grown under conventional and organic agricultural practices. antioxidant activity has been ev ...201627423934
growth potential of exponential- and stationary-phase salmonella typhimurium during sausage fermentation.raw meat for sausage production can be contaminated with salmonella. for technical reasons, meat is often frozen prior to mincing but it is unknown how growth of salmonella in meat prior to freezing affects its growth potential during sausage fermentation. we investigated survival of exponential- and stationary-phase salmonella typhimurium (dt12 and dtu292) during freezing at -18°c and their subsequent growth potential during 72h sausage fermentation at 25°c. after 0, 7 and >35d of frozen storag ...201627423056
the antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of ankaferd blood stopper,a natural hemostatic agent used in dentistry.this study investigated the antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of ankaferd blood stopper (abs), a plant-based topical hemostatic agent used in turkey to treat external hemorrhages and bleeding during dental surgery. while previous studies have examined the antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties of abs, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of this drug.201627513238
salmonella bacterial monotherapy reduces autochthonous prostate tumor burden in the tramp mouse model.attenuated salmonella typhimurium injected in the circulatory system of mammals selectively targets tumors. using weekly intraperitoneal injections of attenuated salmonella strain crc2631, we tested for regression and/or inhibition of tumor development in the tramp prostate tumor mouse model, which utilizes sv40 early region expression for autochthonous formation of prostate tumors that progress into metastatic, poorly differentiated prostatic carcinomas in an immunocompetent murine model. thirt ...201627504973
beneficial effects of live and dead salmonella-based vector strain on the course of colitis in mice.dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and hyperactive immune responses seem to be crucial for the uncontrolled inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd). modulation of the microbiome and immune stimulation of the intestinal epithelium were suggested as therapeutic approaches. in this study, live attenuated and dead bacterial cells of salmonella typhimurium sl7207 - a widely used bacterial vector for gene therapy were administered in dss-induced colitis in mice. c57bl/6 mice were divided int ...201627501439
cytochrome p450 expression system for high-throughput real-time detection of genotoxicity: application to the study of human cyp1a2 variants.individual variations in cytochrome p450-mediated metabolism are believed to contribute to individual susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis. cyp1a2 is one of the major forms of cytochrome p450 involved in drug metabolism and bioactivation of carcinogens. we have applied a recently developed high-throughput salmonella typhimurium ta1535 system for detection of dna damaging agents to the study of cyp1a2 polymorphisms. non-synonymous variants t83m [cyp1a2*9], s212c [cyp1a2*12], s298r [part of c ...201627476332
theoretical study of nitrodibenzofurans: a possible relationship between molecular properties and mutagenic activity.in this study we present a theoretical investigation of the molecular properties of nitrodibenzofurans (ndfs) and dinitrodibenzofurans (dndfs) and their relation to mutagenic activity. equilibrium geometries, relative energies, vertical ionization potentials (ip), vertical electron activities (ea), electronic dipole polarizabilities, and dipole moments of all ndfs and three dndfs calculated by density functional theory (dft) methods are reported. the ziegler/rauk energy decomposition analysis (e ...201627475460
tumor relapse prevented by combining adoptive t cell therapy with salmonella typhimurium.we recently reported that therapeutic vaccination with live tumor antigen-producing salmonella typhimurium rescues dysfunctional endogenous t cell responses and eradicates long-established tumors refractory to αctla-4 and αpd-l1 checkpoint inhibitor blockade. here, we show that live intravenously injected or heat-killed (hk) intratumorally injected salmonella typhimurium, even when not producing tumor antigen, synergize with adoptive t cell therapy to eradicate tumors. these data demonstrate tha ...201627471609
unveiling ubiquitinome rearrangements induced by salmonella infection.ubiquitination plays a critical role in the activation of host immune responses to infection and serves as a signal for pathogen delivery to phagophores along the xenophagy pathway. we recently performed systematic ubiquitination site profiling of epithelial cells infected with salmonella typhimurium. our findings specifically highlight components of the nfkb, membrane trafficking pathways and rho gtpase systems as ubiquitination hubs during infection. in addition, a broad spectrum of bacterial ...201627467224
predicting salmonella typhimurium reductions in poultry ground carcasses.to improve understanding of salmonella typhimurium lt2 inactivation in ground poultry carcasses, a series of experiments were carried out at multiple temperatures. subsequently, a non-linear model was developed to predict salmonella inactivation at composting and low rendering temperatures. the salmonella inactivation study was conducted using bench-top experiments at 38, 48, 55, 62.5, 70, and 78°c in mixed and non-mixed reactors using ground poultry carcasses as a feedstock. subsequently, these ...201627466432
inhibition of ros and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines by foxo3a promotes survival against salmonella typhimurium.virulent intracellular pathogens, such as the salmonella species, engage numerous virulence factors to subvert host defence mechanisms to induce a chronic infection that leads to typhoid or exacerbation of other chronic inflammatory conditions. here we show the role of the forkhead transcription factor foxo3a during infection of mice with salmonella typhimurium (st). although foxo3a signalling does not affect the development of cd8(+) t cell responses to st, foxo3a has an important protective ro ...201627599659
functionalized polymeric magnetic nanoconstructs for selective capturing and sensitive detection of salmonella typhimurium.rapid detection and enumeration of pathogens is essential for monitoring contamination and spoilage of food products to ensure improved quality control management. functionalized polymeric magnetic nanoconstructs (fpmncs) were developed as an effective immunomagnetic separator and sensing platform for the selective capturing of salmonella typhimurium. novel fpmncs were prepared in three stages involving synthesis of iron oxide (io) dispersion, capping with sodium oleate and encapsulation of pref ...201627590554
temporal distribution of encapsulated bacteriophages during passage through the chick gastrointestinal tract.encapsulation of bacteriophages ("phage") protects phage against environmental deactivation and provides a product that is easy to handle for storage and application with animal feed as an antibiotic alternative. the objective of this study was to evaluate an orally administered, encapsulated phage for efficient phage release in the gastrointestinal tract (git) of young chicks receiving feed. an optimized formulation that consisted of 0.8% low molecular weight (mw) alginate, 2% ultra-low molecul ...201627587723
cyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acids as new tools for the biophysical investigation of o-acetylserine sulfhydrylases by fluorimetric methods and saturation transfer difference (std) nmr.cysteine is a building block for many biomolecules that are crucial for living organisms. o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (oass), present in bacteria and plants but absent in mammals, catalyzes the last step of cysteine biosynthesis. this enzyme has been deeply investigated because, beside the biosynthesis of cysteine, it exerts a series of "moonlighting" activities in bacteria. we have previously reported a series of molecules capable of inhibiting salmonella typhimurium (s. typhymurium) oass isof ...201627578398
cinobufagin enhances the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated salmonella typhimurium vaccine through th1 immune response.cinobufagin (cbg), one active ingredient isolated from venenum bufonis, has been demonstrated to have immunoregulatory effect. the aim of this study was to investigate whether cbg can enhance the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated salmonella typhimurium (fist) in mice. icr mice were immunized with fist (10(6) cfu/mouse) alone or mixed with cbg (10, 20, and 40 μg) or alum (200 μg) on day 1 and day 15. two weeks after the second immunization, serum and spleen were sampled for measuring fi ...201627574776
involvement of the rcs regulon in the persistence of salmonella typhimurium in tomatoes.it is becoming clear that human enteric pathogens, like salmonella, can efficiently colonize vegetative and reproductive organs of plants. even though the bacterium's ability to proliferate within plant tissues has been linked to outbreaks of salmonellosis, little is known about regulatory and physiological adaptations of salmonella, or other human pathogens, to their persistence in plants. a screen of salmonella deletion mutants in tomatoes identified rcsa and rcsb genes as those under positive ...201627558204
angiogenic inhibitors delivered by the type iii secretion system of tumor-targeting salmonella typhimurium safely shrink tumors in mice.despite of a growing number of bacterial species that apparently exhibit intrinsic tumor-targeting properties, no bacterium is able to inhibit tumor growth completely in the immunocompetent hosts, due to its poor dissemination inside the tumors. oxygen and inflammatory reaction form two barriers and restrain the spread of the bacteria inside the tumors. here, we engineered a salmonella typhimurium strain named st8 which is safe and has limited ability to spread beyond the anaerobic regions of tu ...201627558018
subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin repress the virulence of salmonella typhimurium and protect against salmonella typhimurium infection.phloretin, a natural component of many fruits, exhibits anti-virulence effects and provides a new alternative to counter bacterial infection. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin on the virulence of salmonella typhimurium. at concentrations where growth of salmonella was not inhibited, phloretin significantly inhibited bacteria biofilm formation and motility. subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin repressed eight genes involved in the ...201627549210
dual ph/activity probes expand the cathepsin toolkit.in a recent issue of cell chemical biology, sanman et al. (2016) describe novel activity-based probes that simultaneously report cathepsin activity and ph. using these bifunctional probes, the authors find that the intracellular bacterial pathogen salmonella typhimurium induces dynamic alterations in the ph of cathepsin-containing organelles in both infected and bystander cells.201627541194
salmonella typhimurium exhibits fluoroquinolone resistance mediated by the accumulation of the antioxidant molecule h2s in a cysk-dependent manner.to evaluate the contribution of cysk and cysm to the fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin) antibiotic resistance in salmonella typhimurium, and their impact on h2s and cysteine production through targeted mutagenesis.201627530757
colloidal surface active maghemite nanoparticles for biologically safe cr(vi) remediation: from core-shell nanostructures to pilot plant development.the present study is aimed at the exploration of achievable improvements for cr(vi) ex situ and in situ water remediation by using novel naked colloidal maghemite (γ-fe2 o3 ) nanoparticles (surface active maghemite nanoparticles, samns). the reliability of samns for cr(vi) binding and removal was demonstrated, and samn@cr(vi) complex was characterized, as well as the covalent nature of the absorption was unequivocally proved. samns were structurally and magnetically well conserved after cr(vi) b ...201627529148
longitudinal characterization of monophasic salmonella typhimurium throughout the pig's life cycle.swine have been described as an important reservoir of multidrug resistant monophasic salmonella typhimurium, though information on its ecology is scarce. a longitudinal study was performed in order to elucidate the salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- dynamics throughout the pig's production cycle. a total of 209 faecal samples were collected from 10 sows and in six sampling times during the life of 70 pigs from a portuguese industrial farm, and 43 isolates of s. 4,[5],12:i:- were identified and characteriz ...201627527788
chasing salmonella typhimurium in free range egg production system.free range production systems are becoming a major source of egg production in australia and worldwide. this study investigated shedding and ecology of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella species in a free range layer flock, wild birds and foxes in the vicinity of the free range farm in different seasons. shedding of salmonella was significantly higher in summer. within the shed, overall, salmonella prevalence was highest in dust. corticosterone level in faeces was highest in spring and lowest ...201627527766
increasing incidence of salmonella in australia, 2000-2013.salmonella is a key cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in australia and case numbers are increasing. we used negative binomial regression to analyze national surveillance data for 2000-2013, for salmonella typhimurium and non-typhimurium salmonella serovars. we estimated incidence rate ratios adjusted for sex and age to show trends over time. almost all states and territories had significantly increasing trends of reported infection for s. typhimurium, with states and territories reporting annua ...201627732615
free-floating epithelial micro-tissue arrays: a low cost and versatile technique.three-dimensional (3d) tissue models are invaluable tools that can closely reflect the in vivo physiological environment. however, they are usually difficult to develop, have a low throughput and are often costly; limiting their utility to most laboratories. the recent availability of inexpensive additive manufacturing printers and open source 3d design software offers us the possibility to easily create affordable 3d cell culture platforms. to demonstrate this, we established a simple, inexpens ...201627725340
tumor-targeting salmonella typhimurium a1-r combined with temozolomide regresses malignant melanoma with a braf-v600e mutation in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (pdox) model.melanoma is a recalcitrant disease in need of transformative therapuetics. the present study used a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (pdox) nude-mouse model of melanoma with a braf-v600e mutation to determine the efficacy of temozolomide (tem) combined with tumor-targeting salmonella typhimurium a1-r. a melanoma obtained from the right chest wall of a patient was grown orthotopically in the right chest wall of nude mice to establish a pdox model. two weeks after implantation, 40 pdox nude mi ...201627835903
growth inhibition of cytosolic salmonella by caspase-1 and caspase-11 precedes host cell death.sensing bacterial products in the cytosol of mammalian cells by nod-like receptors leads to the activation of caspase-1 inflammasomes, and the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (il)-18 and il-1β. in addition, mouse caspase-11 (represented in humans by its orthologs, caspase-4 and caspase-5) detects cytosolic bacterial lps directly. activation of caspase-1 and caspase-11 initiates pyroptotic host cell death that releases potentially harmful bacteria from the nutrient-rich h ...201627808091
gene expression profile of endothelial cells during perturbation of the gut vascular barrier.it has been widely demonstrated that tolerance against gut microbiota is compartmentalized to mucosal sites where microbes mostly reside. how the commensal bacteria are excluded from the entrance into the blood stream via intestinal capillaries that are located beneath the gut epithelium was not clear. we recently described the existence of a new anatomical structure, the 'gut vascular barrier' (gvb), both in murine and human intestines that plays a fundamental role in avoiding indiscriminate tr ...201627723418
radiotherapy combined with an engineered salmonella typhimurium inhibits tumor growth in a mouse model of colon cancer.the engineered salmonella typhimurium δppgpp (s.t δppgpp) has been studied in terms of its ability to carry imaging probes (bacterial luciferase, lux) for tumor imaging or carry therapeutic molecules (cytolysin a) to kill cancer cells. to establish a novel cancer therapy, bacterial therapy was combined with radiotherapy using the attenuated strain s.t δppgpp/pbad-clya. radiotherapy (21gy) contributed to s. typhimurium colonization in a colon tumor (ct26) model of balb/c mice. the combination of ...201627301721
[purification of salmonella typhimurium ompd porin induces long-term high levels of antibodies: implications on the development of vaccines against non-typhoid salmonella].in the present work, we report, for the first time, on the purification of the salmonella typhimurium ompd porin. we assessed the integrity and purity of the protein and evaluated the immunogenicity of the protein and its ability to induce antibody without exogenous adjuvant. we observed that 10 μg ompd induced high antibody levels of igm and igg, which were maintained for more than 260 days after immunization. immunization with ompd induced multiple igg antibody isotypes including igg1, igg2a, ...201627792711
genotoxicity assessment of the flavouring agent, perillaldehyde.perillaldehyde, a natural monocyclic terpenoid found most abundantly in the herb perilla, has a long history of use as a flavouring ingredient to add spiciness and citrus taste to foods. previously, it was judged to be safe by several international expert panels. to confirm the safety of flavourings placed on the european union list of flavourings, perillaldehyde was selected by the european food safety authority as a representative of a subgroup of alicyclic aldehyde flavouring substances to be ...201627593899
natural-product-inspired aminoepoxybenzoquinones kill members of the gram-negative pathogen salmonella by attenuating cellular stress response.gram-negative bacteria represent a challenging task for antibacterial drug discovery owing to their impermeable cell membrane and restricted uptake of small molecules. we herein describe the synthesis of natural-product-derived epoxycyclohexenones and explore their antibiotic activity against several pathogenic bacteria. a compound with activity against salmonella typhimurium was identified, and the target enzymes were unraveled by quantitative chemical proteomics. importantly, two protein hits ...201627782347
characteristic single glucosinolates from moringa oleifera: induction of detoxifying enzymes and lack of genotoxic activity in various model systems.leaves of moringa oleifera are used by tribes as biological cancer medicine. scientific investigations with m. oleifera conducted so far have almost exclusively used total plant extracts. studies on the activity of single compounds are missing. therefore, the biological effects of the two main aromatic multi-glycosylated glucosinolates of m. oleifera were investigated in the present study. the cytotoxic effects of m. oleifera glucosinolates were identified for hepg2 cells (nru assay), for v79-mz ...201627775133
mda7 combined with targeted attenuated salmonella vector sl7207/pbud-vp3 inhibited growth of gastric cancer cells.to investigate the therapeutic effect of mda7 combined with apoptin targeted attenuated salmonella typhimurium vector sl7207/pbud-vp3 on gastric cancer cells.201627497809
tumor-targeted delivery of a c-terminally truncated fadd (n-fadd) significantly suppresses the b16f10 melanoma via enhancing apoptosis.fas-associated protein with death domain (fadd), a pivotal adaptor protein transmitting apoptotic signals, is indispensable for the induction of extrinsic apoptosis. however, overexpression of fadd can form large, filamentous aggregates, termed death effector filaments (defs) by self-association and initiate apoptosis independent of receptor cross-linking. a mutant of fadd, which is truncated of the c-terminal tail (m-fadd, 182-205 aa) named n-fadd (m-fadd, 1-181 aa), can dramatically up-regulat ...201627767039
biomimetic salmonella: a next-generation therapeutic vector?designing bacterial vectors for cancer therapy represents a major challenge. recent studies have explored novel strategies to balance benefit and safety. a study by mercado-lubo et al. has developed a next-generation concept combining bacterial properties with nanoparticles, demonstrating efficacy in combination with chemotherapeutics.201627614692
a comparative proteomic analysis of salmonella typhimurium under the regulation of the rsta/rstb and phop/phoq systems.in pathogenic bacteria, the two-component regulatory systems (tcss) play important roles in signal transduction and regulation of their pathogenesis. here, we used quantitative proteomic methods to comparatively analyze functional networks under the control of the rsta/rstb system versus the phop/phoq system in salmonella typhimurium. by comparing the proteomic profile from a wild-type strain to that from a δrstb strain or a δphopq strain under a condition known to activate these tcss, we found ...201627618760
salmonella typhimurium enzymatically landscapes the host intestinal epithelial cell (iec) surface glycome to increase invasion.although gut host-pathogen interactions are glycan-mediated processes, few details are known about the participating structures. here we employ high-resolution mass spectrometric profiling to comprehensively identify and quantitatively measure the exact modifications of native intestinal epithelial cell surface n-glycans induced by s. typhimurium infection. sixty minutes postinfection, select sialylated structures showed decreases in terms of total number and abundances. to assess the effect of ...201627754876
secreted tryptophanyl-trna synthetase as a primary defence system against infection.the n-terminal truncated form of a protein synthesis enzyme, tryptophanyl-trna synthetase (mini-wrs), is secreted as an angiostatic ligand. however, the secretion and function of the full-length wrs (fl-wrs) remain unknown. here, we report that the fl-wrs, but not mini-wrs, is rapidly secreted upon pathogen infection to prime innate immunity. blood levels of fl-wrs were increased in sepsis patients, but not in those with sterile inflammation. fl-wrs was secreted from monocytes and directly bound ...201627748732
in silico knockout studies of xenophagic capturing of salmonella.the degradation of cytosol-invading pathogens by autophagy, a process known as xenophagy, is an important mechanism of the innate immune system. inside the host, salmonella typhimurium invades epithelial cells and resides within a specialized intracellular compartment, the salmonella-containing vacuole. a fraction of these bacteria does not persist inside the vacuole and enters the host cytosol. salmonella typhimurium that invades the host cytosol becomes a target of the autophagy machinery for ...201627906974
the correlation between antimutagenic activity and total phenolic content of extracts of 31 plant species with high antioxidant activity.antimutagenic activity of plant extracts is important in the discovery of new, effective cancer preventing agents. there is increasing evidence that cancer and other mutation-related diseases can be prevented by intake of dna protective agents. the identification of antimutagenic agents present in plants presents an effective strategy to inhibit pathogenic processes resulting from exposure to mutagenic and/or carcinogenic substances present in the environment. there are no reports on the antimut ...201627899116
bacteria inactivation during the drying of struvite fertilizers produced from stored urine.human urine can be processed into market-attractive fertilizers like struvite; however, concerns regarding the microbial safety of such products remain. the present study evaluated the inactivation of in situ heterotrophs, total bacteria as observed by flow cytometry, and inoculated enterococcus spp. and salmonella typhimurium during the drying of struvite under controlled temperature (from 5 to 35 °c) and relative humidity (approximately 40 and 80%) as well as dynamic field conditions. bacteria ...201627934251
crystal structure of the salmonella typhimurium effector gtge.salmonella typhimurium gtge is an effector protein contributing to the virulence of this pathogen. it was shown to possess highly selective proteolytic activity against a subset of rab proteins that helps in evasion of salmonella-containing vacuole (scv) fusion with lysosomes. cys45, his151 and asp169 are essential for proteolytic activity. the structure of a c-terminal fragment gtge(79-214) indicated the presence of a papain-like fold. here, we present the structure of gtge(17-214) containing t ...201627923041
structural and functional characterization of the bacterial type iii secretion export apparatus.bacterial type iii protein secretion systems inject effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells in order to promote survival and colonization of gram-negative pathogens and symbionts. secretion across the bacterial cell envelope and injection into host cells is facilitated by a so-called injectisome. its small hydrophobic export apparatus components spap and spar were shown to nucleate assembly of the needle complex and to form the central "cup" substructure of a salmonella typhimurium secretio ...201627977800
turtles as a possible reservoir of nontyphoidal salmonella in shanghai, china.terrapins and turtles are known to transmit salmonella to humans. however, little was known about the occurrence of this pathogen in soft-shelled terrapin that is a popular delicacy in chinese and other east asian cuisines. we isolated and characterized 82 (24.4%) isolates of salmonella from 336 fecal samples of soft-shelled terrapins (51 of 172; 29.7%) and pet turtles (31 of 164; 18.9%) in shanghai. salmonella thompson was the most common serotype (17.1%) among others. many isolates (84.1%) wer ...201627267492
salmonella burden in lebanon.salmonellosis is a disease that represents a major public health concern in both developing and developed countries. the aim of this article is to evaluate the public health burden of salmonella illness in lebanon. the current scope of the salmonella infection problem was assessed in relation to disease incidence and distribution with respect to age, gender and district. factors that provide a better understanding of the magnitude of the problem were explored and highlighted. data reported to th ...201626743045
biofilm formation by environmental isolates of salmonella and their sensitivity to natural antimicrobials.the objective of this study was to determine reduction of salmonella in biofilms by essential oils. biofilm formation of 15 salmonella isolates from conventional swine farm environment was evaluated by 96-well microtiter plate crystal violet and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (mbec) assays. only one of the 15 isolates was a strong biofilm producer as classified by crystal violet assay. all salmonella isolates formed biofilm on mbec assay. the curli expression was robust among strains ...201627356028
detection of rare antimicrobial resistance profiles by active and passive surveillance approaches.antimicrobial resistance (amr) surveillance systems are generally not specifically designed to detect emerging resistances and usually focus primarily on resistance to individual drugs. evaluating the diversity of resistance, using ecological metrics, allows the assessment of sampling protocols with regard to the detection of rare phenotypes, comprising combinations of resistances. surveillance data of phenotypic amr of canadian poultry salmonella heidelberg and swine salmonella typhimurium var. ...201627391966
comparing the ability of luminex xmap(®) salmonella serotyping assay and traditional serotyping method for serotyping salmonella isolated from southern chinese population.to investigate whether the luminex xmap(®) salmonella serotyping assay (xmap ssa) is applicable to serotype salmonella from humans in southern china.201626914944
the transfer rate of salmonella typhimurium from contaminated parsley to other consecutively chopped batches via cutting boards under different food handling scenarios.in many mediterranean and middle eastern countries, leafy green parsley is typically eaten raw and prepared by fine chopping several batches. this study aimed to quantify the transfer rate of s. typhimurium (tr) across all chopped batches in scenarios that resemble normally occurring operations in restaurants and home kitchens. fresh parsley leaves were inoculated at concentrations of 6 and 3logcfu/g and chopped on a polyethylene cutting board (cb). uninoculated parsleys were sequentially choppe ...201628460944
development and progress for three decades in umu test systems.umu test have been widely used to predict the detection and assessment of dna- damaging chemicals in environmental genotoxicity field for three decades. this test system is more useful with respect to simplicity, sensitivity, rapidity, and reproducibility. a review of the literature on the development of the umu test is presented in this article. the contents of this article are included a description of numerous data using the umu test. this test have been fully evaluated and used in many direc ...201627980699
multistate outbreak of human salmonella typhimurium infections linked to live poultry from agricultural feed stores and mail-order hatcheries, united states 2013.live poultry-associated salmonellosis is an emerging public health issue in the united states. public and animal health officials collaborated to investigate one of the largest (356 cases, 39 states) of these outbreaks reported to date. a case was defined as illness in a person infected with the outbreak strain of salmonella typhimurium with illness onset between 1 march and 22 october 2013. the median patient age was seven years (range: < 1-87 years); 58% of ill persons were children ≤ 10 years ...201628616489
report of data on children with non-typhi salmonella gastroenteritis in a three-year period.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory data of children with acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid salmonella spp. infections. clinical (demographic data, symptoms and findings) and laboratory data (stool microscopy, rapid antigen tests, culture, multiplex polymerase chain reaction and blood test results) of children with acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid salmonella spp. between january 2010 and october 2012 were evaluated. differences between the g ...201627668899
salmonellosis acquired from poultry.among the various poultry product-related foodborne pathogens, gastrointestinal infections caused by egg-borne nontyphoidal salmonella is a major concern in developed and developing countries. this review is focused on the latest findings and implications for food safety.201627434307
salmonellosis associated with mass catering: a survey of european union cases over a 15-year period.salmonella spp. is the causative agent of a foodborne disease called salmonellosis, which is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in the european union (eu). although over the years the annual number of cases of foodborne salmonellosis within the eu has decreased markedly, in 2014, a total of 88 715 confirmed cases were still reported by 28 eu member states. the european food safety authority reported that, after the household environment, the most frequent settings for t ...201627426630
alternative antimicrobial commercial egg washing procedures.commercial table eggs are washed prior to packaging. standard wash procedures use an alkaline ph and warm water. if a cool water method could be developed that would still provide a microbiologically safe egg, the industry may save energy costs associated with water heating. four wash procedures were evaluated for salmonella reduction: ph 11 at 48.9°c (industry standard), ph 11 at ambient temperature (∼20°c), ph 6 at 48.9°c, and ph 6 at ambient temperature. alkaline washes contained potassium hy ...201627357042
an outbreak of monophasic and biphasic salmonella typhimurium, and salmonella derby associated with the consumption of dried pork sausage in castellon (spain).an outbreak of s.typhimurium occurred in several towns and cities in the province of castellon (spain) between 23 february and 27 may 2011. on april 5, the microbiology laboratory of a hospital in castellon alerted the health authorities to the increase in s.typhimurium isolated in fecal culture of children with gastroenteritis. the serotype and phage-type of 83 positive cases of s.typhimurium isolated in these period included 49 monophasic/biphasic s.typhimurium phage type 138, phage type 193, ...201626790900
phenotypic characteristics and genotypic correlation between salmonella isolates from a slaughterhouse and retail markets in yangzhou, china.an epidemiological investigation of salmonella spp. in pig and pork samples from one slaughterhouse and its downstream retail markets in yangzhou, jiangsu province, china, was conducted from october 2013 to march 2014. a total of 71.8% (155/216) and 70.9% (78/110), respectively, of the slaughterhouse and retail market samples were recovered positive for salmonella. all salmonella isolates were characterized using serotyping, antimicrobial resistance detection, multilocus sequence typing (mlst), ...201626851738
treatment of salmonella-contaminated eggs and pork with a broad-spectrum, single bacteriophage: assessment of efficacy and resistance development.numerous studies have assessed the efficacy of phage-based methods to inhibit salmonella contamination in food products. as with most antibacterials, bacteria can develop resistance to phage in vitro. here, we applied a single broad-spectrum salmonella phage, vb_sals_sj_2 (sj2; 10(8) pfu; moi = 10), to salmonella-contaminated meat and eggs to quantify the development of resistance in actual food matrices. treatment with a single phage significantly reduced salmonella typhimurium contamination in ...201627768383
outer membrane vesicle production facilitates lps remodeling and outer membrane maintenance in salmonella during environmental transitions.the ability of gram-negative bacteria to carefully modulate outer membrane (om) composition is essential to their survival. however, the asymmetric and heterogeneous structure of the gram-negative om poses unique challenges to the cell's successful adaption to rapid environmental transitions. although mechanisms to recycle and degrade om phospholipid material exist, there is no known mechanism by which to remove unfavorable lipopolysaccharide (lps) glycoforms, except slow dilution through cell g ...201627795394
transcription factor batf3 is important for development of cd8+ t-cell response against a phagosomal bacterium regardless of the location of antigen.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) is a virulent intracellular bacterium that conceals itself in the phagosomes of infected cells. although cd8(+) t cells promote protection against various intracellular pathogens, the role of cd8(+) t cells against virulent st has been unclear due to early fatality of susceptible (b6) mice. herein, we generated mhc i-deficient mice on the resistant (129svj) and susceptible (nramp1 transgenic b6) background to evaluate the role of cd8(+) t cells agains ...201626567886
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium growth is inhibited by the concomitant binding of zn(ii) and a pyrrolyl-hydroxamate to znua, the soluble component of the znuabc transporter.under conditions of zn(ii) deficiency, the most relevant high affinity zn(ii) transport system synthesized by many gram-negative bacteria is the znuabc transporter. znuabc is absent in eukaryotes and plays an important role in bacterial virulence. consequently, znua, the periplasmic component of the transporter, appeared as a good target candidate to find new compounds able to contrast bacterial growth by interfering with zn(ii) uptake.201626691136
location, location, location. salmonella senses ethanolamine to gauge distinct host environments and coordinate gene expression.chemical and nutrient signaling mediate all cellular processes, ensuring survival in response to changing environmental conditions. ethanolamine is a component of phosphatidylethanolamine, a major phospholipid of mammalian and bacterial cell membranes. ethanolamine is abundant in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract from dietary sources as well as from the normal turnover of intestinal epithelial and bacterial cells in the gut. additionally, mammalian cells maintain intracellular ethanolamine concent ...201628357338
assessing salmonella typhimurium persistence in poultry carcasses under multiple thermal conditions consistent with composting and wet rendering.mitigation of salmonella associated with poultry carcasses is primarily accomplished by rendering or carcass composting. while rendering temperatures and pressures are well established for pathogen inactivation in poultry carcasses, parameters controlling composting processes are less defined in part because multiple conditions and procedures are utilized. consequently, limited knowledge exists describing the impacts of composting with varying temperature and mixing protocols with respect to the ...201626769271
salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvb enhances bacterial virulence by inhibiting autophagy in a zebrafish infection model.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause gastroenteritis and systemic infection in a wide range of hosts. salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvb is closely related to bacterial virulence in different cells and animal models, and the encoded protein acts as an intracellular toxin required for adp-ribosyl transferase activity. however, until now there is no report about the pathogenecity of spvb gene on zebrafish. due to the ou ...201626723267
molecular analysis of the adaptive response in salmonella typhimurium after starvation in salty conditions.the pathogenic bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium elicits a variety of genetic programs to adapt to stress conditions encountered within hostile environments such as host phagocytes and preserved food.201626829540
development of functional microfold (m) cells from intestinal stem cells in primary human enteroids.intestinal microfold (m) cells are specialized epithelial cells that act as gatekeepers of luminal antigens in the intestinal tract. they play a critical role in the intestinal mucosal immune response through transport of viruses, bacteria and other particles and antigens across the epithelium to immune cells within peyer's patch regions and other mucosal sites. recent studies in mice have demonstrated that m cells are generated from lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (iscs), and that infection with sa ...201626820624
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