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interplay between dna tumor viruses and the host dna damage response.viruses encounter many challenges within host cells in order to replicate their nucleic acid. in the case of dna viruses, one challenge that must be overcome is recognition of viral dna structures by the host dna damage response (ddr) machinery. this is accomplished in elegant and unique ways by different viruses as each has specific needs and sensitivities dependent on its life cycle. in this review, we focus on three dna tumor viruses and their interactions with the ddr. the viruses epstein-ba ...201323686238
reply to "calibration technologies for correct determination of epstein-barr virus, human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), and hhv-8 antiviral drug susceptibilities by use of real-time-pcr-based assays". 201323682103
calibration technologies for correct determination of epstein-barr virus, human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), and hhv-8 antiviral drug susceptibilities by use of real-time-pcr-based assays. 201323682102
establishment of a cd4-positive cell line from an aids-related primary effusion lymphoma.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) presents as a serous lymphomatous effusion without tumor masses exclusively in body cavities and mainly occurs in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1)-infected patients. we established a new pel cell line, designated gto, from the pericardial effusion of a 39-year-old japanese patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related pel. this cell line was infected with human herpesvirus-8, but not with epstein-barr virus. southern blot hybridization demonstrated ...201323605439
biological and pathogenetic characterization of different isolates of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) in the context of study of human oncogenic gammaherpesviruses.study of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68), which was discovered in 1980 in slovakia, has led to many important findings regarding gammaherpesviral properties in general. nowadays, it is considered to be a universal model used for detailed studies to determine pathogenetic, immunological and molecular aspects of oncogenesis in analogy to epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi΄s sarcoma-associated virus (kshv). the objective of this work is to characterize biological and pathogenetic properties of ...201323600868
illumination of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 cycle reveals a sexual transmission route from females to males in laboratory mice.transmission is a matter of life or death for pathogen lineages and can therefore be considered as the main motor of their evolution. gammaherpesviruses are archetypal pathogenic persistent viruses which have evolved to be transmitted in presence of specific immune response. identifying their mode of transmission and their mechanisms of immune evasion is therefore essential to develop prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against these infections. as the known human gammaherpesviruses, epstein ...201323593002
extracavitary manifestation of primary effusion lymphoma as a right atrial mass.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is a subset of large b cell lymphomas and has been mostly associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. rare cases have been reported in organ transplant recipients and chronic hepatitis c patients. it typically presents as an effusion in the pleural and pericardial spaces but rarely disseminates. however, involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes and bone marrow has been reported. diagnosis is based on characteristic clinical, histopatholog ...201323569445
cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin e2-eicosanoid receptor inflammatory axis: a key player in kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus associated malignancies.the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), its lipid metabolite prostaglandin e2 (pge2), and eicosanoid (ep) receptors (ep; 1-4) underlying the proinflammatory mechanistic aspects of burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is an active area of investigation. the tumorigenic potential of cox-2 and pge2 through ep receptors forms the mechanistic context underlying the chemotherapeutic potential of nonsteroidal anti-inflamma ...201323567332
kaposi΄s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf36 protein induces chromosome condensation and phosphorylation of histone h3.kaposi΄s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) has been known as an agent causing kaposi΄s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric castleman΄s disease. in the lytic phase of the virus cycle, various viral genes are expressed, which causes host cell dysregulation. among the lytic genes, viral protein kinase (vpk) encoded by orf36 is a member of serine/threonine protein kinase (chpk) family, which is involved in viral gene expression, viral dna replication and encapsidation, and nucle ...201323530827
concurrent targeting of eicosanoid receptor 1/eicosanoid receptor 4 receptors and cox-2 induces synergistic apoptosis in kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and epstein-barr virus associated non-hodgkin lymphoma cell lines.the effective antitumorigenic potential of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) and eicosonoid (ep; ep1-4) receptor antagonists prompted us to test their efficacy in kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) related lymphomas. our study demonstrated that (1) ep1-4 receptor protein levels vary among the various non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) cell lines tested (bcbl-1:kshv+/ebv-;bc-3: kshv+/ebv-; akata/ebv+: kshv-/ebv+; and jsc-1 cells: kshv+/ebv + cells); ...201323523954
tousled-like kinases modulate reactivation of gammaherpesviruses from latency.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is linked to human malignancies. the majority of tumor cells harbor latent virus, and a small percentage undergo spontaneous lytic replication. both latency and lytic replication are important for viral pathogenesis and spread, but the cellular players involved in the switch between the two viral life-cycle phases are not clearly understood. we conducted a small interfering rna (sirna) screen targeting the cellular kinome and identified tousled-like ...201323414760
a unique presentation of epstein-barr virus-associated castleman's disease.castleman's disease (cd) is a rare, benign lymphoproliferative disorder. the association of human herpes virus 8 (hhv8) and human immunodeficiency virus infections with cd is well established however the role of epstein-barr virus in cd is less well understood. we present a unique case of castleman's disease in a patient with concomitant ebv infection, which mimicked the clinical presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) versus lymphoma. after a delayed diagnosis, the patient underwent a le ...201323394816
interactions of the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus nuclear egress complex: orf69 is a potent factor for remodeling cellular membranes.all herpesviruses encode a complex of two proteins, referred to as the nuclear egress complex (nec), which together facilitate the exit of assembled capsids from the nucleus. previously, we showed that the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) nec specified by the orf67 and orf69 genes when expressed in insect cells using baculoviruses for protein expression forms a complex at the nuclear membrane and remodels these membranes to generate nuclear membrane-derived vesicles. in this study, ...201323365436
evaluation of epstein-barr virus, human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), and hhv-8 antiviral drug susceptibilities by use of real-time-pcr-based assays.evaluation of candidate antiviral drugs against epstein-barr virus (ebv), human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), and hhv-8 is hampered by the lack of convenient laboratory assays. we developed real-time quantitative pcr assays performed on supernatants of lymphoma cell lines and determined the 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50s) of nucleoside, nucleotide, and pyrophosphate analogues against these herpesviruses.201323325820
molecular methods of virus detection in lymphoma.the herpesviruses epstein-barr virus (ebv) and human herpesvirus 8 and the retrovirus human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 are directly implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and leukemia in man. ebv is associated with an expanding spectrum of lymphomas and it would appear likely that additional, possibly novel, viruses will be implicated in lymphoma pathogenesis in the future. this chapter describes techniques that may be useful in the analysis of viruses and lymphoma including a standard ebv ...201323296970
plasmablastic transformation of low-grade b-cell lymphomas: report on 6 cases.histologic transformation of low-grade b-cell lymphoma to diffuse large b-cell lymphoma is associated with poor prognosis. although plasma cell differentiation is common in these lymphomas, an overt plasmablastic transformation (pbl-t) has been only rarely reported. we report 6 cases of pbl-t occurring in 3 chronic lymphocytic leukemias (cll) and 3 follicular lymphomas. five patients were men, and the mean age was 65 years (range, 52 to 72 y). none of them had history of immunodeficiency. in 3 c ...201323282972
kshv/hhv8-negative effusion-based lymphoma, a distinct entity associated with fluid overload states.human herpesvirus-8 (hhv8)-positive effusion-based lymphomas have been termed primary effusion lymphoma (pel) in the who classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv)/hhv8-negative effusion-based lymphomas (kshv/hhv8-negative ebls) resembling pels have been reported in the literature and in many cases have been (mis)classified as pel-like lymphomas. herein, we present a series of cases and a review of kshv/hhv8-negative ebls. this lymphoma, a ...201323282971
human herpesvirus 8- and epstein-barr virus-associated solitary b cell lymphoma with a t cell immunophenotype. 201323228024
urethral caruncle: a lesion related to igg4-associated sclerosing disease?urethral caruncle is a benign, polypoid urethral mass that occurs almost exclusively in postmenopausal women. despite that these lesions are routinely managed with topical medications or excision, their pathogenesis is not well understood. we investigated the possibilities of autoimmune, viral and inflammatory myofibroblastic proliferations as possible aetiologies.201323204561
kikuchi-fujimoto lymphadenitis: role of parvovirus b-19, epstein-barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 8.kikuchi-fujimoto lymphadenitis is a self-limited disorder that typically presents in young females as painless cervical lymphadenopathy with fever, anemia, and leukopenia. the clinical manifestations and pathologic findings suggest a viral etiology, yet specific etiologic agents remain unknown. although there are studies reporting positive associations between kikuchi-fujimoto lymphadenitis and parvovirus b19 and herpesviruses, other studies have failed to find an association with these viruses. ...201322939574
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transactivator rta induces cell cycle arrest in g0/g1 phase by stabilizing and promoting nuclear localization of p27kip.the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) immediate-early gene, replication, and transcription activator (k-rta) is a key viral protein that serves as the master regulator for viral lytic replication. in this study, we investigated the role of k-rta in cell cycle regulation and found that the expression of k-rta in doxycycline (dox)-inducible bjab cells induced cell cycle arrest in g0/g1 phase. western blot analysis of key cell cycle regulators revealed that k-rta-mediated cell cycle ar ...201324067984
peripheral t-cell lymphoma with aberrant expression of cd19, cd20, and cd79a: case report and literature review.a case of lymphoma of t-cell derivation with aberrant expression of three b-cell lineage markers (cd19, cd20, and cd79a), which was diagnosed on a left axillary excision, is described. immunohistochemical studies and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated neoplastic cells expressing cd3, cd19, cd20, and cd79a with absence of cd4, cd8, cd10, cd30, cd34, cd56, cd68, tdt, mpo, pax-5, and surface immunoglobulin. gene rearrangement studies performed on paraffin blocks demonstrated monoclonal t-cell rec ...201324066244
the utility of immunohistochemistry for providing genetic information on tumors.with advances in immunohistochemical technology and growing knowledge of the molecular genetics of tumors, immunohistochemistry is playing an increasingly important role in providing genetic information for tumors. specific chromosomal translocations can be demonstrated through detection of the protein product of one of the genes involved in gene fusion (such as bcl2, cyclin d, and alk). some mutations can be detected by (1) aberrant localization of the protein product (such as β-catenin and nuc ...201324065374
evaluation of novel acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against human and animal gammaherpesviruses revealed an altered metabolism of cyclic prodrugs upon epstein-barr virus reactivation in p3hr-1 cells.acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (anps), such as (s)-1-[(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl)]cytosine (hpmpc), are an important group of broad-spectrum antiviral agents with activity against dna viruses. in this report, we present the in vitro potencies of novel anps against gammaherpesviruses, including kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, epstein-barr virus (ebv), and three animal gammaherpesviruses. 1-(s)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-5-azacytosine (hpmp-5-azac), (s)-9-[3-hydroxy ...201324027315
incidental epstein-barr virus associated atypical lymphoid proliferation arising in a left atrial myxoma: a case of long survival without any postsurgical treatment and review of the literature.we report a case of left atrial cardiac myxoma harbouring an incidental atypical b-cell lymphoid proliferation. histology disclosed classic myxoma cells embedded in a mucopolysaccharide-rich matrix and a micronodular atypical lymphoid proliferation under the surface of the mass. myxoma cells were immunoreactive for calretinin, while lymphoid cells expressed b lineage markers (cd 20+, cd79a), without evidence of clonality. moreover, they were lmp1 positive; ebna2 negative; kshv/hhv8 negative; and ...201323022500
kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (kshv) induces akt hyperphosphorylation, bortezomib-resistance and glut-1 plasma membrane exposure in thp-1 monocytic cell line.phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (pi3k)/akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) signaling pathway regulates multiple cellular processes such as cell proliferation, evasion from apoptosis, migration, glucose metabolism, protein synthesis and proper differentiation in immune cells. kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), an oncogenic virus associated with several human malignancies, expresses a variety of latent and lytic proteins able to activate pi3k/akt pathway, promoting the growth of infe ...201324422998
hippuristanol reduces the viability of primary effusion lymphoma cells both in vitro and in vivo.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) caused by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (also known as human herpesvirus-8) shows serious lymphomatous effusion in body cavities. pel is difficult to treat and there is no standard treatment strategy. hippuristanol is extracted from okinawan coral isis hippuris, and inhibits translational initiation by blocking eukaryotic initiation factor 4a, an atp-dependent rna helicase, binding to mrna. recently, there has been much interest in targeting translation ...201324018901
oncogenic herpesvirus hhv-8 promotes androgen-independent prostate cancer growth.mechanisms underlying progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer following radical ablation therapy remain poorly defined. although intraprostatic infections have been highlighted as potential cofactors, pathogen influences on pathways that support tumor regrowth are not known. to explore this provocative concept, we derived androgen-sensitive and -insensitive prostate epithelial cells persistently infected with human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), an oncogenic herpesvirus that has been detecte ...201324005834
generation of a stable cell line for constitutive mirna expression.mirnas have in recent years emerged as novel players in virus-host interactions. while individual mirnas are capable of regulating many targets simultaneously, not much is known about the role of distinct host or viral mirnas in the context of infection. analysis of the function of a mirna is often hampered by the complexity of virus-host interactions and the enormous changes in the host cell during infection. many viral mirnas as for example from kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) are ...201323996258
human herpesvirus 8+ polyclonal igmλ b-cell lymphocytosis mimicking plasmablastic leukemia/lymphoma in hiv-infected patients.multicentric castleman disease (mcd) is a distinct lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by inflammatory symptoms, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and cytopenia. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), also called human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8), is the cause of virtually all cases of mcd occurring in patients with hiv infection. mcd lesions characteristically contain hhv-8-infected polyclonal igmλ plasmablasts. a high frequency of hhv-8-related non-hodgkin lymphoma has been reported in ...201323992152
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus k-rta exhibits sumo-targeting ubiquitin ligase (stubl) like activity and is essential for viral reactivation.the small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) is a protein that regulates a wide variety of cellular processes by covalent attachment of sumo moieties to a diverse array of target proteins. sumoylation also plays an important role in the replication of many viruses. previously, we showed that kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) encodes a sumo-ligase, k-bzip, which catalyzes sumoylation of host and viral proteins. we report here that this virus also encodes a gene that functions as a sumo-t ...201323990779
the product of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immediate early gene k4.2 regulates immunoglobulin secretion and calcium homeostasis by interacting with and inhibiting perp1.chaperones are proteins that assist the noncovalent folding and assembly of macromolecular polypeptide chains, ultimately preventing the formation of nonfunctional or potentially toxic protein aggregates. plasma cell-induced-endoplasmic reticulum (er)-resident protein 1 (perp1) is a cellular chaperone that is preferentially expressed in marginal-zone b cells and is highly upregulated during plasma cell differentiation. while initially identified as a dedicated factor for the assembly of secreted ...201323986581
[investigation of hhv-8 prevalence in anti-hiv-1 positive patients in istanbul, turkey].human herpes virus-8 (hhv-8) infections are associated with kaposi's sarcoma (ks), multiple castleman disease and primary effusion lymphoma, and particularly important in hiv/aids and transplantation patients. the aim of this prospective study was to detect hhv-8 prevalence in hiv-1-infected patients,in a turkish population. a total of 85 anti-hiv-1 positive patients (53 male, 32 female; age range: 1-70 years) diagnosed at istanbul faculty of medicine, infectious diseases and clinical microbiolo ...201323971926
the viral kshv chemokine vmip-ii inhibits the migration of naive and activated human nk cells by antagonizing two distinct chemokine receptors.natural killer (nk) cells are innate immune cells able to rapidly kill virus-infected and tumor cells. two nk cell populations are found in the blood; the majority (90%) expresses the cd16 receptor and also express the cd56 protein in intermediate levels (cd56(dim) cd16(pos)) while the remaining 10% are cd16 negative and express cd56 in high levels (cd56(bright) cd16(neg)). nk cells also reside in some tissues and traffic to various infected organs through the usage of different chemokines and c ...201323966863
a unique case of classic kaposi's sarcoma restricted to the toes.kaposi's sarcoma associated-herpesvirus causes all forms of kaposi's sarcoma, and six major subtypes have been described based on the amino acid sequences of the open reading frame k1.201324133565
molecular studies and therapeutic targeting of kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv/hhv-8) oncogenesis.kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus or human herpesvirus-8 (kshv/hhv-8) is the etiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma (ks), an aids-defining angioproliferative neoplasm that continues to be a major global health problem and, of primary effusion lymphoma (pel), a rare incurable b-cell lymphoma. this review describes the research from our laboratory and its collaborators to uncover molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis in order to develop new pathogenesis-based therapies to the kshv-induced aids malig ...201324203444
multicentric castleman's disease, associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.the most common cause of a neck mass in young adults is hyperplastic lymphadenopathy consequent to infection and inflammation. castleman's disease (cd), an unusual benign lymphoproliferative disorder, infrequently causes neck masses. it occurs in unicentric (ucd) and multicentric (mcd) forms and is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), human herpes virus 8 (hhv-8), and kaposi's sarcoma. we present the third known association between mcd and previous immune thrombocytopenia in the a ...201324198982
kaposi sarcoma in an patient with atopic dermatitis treated with ciclosporin.there are four clinical subtypes of kaposi sarcoma (ks): classic, endemic, epidemic and iatrogenic. the geographical prevalence of the endemic variant matches areas of human herpes virus type 8 (hhv8) seroprevalence. the iatrogenic variant, seen in immunosuppressed patients, can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. this is the first report of ks described in the context of atopic dermatitis (ad) treated with ciclosporin (csa). we report a case of ks in an hhv8 seropositive con ...201324265347
isolated oral kaposi sarcoma in an hiv-negative patient: a case report.kaposi sarcoma is a well-known vascular tumor first described by moriz kaposi in 1872. oral involvement is seen as an aids-related malignant neoplasm but is rarely described in hiv-negative and non-immunosuppressed individuals.201324341128
human herpesvirus-8: kaposi sarcoma, multicentric castleman disease, and primary effusion lymphoma.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) is a gamma herpesvirus associated with kaposi sarcoma, multicentric castleman disease, and primary effusion lymphoma, lymphoproliferative diseases that are most commonly observed in immunocompromised individuals. the viral genome expresses genes responsible for inhibition of apoptosis, cell cycle entry, and angiogenesis. viral homologs of human regulatory genes are expressed, providing stimuli for angiogenesis, b-cell proliferation, and immune evasion. variations in ex ...201324319170
kaposi sarcoma in a patient with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis.kaposi sarcoma (ks) is a multicentric proliferative vascular tumor involving the skin and other organs. human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) has been detected in ks lesions and is considered the putative causative agent of ks. the relationship between chronic renal failure, hhv-8, and ks is not clear. ks appears to develop in association with renal transplantation, but is unlikely with dialysis, and there have been few reports on this. here, we report the case of a 51-year-old man, who underwent peritone ...201324371396
pharyngolaryngeal location of kaposi's sarcoma with airway obstruction in an hiv-negative patient.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is a human herpes virus-8 (hhv-8)-associated angioproliferative disorder, and its occurrence may be favored by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and iatrogenic immunosuppression. it has also been postulated that a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin can pave the way to its development. ks generally involves mucosal and cutaneous sites, including the head and neck. an oropharyngeal location is quite common, but laryngeal involvement with possible upper airway ...201324362871
brain localization of kaposi's sarcoma in a patient treated by combination antiretroviral therapy.central nervous system is a very rare site of kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. kaposi's sarcoma, a neoplasm of endothelial origin, occurs mainly in the skin, but can involve many tissues, especially in patients with a poor immunity. combination antiretroviral therapy, highly active against human immunodeficiency virus type-1, has caused a dramatic reduction of cutaneous and visceral involvements. no report of central nervous system localization of kaposi's sarcoma is descr ...201324359263
non-human immunodeficiency virus-related kaposi's sarcoma of the oropharynx: a case report and review of the literature.kaposi's sarcoma is a malignant, slowly progressing, mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by a proliferation of connective tissue and capillaries. clinical presentation is usually as nodules and red-purple plaques. this case report not only represents an uncommon presentation of kaposi's sarcoma in a non-immunocompromised patient, but also supports the role of viral infection in the pathogenesis of this disease. it provides some interesting information about this rare disease, particularly in pati ...201324378063
kshv micrornas mediate cellular transformation and tumorigenesis by redundantly targeting cell growth and survival pathways.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is causally linked to several human cancers, including kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman's disease, malignancies commonly found in hiv-infected patients. while kshv encodes diverse functional products, its mechanism of oncogenesis remains unknown. in this study, we determined the roles kshv micrornas (mirs) in cellular transformation and tumorigenesis using a recently developed kshv-induced cellular transformatio ...201324385912
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative and human herpes virus-8 (hhv-8)-positive primary effusion lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is a rare type of non-hodgkin lymphoma that presents with serosal effusion in body cavities, without obvious tumor masses. although pel occurs in immunocompromised patients that are human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive, it also occurs in immunocompetent human herpes virus-8 (hhv-8)-positive patients. herein we present an immunocompetent, hiv-negative, cd-20-negative, hhv-8-positive patient with pleural effusion that was diagnosed as pel. the chop protocol a ...201324385757
reversal of cardiomyopathy with tocilizumab in a case of hiv-negative castleman's disease.the association between castleman's disease (cd) and cardiomyopathy has been rarely reported and the optimal therapeutic approach remains unknown. we report a previously healthy 20-year-old african american female who presented with fever, dyspnea, anasarca, and generalized lymphadenopathy. diagnostic workup, including an axillary lymph node biopsy, revealed that she had human immunodeficiency virus-negative and human herpes virus-8-negative multicentric cd. she had a non-anaphylactoid infusion ...201323786462
lymphangioma-like kaposi's sarcoma presenting as gangrene.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is a multicentric vascular neoplasm associated with the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (kshv). ks can occur in immunocompromised patients as well as certain populations in africa or in the mediterranean. less than 5% of ks cases can present with lymphangioma-like kaposi sarcoma (llks), which can occur in all ks variants. ks presents with characteristic skin lesions that appear as brown, red, blue, or purple plaques and nodules. the lesions are initially flat and i ...201323781364
primary effusion lymphoma-like lymphoma unrelated to human herpesvirus 8 with aggressive clinical course in patient receiving cyclosporine. 201323775963
human herpes virus-8 infections among subjects with human immunodeficiency virus infection and normal healthy individuals in india.human herpes virus-8 (hhv-8) is etiologically associated with kaposi's sarcoma. there is insufficient information on the epidemiology of hhv-8 infection from india. blood samples from 87 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals and 84 normal healthy blood donors were tested for the hhv-8 igg antibodies. further, a total of 309 whole blood samples from treatment-naïve hiv-1-infected individuals and from 70 normal healthy individuals were also collected and tested for hhv-8 dna. the ...201323774948
kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus pathogenesis (kshv)--an update.kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is the etiological agent of several human malignancies. the virus is able to modulate pro-proliferative pathways to its advantage, while simultaneously inhibiting pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. these functions are carried out by multiple viral proteins acting in concert. the overall outcome is the survival and proliferation of the infected cell. additionally, the virus also modulates innate immune pathways to allow for prolonged survival of the inf ...201323769237
infection and transmission dynamics of rkshv.219 in primary endothelial cells.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is the aetiologic agent of kaposi's sarcoma (ks), a tumour of endothelial cell origin. the study of ks development was aided by the generation of a recombinant gfp (latent)/rfp (lytic)-expressing kshv (rkshv.219) by vieira and o'hearn (2004). in this study the first data characterising primary endothelial cell infection and transmission with this virus is presented. infection was predominantly latent and the percentage of gfp-positive cells increase ...201323764419
rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-associated disease.rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gamma-2 herpesvirus that naturally infects rhesus macaque (rm) monkeys and is closely related to human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8)/kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). infection of immunodeficient rm induces disease in infected rm that resembles kshv-associated pathologies. importantly, rrv possesses homologues of kshv orfs that are postulated to play a role in disease development. as such, rrv has emerged as a prominent in vivo model system for examin ...201323747119
isolated bulbar conjunctival kaposi's sarcoma as a primary presentation of aids: a case report.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is a malignant vascular tumor, caused by the human herpesvirus 8. it is one of the commonest tumors in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) patients and not uncommonly the first manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). case. we present a case of an isolated bulbar conjunctival ks on a 43-year-old hiv positive male, with no other lesions. excision and cryotherapy were performed, and the patient remains free of lesions to date. conclusion. isolated bulbar con ...201323936703
the dna helicase-primase complex as a target for herpes viral infection.the herpesviridae are responsible for debilitating acute and chronic infections, and some members of this family are associated with human cancers. conventional anti-herpesviral therapy targets the viral dna polymerase and has been extremely successful; however, the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains, especially in neonates and immunocompromised patients, underscores the need for continued development of anti-herpes drugs. in this article, we explore an alternative target for antiviral th ...201323930666
role of human herpesvirus 8 interleukin-6-activated gp130 signal transducer in primary effusion lymphoma cell growth and viability.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection is associated with kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (pel), and multicentric castleman's disease. hhv-8-encoded viral interleukin-6 (vil-6) is believed to contribute to pathogenesis via proproliferative, antiapoptotic, and proangiogenic activities. in pel cells, vil-6 is produced in functional amounts during viral latency and promotes the growth of these cells, mediating its activity from the endoplasmic reticulum (er), where it is predominantly lo ...201323903842
virus-encoded endonucleases: expected and novel functions.endonucleases catalyze critical steps in the processing, function, and turnover of many cellular rnas. it is, therefore, not surprising that a number of viruses encode endonucleases that play important roles in viral gene expression. the virion host shutoff (vhs) endonuclease of herpes simplex virus, the sox protein of kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv), and the influenza virus pb1 endonuclease have well-characterized functions that stem from their abilities to cleave rna. vhs accelerates turnove ...201323900973
primary effusion lymphoma.primary effusion lymphoma is a large cell non-hodgkin lymphoma localized predominantly in body cavities and occasionally in extracavitary regions. it presents with characteristic lymphomatous effusions in the absence of solid tumor masses, and pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial spaces are most often involved. it is typically associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection in immunocompromised individuals, in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus infection, organ transplantation, or in rare ...201323899073
inherited human ox40 deficiency underlying classic kaposi sarcoma of childhood.kaposi sarcoma (ks), a human herpes virus 8 (hhv-8; also called kshv)-induced endothelial tumor, develops only in a small fraction of individuals infected with hhv-8. we hypothesized that inborn errors of immunity to hhv-8 might underlie the exceedingly rare development of classic ks in childhood. we report here autosomal recessive ox40 deficiency in an otherwise healthy adult with childhood-onset classic ks. ox40 is a co-stimulatory receptor expressed on activated t cells. its ligand, ox40l, is ...201323897980
a purine scaffold hsp90 inhibitor biib021 has selective activity against kshv-associated primary effusion lymphoma and blocks vflip k13-induced nf-κb.kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (kshv)-associated primary effusion lymphomas (pel) have extremely poor prognosis when treated with conventional chemotherapy. kshv-encoded viral flice-inhibitory protein (vflip) k13 binds to the ikappab kinase (ikk) complex to constitutively activate the nf-κb pathway, which has been shown to be essential for the survival and proliferation of pel cells. the molecular chaperone hsp90 is a component of the ikk complex and is required for its activity.201323881928
ephrina2 regulates clathrin mediated kshv endocytosis in fibroblast cells by coordinating integrin-associated signaling and c-cbl directed polyubiquitination.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) interacts with human dermal endothelial cell surface tyrosine kinase ephrina2 (epha2) and integrins (α3β1 and αvβ3) in the lipid raft (lr) region, and epha2 regulates macropinocytic virus entry by coordinating integrin-c-cbl associated signaling. in contrast, kshv enters human foreskin fibroblast (hff) cells by lr-independent clathrin mediated endocytosis. the present studies conducted to identify the key molecules regulating kshv entry in hff cells ...201323874206
is valganciclovir really effective in primary effusion lymphoma: case report of an hiv(-) ebv(-) hhv8(+) patient.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is a human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) associated lymphoproliferative disease characterized by effusions in body cavities, and lack of tumor mass. valganciclovir is a treatment option in pel, however, little is known about its clinical efficacy. ganciclovir has been reported to be effective in hhv8(+) multicentric castleman's disease (mcd) by decreasing the plasma hhv8 load, which is an important factor in the induction and persistence of mcd, kaposi's sarcoma (ks), and ...201323865480
kaposi's sarcoma and pregnancy: case report and literature review.we report the observation of cutaneous kaposi's sarcoma (ks) worsening during the second trimester of pregnancy in 2 african women. both patients were tested seronegative for hiv. they had no complication during their pregnancy, and no evidence of extracutaneous disease was found, allowing therapeutic abstention. they gave birth to healthy children showing no clinical evidence of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection. based on these observations and on the review of the literature, we discuss th ...201323838298
modulation of b-cell exosome proteins by gamma herpesvirus infection.the human gamma herpesviruses, kaposi sarcoma-associated virus (kshv) and ebv, are associated with multiple cancers. recent evidence suggests that ebv and possibly other viruses can manipulate the tumor microenvironment through the secretion of specific viral and cellular components into exosomes, small endocytically derived vesicles that are released from cells. exosomes produced by ebv-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells contain high levels of the viral oncogene latent membrane protein 1 a ...201323818640
self-limited effusion large b-cell lymphoma: two cases of effusion lymphoma maintaining remission after drainage alone.we report two cases of human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8)-negative large b-cell lymphoma involving pericardial and/or pleural effusion that regressed after drainage alone. case 1 is a 70-year-old man showing massive pericardial effusion. cytology of the drained effusion showed monotonous infiltration of cd3-, cd20+, cd79a+, and cd138- large b-cells. monoclonality was shown by southern blot analysis. case 2 is a 70-year-old man with massive pericardial and bilateral pleural effusion. cytology of pericar ...201323816805
the frequency of hhv-8 infection in otherwise healthy blood donors as well as renal allograft recipients living in iran.different reports from middle east countries demonstrated kaposi's sarcoma (ks) in transplant population. this vascular malignancy occurs mostly among immunocompromised individuals. human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) appears to be the causative factor for the development of this neoplasm. transplant programs are concerned about the frequencies of hhv-8 infection either in general population or transplant patients.201323808772
diagnostic value of endothelial markers and hhv-8 staining in gastrointestinal kaposi sarcoma and its difference in endoscopic tumor staging.to clarify the diagnostic values of hematoxylin and eosin (he), d2-40, cd31, cd34, and hhv-8 immunohistochemical (ihc) staining in gastrointestinal kaposi's sarcoma (gi-ks) in relation to endoscopic tumor staging.201323801862
human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) infection and related diseases in italian transplant cohorts. 201323721558
domain analysis of symbionts and hosts (dash) in a genome-wide survey of pathogenic human viruses.in the coevolution of viruses and their hosts, viruses often capture host genes, gaining advantageous functions (e.g. immune system control). identifying functional similarities shared by viruses and their hosts can help decipher mechanisms of pathogenesis and accelerate virus-targeted drug and vaccine development. cellular homologs in viruses are usually documented using pairwise-sequence comparison methods. yet, pairwise-sequence searches have limited sensitivity resulting in poor identificati ...201323706066
rhesus monkey rhadinovirus uses eph family receptors for entry into b cells and endothelial cells but not fibroblasts.cellular ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases (ephrin receptors, ephs) were found to interact efficiently with the gh/gl glycoprotein complex of the rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv). since epha2 was recently identified as a receptor for the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) (hahn et al., nature medicine 2012), we analyzed rrv and kshv in parallel with respect to eph-binding and eph-dependent entry. ten of the 14 eph proteins, including both a- and b-type, interacted with rrv gh/gl. two ...201323696734
abortive lytic reactivation of kshv in cbf1/csl deficient human b cell lines.since kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (kshv) establishes a persistent infection in human b cells, b cells are a critical compartment for viral pathogenesis. rta, the replication and transcription activator of kshv, can either directly bind to dna or use cellular dna binding factors including cbf1/csl as dna adaptors. in addition, the viral factors lana1 and virf4 are known to bind to cbf1/csl and modulate rta activity. to analyze the contribution of cbf1/csl to reactivation in human b ce ...201323696732
activation of the b cell antigen receptor triggers reactivation of latent kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in b cells.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is an oncogenic herpesvirus and the cause of kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and multicentric castleman's disease. latently infected b cells are the main reservoir of this virus in vivo, but the nature of the stimuli that lead to its reactivation in b cells is only partially understood. we established stable bjab cell lines harboring latent kshv by cell-free infection with recombinant virus carrying a puromycin resistance marker. o ...201323678173
pd-l1 expression is characteristic of a subset of aggressive b-cell lymphomas and virus-associated malignancies.programmed cell death ligand 1 (pd-l1) is an immunomodulatory molecule expressed by antigen-presenting cells and select tumors that engages receptors on t cells to inhibit t-cell immunity. immunotherapies targeting the pd-1/pd-l1 pathway have shown durable antitumor effects in a subset of patients with solid tumors. pd-l1 can be expressed by reed-sternberg cells comprising classical hodgkin lymphoma (chl) and by malignant b cells comprising ebv-positive posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorde ...201323674495
pgp 9.5 neuronal marker may differentiate immunohistochemically hiv-related from mediterranean and immunosuppression-associated kaposi's sarcoma.mediterranean kaposi's sarcoma (mks), hiv-related ks (hiv-ks) and immunosuppression-associated ks (is-ks), caused by human herpes virus 8 (hhv-8), share similar histological features. the aim of this study was to investigate differences in epidermal nerve fibers (enfs) between the three ks types and controls. skin biopsies from 23 hiv-ks, 16 mks, 28 is-ks patients and 18 controls, age-gender matched, were immunostained with pgp 9.5; enfs in upper epidermal layer (el) and penetrating the basement ...201323670173
molecular and immunohistochemical detection of kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8.kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 (kshv/hhv-8) is etiologically related to the development of several human diseases, including kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (pel)/extra-cavitary (ec) pel, multicentric castleman disease (mcd), and large b-cell lymphoma arising in kshv/hhv-8-associated multicentric castleman disease. although serologic studies can identify persons infected with this virus, molecular genetics, specifically pcr (polymerase chain reaction) and immunohistoche ...201323666704
efficacious proteasome/hdac inhibitor combination therapy for primary effusion lymphoma.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is a rare form of aggressive b cell lymphoma caused by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). current chemotherapy approaches result in dismal outcomes, and there is an urgent need for new pel therapies. previously, we established, in a direct xenograft model of pel-bearing immune-compromised mice, that treatment with the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (btz), increased survival relative to that after treatment with doxorubicin. herein, we demonstrate th ...201323635777
kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus and response to antiretroviral therapy: a prospective study of hiv-infected adults.the possible impact of coinfection with the kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (kshv) on the response to antiretroviral therapy (art) is unknown. prospective studies are rare, particularly in africa.201323614996
epigenetic regulation of ebv and kshv latency.the gammaherpesviruses are unique for their capacity to establish a variety of gene expression programs during latent and lytic infection. this capacity enables the virus to control host-cell proliferation, prevent programmed cell death, elude immune cell detection, and ultimately adapt to a wide range of environmental and developmental changes in the host cell. this remarkable plasticity of gene expression results from the combined functionalities of viral and host factors that biochemically re ...201323601957
redefining kshv latency.in this issue of cell host & microbe, chang and ganem (2013) report that kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of lymphatic endothelial cells (lecs), but not blood endothelial cells (becs), activates mtorc1 signaling and sensitizes lecs to rapamycin-induced killing. the differential rapamycin sensitivity is explained by a unique lec-specific virus latency program.201323601098
bone marrow findings in hiv-positive patients with kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-associated multicentric castleman disease.kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv), also known as human herpesvirus-8, is associated with 1 form of multicentric castleman disease (mcd) and is the etiologic agent for most mcd in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. diagnosis is usually determined by lymph node biopsy. bone marrow findings in kshv-mcd are not well characterized. we conducted histomorphologic and immunohistochemical evaluation of bone marrow biopsy specimens in hiv-infected patients with kshv-mcd, including evalu ...201323596117
seroprevalence of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus among men who have sex with men in japan.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), the etiologic agent of kaposi's sarcoma, causes malignancies frequently in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. in the united states and europe, kshv infection is common among men who have sex with men. however, the seroprevalence of kshv among men who have sex with men in japan is unknown. in the present study, the seroprevalence of kshv was investigated among 230 men who have sex with men and 400 age- and area of residence-matched me ...201323588730
[association of kaposi's disease-immunoglobulin monoclonal: a new case].kaposi disease, a tumor virus-induced, is a cutaneomucosis disease, generated by the virus infection hhv 8 of the gamma-herpesviridae family. this virus is involved in several lymphoid pathologies. its role in the plasma cell proliferation genesis during monoclonal gammopathy is discussed, and results are contradictory. the occurrence of kaposi disease during multiple myeloma was described in the literature. through this observation, we report the first case associated with monoclonal gammopathy ...201323587587
successful treatment of an hiv-positive patient with unmasking kaposi's sarcoma immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) continues to be the most common human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated neoplasm with considerable morbidity and mortality. while lesions normally resolve upon initiation of antiretroviral therapy (art), recrudescence or unmasking of ks lesions may occur as part of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris). treatment of unmasking ks-iris is not yet standardised.201323578530
fifty percent tissue culture infective dose assay for determining the titer of infectious human herpesvirus 8.we have developed a human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) 50% tissue culture infective dose (tcid50) assay using the t1h6-dc-sign cell line. infection of t1h6-dc-sign cells with hhv-8 induces expression of β-galactosidase, which was used to determine tcid50 levels. validation of tcid50 values was performed by immunofluorescence assay of hhv-8 infection of immature dendritic cells at various tcid50 doses.201323554189
price: software for the targeted assembly of components of (meta) genomic sequence data.low-cost dna sequencing technologies have expanded the role for direct nucleic acid sequencing in the analysis of genomes, transcriptomes, and the metagenomes of whole ecosystems. human and machine comprehension of such large datasets can be simplified via synthesis of sequence fragments into long, contiguous blocks of sequence (contigs), but most of the progress in the field of assembly has focused on genomes in isolation rather than metagenomes. here, we present software for paired-read iterat ...201323550143
detection of human herpesvirus 8 sequences in cutaneous cherry angiomas.cherry angiomas (cas) are common vascular benign skin tumors, characterized by abnormal angiogenesis, whose etiology is still unclear and poorly studied. we investigated the presence of hhv8 in cas due to virus ability of inducing neoangiogenesis in endothelial cells. a total of 29 patients were enrolled in a randomized, controlled, blinded analysis of skin specimens including various vascular lesions. all clinical samples were anonymized and analyzed by three different biomolecular assays to mi ...201323545752
quantitative determinations of anti-kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus antibody levels in men who have sex with men.infection with kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv; also called human herpesvirus-8) is common among men who have sex with men (msm). here, quantitative anti-kshv antibody levels were measured using luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (lips) in an msm cohort with and without hiv from the nih clinical center. antibodies were detected using a mixture of 4 kshv antigens in the msm cohort and in kaposi sarcoma (ks) patients. along with hiv status, these results were compared with k8.1 and ...201323541691
kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus g protein-coupled receptor enhances endothelial cell survival in part by upregulation of bcl-2.kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) encoded g protein-coupled receptor (vgpcr) is a constitutively active lytic phase protein with significant homology to the human interleukin-8 receptor. vgpcr is necessary and sufficient to induce angiogenesis as well as the spindle cell proliferation characteristic of kaposi sarcoma (ks) lesions. we previously demonstrated that bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein, is upregulated in ks lesions. the aim of this study was to determine if vgpcr enhances endo ...201323532945
kaposi's-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus-activated dendritic cells promote hiv-1 trans-infection and suppress cd4(+) t cell proliferation.infection of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is commonly occurred in aids patients. kshv and hiv-1 act cooperatively in regulating infection with each other and in human carcinogenesis. dendritic cells (dcs), as the pivotal cells in host immunity, may be modulated by both viruses, for immunoevasion and dissemination, therefore, the interaction between dcs and each virus has been a prior focus for pathogenesis elucidation. here, we assessed the potential effect of kshv on dc-hiv-1 ...201323510674
dangerous liaisons: molecular basis for a syndemic relationship between kaposi's sarcoma and p. falciparum malaria.the most severe manifestations of malaria (caused by plasmodium falciparum) occur as a direct result of parasitemia following invasion of erythrocytes by post-liver blood-stage merozoites, and during subsequent cyto-adherence of infected erythrocytes to the vascular endothelium. however, the disproportionate epidemiologic clustering of severe malaria with aggressive forms of endemic diseases such as kaposi's sarcoma (ks), a neoplasm that is etiologically linked to infection with ks-associated he ...201323487416
regulation of viral and cellular gene expression by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus polyadenylated nuclear rna.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is the cause of kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity lymphoma. in cell culture, kshv results in a latent infection, and lytic reactivation is usually induced with the expression of k-rta or by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (tpa) and/or n-butyrate. lytic infection is marked by the activation of the entire viral genomic transcription cascade and the production of infectious virus. kshv-infected cells express a highly abundant, long, nonco ...201323468496
review of latent and lytic phase biomarkers in kaposi's sarcoma.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is a vascular neoplasm with distinct clinical-epidemiological subtypes and varied clinical presentations. while the association of ks with human herpesvirus-8 (hhv8, kshv) infection is well known, additional factors are needed for tumorigenesis. the precise sequence of events involved in ks development, progression and regression continues to be investigated. the discovery of kshv biomarkers is helpful for diagnostic purposes, for understanding ks pathogenesis and for ident ...201324070121
kaposi' s sarcoma in hiv-positive patients: the state of art in the haart-era.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is a multicentric angioproliferative cancer of endothelial origin typically occurring in the context of immunodeficiency, i.e. coinfection with human immonodeficiency virus (hiv) or transplantation. the incidence of ks has dramatically decreased in both us and europe in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) era. however, ks remains the second most frequent tumor in hiv-infected patients worldwide and it has become the most common cancer in sub-saharan africa. in ...201324065230
seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 in hiv-1 infected and uninfected individuals in cameroon.we evaluated the prevalence of hhv-8 antibodies in 516 plasma samples collected from hiv positive and negative patients from blood banks and urban areas of cameroon. among hiv-1 positive samples, hhv-8 seropositivity rate was 61% based on combined reactivity using both elisa and ifa techniques. hiv negative samples showed 62% seropositivity rate for hhv-8 antibodies. our results indicate a high hhv-8 prevalence rate in both hiv infected and uninfected individuals in cameroon.201324056671
proteomic screening of human targets of viral micrornas reveals functions associated with immune evasion and angiogenesis.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is caused by infection with kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). the virus expresses unique micrornas (mirnas), but the targets and functions of these mirnas are not completely understood. in order to identify human targets of viral mirnas, we measured protein expression changes caused by multiple kshv mirnas using pulsed stable labeling with amino acids in cell culture (psilac) in primary endothelial cells. this led to the identification of multiple human genes ...201324039573
clinical importance of human herpes virus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus infection in primary effusion lymphoma.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is a rare type of non-hodgkin lymphoma that usually develops in immunosuppressed patients infected with human herpes virus-8 (hhv-8) in conjunction with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. however, there are several reports of hhv-8-related hiv-negative cases and hhv-8-unrelated hiv-negative cases, mainly in immunodeficient and elderly patients. here, we report one case of hhv-8-related hiv-negative pel with gastric cancer (case 1) and one case of hhv-8- ...201323278643
cell-cell transmission allows human t-lymphotropic virus 1 to circumvent tetherin restriction.tetherin is part of the cellular innate immunity and impedes cell-free transmission of viruses that bud from the plasma membrane by retaining them on the cell surface. some viruses have evolved activities in different proteins such as vpu (hiv-1), k-protein (kshv), nef (siv) or env (hiv-2) to downregulate tetherin and overcome its restriction. we found that chronically htlv-1 infected t-cell lines express eightfold more tetherin than uninfected transformed t-cell lines suggesting that tetherin e ...201323260108
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with kaposi sarcoma: higher incidence and mortality in africa than in the uk.to assess the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of kaposi sarcoma-associated paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (ks-iris) in antiretroviral therapy (art)-naive hiv-infected patients with kaposi sarcoma initiating art in both well resourced and limited-resourced settings.201323462220
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral irf3 modulates major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc-ii) antigen presentation through mhc-ii transactivator-dependent and -independent mechanisms: implications for oncogenesis.evasion of immune t cell responses is crucial for persistent viruses to establish a normal carrier state. most studies on active immune modulation mechanisms have focused on the stage of virus production in infected cells, when large numbers of viral antigens and potential immune modulators are expressed. for oncogenic viruses such as kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), which is carried as a lifelong infection, usually with little harmful effect, but can cause various tumors, the imm ...201323449805
diagnosis and management of primary effusion lymphoma in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is an uncommon non-hodgkin lymphoma associated with human herpes virus-8 (hhv-8) that grows mainly in serous body cavities. the most common presentation of pel is that of a young immunocompromised male with shortness of breath, as the pleural cavity is most commonly affected. diagnosis is primarily based on fluid cytology in which pel cells display variable morphology and a null lymphocyte immunophenotype; however, evidence of hhv-8 infection within the neoplastic ...201323424065
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