Publications

lack of il-6 during coxsackievirus infection heightens the early immune response resulting in increased severity of chronic autoimmune myocarditis.	chronic myocarditis is often initiated by viral infection, the most common of which is coxsackievirus infection. the precise mechanism by which viral infection leads to chronic autoimmune pathology is poorly understood, however it is clear that the early immune response plays a critical role. previous results have shown that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (il)-6 is integral to the development of experimental-induced autoimmune myocarditis. however, the function of il-6 during viral-mediat ...	2009	19587788
differential interferon responses enhance viral epitope generation by myocardial immunoproteasomes in murine enterovirus myocarditis.	murine models of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-induced myocarditis mimic the divergent human disease course of cardiotropic viral infection, with host-specific outcomes ranging from complete recovery in resistant mice to chronic disease in susceptible hosts. to identify susceptibility factors that modulate the course of viral myocarditis, we show that type-i interferon (ifn) responses are considerably impaired in acute cvb3-induced myocarditis in susceptible mice, which have been linked to immunoprot ...	2009	19590042
combination of soluble coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor and anti-coxsackievirus sirnas exerts synergistic antiviral activity against coxsackievirus b3.	coxsackievirus b3 (cvb-3) is a major causative agent of chronic heart muscle infections. the present study describes a cell culture system with an ongoing virus infection to evaluate two novel inhibitory strategies, either individually or combined: (1) rna interference (rnai) to degrade cytoplasmatic cvb-3 rna and (2) a vector-delivered soluble variant of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor fused to a human immunoglobulin (scar-fc), which inhibits cellular uptake of cvb-3. both approaches wer ...	2009	19591879
enterovirus 71 infection of human dendritic cells.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes death and long-term neurologic sequelae in hundreds of thousands of young children, but its pathogenesis remains elusive. dendritic cells (dcs) play a crucial role in antiviral immunity by functioning as professional antigen-presenting cells to prime t cells and by secreting cytokines to modulate immune responses. here, we show that ev71 productively infected human immature dcs and expressed viral antigen in dcs. ev71 entry into dcs was partially mediated by dc-sign. ...	2009	19596831
depletion of gammadelta+ t cells increases cd4+ foxp3 (t regulatory) cell response in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis.	coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) causes severe myocarditis in balb/c mice which depends upon cd4(+) t helper type 1 [th1; i.e. interferon-gamma(+) (ifn-gamma(+))] and gammadelta(+) cells. depleting gammadelta(+) cells using anti-gammadelta antibody suppresses myocarditis and cd4(+) ifn-gamma(+) cell numbers in the spleen and heart of infected mice while increasing cd4(+) foxp3(+) cells. mice deficient in gammadelta(+) cells have increased numbers of naïve (cd44(lo) cd62l(hi)) and fewer effector (cd44(hi ...	2009	19604307
prevalence and management of invalid genexpert enterovirus results obtained with cerebrospinal fluid samples: a 2-year study.	a total of 525 cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples submitted during the 2007 and 2008 enteroviral seasons were included in a study to determine the prevalence of and potential risk factors for invalid cepheid genexpert enterovirus assay (gxea) results, as well as possible solutions for the problem. the invalid gxea results were reported for 43 (8.2%) specimens and correlated with increased visibility of red blood cells (p < 0.0001) but not with csf xanthochromia and clotting. invalid gxea result r ...	2009	19605580
differential macrophage polarization in male and female balb/c mice infected with coxsackievirus b3 defines susceptibility to viral myocarditis.	myocardial infiltrating macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis in male balb/c mice following coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) infection. interestingly, comparable macrophage numbers were observed in the myocardium of female mice during acute myocarditis.	2009	19608981
echovirus 30 associated with cases of aseptic meningitis in state of pará, northern brazil.	investigation of the aetiology of viral meningitis in brazil is most often restricted to cases that occur in the southern and southeastern regions; therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the viral meningitis cases that occurred in state of pará, northern brazil, from january 2005-december 2006. the detection of enterovirus (ev) in cerebrospinal fluid was performed using cell culture techniques, rt-pcr, nested pcr and nucleotide sequencing. the ages of the 91 patients ranged from < o ...	2009	19547870
microbial removal rates in subsurface media estimated from published studies of field experiments and large intact soil cores.	information about the microbial removal efficiencies of subsurface media is essential for assessing the risk of water contamination, estimating setback distances between disposal fields and receiving waters, and selecting suitable sites for wastewater reclamation. by analyzing published data from field experiments and large intact soil cores, an extensive database of microbial removal rates was established for a wide range of subsurface media. high microbial removal rates were found in volcanic ...	2009	19549931
inhibition of coxsackievirus b3 and related enteroviruses by antiviral short interfering rna pools produced using phi6 rna-dependent rna polymerase.	coxsackievirus b3 (cbv3) is a member of the human enterovirus b species and a common human pathogen. even though much is known about the enteroviral life cycle, no specific drugs are available to treat enterovirus infections. rna interference (rnai) has evolved to be an important tool for antiviral experimental therapies and gene function studies. we describe here a novel approach for rnai against cbvs by using a short interfering (sirna) pool covering 3.5 kb of cbv3 genomic sequence. the rna-de ...	2009	19553393
distribution and seasonality of rhinovirus and other respiratory viruses in a cross-section of asthmatic children in trinidad, west indies.	childhood asthma in the caribbean is advancing in prevalence and morbidity. though viral respiratory tract infections are reported triggers for exacerbations, information on these infections with asthma is sparse in caribbean territories. we examined the distribution of respiratory viruses and their association with seasons in acute and stable asthmatic children in trinidad.	2009	19555507
[severe enterovirus 71-associated hang-foot-and-mouth disease complicated by brainstem encephalitis: report of 2 cases].		2009	19558823
an algorithm for the typing of enteroviruses and correlation to serotyping by viral neutralization.	human enteroviruses (hevs) are common pathogens which cause a broad spectrum of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute myocarditis and aseptic meningitis. the neutralization assay for serotype determination is labor-intensive and time-consuming. there is a need for a methodology that is more rapid and widely accessible.	2009	19560963
[genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 isolated in beijing, 2006-2008].	objective to sequence and analyze the vp1 region of isolated enterovirus from different sources in beijing, 2006-2008.	2009	19565848
viral persistence and chronic immunopathology in the adult central nervous system following coxsackievirus infection during the neonatal period.	coxsackieviruses are significant human pathogens, and the neonatal central nervous system (cns) is a major target for infection. despite the extreme susceptibility of newborn infants to coxsackievirus infection and viral tropism for the cns, few studies have been aimed at determining the long-term consequences of infection on the developing cns. we previously described a neonatal mouse model of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) infection and determined that proliferating stem cells in the cns were prefer ...	2009	19570873
identification of 20 common human enterovirus serotypes by use of a reverse transcription-pcr-based reverse line blot hybridization assay.	the more than 100 human enterovirus (hev) serotypes can also be classified into four species, hev-a to -d, based on phylogenetic analysis of multiple gene regions. current molecular typing methods depend largely on reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the entire or 3' half of the vp1 gene. an rt-pcr-based reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization assay was developed as a rapid and efficient approach to characterize common hevs. twenty hev serotypes accounted ...	2009	19571022
[pathology of enterovirus 71 infection: an autopsy study of 5 cases].	to study the clinicopathologic features of fatal enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection.	2009	19573350
[molecular confirmation of enterovirus type 71 infection: a post-mortem study of two cases].	to investigate the diagnostic application of molecular detection of enterovirus type 71 (ev71) infection using post-mortem paraffin-embedded tissue.	2009	19575899
enterovirus infection of neuronal cells post-rituximab.		2009	19466969
clinical severity and molecular typing of human rhinovirus c strains during a fall outbreak affecting hospitalized patients.	the circulation rate and the clinical severity of infections caused by members of the new human rhinovirus c (hrv-c) species remain to be defined.	2009	19473873
molecular epidemiology of coxsackie a type 24 variant in taiwan, 2000-2007.	epidemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (ahc) caused by a coxsackievirus a24 variant (ca24v) appeared in taiwan in 2000-2002 and again in 2006-2007.	2009	19473877
enterovirus 71-induced autophagy detected in vitro and in vivo promotes viral replication.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is an important pathogen causing death in children under 5 years old worldwide. however, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. this study reveals that ev71 infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) and neuroblastoma (sk-n-sh) cells stimulated the autophagic process, which was demonstrated by an increase of punctate gfp-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (gfp-lc3), the level of autophagosome-bound lc3-ii protein and double-membrane autophagosome formation. ev71-i ...	2009	19475621
diabetes: a virus-gene collaboration.		2009	19478773
sensitivity of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 to different groups of chemical biocides.		2009	19482374
human parechovirus-3 infection: emerging pathogen in neonatal sepsis.	human parechovirus-3 (hpev-3) is an emerging pathogen that has been described as a cause of neonatal sepsis. human parechoviruses are a family of viruses closely related to enteroviruses; however, enteroviral pcr will not detect hpevs. we present clinical details of neonatal meningoencephalitis and hepatitis-coagulopathy syndrome caused by hpev-3 infection.	2009	19483524
serum chlamydial lipopolysaccharide as a prognostic factor for a new cardiovascular event.	infections caused by chlamydia pneumoniae are considered to participate in inflammatory processes leading to coronary artery disease. after a primary infection, the bacteria remain dormant intracellularly causing a chronic inflammatory stimulus.	2009	19486785
[epidemiological characteristics of lyme-like disease in children].	to determine the prevalence, age distribution, seasonality and clinical characteristics of lyme-simile disease in brazilians less than 15 years of age. methods. from july, 1998 to november, 2000, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 333 patients with skin rash and fever. paired blood samples were collected for identification of the pathogens. only 193 samples which were negative for other pathogens (parvovirus b19 human, herpesvirus 6 human, measles, rubella, dengue, scarlet fever and entero ...	2009	19488647
identification of small interfering rnas which inhibit the replication of several enterovirus 71 strains in china.	enterovirus 71 (ev 71) is one of the commonest causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), which infects mainly young children. it has been associated with severe neurological complications worldwide, and has caused significant deaths in many provinces of china from march to may 2008. in this study, rna interference (rnai) was used as an antiviral agent to inhibit ev 71 replication in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells. three small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeting extremely conserved r ...	2009	19490979
rapid detection of respiratory picornaviruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates by immunofluorescence assay.	respiratory picornaviruses (enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) are commonly cited as causes of self-limited upper respiratory tract infection. however, it has recently been suggested that they may cause more severe respiratory disease. immunofluorescence (if) assays are rapid and inexpensive and are often used for the detection of respiratory viruses.	2009	19502108
seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in germany.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a significant pathogen with potential to cause large outbreaks. because little is known about its seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology in germany, data for 1997-2007 are presented. four hundred thirty-six sera from persons aging 10 months to 75 years were tested in a neutralisation test; 63.4% of pre-school children were seronegative, whereas about 75% of adults had antibodies to ev71. phylogenetic analysis of 28 isolates associated with neurological or ...	2009	19506798
water extract of glycyrrhiza uralensis inhibited enterovirus 71 in a human foreskin fibroblast cell line.	human infection by enterovirus type 71 (ev71) can cause life-threatening meningo-encephalitis. currently, there is no effective anti-ev71 therapy available. since ev71 infection commonly involves skin lesions, we tested our hypothesis that water extract of glycyrrhiza uralensis (g. uralensis) could inhibit the cytopathic effects of ev71 in a human foreskin cell line by using an xtt-based method. our results showed that the water extract of g. uralensis at 3,000 microg/ml has only 30% cytotoxicit ...	2009	19507280
non-polio enteroviruses associated with acute flaccid paralysis (afp) and facial paralysis (fp) cases in romania, 2001-2008.	acute flaccid paralysis is a complex clinical syndrome, with a wide variety of possible etiologies and with clinical manifestations that can vary according to age or geographical region. enteroviruses (polioviruses and non-polio enteroviruses) are among the viral agents that can cause afp. afp surveillance is important for public health through its use in monitoring poliomyelitis, in the context of the global initiative to eradicate this disease. the current paper aims to assess the non-polio en ...	2009	19507623
watch your back.		2009	19516289
magnetic purification of biotinylated cdna removes false priming and ensures strand-specificity of rt-pcr for enteroviral rnas.	the detection of replicative intermediate rnas as markers of active replication of rna viruses is an essential tool to investigate pathogenesis in acute viral infections, as well as in their long-term sequelae. in this regard, strand-specific pcr has been used widely to distinguish (-) and (+) enteroviral rnas in pathogenesis studies of diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy. it has been generally assumed that oligonucleotide-primed reverse transcription of a given rna generates only the corres ...	2009	19524621
meningitis in elderly patients.	meningitis is uncommon in elderly patients in emergency department (ed). the characteristics of bacterial meningitis (bm) and nonbacterial meningitis (nbm) occurring in older patients are compared. a prospective multicenter study was conducted in the eds of three teaching hospitals. consecutive adult patients (n=159) with a confirmed meningitis [cerebrospinal fluid (csf) leukocyte count greater than 5 mm] were included in this study. eighteen consecutive patients (11%) aged more than or equal to ...	2009	19525850
the complete genome sequences for a novel enterovirus type, enterovirus 96, reflect multiple recombinations.	enterovirus 96 (ev-96) is a recently described genotype in the species human enterovirus c. so far, only partial genome sequences of this enterovirus type have been available. in this study, we report complete genome sequences for two ev-96 strains isolated from healthy children during enterovirus surveillance in finland. sequence analysis revealed substantial nucleotide divergence between ev-96 strains and suggested several recombination events between ev-96 and other hev-c types.	2009	19526351
clinical characteristics of human parechoviruses 4-6 infections in young children.	human parechoviruses (hpevs) and enteroviruses (evs) belong to the family picornaviridae. evs are known to cause a wide range of disease such as meningitis, encephalitis, and sepsis. hpev1 and 2 have been associated with mild gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms in young children. hpev3 is associated with more severe neonatal infection. little is known about the epidemiology and pathology of hpev4-6 in children.	2009	19536040
antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71.	oxidative stress is known to be a determinant of a host's susceptibility to pathogens. natural compounds with antioxidant activity may provide a preventive measure against infection. tea polyphenols were evaluated for their ability to inhibit enterovirus 71 (ev71) replication in vero cell culture. among the polyphenolic compounds tested, epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and gallocatechin gallate (gcg) potently inhibited replication of ev71. egcg and gcg reduced the titer of infectious progeny vir ...	2009	19537794
the complete genome of klassevirus - a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool.	diarrhea kills 2 million children worldwide each year, yet an etiological agent is not found in approximately 30-50% of cases. picornaviral genera such as enterovirus, kobuvirus, cosavirus, parechovirus, hepatovirus, teschovirus, and cardiovirus have all been found in human and animal diarrhea. modern technologies, especially deep sequencing, allow rapid, high-throughput screening of clinical samples such as stool for new infectious agents associated with human disease.	2009	19538752
appearance of mosaic enterovirus 71 in the 2008 outbreak of china.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a pathogen of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). in the last year and this spring, hfmd caused by ev71 repeatedly broke out and has resulted in at least 50 children's death in china. it is important to know the mechanism effecting genetic diversity of the virus circulating in china in order to prevent future outbreaks in the country. homologous recombination has been proved to play a role in evolution of the virus. in this study, we have performed a phylogenetic analysi ...	2009	19540282
two clusters of mutations map distinct receptor-binding sites of echovirus 11 for the decay-accelerating factor (cd55) and for canyon-binding receptors.	in this study we present the comparative sequence analysis of the parental haemagglutinating (daf+) and mutant non-haemagglutinating (daf-) clones of echovirus 11 (ev11) isolated from the prototype strain gregory. the sequence comparison revealed only a single amino acid substitution in the capsid protein vp2 of each mutant clone. these substitutions were located in the area of viral receptor-binding site for daf. since daf- mutants of ev11 did not interact with daf, they used an alternative rec ...	2009	19540285
scavenger receptor b2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) belongs to human enterovirus species a of the genus enterovirus within the family picornaviridae. ev71, together with coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), are most frequently associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). although hfmd is considered a mild exanthematous infection, infections involving ev71, but not cva16, can progress to severe neurological disease, including fatal encephalitis, aseptic meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis. in recent years, epidemic and spor ...	2009	19543282
human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common febrile disease occurring mainly in young children. although clinical manifestations of hfmd are usually mild and self limiting, a severe ev71 outbreak can lead to a diverse array of neurological diseases. identification of the specific cellular receptors is crucial for elucidating the mechanism of early virus-host interactions and the pathogenesis of enteroviruses. here we identify human p-selectin ...	2009	19543284
short synthesis and antiviral activity of acyclic phosphonic acid nucleoside analogues.	an efficient route for synthesizing novel allylic and cyclopropanoid phosphonic acid nucleoside analogues is described. the condensation of the bromine derivatives 6 and 18 with nucleoside bases (a, u, t, c, g) under standard nucleophilic substitution and deprotection conditions, afforded the target phosphonic acid nucleoside analogues. these compounds were evaluated for their antiviral properties against various viruses. cyclopropanoid phosphonic adenine nucleoside analogue 23 showed significan ...	2009	19219742
the evidence of coxsackievirus b3 induced myocarditis as the cause of death in a sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana).	a 5-year-old female sichuan snub-nosed monkey died at the zoological garden from infection with coxsackievirus b3.	2009	19220685
anti-enterovirus 71 activity screening of chinese herbs with anti-infection and inflammation activities.	antipyretic and toxin-eliminating traditional chinese herbs are believed to possess antiviral activity. in this study, we screened extracts of 22 herbs for activity against enterovirus 71 (ev71). we found that only extracts of houttuynia cordata thunb. could neutralize ev71-induced cytopathic effects in vero cells. the 50% inhibitory concentration of h. cordata extract for ev71 was 125.92 +/- 27.84 mug/ml. antiviral screening of herb extracts was also conducted on 3 genotypes of ev71, coxsackiev ...	2009	19222118
internalization of swine vesicular disease virus into cultured cells: a comparative study with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	we performed a comparative analysis of the internalization mechanisms used by three viruses causing important vesicular diseases in animals. swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) internalization was inhibited by treatments that affected clathrin-mediated endocytosis and required traffic through an endosomal compartment. svdv particles were found in clathrin-coated pits by electron microscopy and colocalized with markers of early endosomes by confocal microscopy. svdv infectivity was significantly ...	2009	19225001
presence and environmental circulation of enteric viruses in three different wastewater treatment plants.	the aim of the work was to evaluate the circulation of the viruses and to determine a correlation between faecal indicators and viruses.	2009	19226391
[examination of biocides for their effectiveness against animal viruses according to european union standards with emphasis on the selection of a suitable test virus].	because of the changes to be expected in the methods for testing disinfectants deemed to be used in the veterinary field, candidate viral species were evaluated for their suitability as test virus. considered viral species included different non-enveloped viruses [bovine enterovirus type 1 (ecbo (enteric cytopathogenic bovine orphan) virus), mammalian reovirus type 1, feline calici virus (fcv), and bovine parvovirus (bpv)], as well as enveloped viruses, as equine arteritisvirus (eav), bovine her ...	2009	19226936
groundwater quality impacts from the land application of treated municipal wastewater in a large karstic spring basin: chemical and microbiological indicators.	geochemical and microbiological techniques were used to assess water-quality impacts from the land application of treated municipal wastewater in the karstic wakulla springs basin in northern florida. nitrate-n concentrations have increased from about 0.2 to as high as 1.1 mg/l (milligrams per liter) during the past 30 years in wakulla springs, a regional discharge point for groundwater (mean flow about 11.3 m(3)/s) from the upper floridan aquifer (ufa). a major source of nitrate to the ufa is t ...	2009	19232432
viral rna kinetics is associated with changes in trace elements in target organs of coxsackie virus b3 infection.	trace elements are pivotal for the host defense, as well as potentially important for viral replication and virulence. studies of sequential changes in viral replication in target organs of infection are sparse and a possible association with changes in specific trace elements is unknown. in this study balb/c mice were infected with coxsackie virus b3 (cvb3). results indicated that sequential changes in viral replication (rt-pcr) were related to changes in trace element (arsenic, copper, iron, s ...	2009	19233309
enhanced resistance to coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis by intranasal co-immunization of lymphotactin gene encapsulated in chitosan particle.	coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is a gastrointestinal virus causing myocarditis in human and mice. an ideal vaccine for cvb3-myocarditis requires both humoral and cellular immunity at systemic and mucosal compartments. we described here an enhancing strategy for chitosan-pvp1 vaccine by co-immunizing with lymphotactin (ltn) gene, a t cell-attractive-chemokine, encapsulated in chitosan particle to provide more protection against cvb3. mice were intranasally co-immunized with 4 doses of chitosan-dna vacc ...	2009	19233446
[vesicular swine disease].		2009	19235305
mutations in the nonstructural protein 3a confer resistance to the novel enterovirus replication inhibitor ttp-8307.	a novel compound, ttp-8307, was identified as a potent inhibitor of the replication of several rhino- and enteroviruses. ttp-8307 inhibits viral rna synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting polyprotein synthesis and/or processing. drug-resistant variants of coxsackievirus b3 were all shown to carry at least one amino acid mutation in the nonstructural protein 3a. in particular, three mutations located in a nonstructured region preceding the hydrophobic domain (v45a, i54f, and h57y ...	2009	19237651
hand, foot and mouth disease in a healthy adult caused by intrafamilial transmission of enterovirus 71.		2009	19239463
[acute encephalitis. neuropsychiatric manifestations as expression of influenza virus infection].	the aim is to review the encephalitis in infants and adolescents as well as its etiology, clinical manifestation, epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnostic methods and treatment, and the neuropsyquiatric signs appearing an influenza epidemy. encephalitis is an inflammation of the central nervous system (cns) which involves the brain. the clinical manifestations usually are: headache, fever and confusional stage. it could also be manifested as seizures, personality changes, or psiqyiatric symptom ...	2009	19240010
antiviral activity of highly potent sirnas against echovirus 30 and its receptor.	rna interference (rnai) has been shown to be suitable to inhibit viruses in experimental setups and is considered a promising antiviral strategy that is currently being tested in various clinical trials. the present study provides an approach to design sirnas with high potency against a virus-specific target gene. in recent years, several outbreaks of aseptic meningitis caused by an echovirus 30 (ev-30) infection have been described. based on an initial set of 30 in silico designed sirnas, six s ...	2009	19187792
impact of myocardial inflammation on cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase activity and expression.	the disturbance of myocardial energy metabolism has been discussed as contributing to the progression of heart failure. little however is known about the cardiac mitochondrial/cytosolic energy transfer in murine and human inflammatory heart disease. we examined the myocardial creatine kinase (ck) system, which connects mitochondrial atp-producing and cytosolic atp-consuming processes and is thus of central importance to the cellular energy homeostasis. the time course of expression and enzymatic ...	2009	19190956
enteroviruses in patients with acute encephalitis, uttar pradesh, india.	an outbreak of viral encephalitis occurred in northern india in 2006. attempts to identify an etiologic agent in cerebrospinal fluid by using reverse transcription-pcr showed positivity to enterovirus (ev) in 66 (21.6%) of 306 patients. sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of pcr products from 59 (89.3%) of 66 specimens showed similarity with ev-89 and ev-76 sequences.	2009	19193277
potential biosentinels of human waste in marine coastal waters: bioaccumulation of human noroviruses and enteroviruses from sewage-polluted waters by indigenous mollusks.	a major problem of existing methods to monitor for viral pathogens in large bodies of water (i.e., coastal waters) is in the initial viral recovery and concentration of these viruses. in this report, the indigenous filter-feeding bivalve mollusk, isognomon sp., ubiquitous in the indo-pacific area, has been used successfully in this critical initial sequence (virus recovery) to bioaccumulate human enteropathogenic viruses from seawater seeded experimentally with either raw sewage or human norovir ...	2009	19195487
diversity in the bronchial epithelial cell response to infection with different rhinovirus strains.	infection with rhinovirus (rv) is the most common trigger for acute asthma and copd. the aim of this study was to characterize the variability in the response of primary bronchial epithelial cells to infection with several strains of rv.	2009	19207121
metagenomic analyses of viruses in stool samples from children with acute flaccid paralysis.	we analyzed viral nucleic acids in stool samples collected from 35 south asian children with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis (afp). sequence-independent reverse transcription and pcr amplification of capsid-protected, nuclease-resistant viral nucleic acids were followed by dna sequencing and sequence similarity searches. limited sanger sequencing (35 to 240 subclones per sample) identified an average of 1.4 distinct eukaryotic viruses per sample, while pyrosequencing yielded 2.6 viruses per sam ...	2009	19211756
proteinase 2apro is essential for enterovirus replication in type i interferon-treated cells.	the picornaviridae family comprises a diverse group of small rna viruses that cause a variety of human and animal diseases. some of these viruses are known to induce cleavage of components of the innate immune system and to inhibit steps in the interferon pathway that lead to the production of type i interferon. there has been no study of the effect of picornaviral infection on the events that occur after interferons have been produced. to determine whether members of the enterovirus genus can a ...	2009	19211759
beta-androstenes and resistance to viral and bacterial infections.	this report illustrates that the beta-androstenes are indeed able to upregulate the host immune response to a level that enables the host to resist lethal infection by viruses or bacteria. these agents consist of a subgroup of steroids, which also mediates a rapid recovery of hematopoietic precursor cells after whole-body lethal radiation injury. in vivo, the androstenes increase the levels of the th1 cytokines such as il-2, il-3, and ifn. similar to hydrocortisone, they suppress inflammation, b ...	2009	19212128
bosentan enhances viral load via endothelin-1 receptor type-a-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation while improving cardiac function during coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis.	reduced cardiac output is one of the consequences of myocarditis. bosentan, an endothelin-1 receptor (et1r) antagonist, could be useful to reduce cardiac afterload, preserving cardiac output. in this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic use of bosentan in an animal model of viral myocarditis. using a mouse model of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3)-induced myocarditis, we demonstrated preserved ejection fraction (ef) and fractional shortening (fs) by treatment with bosentan (68+/-5.8% ef and ...	2009	19213955
new electropositive filter for concentrating enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water.	the u.s. environmental protection agency's information collection rule requires the use of 1mds electropositive filters for concentrating enteric viruses from water, but unfortunately, these filters are not cost-effective for routine viral monitoring. in this study, an inexpensive electropositive cartridge filter, the nanoceram filter, was evaluated for its ability to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. seeded viruses were concentrated using the adsorption-elut ...	2009	19218410
mengovirus-induced rearrangement of the nuclear pore complex: hijacking cellular phosphorylation machinery.	representatives of several picornavirus genera have been shown previously to significantly enhance non-controllable bidirectional exchange of proteins between nuclei and cytoplasm. in enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, enhanced permeabilization of the nuclear pores appears to be primarily due to proteolytic degradation of some nucleoporins (protein components of the pore), whereas this effect in cardiovirus-infected cells is triggered by the leader (l) protein, devoid of any enzymatic activities. h ...	2009	19144712
identification and validation of clinical predictors for the risk of neurological involvement in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease in sarawak.	human enterovirus 71 (hev71) can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) with neurological complications, which may rapidly progress to fulminant cardiorespiratory failure, and death. early recognition of children at risk is the key to reduce acute mortality and morbidity.	2009	19152683
identification of chicken enterovirus-like viruses, duck hepatitis virus type 2 and duck hepatitis virus type 3 as astroviruses.	earlier work identified and biologically characterized antigenically distinct enterovirus-like viruses (elvs) of chickens. three of these elvs can now be identified as astroviruses. characterization involved the use of a hitherto undescribed, degenerate primer-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to amplify astrovirus open reading frame (orf) 1b-specific cdna fragments followed by nucleotide sequence determination and analysis of the amplified fragments. elv-1 was confi ...	2009	19156577
comparison of automated microarray detection with real-time pcr assays for detection of respiratory viruses in specimens obtained from children.	respiratory virus infections are a major health concern and represent the primary cause of testing consultation and hospitalization for young children. we developed and compared two assays that allow the detection of up to 23 different respiratory viruses that frequently infect children. the first method consisted of single taqman quantitative real-time pcr assays in a 96-well-plate format. the second consisted of a multiplex pcr followed by primer extension and microarray hybridization in an in ...	2009	19158263
attenuation of coxsackievirus b3 by vp2 mutation and its application as a vaccine against virus-induced myocarditis and pancreatitis.	coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) is a common agent of viral myocarditis, a major cause of sudden cardiac death, and ultimately dilated cardiomyopathy. however, there is no vaccine in clinical use. in this study, we identified the conserved amino acid sequences in the c-terminal region of the vp2 of the coxsackievirus b group and some echoviruses. the mutant virus, yyff, with phenylalanines substituted for two tyrosines in these conserved sequences was highly attenuated in vivo and could induce a high ne ...	2009	19168108
cxcl10 inhibits viral replication through recruitment of natural killer cells in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis.	coxsackievirus (cv)b3 is the primary cause of viral myocarditis. we previously observed cxc chemokine ligand 10 (cxcl10) upregulation in the myocardium early in infection. however, the impact of cxcl10 in cvb3-induced myocarditis is unknown. using isolated primary mouse cardiomyocytes we demonstrated for the first time that cardiomyocytes can express cxcl10 on interferon-gamma stimulation. to explore the role of cxcl10 in cvb3-induced myocarditis, both cxcl10 transgenic and knockout mice were us ...	2009	19168435
prevalence of enterovirus in osaka, japan, between april and september 2008.		2009	19168970
[effect of a c-type cpg odn on cvb3-infected mice].	to investigate the potential effect of a self-designed c-type cpg odn (d-sl01) on coxsackie virus b3 (cvb3) infection.	2009	19174007
[when an enterovirus emerges].	most of enterovirus infections are benign and the rate of mortality is low in countries with temperate climates. but since the late 1990s, enterovirus 71 (ev-71) has become much more aggressive in asian countries, with the outcome of a neurogenic pulmonary oedema syndrome and it is responsible for huge epidemics. the virological diagnosis rely upon viral isolation and identification by sero-neutralization, and upon the detection of specific igm by elisa and viral rna by rt-pcr. there is no speci ...	2009	19179019
direct identification of human enterovirus serotypes in cerebrospinal fluid by amplification and sequencing of the vp1 region.	human enteroviruses (hev) are a major cause of meningitis and other neurological disease. identification of hev serotypes in clinical cases is important for monitoring emergence of more pathogenic variants, epidemiological surveillance and investigating sources of infection. serotype identification is currently problematic following the widespread adoption of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based methods for hev detection in place of virus culture.	2009	19135410
a new generic real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for vesiviruses; vesiviruses were not detected in human samples.	different viruses belonging to the genus vesivirus infect a broad range of animals, and cause gastroenteritis, vesicular skin lesions, hemorrhagic disease, respiratory diseases and other conditions. a recent report on vesivirus viremia, as detected by pcr, in samples from patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology in the usa suggested a zoonotic potential for vesiviruses. these results have not been confirmed by another laboratory. in order to do so, a generic pcr assay on the rna polymerase re ...	2009	19135480
viruses and thyroiditis: an update.	viral infections are frequently cited as a major environmental factor involved in subacute thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroid diseases this review examines the data related to the role of viruses in the development of thyroiditis. our research has been focused on human data. we have reviewed virological data for each type of thyroiditis at different levels of evidence; epidemiological data, serological data or research on circulating viruses, direct evidence of thyroid tissue infection. interpre ...	2009	19138419
regional administration of oncolytic echovirus 1 as a novel therapy for the peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer.	the dissemination of malignant gastric cells to the peritoneum occurs frequently, usually as an early event in disease, and results in poor patient prognosis. surgery and chemotherapy offer limited therapeutic success. the low-pathogenic human enterovirus, echovirus 1 (ev1), is an oncolytic virus that selectively targets and destroys malignant prostate and ovarian cancer xenografts in vivo. lytic ev1 infection requires the cell surface expression of alpha(2)beta(1), an integrin involved in the d ...	2009	19139835
loss of the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor contributes to gastric cancer progression.	loss of the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (car) has previously been observed in gastric cancer. the role of car in gastric cancer pathobiology, however, is unclear. we therefore analysed car in 196 r(0)-resected gastric adenocarcinomas and non-cancerous gastric mucosa samples using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. coxsackie and adenovirus receptor was found at the surface and foveolar epithelium of all non-neoplastic gastric mucosa samples (n=175), whereas only 56% of gastric can ...	2009	19142187
inflammatory rather than infectious insults play a role in exocrine tissue damage in a mouse model for coxsackievirus b4-induced pancreatitis.	infection with coxsackievirus b4 (cvb4) may result in an acute severe necrotizing pancreatitis that mostly remains restricted to the acini of the exocrine parenchyma. the mechanisms responsible for this tissue damage, however, remain poorly understood. we here report that coam, a polyanionic carboxylic acid, provides marked protection against cvb4-induced pancreatitis in a mouse model. despite the fact that coam largely reduced disease severity, as detected by serum amylase and lipase levels as ...	2009	19142976
phylogenetic relationships and molecular adaptation dynamics of human rhinoviruses.	human rhinoviruses (hrvs) are responsible for nearly 50% of all common cold infections. ordinarily, hrv infections are mild and self-limiting; nonetheless, every year they result in significant loss of economic productivity and substantial inappropriate antibiotic use. development of effective vaccine and antiviral prophylaxis against hrv has been hampered by the extensive antigenic diversity present among the nearly 100 serotypes. to gain new insights into the evolutionary processes that create ...	2009	19182223
determination of ct values for chlorine of resistant enteroviruses.	information on the required chlorine dose or ct value (concentration of free chlorine multiplied by contact time) is limited to only a few enteroviruses. in this study the ct values of some of the reported more chlorine resistant enteroviruses were determined. the efficiency hom model was used to predict the times for 2, 3. and 4 -log inactivation of echovirus 1 and 12, coxsackievirus b5 and poliovirus type 1 at ph 7.5 and 9 at 5 degrees c. coxsackievirus b5 was the most resistant to chlorine wi ...	2009	19184699
antiviral activity of raoulic acid from raoulia australis against picornaviruses.	rna viruses are a major source of respiratory diseases worldwide. the lack of effective therapeutical treatment underlines the importance of research for new antiviral compounds. raoulic acid is a principal ingredient of the plant raoulia australis hook. f. antiviral assay using cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction method showed that raoulic acid possessed strong antiviral activity against human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) with a 50% inhibition concentration (ic(50)) value of less than 0.1mug/ml, human rhi ...	2009	19097770
leader-induced phosphorylation of nucleoporins correlates with nuclear trafficking inhibition by cardioviruses.	picornaviruses disrupt nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways during infection. poliovirus and rhinovirus inhibit nuclear protein import/export through a series of 2a protease-dependent cleavages within nuclear pore proteins (nucleoporins [nups]), including nup62, nup98, and nup153. cardioviruses lack the same protease and instead affect trafficking inhibition through an activity mapped to their leader (l) protein, a 67- to 76-amino acid (aa) polypeptide with no known enzymatic activity. we have ...	2009	19073724
transmission networks and population turnover of echovirus 30.	globally, echovirus 30 (e30) is one of the most frequently identified enteroviruses and a major cause of meningitis. despite its wide distribution, little is known about its transmission networks or the dynamics of its recombination and geographical spread. to address this, we have conducted an extensive molecular epidemiology and evolutionary study of e30 isolates collected over 8 years from a geographically wide sample base (11 european countries, asia, and australia). 3dpol sequences fell int ...	2009	19091869
chronic hereditary pancreatitis in a girl with a serine protease inhibitor kazal type i (spink-1) gene mutation and a coxsackie type b5 infection.		2009	19106771
amino acids of coxsackie b5 virus are critical for infection of the murine insulinoma cell line, min-6.	it was shown recently that 15 successive passages of a laboratory strain of the coxsackie b virus 5 in a mouse pancreas (cbv-5-mpp) resulted in apparent changes in the virus phenotype, which led to the capacity to induce a diabetes-like syndrome in mice. for further characterization of islet cell interactions with a passaged virus strain, a murine insulinoma cell line, min-6, was selected as an experimental model. the cbv-5-mpp virus strain was not able to replicate in min-6 cells in vitro but r ...	2009	19107967
epidemiology of enterovirus types causing neurological disease in austria 1999-2007: detection of clusters of echovirus 30 and enterovirus 71 and analysis of prevalent genotypes.	between 1999 and 2007 1,388 stool specimens from patients with acute flaccid paralysis or aseptic meningitis were submitted to the austrian reference laboratory for poliomyelitis. samples (201) yielded non-poliovirus enterovirus in culture. one hundred eighty-one viruses were available for typing and 78 isolates which remained serologically untyped were further analyzed by codehop-pcr and sequencing of the vp1 gene and the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr). typing revealed an echovirus 30 outbreak ...	2009	19107980
enterovirus genotyping directly from original clinical specimens: prospective application to a severe neonatal infection.		2009	19101198
outbreak of acute respiratory disease in china caused by b2 species of adenovirus type 11.	an outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection occurred in shanxi province, china, from march to april 2006. of the 254 patients affected by this outbreak, 247 patients were students of a senior high school; 1 of these patients died during the outbreak. serological tests and blood culture revealed no evidence of bacterial infection. the results of direct reverse transcription-pcr or pcr performed with clinical specimens collected from the patients, including the sole patient who died, were pos ...	2009	19109466
enterovirus 71 outbreak, brunei.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) outbreaks occur periodically in the asia-pacific region. in 2006, brunei reported its first major outbreak of ev71 infections, associated with fatalities from neurologic complications. isolated ev71 strains formed a distinct lineage with low diversity within subgenogroup b5, suggesting recent introduction and rapid spread within brunei.	2009	19116058
in vivo and in vitro antiviral activities of calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside against coxsackie virus b3.	calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (ccgr) is the main isoflavonoid compound isolated from astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicu (bge.) hsiao, a chinese herb medicine traditionally used to treat viral myocarditis. in this study, its antiviral activities against coxsackie virus b3 (cvb3) causing myocarditis were investigated. in vitro assay showed that ccgr displayed a low cytotoxicity and effectively inhibited cvb3-mediated cytopathic effects on vero cells with an ic(50) value of 25 microg/ml ...	2009	19122283
toll-like receptor 3 signaling on macrophages is required for survival following coxsackievirus b4 infection.	toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) has been proposed to play a central role in the early recognition of viruses by sensing double stranded rna, a common intermediate of viral replication. however, several reports have demonstrated that tlr3 signaling is either dispensable or even harmful following infection with certain viruses. here, we asked whether tlr3 plays a role in the response to coxsackievirus b4 (cb4), a prevalent human pathogen that has been associated with pancreatitis, myocarditis and diab ...	2009	19122812
rapid detection and quantitation of poliovirus and rhinovirus sequences in viral stocks and infected cells.	laboratories working with closely related viruses need simple and cost-effective ways to rapidly validate viral stocks, detect contamination and measure the abundance of viral rna species. using rt-pcr and specific primers an approach for the specific detection of rhinovirus type 14 (rv14) or poliovirus type 1 (pv1) is presented. it is demonstrated that viral sequences can be amplified directly from viral stocks or from infected cells. in addition, the utility of this protocol for the detection ...	2009	19124042
eukaryotic viruses in wastewater samples from the united states.	human fecal matter contains a large number of viruses, and current bacterial indicators used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogenic viruses. adenoviruses and enteroviruses have often been used to identify fecal pollution in the environment; however, other viruses shed in fecal matter may more accurately detect fecal pollution. the purpose of this study was to develop a baseline understanding of the types of viruses found in raw sewage. pcr was used to detec ...	2009	19124584
gonadectomy of male balb/c mice increases tim-3(+) alternatively activated m2 macrophages, tim-3(+) t cells, th2 cells and treg in the heart during acute coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis.	the incidence of cardiovascular disease, including inflammatory heart diseases like myocarditis, is increased in men. similarly, male balb/c mice infected with coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) develop more severe acute inflammation in the heart compared to females. to better understand the effect of male sex hormones on cardiac inflammation, we gonadectomized (gdx) male balb/c mice and examined acute cvb3-induced myocarditis compared to sham controls. viral replication in the heart was not significantly ...	2009	19126426
molecular epidemiology of echovirus 6 in greece.	the objective was to investigate the genetic relationships among echovirus 6 (e6) strains circulating in greece and to compare them with the respective strains from other geographic regions. cerebrospinal fluid samples collected during the period 2006-2007 from 84 patients with aseptic meningitis or encephalitis were tested for a probable enteroviral infection. two rt-pcrs amplifying overlapping regions of the vp1 gene were performed, while isolation procedures were applied in one third of cases ...	2009	19130106
naturally occurring sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in north american pigs.	two cases of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in pigs were diagnosed on a small farm in new york, and in kentucky. in both cases, the initial diagnosis was based on histopathological changes representing typical lymphoproliferative vasculitis in multiple tissues of the affected pigs. ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction in the tissues of affected pigs in both cases. the amplified sequences were identical between the clinically affected pigs a ...	2009	19286508
myocardial inflammation, cellular death, and viral detection in sudden infant death caused by sids, suffocation, or myocarditis.	the significance of minor myocardial inflammatory infiltrates and viral detection in sids is controversial. we retrospectively compared the demographic profiles, myocardial inflammation, cardiomyocyte necrosis, and myocardial virus detection in infants who died of sids in a safe sleep environment, accidental suffocation, or myocarditis. formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded myocardial sections were semiquantitatively assessed for cd3 lymphocytes and cd68 macrophages using immunohistochemistry and fo ...	2009	19287341