Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in africa. | there is compelling evidence that both human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types emerged from two dissimilar simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) in separate geographical regions of africa. each of the two hivs has its own simian progenitor and specific genetic precursor, and all of the primates that carry these sivs have been in close contact with humans for thousands of years without the emergence of epidemic hiv. to date no plausible mechanism has been identified to account for the sudden em ... | 2001 | 11405938 |
| suitability of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in ghana, west africa. | in west african countries such as ghana, efficient human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing is a priority in the fight against aids. a new immunochromatographic rapid test, determine hiv-1/2 (abbott diagnostics, north chicago, ill.), that detects antibodies against hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and/or hiv-2 was evaluated using ghanaian blood samples. two hundred four serum and/or plasma specimens were tested. hiv screening was done by a particle agglutination test and confirmed by a western blot (wb) tes ... | 2001 | 11427570 |
| initiation of hiv-2 reverse transcription: a secondary structure model of the rna-trna(lys3) duplex. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcription is initiated from cellular trna(lys3) partially annealed to the rna viral genome at the primer binding site (pbs). this annealing involves interactions between two highly structured rna molecules. in contrast to hiv-1, in which the reverse transcription initiation complex has been thoroughly studied, there is still little information regarding a possible model to describe the secondary structure of the template-primer complex in h ... | 2001 | 11433020 |
| hepatitis b and c infections, human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections among women of childbearing age in côte d'ivoire, west africa. | few studies have been conducted in developing countries to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted diseases (stds). we have screened for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hcv markers 200 hiv-1-positive, 23 hiv-2-positive and 206 hiv-negative women attending gynaecology clinics in 1995/96 in abidjan, côte d'ivoire, a sample selected among 2198 consecutive consultants. taking into account the ... | 2001 | 11706657 |
| basic amino acid residues in the v3 loop of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope alter viral coreceptor tropism and infectivity but do not allow efficient utilization of cxcr4 as entry cofactor. | in contrast to human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively), simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) rarely uses cxcr4 (x4) for efficient entry into target cells. basic amino acid residues in the v3 loop of hiv env allow efficient coreceptor utilization of x4. therefore, we investigated if similar changes in the sivmac env protein also mediate a coreceptor switch from ccr5 (r5) to x4. functional analysis revealed that none of eight sivmac variants, containing v ... | 2001 | 11384227 |
| on the origin and evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | the human aids viruses--hiv-1 and hiv-2--impose major burdens on the health and economic status of many developing countries. surveys of other animal species have revealed that related viruses--the sivs are widespread in a large number of african simian primates where they do not appear to cause disease. phylogenetic analyses indicate that these sivs are the reservoirs for the human viruses, with sivsm from the sooty mangabey monkey the most likely source of hiv-2, and sivcpz from the common chi ... | 2001 | 11396848 |
| the dimer initiation site hairpin mediates dimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 rna genome. | the untranslated leader of retroviral rna genomes encodes multiple structural signals that are critical for virus replication. in the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1) leader, a hairpin structure with a palindrome-containing loop is termed the dimer initiation site (dis), because it triggers in vitro rna dimerization through base pairing of the loop-exposed palindromes (kissing loops). controversy remains regarding the region responsible for hiv-2 rna dimerization. different studies h ... | 2001 | 11397802 |
| effects of mutant vpr/vpx on hiv-2 assembly demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. | the virion-associated accessory proteins vpr and vpx of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are required for efficient viral replication. vpr could be important for vpx assembly. to investigate the interaction of vpr and vpx with respect to the effects of reverse transcriptase (rt) activity, viral particle information and vpx expression site directed mutagenesis was carried out to construct vpr, vpx and double vpr/vpx hiv-2 mutants. these mutants were used for infection of peripheral blo ... | 2001 | 11254173 |
| a luciferase-reporter gene-expressing t-cell line facilitates neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays that use either r5 or x4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | we describe the production and properties of a permanent cell line, cem.nkr-ccr5-luc. this line is a derivative of the cem.nkr-ccr5 line, stably transfected to express the luciferase reporter gene under the transcriptional control of the hiv-2 ltr. thus the cells respond to tat expression during hiv-1 infection by producing luciferase, a protein that can be readily and accurately quantitated in a luminometer. the cem.nkr-ccr5-luc line expresses both the ccr5 and cxcr4 coreceptors and can therefo ... | 2001 | 11162843 |
| functional characterization of chimeric reverse transcriptases with polypeptide subunits of highly divergent hiv-1 group m and o strains. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 strains have been divided into three groups: main (m), outlier (o), and non-m non-o (n). biochemical analyses of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) have been performed predominantly with enzymes derived from hiv-1 group m:subtype b laboratory strains. this study was designed to optimize the expression and to characterize the enzymatic properties of hiv-1 group o rts as well as chimeric rts composed of group m and o p66 and p51 subunits. the dna-dependent dna po ... | 2001 | 11353775 |
| antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) of ethnobotanically selected ethiopian medicinal plants. | ethiopian medicinal plants used for the treatment of a variety of ailments including infectious diseases were screened for activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). seventy-one polar and nonpolar extracts derived from 21 plants belonging to 14 families were tested for inhibition of viral replication using hiv-1 (iii(b)) and hiv-2 (rod) strains. selective inhibition of viral growth was assessed by the simultaneous determination of the in vitro cytotoxicity o ... | 2001 | 11180526 |
| dc-signr, a dc-sign homologue expressed in endothelial cells, binds to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and activates infection in trans. | dc-sign, a c-type lectin expressed on the surface of dendritic cells (dcs), efficiently binds and transmits hivs and simian immunodeficiency viruses to susceptible cells in trans. a dc-sign homologue, termed dc-signr, has recently been described. herein we show that dc-signr, like dc-sign, can bind to multiple strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus and transmit these viruses to both t cell lines and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. binding of virus to dc-signr was de ... | 2001 | 11226297 |
| evaluation of a simultaneous hiv antigen and antibody detection test in korean population. | current diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection relies on the detection of anti-hiv antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). recently, kits detecting both p24 antigenemia and anti-hiv/anti-hiv2 antibodies have been developed. thus, it is necessary to compare those kits developed as such. the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of a simultaneous detection test of p24 antigen and anti-hiv1/2 antibodies in a low prevalence area. eight hundre ... | 2001 | 11371105 |
| pig-tailed macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2gb122 or simian/hiv89.6p express virus in semen during primary infection: new model for genital tract shedding and transmission. | characterizing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) expression in semen during primary infection remains essential to understanding the risk of sexual transmission. this investigation represents the first systematic evaluation of male genital tract shedding to use a nonhuman primate model, including the impact of exposure route and viral virulence. male macaques were inoculated with either a chronic disease-causing virus (hiv-2(gb122); n=4 intravenous; n=4 intrarectal) or an acutely pathogenic sim ... | 2001 | 11237826 |
| inhibition of hiv type 1 replication by simultaneous infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | a productive infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes by hiv-1 was severely inhibited by the simultaneous infection of these cells with hiv-2. a similar reciprocal effect on hiv-2 infection was not observed. the extent of virus replication was determined by virus-specific antigen capture assays of the supernatants of the infections. the inhibitory effect was observed with t cell-tropic, dual-tropic, as well as with primary hiv-1 isolates from different subtypes (a, b, c, e, f, and o). infection ... | 2001 | 11242517 |
| cross-protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm) challenge in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys. | in this study we compared the efficacy of live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vaccine alone versus boosting with live non-pathogenic hiv-2 following priming with alvac hiv-2 (recombinant canarypox virus expressing hiv-2 env, gag and pol). six monkeys were first inoculated intravenously with live hiv-2(sbl-6669) and 7 to 10 months later were challenged intrarectally with 10 mid(50) of cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain sivsm. one monkey was completely pro ... | 2001 | 11413371 |
| synthetic peptide strategy for the detection of and discrimination among highly divergent primate lentiviruses. | we developed a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and highly sensitive and specific strategy for the detection and lineage differentiation of primate lentiviruses (piv-elisa). it is based on the use of two indirect elisa methods using synthetic peptides mapping the gp41/36 region (detection component) and the v3 region (differentiation component) of four lentivirus lineages, namely sivcpz/hiv-1 (groups m, o, n, and sivcpz-gab), sivmnd, sivagm, and sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2. this strategy was evaluated with pa ... | 2001 | 11461679 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infections in vervet monkeys (clorocebus aethiops) at an australian zoo. | a number of monkey species, including african green monkeys and african vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops), are frequently infected in the wild and in captivity with a simian immunodeficiency virus strain, sivagm, a primate lentivirus. up to 50% of african green monkeys are estimated to be infected with sivagm. siv strains are very closely related to hiv-2 strains, which are a cause of aids in humans, predominantly in western africa, although cases in australia have also been reported. it is ... | 2001 | 11491218 |
| sj-3366, a unique and highly potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) that also inhibits hiv-2. | we have identified and characterized a potent new nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor (nnrti) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) that also is active against hiv-2 and which interferes with virus replication by two distinct mechanisms. 1-(3-cyclopenten-1-yl)methyl-6-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-5-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinedione (sj-3366) inhibits hiv-1 replication at concentrations of approximately 1 nm, with a therapeutic index of greater than 4 x 10(6). the efficacy and toxicity o ... | 2001 | 11158731 |
| characterization of a maternal-fetal hiv transmission model using pregnant macaques infected with hiv-2(287). | to study mechanisms involved in mother-to-fetus transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in utero, we have developed a chronically catheterized pregnant macaque model that permits simultaneous and sequential determination of virus in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. in this report, we have characterized this model using three groups of pregnant macaques designed to sample: (1) maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid (n = 6); (2) maternal blood and a ... | 2001 | 11515668 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 lentiviral vectors: packaging signal and splice donor in expression and encapsidation. | retroviral vectors provide the means for gene transfer with long-term expression. the lentivirus subgroup of retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), possesses a number of regulatory and accessory genes and other special elements. these features can be exploited to design vectors for transducing non-dividing as well as dividing cells with the potential for regulated transgene expression. encapsidation of the transgene rna in lentiviral vectors is dete ... | 2001 | 11161282 |
| variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infecting patients living in france. | to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) subtypes circulating in france and to identify possible relationships between these subtypes and pathogenesis, we studied 33 hiv-2-infected patients living in france. hiv-2 dna was directly amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by nested pcr with specific hiv-2 env primers, and the env gene was sequenced. the serological consequences of antigenic variability were studied by using a panel of peptides and by wes ... | 2001 | 11162815 |
| seven human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen-antibody combination assays: evaluation of hiv seroconversion sensitivity and subtype detection. | in this study, we evaluated the performance of two prototype human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen-antibody (ag-ab) combination assays, one from abbott laboratories (axsym hiv ag-ab) and the other from biomerieux (vidas hiv duo ultra), versus five combination assays commercially available in europe. the assays were enzygnost hiv integral, genscreen plus hiv ag-ab, murex hiv ag-ab combination, vidas hiv duo, and vironostika hiv uniform ii ag-ab. all assays were evaluated for the ability to d ... | 2001 | 11526139 |
| antiretroviral therapy for hiv-2 infected patients. | to evaluate clinical and rna load response to antiretroviral therapy amongst patients infected with hiv-2 and to study the development of drug resistance. | 2001 | 11531319 |
| down-modulation of tcr/cd3 surface complexes after hiv-1 infection is associated with differential expression of the viral regulatory genes. | we have investigated the mechanism(s) involved in progressive abrogation of cd3-gamma gene expression after hiv-1 or hiv-2 infection. a comparison of intracellular virus expression with t cell receptor surface density, revealed both high and low levels of viral p24 antigen in the tcr/cd3(hi), tcr/cd3(lo), and tcr/cd3(-) cells. furthermore, in non-productively infected cells expressing the multiply spliced, virally encoded tat, rev, and nef regulatory gene transcripts, the same progressive loss o ... | 2001 | 11298321 |
| production and characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody against the gag p26 protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: identification of a new antigenic epitope. | one anticapsid (p26) mouse monoclonal antibody was developed after immunization with recombinant p26 gag protein and was tested for reactivity with different hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates by elisa and western blot analysis. this antibody, named r26.1, reacted with all hiv-2 isolates tested and with recombinant p26 proteins, but no hiv-1 isolates. the epitope of antibody r26.1 was mapped to residues 50-71 in the n-terminal domain of the capsid protein, a highly conserved region in all hiv-2 isolates s ... | 2001 | 11559428 |
| 4'-ethynyl nucleoside analogs: potent inhibitors of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus variants in vitro. | a series of 4'-ethynyl (4'-e) nucleoside analogs were designed, synthesized, and identified as being active against a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv), including a variety of laboratory strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and primary clinical hiv-1 isolates. among such analogs examined, 4'-e-2'-deoxycytidine (4'-e-dc), 4'-e-2'-deoxyadenosine (4'-e-da), 4'-e-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-2,6-diaminopurine, and 4'-e-2'-deoxyguanosine were the most potent and blocked hiv-1 replication with 50% ef ... | 2001 | 11302824 |
| dc-sign interactions with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. | dendritic cells (dcs) efficiently bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to cocultured t cells and so may play an important role in hiv transmission. dc-sign, a novel c-type lectin that is expressed in dcs, has recently been shown to bind r5 hiv type 1 (hiv-1) strains and a laboratory-adapted x4 strain. to characterize the interaction of dc-sign with primate lentiviruses, we investigated the structural determinants of dc-sign required for virus binding and transmission to permissiv ... | 2001 | 11312337 |
| prevalence of infectious diseases in bangladeshi women living adjacent to a truck stand: hiv/std/hepatitis/genital tract infections. | little is known about infection rates for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other diseases that can be transmitted sexually in bangladeshi women who may be at intermediate levels of risk--that is, women who are not commercial sex workers (csws) but whose sexual contacts may include men at high risk for std. this study examines hiv/hepatitis/std and other genital tract infections in women living near tejgaon truck stand in dhaka, bangladesh. | 2001 | 11588280 |
| protein phosphatase 2a activates the hiv-2 promoter through enhancer elements that include the pets site. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gene expression is regulated by upstream promoter elements, including the peri-ets (pets) site, which mediate enhancer stimulation following treatment with the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa). we previously showed that the oncoprotein dek binds to the pets site in a site-specific manner. in this report, we show that binding to the hiv-2 pets site is modulated by treatment of u937 monocytic cells with tpa, an activator of protei ... | 2001 | 11320078 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and chemokines: beyond competition for common cellular receptors. | the chemokines and their receptors have been receiving exceptional attention in recent years following the discoveries that some chemokines could specifically block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and that certain chemokine receptors were the long-sought coreceptors which, along with cd4, are required for the productive entry of hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates. several chemokine receptors or orphan chemokine receptor-like molecules can support the entry of various viral strains, b ... | 2001 | 11325604 |
| quantitative evaluation of hiv-1 coreceptor use in the ghost3 cell assay. | the utility of the ghost(3) cell assay has been evaluated for testing coreceptor use of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates. ghost(3) cells were derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line, hos, and have been engineered to stably express cd4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors ccr3, ccr5, cxcr4, bonzo, or the orphan receptor bob. the indicator cell line carries the hiv-2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene, which becomes activate ... | 2001 | 11878871 |
| coreceptor usage of sequential isolates from cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm). | sequential isolates from eight cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm, of sooty mangabey origin) were tested for coreceptor use in the human osteosarcoma indicator cell line, ghost(3), expressing cd4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors ccr3, ccr5, cxcr4, bob, or the orphan receptor bonzo. the indicator cell line carries the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein gene that becomes activated ... | 2001 | 11878872 |
| systemic and intestinal immune responses to hiv-2287 infection in macaca nemestrina. | nonhuman primate models of human aids have been used successfully to evaluate candidate vaccines and infection intervention therapies. successes of pathogenicity studies in primate models have been limited because of the varied infection outcomes and characteristic low number of study animals. the acutely pathogenic hiv-2(287)--macaca nemestrina model has shown promise both in antiviral drug evaluation and in pathogenicity studies. here we describe virus replication, spread, and host responses d ... | 2001 | 11522188 |
| advantages of the rapid hiv-1 test in occupational accidents with potentially contaminated material among health workers. | in occupational accidents involving health professionals handling potentially contaminated material, the decision to start or to continue prophylactic medication against infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been based on the elisa test applied to a blood sample from the source patient. in order to rationalize the prophylactic use of antiretroviral agents, a rapid serologic diagnostic test of hiv infection was tested by the enzymatic immunoabsorption method (suds hiv 1+2, murex) an ... | 2001 | 11557998 |
| baboons as an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and vaccine development. | baboons (papio cynocephalus) provide a valuable animal model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pathogenesis because hiv-2 infection of baboons causes a chronic viral disease that progresses over several years before clinical signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) appear. since hiv-2-infected baboons develop a chronic viral infection, insights into the immuno-biology of viral latency, clinical stages of disease, virus infection of lymphatic tissue and hiv transmissio ... | 2001 | 11782253 |
| functional analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus vpx protein: identification of packaging determinants and a novel nuclear targeting domain. | the vpx gene products of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses from sooty mangabeys (sivsm) and macaques (sivmac) comprise a 112-amino-acid virion-associated protein that is critical for efficient virus replication in nondividing cells such as macrophages. when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, vpx localizes to the nuclear membrane as well as to the nucleus; however, in the context of virus replication vpx is packag ... | 2001 | 11119605 |
| cyanovirin-n, a potent human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein, blocks both cd4-dependent and cd4-independent binding of soluble gp120 (sgp120) to target cells, inhibits scd4-induced binding of sgp120 to cell-associated cxcr4, and dissociates bound sgp120 from target cells. | cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda protein originally isolated from the cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum, potently inactivates diverse strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus. it has been well established that the hiv surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a molecular target of cv-n. we recently reported that cv-n impaired the binding of virion-associated gp120 to cell-associated cd4 and that cv-n preferential ... | 2001 | 11181340 |
| cloning and sequencing of cynomolgus macaque ccr3, gpr15, and strl33: potential coreceptors for hiv type 1, hiv type 2, and siv. | the characterization of several seven-transmembrane g protein-coupled receptors, which function as coreceptors for hiv-1, hiv-2, and/or siv, has opened up a whole new area of aids research. animal models that have played a central role in the understanding of lentivirus pathogenesis and the design of novel vaccine strategies may also be invaluable in studying the role of these secondary receptors in infection and disease progression. however, since it is known that minor species-specific sequenc ... | 2001 | 11242524 |
| low levels of hiv-1 plasma viral load in patients infected with hiv-1 subtype b and advanced immunosuppression. | some hiv-1 infected patients show low levels of viraemia despite having advanced immunosuppression. cases with falsely undetectable viraemia by conventional pcr have been reported when patients were infected with non-b subtypes. the aim of this study was to investigate whether this immunovirological discordance can be due to the presence of hiv-1 non-b subtypes, and whether a modified pcr procedure can yield different hiv viraemia values in these cases. | 2001 | 11243746 |
| pyrimidine tract binding protein and la autoantigen interact differently with the 5' untranslated regions of lentiviruses and oncoretrovirus mrnas. | retrovirus genomic mrna exhibits a several hundred nucleotides-long untranslated region (5' utr) which encloses many control elements required for retrovirus replication. in addition, this 5' utr contains translation regulatory elements, such as internal ribosome entry sites (ireses) that have been described in oncoretroviruses, as well as in lentiviruses. uv cross-linking experiments suggested that the pyrimidine tract binding protein (ptb), a cellular protein known to regulate the activity of ... | 2001 | 11172810 |
| synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzene thymidine mimics, some related alpha-anomers, and their evaluation as antiviral and anticancer agents. | a group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorobenzenes having a variety of c-5 substituents (h, me, f, cl, br, i, cf3, cn, no2, nh2), designed as thymidine mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the coupling reaction of 3,5-bis-o-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-d-ribofuranosyl chloride with an organocadmium reagent [(2,4-difluorophenyl)2cd] afforded a mixture of the alpha- and beta-anomeric products (alpha:beta = 3:1 to 10:1 ratio). treatm ... | 2001 | 11303557 |
| synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzenes: "thymine replacement" analogs of thymidine for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. | a group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorobenzenes having a variety of c-5 two-carbon substituents [-c...c-x, x = i, br; -c...ch; (e)-ch=ch-x, x = i, br; -ch=ch2; -ch2ch3; -ch(n3) ch2br], designed as nucleoside mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the 5-substituted (e)-ch=ch-i and -ch2ch3 compounds exhibited negligible cytotoxicity in a mtt assay (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-4)m range), relative to thymidine (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-5)m range) ... | 2001 | 11303562 |
| hiv type 2 vpx interaction with gag and incorporation into virus-like particles. | the domain of hiv-2 vpx previously shown to be important for virion incorporation has been mapped to residues 73--89. mutational analysis of this domain was employed to further define the sequences important for incorporation into virus-like particles, using a vaccinia virus expression system. deletion of residues 73--89 did not abrogate vpx packaging, but substitution with alanines markedly reduced incorporation into virus-like particles. moreover, alanine substitution also disrupted vpx intera ... | 2001 | 11177390 |
| investigation of rna transcripts containing hiv-1 packaging signal sequences as hiv-1 antivirals: generation of cell lines resistant to hiv-1. | based on the success of rna decoy approaches using rre and tar sequences to inhibit hiv-1 replication, we studied the ability of hiv-1 packaging signal sequences to interfere with viral rna encapsidation and formation of infectious particles. we made a variety of plasmid constructs in which the sequence context or number of repeats of the viral packaging signal was varied, and investigated the ability of these transcripts to inhibit replication of hiv-1 in stably transfected jurkat t lymphocytes ... | 2001 | 11313785 |
| sequence specificity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) long terminal repeat u3 region in vivo allows subtyping of the principal hiv-2 viral subtypes a and b. | sequences from the nef/ltr overlap region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) genome were amplified from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from 40 hiv-2-infected individuals in the gambia, west africa. additional sequences from the plasma of three blood donors were also derived. analysis of hiv-2 u3 ltr transcription factor elements (pub-1, p-ets, pub-2, peri-kappa b, and nf-kappa b sites) indicated a relatively high level of conservation in vivo. the region im ... | 2001 | 11177410 |
| mutagenesis of key residues identifies the connection subdomain of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase as the site of inhibition by heme. | we have recently demonstrated that metalloporphyrins are potent inhibitors of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) [argyris, e.g., vanderkooi, j.m., venkateswaran, p.s., kay, b.k., and paterson, y. (1999) j. biol. chem. 274, 1549-1556]. in addition, by screening a phage peptide library we discovered that a peptide with sequence similarity to residues 398-407 from the connection subdomain of hiv rts binds hem ... | 2001 | 11179958 |
| sensitivity and specificity of human immunodeficiency virus rapid serologic assays and testing algorithms in an antenatal clinic in abidjan, ivory coast. | to evaluate serologic testing algorithms for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) based on a combination of rapid assays among persons with hiv-1 (non-b subtypes) infection, hiv-2 infection, and hiv-1-hiv-2 dual infections in abidjan, ivory coast, a total of 1,216 sera with known hiv serologic status were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of four rapid assays: determine hiv-1/2, capillus hiv-1/hiv-2, hiv-spot, and genie ii hiv-1/hiv-2. two serum panels obtained from patients recentl ... | 2001 | 11325995 |
| translation is not required to generate virion precursor rna in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected t cells. | the retroviral primary transcription product is a multifunctional rna that is utilized as pre-mrna, mrna, and genomic rna. the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) unspliced transcripts used as mrna for viral protein synthesis and as virion precursor rna (vprna) for encapsidation remains an important question. we developed a biochemical assay to evaluate the hypothesis that prior utilization as mrna template for protein synthesis is necessary to generate vprna. hiv-1- ... | 2000 | 11090150 |
| derivation and characterization of a highly pathogenic isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 that causes rapid cd4+ cell depletion in macaca nemestrina. | with few exceptions, humans are the only species known to develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) after human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. we report here that an isolate of hiv type 2, eho, readily established persistent infection in 100% of macaca nemestrina in three consecutive transmission studies. of the eight infected animals, five showed persistently high virus load and six developed aids-like diseases or cd4+ cell depletion within 4 years of infection. the pathology a ... | 2000 | 11085573 |
| polyanionic (i.e., polysulfonate) dendrimers can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus by interfering with both virus adsorption and later steps (reverse transcriptase/integrase) in the virus replicative cycle. | polyanionic dendrimers were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral effects. phenyldicarboxylic acid (bri6195) and naphthyldisulfonic acid (bri2923) dendrimers were found to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1; strain iii(b)) in mt-4 cells at a ec(50) of 0.1 and 0.3 microg/ml, respectively. the dendrimers were not toxic to mt-4 cells up to the highest concentrations tested (250 microg/ml). these compounds were also effective against various other hiv-1 str ... | 2000 | 11040059 |
| tunneled-cuffed catheter associated infections in hemodialysis patients who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus. | infection rates in tunneled-cuffed catheters (tcc) are reported to be higher in immunocompromised patients. the purpose of this study was to evaluate tcc-associated infection rates in patients with hiv infection (hiv+). data were collected in 40 hiv + patients and 41 controls (c), and in 118 tcc (hiv+, 58; c, 60) for 28,146 catheter days (hiv+, 16,227; c, 11,919). there were no significant differences in the tcc bacteremia rates (hiv+, 2.23 versus c, 2.53 per 1000 tcc days, p: = ns) or in the tc ... | 2000 | 11053489 |
| molecular confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 in hiv-seropositive subjects in south india. | nested pcrs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 were compared with immunoblot test results. twelve of 13 immunoblot-positive hiv-2 samples were positive by pcr. there were five inno-lia (innogenetics, zwijnaarde, belgium) and/or hivblot 2.2 (genelabs, singapore) samples that tested positive for dual infection. hiv-1 pcr was positive in all samples, while hiv-2 pcr was positive in two and riba (chiron corporation, san diego, calif.) was positive for hiv-2 in three samples. t ... | 2000 | 11063512 |
| shortening of the diagnostic window with a new combined hiv p24 antigen and anti-hiv-1/2/o screening test. | because antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are absent in the very early phase of hiv infection, there remains a slight residual risk for hiv transmission by blood donations by viremic but antibody negative donations. to shorten the diagnostic window between infection and the detection of antibodies, enzygnost hiv integral (dade behring, germany) was developed. with this new test, hiv p24 antigen and hiv antibodies can be detected simultaneously in a single test. in a multicente ... | 2000 | 11064116 |
| elucidation of the hiv-1 virucidal mechanism of methylene blue photosensitization and the effect on primary isolates. | the antiviral activity for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 of a combination of methylene blue and light irradiation was investigated, in comparison with their virucidal effects on laboratory-adapted hiv-1. the antiviral mechanism was evaluated in terms of reverse transcriptase activity and viral rna in the same viral stock. despite a marked reduction in rna (>3.07 log(10)) and infectivity (6.10 log(10)) under conditions of 1 microm methylene blue and 5 j/cm(2) irrad ... | 2000 | 11074469 |
| identification of a new hiv-2 subtype based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomic sequence. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey (siv(sm) form one of the six primate lentivirus lineages. the close phylogenetic relationship and geographic coincidence indicate that hiv-2 originated from cross-species transmission of siv(sm) to humans. hiv-2 exhibits considerable genetic diversity, with subtypes a-f identified. previously, we reported the partial gag and env sequences of an unusual hiv-2 isolate, abt96. abt96 was collected in iv ... | 2000 | 10875618 |
| marked immunosuppressive effects of the hiv-2 envelope protein in spite of the lower hiv-2 pathogenicity. | hiv-1 envelope proteins have immunosuppressive properties and it is thought that they have a role in the establishment of immunodeficiency. this study characterizes the immunological effects of hiv-2 envelope protein gp105, a virus which is associated with a slower rate of disease progression. | 2000 | 11125886 |
| cd4-independent, ccr5-dependent simian immunodeficiency virus infection and chemotaxis of human cells. | most simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), and hiv-1 infection of host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) is cd4 dependent. in some cases, x4 hiv-1 chemotaxis is cd4 independent, and cross-species transmission might be facilitated by cd4-independent entry, which has been demonstrated for some siv strains in cd4(-) non-t cells. as expected for ccr5-dependent virus, siv required cd4 on rhesus and pigtail macaque pbmcs for infection and chemotaxis ... | 2000 | 10888609 |
| prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus 2 among homosexual men either positive or negative for human immunodeficiency viruses in slovakia. | we determined the prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2, hsv-2 antibodies) in sera of homosexual men either positive for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1, hiv+, a group of 27 sera) or negative for hiv-1 and hiv-2 (hiv-, a group of 52 sera) in slovakia. antibodies to hsv-2 glycoprotein g-2 (gg-2, gg-2 antibodies) were determined by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa) and immunoblot analysis. we found that 40% of hiv+ and 23% of hiv- ho ... | 2000 | 11155359 |
| use of inhibitors to evaluate coreceptor usage by simian and simian/human immunodeficiency viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in primary cells. | we have used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv), and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to enter peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). the inhibitors are tak-779, which is specific for ccr5 and ccr2, aminooxypentane-rantes, which blocks entry via ccr5 and ccr3, and amd3100, which targets cxcr4. we found that for all the hiv-1 isolates and all but one of the hi ... | 2000 | 10888629 |
| an anti-human immunodeficiency virus multiple antigen peptide encompassing the cleavage region of the env precursor interferes with membrane fusion at a post-cd4 binding step. | cliv is a multiple antigen peptide ([ptkakrrvvqrekr](4)-k(2)-k-betaa) that encompasses the cleavage region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope precursor. it displays an antiviral activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2 and inhibits hiv-1 env-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. this effect has previously been attributed to interference with env processing, resulting in the expression of a nonfusogenic envelope [virology (1998) 247, 137]. however, we show here that cliv does not alter t ... | 2000 | 10891419 |
| cdk9 autophosphorylation regulates high-affinity binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-p-tefb complex to tar rna. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat interacts with cyclin t1 (cyct1), a regulatory partner of cdk9 in the positive transcription elongation factor (p-tefb) complex, and binds cooperatively with cyct1 to tar rna to recruit p-tefb and promote transcription elongation. we show here that tat also stimulates phosphorylation of affinity-purified core rna polymerase ii and glutathione s-transferase-c-terminal-domain substrates by cyct1-cdk9, but not cych-cdk7, in vitro. interestingly, incub ... | 2000 | 10958691 |
| getting to know hiv. | since the human immunodeficiency virus was first isolated in 1983, we have come to know it in exquisite detail. yet we still do not understand sufficiently how it causes disease. neither do we know why chimpanzees and some african monkeys, which are the natural reservoir of the precursors of hiv-1 and hiv-2, can harbour similar levels of virus without becoming ill. our knowledge of the replication cycle of hiv as a retrovirus has been pivotal in the development of antiviral drugs. our knowledge ... | 2000 | 10964277 |
| synthesis and anti-hiv activity of cosalane analogues incorporating nitrogen in the linker chain. | introduction of an amido group or an amino moiety into the alkenyl linker chain of cosalane (1) provided a new series of analogues 3-8. the new compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in cell culture. the replacement of the 1' and 2' carbons in the linker chain of i by an amido group was generally tolerated. the length of the linker chain and the stereochemistry of the substituent at c-3 of the steroidal ring had significant effects on the antiviral act ... | 2000 | 10968278 |
| introduction of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection into south korea. | although human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) share mode of transmission, their epidemiologic characteristics differ and international spread of hiv-2 has been limited. to investigate the extent of hiv-2 infection in south korea and to clarify the characteristic of hiv-2 isolates, we describe epidemiological, serological and genetic analyses of five hiv-2 isolates from south korea. five of 964 hiv antibody-positive serum specimens showed positive reactivity by hiv1/2 enzyme i ... | 2000 | 10989687 |
| dependence of cd8+ t-cell-mediated suppression of hiv type 1 on viral phenotypes and mediation of phenotype-dependent suppression by viral envelope gene and not by beta-chemokines. | cd8+ t-cell-mediated hiv-1 suppressive activity has been shown against a number of strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2. in this study using a semiquantitative assay, we showed that cd8+ t cells from seropositive subjects and herpes virus saimiri transformed cd8+ t-cell clones from hiv-1-infected subjects exhibited 5 to 100-fold higher suppressive activity against slow replicating nonsyncytia-inducing strains (slow/nsi) as compared to fast replicating syncytia-inducing strains (fast/si) of hiv-1. such dif ... | 2000 | 10659051 |
| absence of coreceptor switch with disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infections in india. | the envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) utilizes cd4 as a receptor and ccr5 and/or cxcr4 as coreceptor to gain entry into the cell. the ccr5-tropic viruses, observed early in infection, could be important in transmission and the cxcr4-tropic viruses, observed late, may play an important role in disease progression. viruses from 40 hiv-positive, asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals in india were isolated. of 40 isolates 39 used ccr5. thirty-three isolates were subty ... | 2000 | 10860879 |
| cd4-independent infection of two cd4(-)/ccr5(-)/cxcr4(+) pre-t-cell lines by human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | the infection of cd4-negative cells by variants of tissue culture-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or hiv-2 strains has been shown to be mediated by the cxcr4 coreceptor. here we show that two in vitro-established cd4(-)/ccr5(-)/cxcr4(+) human pre-t-cell lines (a3 and a5) can be productively infected by wild-type laboratory-adapted t-cell-tropic hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains in a cd4-independent, cxcr4-dependent fashion. despite the absence of ccr5 expression, a3 and a5 cells were s ... | 2000 | 10864687 |
| retinopathy as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection. | 2000 | 11115268 | |
| videoendoscopic techniques for collection of multiple, serial intra-abdominal biopsy specimens in hiv-negative and hiv-positive pigtail macaques (macaca nemestrina). | tissue biopsy sampling by laparotomy is considered major surgery, which precludes serial sampling. this increases variability and requires a larger n value for pathogenesis studies. to address this problem, a study was conducted to develop and validate the feasibility of performing multiple, serial biopsy sampling by laparoscopy in pigtail macaques. tissues were obtained laparoscopically from 2 hiv-negative and 2 hiv-positive (late postinoculation) macaques on days 0, 3, and 7, followed by necro ... | 2000 | 10993298 |
| synthesis, stability, antiviral activity, and protease-bound structures of substrate-mimicking constrained macrocyclic inhibitors of hiv-1 protease. | three new peptidomimetics (1-3) have been developed with highly stable and conformationally constrained macrocyclic components that replace tripeptide segments of protease substrates. each compound inhibits both hiv-1 protease and viral replication (hiv-1, hiv-2) at nanomolar concentrations without cytotoxicity to uninfected cells below 10 microm. their activities against hiv-1 protease (k(i) 1.7 nm (1), 0.6 nm (2), 0.3 nm (3)) are 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than their antiviral potencies a ... | 2000 | 11000004 |
| molecular analysis of human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region associated determinants recognized by anti-vh3 antibodies 7b4, b6 and d12. | 7b4, b6 and d12 are murine monoclonal antibodies (moab) that bind to some human immunoglobulin heavy chain products of the closely related v3-30, v3-30.3 and v3-33 genes from the vh3 family. b6 and d12 have additional reactivities with some immunoglobulins (ig) encoded by the v3-11 and v3-7 genes; d12 also reacts with some v3-43 gene ig. we show here, by site-directed mutagensis, that the lysine at position 57 in the complementarity-determining region 2 (cdr-2) of the v3-30 gene product is cruci ... | 2000 | 11013004 |
| dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2: impact on hiv type 1 viral load and immune activation markers in hiv-seropositive female sex workers in abidjan, ivory coast. | to determine the impact of dual infection with hiv-1 and hiv-2 on hiv-1 viral load and markers of immune activation among hiv-seropositive fsws in abidjan, we analyzed blood samples obtained from consenting hiv-seropositive fsws attending a confidential clinic between september 1996 and june 1997 in abidjan. among hiv-1 and hiv-2 dually seropositive fsws, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing with hiv-1 and hiv-2 primers was used to differentiate between fsws who were pcr positive only for hiv ... | 2000 | 11018856 |
| amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. | this paper reviews the pharmacologic properties and clinical usefulness of amprenavir, a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitor. | 2000 | 10868554 |
| low plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 2 viral load is independent of proviral load: low virus production in vivo. | levels of virus in the plasma are closely related to the pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). hiv-2 is much less pathogenic than hiv-1, and infection with hiv-2 leads to significantly lower plasma viral load. to identify the source of this difference, we measured both viral rna and proviral dna in matched samples from 34 hiv-2-infected individuals. nearly half had undetectable viral rna loads (<100 copies/ml), but levels of proviral dna were relatively high and confirmed ... | 2000 | 10627569 |
| [cns cryptococcosis with idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia]. | a 33-year-old japanese man, with a history of recurrent skin cryptococcosis, was admitted complaining of fever and severe headache for 3 weeks. he had no known risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed an elevated opening pressure of 32 cm h2o, cell counts of 884/mm3, a total protein value of 184 mg/dl, a glucose level of 16 mg/dl, and demonstrated a positive india ink stain for fungus. cultures grew cryptococcus neoformans. hematolog ... | 2000 | 10885336 |
| the hiv-2 genotype and the hiv-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype are associated with a lower virus replication in dendritic cells. | during sexual transmission, hiv infects the mucosal dendritic cells and is transferred to cd4 t cells. whether hiv variants of a particular genetic (sub)type or phenotype selectively infect dendritic cells (dc) or are preferentially transferred to t cells remains highly controversial. to avoid the cumbersome use of primary dendritic cells, in vitro dendritic cell models were generated from precursors, either hematopoietic progenitor cells (hpc) or monocytes (mo). productive infection in the dend ... | 2000 | 10630963 |
| secretor polymorphism and human immunodeficiency virus infection in senegalese women. | the fut2 gene encodes the enzyme alpha (1,2) fucosyltransferase, which determines expression of blood-group antigens on mucosal epithelial cell surfaces and in secretions. homozygotes for a specific stop mutation in fut2 (nonsecretors) cannot produce this enzyme and thus are unable to express blood group antigens. nonsecretor status is associated with a decreased risk of several respiratory viral infections. by use of molecular genotyping, 2 populations of senegalese women were examined for poly ... | 2000 | 10669366 |
| absence of specific mucosal antibody responses in hiv-exposed uninfected sex workers from the gambia. | specific antibodies to hiv envelope that inactivate virus at the mucosal surfaces involved in sexual contact are of interest for the design of a vaccine against hiv-1. it has been suggested that, in frequently hiv-exposed but uninfected individuals, hiv-specific mucosal antibody responses may exist and play a role in resistance against hiv. this study investigated hiv-1 envelope specific mucosal antibody responses in hiv-resistant sex workers in west africa. | 2000 | 10894275 |
| hiv-2 protease is inactivated after oxidation at the dimer interface and activity can be partly restored with methionine sulphoxide reductase. | human immunodeficiency viruses encode a homodimeric protease that is essential for the production of infectious virus. previous studies have shown that hiv-1 protease is susceptible to oxidative inactivation at the dimer interface at cys-95, a process that can be reversed both chemically and enzymically. here we demonstrate a related yet distinct mechanism of reversible inactivation of the hiv-2 protease. exposure of the hiv-2 protease to h(2)o(2) resulted in conversion of the two methionine res ... | 2000 | 10677347 |
| tsao-t analogues bearing amino acids at position n-3 of thymine: synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. | novel analogues of the anti-hiv-1 lead compound [1-[2',5'-bis-o-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-d-ribofuranosyl]thymine]- 3'-spiro-5'-(4"-amino-1",2"-oxathiole-2',2'-dioxide) (tsao-t) bearing different amino acids at position n-3 of thymine were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of hiv replication. the synthesis of the target compounds was accomplished by coupling of the appropriate tsao intermediate with a conveniently protected (l) amino acid in the presence of bop and triethylamine, followe ... | 2000 | 10693655 |
| interaction with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 predicts hiv type 1 genotype. | in west africa, india, and certain regions of europe, both human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are known to cocirculate. to investigate the hiv-1 subtypes involved in dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections, we sequenced the envelope c2-v3 region from 29 dually infected female commercial sex workers from senegal. the majority of women (23 of 29) were infected by hiv-1 subtype a. within the hiv-1 subtype a sequences, 14 of 23 (60.8%) clustered with the west african associated a ... | 2000 | 10704348 |
| potent anti-hiv (type 1 and type 2) activity of polyoxometalates: structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action. | a series of polyoxometalates have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hiv-1(iii(b)) and hiv-1(rod) replication in mt-4 cells. all compounds showed activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2, but the antiviral potency of the heteropolytungstates varied considerably depending on their chemical structure. the antiviral activity of single, double, and triple keggin-type of compounds against hiv-1(iii(b)) replication was comparable (ic(50): 0.4-0.5 microgram/ml), whereas hiv-2(rod) a ... | 2000 | 10715146 |
| resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro as a surrogate of vaccine-induced protective immunity. | an in vitro assay developed as a correlate of vaccine-induced protection from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was validated in populations with relative resistance to hiv-1 as well as in hiv vaccine recipients. cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were challenged with 10 tcid50 of hiv-1mn or hiv-1bal, titered in pbmc from normal controls (n=57). pbmc from hiv-1-infected persons with low viremia (n=17), exposed uninfected persons (n=23), and hiv-2-infected senegalese prostitut ... | 2000 | 10720510 |
| emergence of drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected subjects undergoing antiretroviral therapy. | the reverse transcriptase (rt) and protease genes from 12 human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected individuals who had been exposed to antiretroviral drugs for longer than 6 months were examined for the presence of mutations which could be involved in drug resistance. four individuals carried virus genotypes with amino acid substitutions potentially associated with resistance to nucleoside analogues: two at codon 70 (k-->r) and two at codon 184 (m-->v). moreover, the latter two patie ... | 2000 | 10747109 |
| rapid shift from virally infected cells to germinal center-retained virus after hiv-2 infection of macaques. | lymphoid tissues are the primary target during the initial virus dissemination that occurs in hiv-1-infected individuals. recent advances in antiretroviral therapy and techniques to monitor virus load in humans have demonstrated that the early stages of viral infection and host response are major determinants of the outcome of individual infections. relatively little is known about immunopathogenic events occurring during the acute phase of hiv infection. we analyzed viral dissemination within l ... | 2000 | 10751345 |
| apelin peptides block the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | the orphan g protein-coupled receptor apj has been shown to be a coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv and siv) strains. we have determined that some hiv and siv strains use apj as a coreceptor to infect the brain-derived np-2/cd4 cells. because apelin is an endogenous ligand for the apj receptor, we examined the inhibitory effects of apelin peptides on hiv infection, and found that the apelin peptides inhibit the entry of some hiv-1 and hiv-2 into the np-2/cd4 cells expres ... | 2000 | 10802050 |
| searching for the epidemic's origins. | theories about the origin of aids all suffer from a dearth of data. for more than a decade, researchers have recognized the close genetic links between siv from sooty mangabeys and hiv-2, a type of the virus that is mostly confined to west african countries, but to date, there are scant data that closely link hiv-1, the predominant human aids virus, to sivs found in primates. | 2000 | 10896603 |
| challenges in the development of an effective hiv vaccine: current approaches and future directions. | the intent of this review is to investigate and discuss why developing a successful hiv vaccine has been so challenging, first by examining the molecular biology of the virus and how hiv interacts with the immune system, and then reviewing past viral vaccine successes as well as future directions for hiv vaccine research. | 2000 | 10963285 |
| detection of reverse transcriptase activity in the serum of patients with motor neurone disease. | the recognition that both human and murine retroviruses can cause motor neurone disease-like syndromes has raised the possibility that a retrovirus may be involved in the aetiology of motor neurone disease. this possibility was explored by looking for evidence of reverse transcriptase in the serum of motor neurone disease patients. sera from 56 patients with motor neurone disease and 58 controls were tested by the product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay, a technique that is approximately a ... | 2000 | 10897073 |
| proportion positive for epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, toxoplasma, and human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag. | to determine the proportion of patients with evidence of an acute infection due to epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), toxoplasma, or human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag, and to develop a cost-effective testing algorithm for managing such heterophile-negative patients. | 2000 | 10975931 |
| three-year follow-up of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau, west africa. | raoul follereau hospital, bissau, guinea-bissau. | 2000 | 10985653 |
| infection of mesangial cells with hiv and siv: identification of gpr1 as a coreceptor. | mesangial cells are an important component of the glomerulus. dysfunction of mesangial cells is thought to be involved in the development of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-associated nephropathy (hivan). hivan is a structural renal failure frequently observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. however, the susceptibility of mesangial cells to hiv-1 is disputable. more than ten g protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, have been shown to act as hi ... | 2000 | 10916084 |
| development of a real-time quantitative rt-pcr for the detection of hiv-2 rna in plasma. | an assay is described for the quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna in edta plasma based on rt-pcr using the taqman real-time pcr detection method. as standard, an electron microscopically counted virus stock of hiv-2 strain nihz was used. the lower detection limit is 5 # 102 hiv-2 rna copies per ml of edta plasma. the assay is linear within the range required (5 # 102-106 hiv-2 rna copies/ml of edta plasma) with an intra assay variability of 2.5% and an inter-assay v ... | 2000 | 10921845 |
| cell-mediated immunity to low doses of sivsm in cynomolgus macaques did not confer protection against mucosal rechallenge. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection of macaques is a useful model for studies of the roles of different immune responses against viruses that cause (aids). in this study, six cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intrarectally with subinfectious or infectious doses of sivsm to assess the siv specific immunity, in particular protective immunity against subsequent challenge with a higher dose of sivsm. following the first inoculation with sivsm, the two monkeys given the highest doses of c ... | 2000 | 10930685 |
| cytopathicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in human lymphoid tissue is coreceptor dependent and comparable to that of hiv-1. | epidemiological studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is markedly less pathogenic than hiv-1 in vivo. individuals infected with hiv-2 exhibit a remarkably slow rate of disease development, and these clinical properties have been attributed presumptively to an "attenuated" phenotype of hiv-2 itself. here, we investigated the impact of coreceptor usage on the cytopathicity of hiv-2 and compared its pathogenic potential with that of hiv-1 in a unique human lymphoid his ... | 2000 | 11000231 |
| efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2). | postexposure prophylaxis (pep) after intravaginal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was investigated using the hiv type 2 (hiv-2)/pig-tailed macaque transmission model. pep for 28 days with the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (r)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (pmpa; tenofovir) was initiated 12 to 72 h following hiv-2 exposure. systemic infection was not evident in the 12- and 36-h groups, as defined by plasma viremia, cell-associated provirus, antibody responses, and lymph no ... | 2000 | 11000253 |
| longstanding presence of hiv-2 infection in guinea-bissau (west africa). | we have retrospectively studied the seroprevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in guinea-bissau in a sample of sera collected from the whole country in 1980. we tested a total of 1248 individuals and found 11 individuals who were seropositive for hiv-2 but there were no hiv-1 seropositive samples. the mean age of the hiv-2 seropositive people was significantly higher than the age of the seronegative individuals. in the different areas surveyed, the hiv-2 seroprevalence ranged from ... | 2000 | 10936570 |
| polyanions--a lost chance in the fight against hiv and other virus diseases? | polyanions are known to exhibit potent antiviral activity in vitro, and may represent future therapeutic agents. this review summarizes literature reports, pertinent to anionic polymers as antiviral agents. the in vitro antiviral effects of numerous polyanionic compounds (sulphated polysaccharides, negatively charged serum albumin and milk proteins, synthetic sulphated polymers, polymerized anionic surfactants and polyphosphates) are described. this class of antiviral agent exhibits several uniq ... | 2000 | 10950387 |
| viral entry as the primary target for the anti-hiv activity of chicoric acid and its tetra-acetyl esters. | the antiviral activity of l-chicoric acid against hiv-1 has been attributed previously to the inhibition of hiv-1 integration. this conclusion was based on the inhibition of integrase activity in enzymatic assays and the isolation of a resistant hiv strain with a mutation (g140s) in the integrase gene. here we show that the primary antiviral target of l-ca and its analogs in cell culture is viral entry. l- and d-chicoric acid (l-ca and d-ca) and their respective tetra-acetyl esters inhibit the r ... | 2000 | 10953059 |