Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| mutation of asp(171) and asp(262) of the chemokine receptor cxcr4 impairs its coreceptor function for human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry and abrogates the antagonistic activity of amd3100. | the bicyclam amd3100 is a highly potent and selective cxcr4 antagonist with strong antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2, which use cxcr4 as coreceptor for host cell entry. here, we investigated the interaction of amd3100 with cxcr4 at the molecular level by mutational analysis. we established a set of stably transfected u87.cd4 cell lines expressing different mutant forms of cxcr4 (i.e., cxcr4[wt], cxcr4[d171n], cxcr4[d262n], cxcr4[d171n,d262n], and cxcr4[h28 ... | 2001 | 11408611 |
| cross-protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm) challenge in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys. | in this study we compared the efficacy of live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vaccine alone versus boosting with live non-pathogenic hiv-2 following priming with alvac hiv-2 (recombinant canarypox virus expressing hiv-2 env, gag and pol). six monkeys were first inoculated intravenously with live hiv-2(sbl-6669) and 7 to 10 months later were challenged intrarectally with 10 mid(50) of cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain sivsm. one monkey was completely pro ... | 2001 | 11413371 |
| a peptide enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) antibodies: an evaluation on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) confirmed samples. | hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections differ in prognosis, and may also require different prevention and/or treatment approaches. thus, estimating the true prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections, as well as co-infections, is a critical step in controlling the disease. there are a few commercial elisa and immunoblot kits, which can differentiate between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. however, some of these assays overestimate the prevalence of dual infection. hence, it is necessary to develop assays capable ... | 2001 | 11418351 |
| [strip immunoblot assay (sia) with recombinant antigens and synthetic peptide for detection of anti hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies]. | the serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has widely been established by the screening test and the confirmatory test. at present, western blot (wb) assay is mostly used as the confirmatory test. however, this method has the problem in that the sensitivity and the specificity are not enough. a new confirmatory test "chiron riba hiv-1/hiv-2 sia" developed by chiron corporation uses an immunoblot enzyme immunoassay technique for detection of anti hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 antibodi ... | 2001 | 11424486 |
| fourth-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody. | the vidas hiv duo ultra, a fourth-generation immunoassay under development for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) p24 antigen and antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2, was evaluated. the enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassay, performed on the automated vidas instrument, is claimed to detect early and established hiv infection. the assay was challenged with a total of 2,847 samples that included 74 members of 10 seroconversion panels, 9 p24 antigen-only-reactive m ... | 2001 | 11427563 |
| suitability of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in ghana, west africa. | in west african countries such as ghana, efficient human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing is a priority in the fight against aids. a new immunochromatographic rapid test, determine hiv-1/2 (abbott diagnostics, north chicago, ill.), that detects antibodies against hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and/or hiv-2 was evaluated using ghanaian blood samples. two hundred four serum and/or plasma specimens were tested. hiv screening was done by a particle agglutination test and confirmed by a western blot (wb) tes ... | 2001 | 11427570 |
| initiation of hiv-2 reverse transcription: a secondary structure model of the rna-trna(lys3) duplex. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcription is initiated from cellular trna(lys3) partially annealed to the rna viral genome at the primer binding site (pbs). this annealing involves interactions between two highly structured rna molecules. in contrast to hiv-1, in which the reverse transcription initiation complex has been thoroughly studied, there is still little information regarding a possible model to describe the secondary structure of the template-primer complex in h ... | 2001 | 11433020 |
| characterization of a late entry event in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | certain human cell lines and primary macrophage cultures are restricted to infection by some primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), although early steps of the viral life cycle such as fusion at the plasma membrane and reverse transcription are fully supported. the late postintegration events, transcription, translation, assembly, budding, and maturation into infectious virions are functional in restrictive cells. apart from primary macrophages, the restrictive cell typ ... | 2001 | 11435571 |
| synthetic peptide strategy for the detection of and discrimination among highly divergent primate lentiviruses. | we developed a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and highly sensitive and specific strategy for the detection and lineage differentiation of primate lentiviruses (piv-elisa). it is based on the use of two indirect elisa methods using synthetic peptides mapping the gp41/36 region (detection component) and the v3 region (differentiation component) of four lentivirus lineages, namely sivcpz/hiv-1 (groups m, o, n, and sivcpz-gab), sivmnd, sivagm, and sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2. this strategy was evaluated with pa ... | 2001 | 11461679 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infections in vervet monkeys (clorocebus aethiops) at an australian zoo. | a number of monkey species, including african green monkeys and african vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops), are frequently infected in the wild and in captivity with a simian immunodeficiency virus strain, sivagm, a primate lentivirus. up to 50% of african green monkeys are estimated to be infected with sivagm. siv strains are very closely related to hiv-2 strains, which are a cause of aids in humans, predominantly in western africa, although cases in australia have also been reported. it is ... | 2001 | 11491218 |
| comparison of the frequency of interleukin (il)-2-, interferon-gamma-, and il-4-producing t cells in 2 diseases, human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, with distinct clinical outcomes. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 infection is associated with a better clinical outcome, slower rates of cd4 t cell decline, and lower viremia than is hiv-1. this study compares hiv-1 and hiv-2 in regard to the percentages of interleukin (il)-2-, interferon (ifn)-gamma-, and il-4-producing cells at the single-cell level, as determined by flow cytometry. at a given degree of cd4 t cell depletion, the frequency of t cells able to produce il-2 is better preserved in hiv-2 than in hiv-1 inf ... | 2001 | 11494161 |
| characterization of a maternal-fetal hiv transmission model using pregnant macaques infected with hiv-2(287). | to study mechanisms involved in mother-to-fetus transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in utero, we have developed a chronically catheterized pregnant macaque model that permits simultaneous and sequential determination of virus in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. in this report, we have characterized this model using three groups of pregnant macaques designed to sample: (1) maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid (n = 6); (2) maternal blood and a ... | 2001 | 11515668 |
| a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey with an atypical tat-tar structure. | sivsm, the simian immunodeficiency virus that naturally infects sooty mangabeys in west africa, is the closest lentiviral relative of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). to determine the genetic characteristics of sivsm in its natural host, we sequenced the full-length genome of sivsmsl92b, a primary isolate obtained from a pet sooty mangabey in sierra leone. sivsmsl92b proved to be the most divergent member of the hiv-2/sivsm lineage found thus far, having as much as 35% nucleotide div ... | 2001 | 11522185 |
| systemic and intestinal immune responses to hiv-2287 infection in macaca nemestrina. | nonhuman primate models of human aids have been used successfully to evaluate candidate vaccines and infection intervention therapies. successes of pathogenicity studies in primate models have been limited because of the varied infection outcomes and characteristic low number of study animals. the acutely pathogenic hiv-2(287)--macaca nemestrina model has shown promise both in antiviral drug evaluation and in pathogenicity studies. here we describe virus replication, spread, and host responses d ... | 2001 | 11522188 |
| seven human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen-antibody combination assays: evaluation of hiv seroconversion sensitivity and subtype detection. | in this study, we evaluated the performance of two prototype human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen-antibody (ag-ab) combination assays, one from abbott laboratories (axsym hiv ag-ab) and the other from biomerieux (vidas hiv duo ultra), versus five combination assays commercially available in europe. the assays were enzygnost hiv integral, genscreen plus hiv ag-ab, murex hiv ag-ab combination, vidas hiv duo, and vironostika hiv uniform ii ag-ab. all assays were evaluated for the ability to d ... | 2001 | 11526139 |
| antiretroviral therapy for hiv-2 infected patients. | to evaluate clinical and rna load response to antiretroviral therapy amongst patients infected with hiv-2 and to study the development of drug resistance. | 2001 | 11531319 |
| advantages of the rapid hiv-1 test in occupational accidents with potentially contaminated material among health workers. | in occupational accidents involving health professionals handling potentially contaminated material, the decision to start or to continue prophylactic medication against infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been based on the elisa test applied to a blood sample from the source patient. in order to rationalize the prophylactic use of antiretroviral agents, a rapid serologic diagnostic test of hiv infection was tested by the enzymatic immunoabsorption method (suds hiv 1+2, murex) an ... | 2001 | 11557998 |
| production and characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody against the gag p26 protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: identification of a new antigenic epitope. | one anticapsid (p26) mouse monoclonal antibody was developed after immunization with recombinant p26 gag protein and was tested for reactivity with different hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates by elisa and western blot analysis. this antibody, named r26.1, reacted with all hiv-2 isolates tested and with recombinant p26 proteins, but no hiv-1 isolates. the epitope of antibody r26.1 was mapped to residues 50-71 in the n-terminal domain of the capsid protein, a highly conserved region in all hiv-2 isolates s ... | 2001 | 11559428 |
| v3 serological subtyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection is not relevant. | v3 enzyme immunoassays have been shown to discriminate effectively between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) subtypes. the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of v3 serotyping for hiv-2 infection. we serotyped 29 sera with three peptides, corresponding to the v3 loop of subtypes a, b, and d of hiv-2. sera were collected from hiv-2-infected patients, whose infecting strains were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. our results indicate that hiv-2 serotyping ... | 2001 | 11574625 |
| functional and antigenic characterization of human, rhesus macaque, pigtailed macaque, and murine dc-sign. | dc-sign, a type ii membrane protein with a c-type lectin binding domain that is highly expressed on mucosal dendritic cells (dcs) and certain macrophages in vivo, binds to icam-3, icam-2, and human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv). virus captured by dc-sign can be presented to t cells, resulting in efficient virus infection, perhaps representing a mechanism by which virus can be ferried via normal dc trafficking from mucosal tissues to lymphoid organs in vivo. to develop reagent ... | 2001 | 11581396 |
| prevalence of infectious diseases in bangladeshi women living adjacent to a truck stand: hiv/std/hepatitis/genital tract infections. | little is known about infection rates for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other diseases that can be transmitted sexually in bangladeshi women who may be at intermediate levels of risk--that is, women who are not commercial sex workers (csws) but whose sexual contacts may include men at high risk for std. this study examines hiv/hepatitis/std and other genital tract infections in women living near tejgaon truck stand in dhaka, bangladesh. | 2001 | 11588280 |
| structural basis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 protease inhibition by a monoclonal antibody. | since the demonstration that the protease of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv pr) is essential in the viral life cycle, this enzyme has become one of the primary targets for antiviral drug design. the murine monoclonal antibody 1696 (mab1696), produced by immunization with the hiv-1 protease, inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme of both the hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates with inhibition constants in the low nanomolar range. the antibody cross-reacts with peptides that include the n termi ... | 2001 | 11591344 |
| cd4-independent use of rhesus ccr5 by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 implicates an electrostatic interaction between the ccr5 n terminus and the gp120 c4 domain. | envelope glycoproteins (envs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are frequently able to use chemokine receptors, cxcr4 or ccr5, in the absence of cd4. however, while these envs are commonly dual-tropic, no isolate has been described to date that is cd4 independent on both cxcr4 and ccr5. in this report we show that a variant of hiv-2/nihz, termed hiv-2/vcp, previously shown to utilize cxcr4 without cd4, is also cd4 independent on rhesus (rh) ccr5, but requires cd4 to fuse with human ... | 2001 | 11602718 |
| genetic analyses of cis-acting sequences controlling expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor-ccr5 gene in rabbits and cxcr4 gene in monkeys. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus all use chemokine receptors (ccr5, cxcr4, and minor receptors) to gain entry into a susceptible cell and establish infection successfully by way of membrane fusion. many such chemokine receptors that can act as entry cofactors under in vitro conditions have been identified, but the roles of ccr5 and cxcr4 chemokine receptors in infection, tropism, and pathogenesis have been studied in greater detail. the promot ... | 2001 | 11694846 |
| anti-hiv effects of chloroquine: mechanisms of inhibition and spectrum of activity. | to investigate the mechanisms and spectrum of the anti-hiv activity of chloroquine. | 2001 | 11698694 |
| hepatitis b and c infections, human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections among women of childbearing age in côte d'ivoire, west africa. | few studies have been conducted in developing countries to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted diseases (stds). we have screened for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hcv markers 200 hiv-1-positive, 23 hiv-2-positive and 206 hiv-negative women attending gynaecology clinics in 1995/96 in abidjan, côte d'ivoire, a sample selected among 2198 consecutive consultants. taking into account the ... | 2001 | 11706657 |
| the major human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) packaging signal is present on all hiv-2 rna species: cotranslational rna encapsidation and limitation of gag protein confer specificity. | deletion of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) 5' leader rna reduces genomic rna encapsidation to about 5% that of wild-type virus with no defect in viral protein production but severely limits virus spread in jurkat t cells, indicating that this region contains a major cis-acting encapsidation signal, or psi (psi). being upstream of the major splice donor, it is present on all viral transcripts. we have shown that hiv-2 selects its genomic rna for encapsidation cotransl ... | 2001 | 11711596 |
| quantification of proviral load of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes a and b using real-time pcr. | we have developed and evaluated a new method to quantify human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) proviral dna based on lightcycler real-time pcr. the assay has a detection limit of 5 copies/10(5) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and is insensitive to hiv-2 strain variability: hiv-2 subtypes a and b are both recognized and quantified. the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation range from 16 to 40% for high provirus concentrations (5 x 10(5) copies) and from 41 to 39% for low ... | 2001 | 11724830 |
| functional analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus vpx protein: identification of packaging determinants and a novel nuclear targeting domain. | the vpx gene products of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses from sooty mangabeys (sivsm) and macaques (sivmac) comprise a 112-amino-acid virion-associated protein that is critical for efficient virus replication in nondividing cells such as macrophages. when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, vpx localizes to the nuclear membrane as well as to the nucleus; however, in the context of virus replication vpx is packag ... | 2001 | 11119605 |
| sj-3366, a unique and highly potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) that also inhibits hiv-2. | we have identified and characterized a potent new nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor (nnrti) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) that also is active against hiv-2 and which interferes with virus replication by two distinct mechanisms. 1-(3-cyclopenten-1-yl)methyl-6-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-5-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinedione (sj-3366) inhibits hiv-1 replication at concentrations of approximately 1 nm, with a therapeutic index of greater than 4 x 10(6). the efficacy and toxicity o ... | 2001 | 11158731 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 lentiviral vectors: packaging signal and splice donor in expression and encapsidation. | retroviral vectors provide the means for gene transfer with long-term expression. the lentivirus subgroup of retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), possesses a number of regulatory and accessory genes and other special elements. these features can be exploited to design vectors for transducing non-dividing as well as dividing cells with the potential for regulated transgene expression. encapsidation of the transgene rna in lentiviral vectors is dete ... | 2001 | 11161282 |
| variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infecting patients living in france. | to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) subtypes circulating in france and to identify possible relationships between these subtypes and pathogenesis, we studied 33 hiv-2-infected patients living in france. hiv-2 dna was directly amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by nested pcr with specific hiv-2 env primers, and the env gene was sequenced. the serological consequences of antigenic variability were studied by using a panel of peptides and by wes ... | 2001 | 11162815 |
| a luciferase-reporter gene-expressing t-cell line facilitates neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays that use either r5 or x4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | we describe the production and properties of a permanent cell line, cem.nkr-ccr5-luc. this line is a derivative of the cem.nkr-ccr5 line, stably transfected to express the luciferase reporter gene under the transcriptional control of the hiv-2 ltr. thus the cells respond to tat expression during hiv-1 infection by producing luciferase, a protein that can be readily and accurately quantitated in a luminometer. the cem.nkr-ccr5-luc line expresses both the ccr5 and cxcr4 coreceptors and can therefo ... | 2001 | 11162843 |
| pyrimidine tract binding protein and la autoantigen interact differently with the 5' untranslated regions of lentiviruses and oncoretrovirus mrnas. | retrovirus genomic mrna exhibits a several hundred nucleotides-long untranslated region (5' utr) which encloses many control elements required for retrovirus replication. in addition, this 5' utr contains translation regulatory elements, such as internal ribosome entry sites (ireses) that have been described in oncoretroviruses, as well as in lentiviruses. uv cross-linking experiments suggested that the pyrimidine tract binding protein (ptb), a cellular protein known to regulate the activity of ... | 2001 | 11172810 |
| hiv type 2 vpx interaction with gag and incorporation into virus-like particles. | the domain of hiv-2 vpx previously shown to be important for virion incorporation has been mapped to residues 73--89. mutational analysis of this domain was employed to further define the sequences important for incorporation into virus-like particles, using a vaccinia virus expression system. deletion of residues 73--89 did not abrogate vpx packaging, but substitution with alanines markedly reduced incorporation into virus-like particles. moreover, alanine substitution also disrupted vpx intera ... | 2001 | 11177390 |
| sequence specificity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) long terminal repeat u3 region in vivo allows subtyping of the principal hiv-2 viral subtypes a and b. | sequences from the nef/ltr overlap region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) genome were amplified from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from 40 hiv-2-infected individuals in the gambia, west africa. additional sequences from the plasma of three blood donors were also derived. analysis of hiv-2 u3 ltr transcription factor elements (pub-1, p-ets, pub-2, peri-kappa b, and nf-kappa b sites) indicated a relatively high level of conservation in vivo. the region im ... | 2001 | 11177410 |
| mutagenesis of key residues identifies the connection subdomain of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase as the site of inhibition by heme. | we have recently demonstrated that metalloporphyrins are potent inhibitors of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) [argyris, e.g., vanderkooi, j.m., venkateswaran, p.s., kay, b.k., and paterson, y. (1999) j. biol. chem. 274, 1549-1556]. in addition, by screening a phage peptide library we discovered that a peptide with sequence similarity to residues 398-407 from the connection subdomain of hiv rts binds hem ... | 2001 | 11179958 |
| antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) of ethnobotanically selected ethiopian medicinal plants. | ethiopian medicinal plants used for the treatment of a variety of ailments including infectious diseases were screened for activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). seventy-one polar and nonpolar extracts derived from 21 plants belonging to 14 families were tested for inhibition of viral replication using hiv-1 (iii(b)) and hiv-2 (rod) strains. selective inhibition of viral growth was assessed by the simultaneous determination of the in vitro cytotoxicity o ... | 2001 | 11180526 |
| cyanovirin-n, a potent human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein, blocks both cd4-dependent and cd4-independent binding of soluble gp120 (sgp120) to target cells, inhibits scd4-induced binding of sgp120 to cell-associated cxcr4, and dissociates bound sgp120 from target cells. | cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda protein originally isolated from the cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum, potently inactivates diverse strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus. it has been well established that the hiv surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a molecular target of cv-n. we recently reported that cv-n impaired the binding of virion-associated gp120 to cell-associated cd4 and that cv-n preferential ... | 2001 | 11181340 |
| pig-tailed macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2gb122 or simian/hiv89.6p express virus in semen during primary infection: new model for genital tract shedding and transmission. | characterizing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) expression in semen during primary infection remains essential to understanding the risk of sexual transmission. this investigation represents the first systematic evaluation of male genital tract shedding to use a nonhuman primate model, including the impact of exposure route and viral virulence. male macaques were inoculated with either a chronic disease-causing virus (hiv-2(gb122); n=4 intravenous; n=4 intrarectal) or an acutely pathogenic sim ... | 2001 | 11237826 |
| inhibition of hiv type 1 replication by simultaneous infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | a productive infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes by hiv-1 was severely inhibited by the simultaneous infection of these cells with hiv-2. a similar reciprocal effect on hiv-2 infection was not observed. the extent of virus replication was determined by virus-specific antigen capture assays of the supernatants of the infections. the inhibitory effect was observed with t cell-tropic, dual-tropic, as well as with primary hiv-1 isolates from different subtypes (a, b, c, e, f, and o). infection ... | 2001 | 11242517 |
| cloning and sequencing of cynomolgus macaque ccr3, gpr15, and strl33: potential coreceptors for hiv type 1, hiv type 2, and siv. | the characterization of several seven-transmembrane g protein-coupled receptors, which function as coreceptors for hiv-1, hiv-2, and/or siv, has opened up a whole new area of aids research. animal models that have played a central role in the understanding of lentivirus pathogenesis and the design of novel vaccine strategies may also be invaluable in studying the role of these secondary receptors in infection and disease progression. however, since it is known that minor species-specific sequenc ... | 2001 | 11242524 |
| in vitro activity of polyhydroxycarboxylates against herpesviruses and hiv. | the antiviral activity of 17 polyhydroxycarboxylates derived from phenolic compounds was evaluated against herpesviruses and hiv. when present during virus adsorption several of the polymers exhibited potent activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, thymidine kinase deficient hsv-1, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and hiv-1 and hiv-2 at concentrations that were not toxic to the host cells. a close correlation was found between the 50% inhibitory concentrations of the polyhydroxyc ... | 2001 | 12018678 |
| quantitative evaluation of hiv-1 coreceptor use in the ghost3 cell assay. | the utility of the ghost(3) cell assay has been evaluated for testing coreceptor use of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates. ghost(3) cells were derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line, hos, and have been engineered to stably express cd4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors ccr3, ccr5, cxcr4, bonzo, or the orphan receptor bob. the indicator cell line carries the hiv-2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene, which becomes activate ... | 2001 | 11878871 |
| coreceptor usage of sequential isolates from cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm). | sequential isolates from eight cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm, of sooty mangabey origin) were tested for coreceptor use in the human osteosarcoma indicator cell line, ghost(3), expressing cd4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors ccr3, ccr5, cxcr4, bob, or the orphan receptor bonzo. the indicator cell line carries the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein gene that becomes activated ... | 2001 | 11878872 |
| molecular basis of the interactions between herpes simplex viruses and hiv-1. | herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2) are two of the major opportunistic agents involved in the pathogenesis of aids, which is caused by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). a body of evidence suggests that they can also act as co-factors by interacting with hiv-1, thereby influencing disease progression. indeed, the hiv-1 life cycle can be affected by hsv at different levels of interaction, both in vitro and in vivo: (i) transactivation of the hiv-1 long ter ... | 2001 | 11867019 |
| 4'-c-substituted-2'-deoxynucleosides: a family of antiretroviral agents which are potent against drug-resistant hiv variants. | in the past years, a variety of 4'-c-substituted-2'-deoxynucleosides (4'sdns) were designed, synthesized, and examined as potential therapeutics against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and certain such analogues proved to exert potent activity against hiv-1 in vitro. unlike currently available nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt), which have the 2',3'-dideoxy configuration and thereby cause dna chain termination in the elongating ... | 2001 | 12455229 |
| comparison of the efficacy of virus inactivation methods in allogeneic avital bone tissue transplants. | several procedures for inactivating viruses are used presently in the context of bone tissue transplants. common methods used are gamma irradiation (25 kgy), treatment with moist heat (82.5 degrees c/15 min., lobator-sd2-system) as well as chemical sterilisation using peracetic acid-ethanol treatment (pes, 2% peracetic acid, 96% ethanol, aqua [2:1:1], 200 mbar, agitation, 4 hours). based on national and international guidelines, we tested the antivirucidal effectiveness of these methods in human ... | 2001 | 15256903 |
| amd-3100 (anormed). | anormed is developing amd-3100, a cxcr4 chemokine receptor antagonist discovered by a collaboration between anormed and the rega institute, as a potential treatment for hiv infection [337657]. amd-3100 is a bis-tetraazamacrocycle, which is a potent inhibitor of hiv-1 and hiv-2 viruses. it interacts with the virus-associated uncoating process [172189]. it is currently being evaluated in phase ii clinical trials at the john's hopkins university school of medicine and two other us sites. the phase ... | 2000 | 16080056 |
| durban declaration on hiv and aids. | over 5,000 scientists including 11 nobel prize winners have signed a statement that "the evidence that aids is caused by hiv-1 or hiv-2 is clear-cut, exhaustive and unambiguous, meeting the highest standards of science," and that testing for hiv is as reliable as testing for any other virus. | 2000 | 12170978 |
| isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus variants that are resistant to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) act quite specifically on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in general, they are not effective on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). only siv strains from african green monkeys are sensitive to several nnrtis. here we isolated nnrti- and 3tc-resistant sivagm variants. viruses resistant to delavirdine contained v112i and m231i substitutions, while those resistant to 3tc contained a ... | 2000 | 11205100 |
| dependence of cd8+ t-cell-mediated suppression of hiv type 1 on viral phenotypes and mediation of phenotype-dependent suppression by viral envelope gene and not by beta-chemokines. | cd8+ t-cell-mediated hiv-1 suppressive activity has been shown against a number of strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2. in this study using a semiquantitative assay, we showed that cd8+ t cells from seropositive subjects and herpes virus saimiri transformed cd8+ t-cell clones from hiv-1-infected subjects exhibited 5 to 100-fold higher suppressive activity against slow replicating nonsyncytia-inducing strains (slow/nsi) as compared to fast replicating syncytia-inducing strains (fast/si) of hiv-1. such dif ... | 2000 | 10659051 |
| seronegative hiv-2 carriers in india. | the discordant cases of seronegative, but culture and proviral hiv-2 dna positive were found in mumbai, india. this was corroborated by the successful isolation of hiv-2-rna in culture medium, hiv-2 cdna sequence determination and the detection of the antigen. the sequence of the isolated hiv-2 genomic rna does not seem to be altered to the extent that the change will alter antibody binding. furthermore, antibody from the same individual (even at 8 months from initial sampling) from whom hiv-2 w ... | 2000 | 10667898 |
| how can human and simian immunodeficiency viruses utilize chemokine receptors as their coreceptors? | several chemokine receptors (ckrs) act as coreceptors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). these ckrs interact with the v3 domain of the envelope (env) protein of hiv/siv. in this study, we found that the amino acid sequences of two chemokines (sdf-1beta and rantes), whose receptors (cxcr4 and ccr5) act as major coreceptors for hiv-1, hiv-2 or siv, showed statistically significant similarity to those of the region containing the ... | 2000 | 11163977 |
| prevalence and distribution of hepatitis c subtypes in patients with opioid dependence. | aim and setting: the drug addiction out-patient clinic at the university hospital for psychiatry in vienna performed a study to identify the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections in a group of opiate-dependent patients, to detect the distribution of hcv subtypes and to calculate the comorbidity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). | 2000 | 11124573 |
| marked immunosuppressive effects of the hiv-2 envelope protein in spite of the lower hiv-2 pathogenicity. | hiv-1 envelope proteins have immunosuppressive properties and it is thought that they have a role in the establishment of immunodeficiency. this study characterizes the immunological effects of hiv-2 envelope protein gp105, a virus which is associated with a slower rate of disease progression. | 2000 | 11125886 |
| ion channel activation by spc3, a peptide derived from the hiv-1 gp120 v3 loop. | spc3 is a multibranched peptide containing eight identical gpgraf motifs which are derived from the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 gp120 v3 loop consensus sequence. this molecule was reported to prevent the infection of cd4+ cells by various hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains. however, the molecular mode of action of spc3 remains unclear. here, we investigated the possibility that spc3 could interact with alpha/beta-chemokine receptors following observations that, first, the v3 loop is likely to be i ... | 2000 | 11152302 |
| prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus 2 among homosexual men either positive or negative for human immunodeficiency viruses in slovakia. | we determined the prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2, hsv-2 antibodies) in sera of homosexual men either positive for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1, hiv+, a group of 27 sera) or negative for hiv-1 and hiv-2 (hiv-, a group of 52 sera) in slovakia. antibodies to hsv-2 glycoprotein g-2 (gg-2, gg-2 antibodies) were determined by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa) and immunoblot analysis. we found that 40% of hiv+ and 23% of hiv- ho ... | 2000 | 11155359 |
| absence of specific mucosal antibody responses in hiv-exposed uninfected sex workers from the gambia. | specific antibodies to hiv envelope that inactivate virus at the mucosal surfaces involved in sexual contact are of interest for the design of a vaccine against hiv-1. it has been suggested that, in frequently hiv-exposed but uninfected individuals, hiv-specific mucosal antibody responses may exist and play a role in resistance against hiv. this study investigated hiv-1 envelope specific mucosal antibody responses in hiv-resistant sex workers in west africa. | 2000 | 10894275 |
| searching for the epidemic's origins. | theories about the origin of aids all suffer from a dearth of data. for more than a decade, researchers have recognized the close genetic links between siv from sooty mangabeys and hiv-2, a type of the virus that is mostly confined to west african countries, but to date, there are scant data that closely link hiv-1, the predominant human aids virus, to sivs found in primates. | 2000 | 10896603 |
| detection of reverse transcriptase activity in the serum of patients with motor neurone disease. | the recognition that both human and murine retroviruses can cause motor neurone disease-like syndromes has raised the possibility that a retrovirus may be involved in the aetiology of motor neurone disease. this possibility was explored by looking for evidence of reverse transcriptase in the serum of motor neurone disease patients. sera from 56 patients with motor neurone disease and 58 controls were tested by the product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay, a technique that is approximately a ... | 2000 | 10897073 |
| absence of coreceptor switch with disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infections in india. | the envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) utilizes cd4 as a receptor and ccr5 and/or cxcr4 as coreceptor to gain entry into the cell. the ccr5-tropic viruses, observed early in infection, could be important in transmission and the cxcr4-tropic viruses, observed late, may play an important role in disease progression. viruses from 40 hiv-positive, asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals in india were isolated. of 40 isolates 39 used ccr5. thirty-three isolates were subty ... | 2000 | 10860879 |
| cd4-independent infection of two cd4(-)/ccr5(-)/cxcr4(+) pre-t-cell lines by human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | the infection of cd4-negative cells by variants of tissue culture-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or hiv-2 strains has been shown to be mediated by the cxcr4 coreceptor. here we show that two in vitro-established cd4(-)/ccr5(-)/cxcr4(+) human pre-t-cell lines (a3 and a5) can be productively infected by wild-type laboratory-adapted t-cell-tropic hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains in a cd4-independent, cxcr4-dependent fashion. despite the absence of ccr5 expression, a3 and a5 cells were s ... | 2000 | 10864687 |
| amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. | this paper reviews the pharmacologic properties and clinical usefulness of amprenavir, a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitor. | 2000 | 10868554 |
| identification of a new hiv-2 subtype based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomic sequence. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey (siv(sm) form one of the six primate lentivirus lineages. the close phylogenetic relationship and geographic coincidence indicate that hiv-2 originated from cross-species transmission of siv(sm) to humans. hiv-2 exhibits considerable genetic diversity, with subtypes a-f identified. previously, we reported the partial gag and env sequences of an unusual hiv-2 isolate, abt96. abt96 was collected in iv ... | 2000 | 10875618 |
| [cns cryptococcosis with idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia]. | a 33-year-old japanese man, with a history of recurrent skin cryptococcosis, was admitted complaining of fever and severe headache for 3 weeks. he had no known risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed an elevated opening pressure of 32 cm h2o, cell counts of 884/mm3, a total protein value of 184 mg/dl, a glucose level of 16 mg/dl, and demonstrated a positive india ink stain for fungus. cultures grew cryptococcus neoformans. hematolog ... | 2000 | 10885336 |
| cd4-independent, ccr5-dependent simian immunodeficiency virus infection and chemotaxis of human cells. | most simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), and hiv-1 infection of host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) is cd4 dependent. in some cases, x4 hiv-1 chemotaxis is cd4 independent, and cross-species transmission might be facilitated by cd4-independent entry, which has been demonstrated for some siv strains in cd4(-) non-t cells. as expected for ccr5-dependent virus, siv required cd4 on rhesus and pigtail macaque pbmcs for infection and chemotaxis ... | 2000 | 10888609 |
| use of inhibitors to evaluate coreceptor usage by simian and simian/human immunodeficiency viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in primary cells. | we have used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv), and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to enter peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). the inhibitors are tak-779, which is specific for ccr5 and ccr2, aminooxypentane-rantes, which blocks entry via ccr5 and ccr3, and amd3100, which targets cxcr4. we found that for all the hiv-1 isolates and all but one of the hi ... | 2000 | 10888629 |
| an anti-human immunodeficiency virus multiple antigen peptide encompassing the cleavage region of the env precursor interferes with membrane fusion at a post-cd4 binding step. | cliv is a multiple antigen peptide ([ptkakrrvvqrekr](4)-k(2)-k-betaa) that encompasses the cleavage region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope precursor. it displays an antiviral activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2 and inhibits hiv-1 env-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. this effect has previously been attributed to interference with env processing, resulting in the expression of a nonfusogenic envelope [virology (1998) 247, 137]. however, we show here that cliv does not alter t ... | 2000 | 10891419 |
| infection of mesangial cells with hiv and siv: identification of gpr1 as a coreceptor. | mesangial cells are an important component of the glomerulus. dysfunction of mesangial cells is thought to be involved in the development of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-associated nephropathy (hivan). hivan is a structural renal failure frequently observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. however, the susceptibility of mesangial cells to hiv-1 is disputable. more than ten g protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, have been shown to act as hi ... | 2000 | 10916084 |
| development of a real-time quantitative rt-pcr for the detection of hiv-2 rna in plasma. | an assay is described for the quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna in edta plasma based on rt-pcr using the taqman real-time pcr detection method. as standard, an electron microscopically counted virus stock of hiv-2 strain nihz was used. the lower detection limit is 5 # 102 hiv-2 rna copies per ml of edta plasma. the assay is linear within the range required (5 # 102-106 hiv-2 rna copies/ml of edta plasma) with an intra assay variability of 2.5% and an inter-assay v ... | 2000 | 10921845 |
| cell-mediated immunity to low doses of sivsm in cynomolgus macaques did not confer protection against mucosal rechallenge. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection of macaques is a useful model for studies of the roles of different immune responses against viruses that cause (aids). in this study, six cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intrarectally with subinfectious or infectious doses of sivsm to assess the siv specific immunity, in particular protective immunity against subsequent challenge with a higher dose of sivsm. following the first inoculation with sivsm, the two monkeys given the highest doses of c ... | 2000 | 10930685 |
| longstanding presence of hiv-2 infection in guinea-bissau (west africa). | we have retrospectively studied the seroprevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in guinea-bissau in a sample of sera collected from the whole country in 1980. we tested a total of 1248 individuals and found 11 individuals who were seropositive for hiv-2 but there were no hiv-1 seropositive samples. the mean age of the hiv-2 seropositive people was significantly higher than the age of the seronegative individuals. in the different areas surveyed, the hiv-2 seroprevalence ranged from ... | 2000 | 10936570 |
| polyanions--a lost chance in the fight against hiv and other virus diseases? | polyanions are known to exhibit potent antiviral activity in vitro, and may represent future therapeutic agents. this review summarizes literature reports, pertinent to anionic polymers as antiviral agents. the in vitro antiviral effects of numerous polyanionic compounds (sulphated polysaccharides, negatively charged serum albumin and milk proteins, synthetic sulphated polymers, polymerized anionic surfactants and polyphosphates) are described. this class of antiviral agent exhibits several uniq ... | 2000 | 10950387 |
| viral entry as the primary target for the anti-hiv activity of chicoric acid and its tetra-acetyl esters. | the antiviral activity of l-chicoric acid against hiv-1 has been attributed previously to the inhibition of hiv-1 integration. this conclusion was based on the inhibition of integrase activity in enzymatic assays and the isolation of a resistant hiv strain with a mutation (g140s) in the integrase gene. here we show that the primary antiviral target of l-ca and its analogs in cell culture is viral entry. l- and d-chicoric acid (l-ca and d-ca) and their respective tetra-acetyl esters inhibit the r ... | 2000 | 10953059 |
| genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 c2v3 region within and between individuals from bissau, guinea-bissau, west africa. | the v3 loop of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 is characterized by a high degree of genetic variation. to investigate the spectrum of hiv-2 variability in nature we have focused on the c2v3 region of env and analyzed 108 viral sequences obtained from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 16 hiv-2-seropositive individuals from bissau (guinea-bissau). the estimated values of genetic divergence between individuals were higher than those calculated from sequence information collected in a ... | 2000 | 10957727 |
| cdk9 autophosphorylation regulates high-affinity binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-p-tefb complex to tar rna. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat interacts with cyclin t1 (cyct1), a regulatory partner of cdk9 in the positive transcription elongation factor (p-tefb) complex, and binds cooperatively with cyct1 to tar rna to recruit p-tefb and promote transcription elongation. we show here that tat also stimulates phosphorylation of affinity-purified core rna polymerase ii and glutathione s-transferase-c-terminal-domain substrates by cyct1-cdk9, but not cych-cdk7, in vitro. interestingly, incub ... | 2000 | 10958691 |
| challenges in the development of an effective hiv vaccine: current approaches and future directions. | the intent of this review is to investigate and discuss why developing a successful hiv vaccine has been so challenging, first by examining the molecular biology of the virus and how hiv interacts with the immune system, and then reviewing past viral vaccine successes as well as future directions for hiv vaccine research. | 2000 | 10963285 |
| getting to know hiv. | since the human immunodeficiency virus was first isolated in 1983, we have come to know it in exquisite detail. yet we still do not understand sufficiently how it causes disease. neither do we know why chimpanzees and some african monkeys, which are the natural reservoir of the precursors of hiv-1 and hiv-2, can harbour similar levels of virus without becoming ill. our knowledge of the replication cycle of hiv as a retrovirus has been pivotal in the development of antiviral drugs. our knowledge ... | 2000 | 10964277 |
| synthesis and anti-hiv activity of cosalane analogues incorporating nitrogen in the linker chain. | introduction of an amido group or an amino moiety into the alkenyl linker chain of cosalane (1) provided a new series of analogues 3-8. the new compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in cell culture. the replacement of the 1' and 2' carbons in the linker chain of i by an amido group was generally tolerated. the length of the linker chain and the stereochemistry of the substituent at c-3 of the steroidal ring had significant effects on the antiviral act ... | 2000 | 10968278 |
| proportion positive for epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, toxoplasma, and human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag. | to determine the proportion of patients with evidence of an acute infection due to epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), toxoplasma, or human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag, and to develop a cost-effective testing algorithm for managing such heterophile-negative patients. | 2000 | 10975931 |
| three-year follow-up of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau, west africa. | raoul follereau hospital, bissau, guinea-bissau. | 2000 | 10985653 |
| introduction of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection into south korea. | although human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) share mode of transmission, their epidemiologic characteristics differ and international spread of hiv-2 has been limited. to investigate the extent of hiv-2 infection in south korea and to clarify the characteristic of hiv-2 isolates, we describe epidemiological, serological and genetic analyses of five hiv-2 isolates from south korea. five of 964 hiv antibody-positive serum specimens showed positive reactivity by hiv1/2 enzyme i ... | 2000 | 10989687 |
| videoendoscopic techniques for collection of multiple, serial intra-abdominal biopsy specimens in hiv-negative and hiv-positive pigtail macaques (macaca nemestrina). | tissue biopsy sampling by laparotomy is considered major surgery, which precludes serial sampling. this increases variability and requires a larger n value for pathogenesis studies. to address this problem, a study was conducted to develop and validate the feasibility of performing multiple, serial biopsy sampling by laparoscopy in pigtail macaques. tissues were obtained laparoscopically from 2 hiv-negative and 2 hiv-positive (late postinoculation) macaques on days 0, 3, and 7, followed by necro ... | 2000 | 10993298 |
| synthesis, stability, antiviral activity, and protease-bound structures of substrate-mimicking constrained macrocyclic inhibitors of hiv-1 protease. | three new peptidomimetics (1-3) have been developed with highly stable and conformationally constrained macrocyclic components that replace tripeptide segments of protease substrates. each compound inhibits both hiv-1 protease and viral replication (hiv-1, hiv-2) at nanomolar concentrations without cytotoxicity to uninfected cells below 10 microm. their activities against hiv-1 protease (k(i) 1.7 nm (1), 0.6 nm (2), 0.3 nm (3)) are 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than their antiviral potencies a ... | 2000 | 11000004 |
| cytopathicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in human lymphoid tissue is coreceptor dependent and comparable to that of hiv-1. | epidemiological studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is markedly less pathogenic than hiv-1 in vivo. individuals infected with hiv-2 exhibit a remarkably slow rate of disease development, and these clinical properties have been attributed presumptively to an "attenuated" phenotype of hiv-2 itself. here, we investigated the impact of coreceptor usage on the cytopathicity of hiv-2 and compared its pathogenic potential with that of hiv-1 in a unique human lymphoid his ... | 2000 | 11000231 |
| efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2). | postexposure prophylaxis (pep) after intravaginal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was investigated using the hiv type 2 (hiv-2)/pig-tailed macaque transmission model. pep for 28 days with the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (r)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (pmpa; tenofovir) was initiated 12 to 72 h following hiv-2 exposure. systemic infection was not evident in the 12- and 36-h groups, as defined by plasma viremia, cell-associated provirus, antibody responses, and lymph no ... | 2000 | 11000253 |
| molecular analysis of human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region associated determinants recognized by anti-vh3 antibodies 7b4, b6 and d12. | 7b4, b6 and d12 are murine monoclonal antibodies (moab) that bind to some human immunoglobulin heavy chain products of the closely related v3-30, v3-30.3 and v3-33 genes from the vh3 family. b6 and d12 have additional reactivities with some immunoglobulins (ig) encoded by the v3-11 and v3-7 genes; d12 also reacts with some v3-43 gene ig. we show here, by site-directed mutagensis, that the lysine at position 57 in the complementarity-determining region 2 (cdr-2) of the v3-30 gene product is cruci ... | 2000 | 11013004 |
| dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2: impact on hiv type 1 viral load and immune activation markers in hiv-seropositive female sex workers in abidjan, ivory coast. | to determine the impact of dual infection with hiv-1 and hiv-2 on hiv-1 viral load and markers of immune activation among hiv-seropositive fsws in abidjan, we analyzed blood samples obtained from consenting hiv-seropositive fsws attending a confidential clinic between september 1996 and june 1997 in abidjan. among hiv-1 and hiv-2 dually seropositive fsws, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing with hiv-1 and hiv-2 primers was used to differentiate between fsws who were pcr positive only for hiv ... | 2000 | 11018856 |
| polyanionic (i.e., polysulfonate) dendrimers can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus by interfering with both virus adsorption and later steps (reverse transcriptase/integrase) in the virus replicative cycle. | polyanionic dendrimers were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral effects. phenyldicarboxylic acid (bri6195) and naphthyldisulfonic acid (bri2923) dendrimers were found to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1; strain iii(b)) in mt-4 cells at a ec(50) of 0.1 and 0.3 microg/ml, respectively. the dendrimers were not toxic to mt-4 cells up to the highest concentrations tested (250 microg/ml). these compounds were also effective against various other hiv-1 str ... | 2000 | 11040059 |
| prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among populations of drug abusers. | a cross-sectional survey was conducted of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and risky behaviors among 407 drug abusers in treatment facilities in 1998. infections with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and syphilis were detected by testing serum antibody levels; chlamydia and gonorrhea were detected by testing nucleic acid levels in urine. logistic regression analysis was performed to measure associations ... | 2000 | 11049771 |
| tunneled-cuffed catheter associated infections in hemodialysis patients who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus. | infection rates in tunneled-cuffed catheters (tcc) are reported to be higher in immunocompromised patients. the purpose of this study was to evaluate tcc-associated infection rates in patients with hiv infection (hiv+). data were collected in 40 hiv + patients and 41 controls (c), and in 118 tcc (hiv+, 58; c, 60) for 28,146 catheter days (hiv+, 16,227; c, 11,919). there were no significant differences in the tcc bacteremia rates (hiv+, 2.23 versus c, 2.53 per 1000 tcc days, p: = ns) or in the tc ... | 2000 | 11053489 |
| molecular confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 in hiv-seropositive subjects in south india. | nested pcrs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 were compared with immunoblot test results. twelve of 13 immunoblot-positive hiv-2 samples were positive by pcr. there were five inno-lia (innogenetics, zwijnaarde, belgium) and/or hivblot 2.2 (genelabs, singapore) samples that tested positive for dual infection. hiv-1 pcr was positive in all samples, while hiv-2 pcr was positive in two and riba (chiron corporation, san diego, calif.) was positive for hiv-2 in three samples. t ... | 2000 | 11063512 |
| shortening of the diagnostic window with a new combined hiv p24 antigen and anti-hiv-1/2/o screening test. | because antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are absent in the very early phase of hiv infection, there remains a slight residual risk for hiv transmission by blood donations by viremic but antibody negative donations. to shorten the diagnostic window between infection and the detection of antibodies, enzygnost hiv integral (dade behring, germany) was developed. with this new test, hiv p24 antigen and hiv antibodies can be detected simultaneously in a single test. in a multicente ... | 2000 | 11064116 |
| antiviral resistance of biologic hiv-2 clones obtained from individuals on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. | to study phenotypic and genotypic resistance of hiv-2 against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrti). | 2000 | 11064499 |
| comparison of viral genomic rna sorting mechanisms in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and moloney murine leukemia virus. | genomic rna sorting between translation and packaging was examined for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 using actinomycin d and leptomycin b treatment. both viruses behaved differently from a simple retrovirus under actinomycin d treatment. with leptomycin b, the lack of apparent functional separation between translation and packaging functions in lentiviruses was confirmed. hiv-2 rna levels were more stable, but reverse transcriptase production declined similarly to hiv-1. | 2000 | 11070043 |
| elucidation of the hiv-1 virucidal mechanism of methylene blue photosensitization and the effect on primary isolates. | the antiviral activity for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 of a combination of methylene blue and light irradiation was investigated, in comparison with their virucidal effects on laboratory-adapted hiv-1. the antiviral mechanism was evaluated in terms of reverse transcriptase activity and viral rna in the same viral stock. despite a marked reduction in rna (>3.07 log(10)) and infectivity (6.10 log(10)) under conditions of 1 microm methylene blue and 5 j/cm(2) irrad ... | 2000 | 11074469 |
| clinicopathological characterization of an hiv-2-infected individual with two clonally unrelated primary lymphomas. | human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) is endemic in west africa and is a causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. only a small number of hiv-2-infected patients have been described in detail. non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) is the second most common neoplasm occurring in hiv-1-infected patients, but its incidence seems to be lower in hiv-2-infected individuals. we report an hiv-2-infected patient from cape verde (west africa) with separate and distinct systemic and primary centra ... | 2000 | 11074559 |
| derivation and characterization of a highly pathogenic isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 that causes rapid cd4+ cell depletion in macaca nemestrina. | with few exceptions, humans are the only species known to develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) after human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. we report here that an isolate of hiv type 2, eho, readily established persistent infection in 100% of macaca nemestrina in three consecutive transmission studies. of the eight infected animals, five showed persistently high virus load and six developed aids-like diseases or cd4+ cell depletion within 4 years of infection. the pathology a ... | 2000 | 11085573 |
| proteasome inhibition interferes with gag polyprotein processing, release, and maturation of hiv-1 and hiv-2. | retrovirus assembly and maturation involve folding and transport of viral proteins to the virus assembly site followed by subsequent proteolytic cleavage of the gag polyprotein within the nascent virion. we report that inhibiting proteasomes severely decreases the budding, maturation, and infectivity of hiv. although processing of the env glycoproteins is not changed, proteasome inhibitors inhibit processing of gag polyprotein by the viral protease without affecting the activity of the hiv-1 vir ... | 2000 | 11087859 |