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evaluation of antiviral activities of four local malaysian phyllanthus species against herpes simplex viruses and possible antiviral target.nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir are effective antiviral drugs against herpes simplex virus infections since its introduction. however, with the emergence of acyclovir-resistant hsv strains particularly in immunocompromised patients, there is a need to develop an alternative antiherpetic drug and plants could be the potential lead. in this study, the antiviral activity of the aqueous extract of four phyllanthus species were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 in ...201324324358
seropositivity to herpes simplex virus type 2, but not type 1 is associated with premature cardiovascular diseases: a population-based cross-sectional study.thirty-five years after herpesviruses were suggested to induce atherosclerosis sero-epidemiological evidence on herpes simplex viruses (hsv) remains sparse and controversial. we aimed to investigate the relationship between hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections and cardiovascular diseases (cvd).201324125404
structural basis for the antibody neutralization of herpes simplex virus.glycoprotein d (gd) of herpes simplex virus (hsv) binds to a host cell surface receptor, which is required to trigger membrane fusion for virion entry into the host cell. gd has become a validated anti-hsv target for therapeutic antibody development. the highly inhibitory human monoclonal antibody e317 (mab e317) was previously raised against hsv gd for viral neutralization. to understand the structural basis of antibody neutralization, crystals of the gd ectodomain bound to the e317 fab domain ...201324100313
analysis of compounds that interfere with herpes simplex virus-host receptor interactions using surface plasmon resonance.the entry of herpes simplex virus into host cells involves a complex series of events that require concerted inputs from multiple hsv glycoproteins. among these glycoproteins, the gd protein of hsv-1 and hsv-2 plays an important role for host receptor binding and membrane fusion. in the present study, we evaluated the ability of different sulfated saccharides to interfere with gd-host receptor (hvem) interactions using our recently reported molecular assay (gopinath, s. c. b.; hayashi, k.; kumar ...201324079703
surveillance of herpes simplex virus resistance to antivirals: a 4-year survey.herpes simplex virus (hsv) resistance to antivirals constitutes a therapeutic challenge, especially among immunocompromised patients. this observational survey on hsv resistance to antivirals was conducted retrospectively over a 4-year period (2008-2012). a total of 211 hsv-positive clinical samples (94 hsv-1 and 117 hsv-2) recovered from 139 patients (11 immunocompetent patients, 85 immunocompromised patients, and 43 patients with unknown immune status) with suspected hsv drug-resistance were a ...201324075863
anti-herpes virus activities of achyranthes aspera: an indian ethnomedicine, and its triterpene acid.the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of methanolic extract (me) of achyranthes aspera, an indian folk medicine and one of its pure compound oleanolic acid (oa) against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2). the me possessed weak anti-herpes virus activity (ec50 64.4μg/ml for hsv-1 and 72.8μg/ml for hsv-2). while oa exhibited potent antiherpesvirus activity against both hsv-1 (ec50 6.8μg/ml) and hsv-2 (ec50 7.8μg/ml). the time response study revealed that ...201323218996
epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibody response to primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in young women.herpes simplex virus infections type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) are common, but the epidemiology of hsv disease is changing.201323087395
intranasal immunization in mice with non-ionic surfactants vesicles containing hsv immunogens: a preliminary study as possible vaccine against genital herpes.the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of intranasal immunization with non-ionic surfactant vesicles (nisv) containing either the secretory recombinant form of glycoprotein b (gbs) of herpes simplex virus type 1 or a related polylysine reach peptides (dtk) for induction of protective immunity against genital herpes infection in mice. nisv were prepared by lipid film hydration method. the mean diameter of vesicles was around 390 nm for dtk-containing nisv (dtk-nisv) and 320 nm ...201322743007
simultaneous detection of seven sexually transmitted agents in human immunodeficiency virus-infected brazilian women by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.we determined the prevalence of seven clinically important pathogens that cause sexually transmitted infections (stis) (chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma genitalium, trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus 1 [hsv-1], hsv-2, and treponema pallidum), by using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) in samples from brazilian woman infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and uninfected brazilian women (controls). the m-pcr assay identified all stis teste ...201324080632
effect of risk-reduction counseling with rapid hiv testing on risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections: the aware randomized clinical trial.to increase human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing rates, many institutions and jurisdictions have revised policies to make the testing process rapid, simple, and routine. a major issue for testing scale-up efforts is the effectiveness of hiv risk-reduction counseling, which has historically been an integral part of the hiv testing process.201324150466
medical male circumcision and herpes simplex virus 2 acquisition: posttrial surveillance in kisumu, kenya.we estimated the 72-month efficacy of medical male circumcision (mmc) against herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) incidence among men in the kisumu mmc randomized trial.201323901089
etiology of genital ulcer disease in a sexually transmitted infection reference center in manaus, brazilian amazon.to determine the etiology and factors associated with genital ulcer disease (gud) among patients presenting to a sexually transmitted infections clinic in manaus, brazil; and to compare a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) assay for the diagnosis of gud with standard methods.201323704961
prevalence of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in kisumu, western kenya, 1997 and 2008.in 1997, a survey in kisumu found a prevalence of hiv infection among female sex workers (fsw) of 75%. only 50% reported using a condom with the last client. in 2008, we conducted another survey to collect data to inform an intervention targeting fsw in kisumu.201323372801
[necrotizing herpes folliculitis. report of one case].herpes folliculitis is a rare manifestation of herpes virus infection. it usually represents a diagnostic challenge, due to the absence of characteristic skin manifestations such as vesicles or pustules. the reported cases are mainly associated with varicella zoster virus (vzv) and less commonly with herpes simplex viruses (hsv-1 y hsv-2). we report a 51-year-old male with a relapsing non-hodgkin lymphoma under chemotherapy, with history of extensive follicular lesions lasting one month. the pat ...201223677233
asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: impact on male infertility.in more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown. several studies revealed the role of viral infections in male infertility. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 in semen from asymptomatic infertile male patients, and its association with altered semen parameters. a total of 70 semen samples were collected from infertile men who attended the research and clinical center for infertility in yazd, iran. ...201223554795
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (hiv, hepatitis b, herpes simplex type 2 and syphilis) among asymptomatic pregnant women.to determine the current prevalence of four major sexually transmitted infections (stis: hiv, hepatitis b, herpes simplex virus 2, and syphilis) in asymptomatic pregnant women.201223542821
mucosal herpes immunity and immunopathology to ocular and genital herpes simplex virus infections.herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are amongst the most common human infectious viral pathogens capable of causing serious clinical diseases at every stage of life, from fatal disseminated disease in newborns to cold sores genital ulcerations and blinding eye disease. primary mucocutaneous infection with hsv-1 & hsv-2 is followed by a lifelong viral latency in the sensory ganglia. in the majority of cases, herpes infections are clinically asymptomatic. however, in symptom ...201223320014
herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among females in enugu, enugu state.herpes simplex virus type 2 infecion is life long with manifestation in a small proportion of those infected. it has presented public health concern because of its progressively increasing prevalence which some authorities say is of epidemic proportion in developing countries. herpes simplex virus type 2 has recently been found to have synergistic effect with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and co-infection of the two presents more severe burden to the immunity of the victim. this leads to mu ...201223304946
lat region factors mediating differential neuronal tropism of hsv-1 and hsv-2 do not act in trans.after hsv infection, some trigeminal ganglion neurons support productive cycle gene expression, while in other neurons the virus establishes a latent infection. we previously demonstrated that hsv-1 and hsv-2 preferentially establish latent infection in a5+ and kh10+ sensory neurons, respectively, and that exchanging the latency-associated transcript (lat) between hsv-1 and hsv-2 also exchanges the neuronal preference. since many viral genes besides the lat are functionally interchangeable betwe ...201223300908
[detection of human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 2 in cervical sample].to detect the presence of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) dna in cervical samples from women assisted in a primary health care clinic in the city of coari, amazonas, brazil.201223288260
prevalence of serum antibodies to torch infection in and around varanasi, northern india.the acute infections which are caused by toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus (cmv) and the herpes simplex virus (hsv-2) during pregnancy are often associated with adverse foetal outcomes and reproductive failures. in the indian context, the exact seroprevalence of these infections is not known due to unavailability of baseline data.201223285435
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of asp2151, a helicase-primase inhibitor, in a murine model of herpes simplex virus infection.asp2151 (amenamevir) is a helicase-primase inhibitor against herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, and varicella zoster virus. here, to determine and analyze the correlation between the pharmacodynamic (pd) and pharmacokinetic (pk) parameters of asp2151, we examined the pd profile of asp2151 using in vitro plaque reduction assay and a murine model of hsv-1 infection. asp2151 inhibited the in vitro replication of hsv-1 with a mean 50% effective concentration (ec(50)) of 14 ng/ml. in the cutaneou ...201223274658
enhancement of antiviral activity of human alpha-defensin 5 against herpes simplex virus 2 by arginine mutagenesis at adaptive evolution sites.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection is still one of the common causes of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. the prevalence of hsv strains resistant to traditional nucleoside antiviral agents has led to the development of novel antiviral drugs. human alpha-defensin 5 (hd5), a kind of endogenous antimicrobial peptide expressed in the epithelia of the small intestine and urogenital tract, displays natural antiviral activity. based on arginine-rich features and adaptive evolution characte ...201223269800
hiv incidence among men who have sex with men in beijing: a prospective cohort study.(1) to assess the hiv incidence rate among men who have sex with men (msm) in a large cohort study in beijing, china and (2) to identify sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors of hiv seroconversion among msm in beijing, china.201223166133
prevalences of sexually transmitted infections in young adults and female sex workers in peru: a national population-based survey.we assessed prevalences of seven sexually transmitted infections (stis) in peru, stratified by risk behaviours, to help to define care and prevention priorities.201222878023
hiv and associated risk factors among male clients of female sex workers in a chinese border region.male clients of female sex workers (fsws) serve as a potential bridge of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to the general population. little is known about the characteristics and risk factors for hiv infection among male clients patronizing fsws in hekou county, yunnan province in southern china bordering with vietnam.201223007705
prevalence of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections and factors associated with syphilis among female sex workers in panama.biological and behavioural surveillance of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among populations at highest risk have been used to monitor trends in prevalence and in risk behaviours. sex work in panama is regulated through registration with the social hygiene programme, ministry of health. we estimated prevalence of hiv and stis, and factors associated with active syphilis among female sex workers (fsws).201223002191
dynamics of the hiv epidemic in southern china: sexual and drug-using behaviours among female sex workers and male clients in yunnan.to examine the hiv/sexually transmitted infection (sti)-related risk behaviours among community-based female sex workers (fsws) and their clients in yunnan province, china, we performed a cross-sectional study of 705 fsws and 100 male clients. we found that hiv seroprevalence among fsws was 13.0% and the most prevalent sti was herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) (71.1%), followed by chlamydia trachomatis (18.1%) and syphilis (8.8%). the 20% of fsws who reported injection drug use also reported n ...201223033525
a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for sexual transmission of hiv in india.approximately 2.4 million people are living with hiv in india. this large disease burden, and potential for epidemic spread in some areas, demands a full understanding of transmission in that country. we wished to quantify the effects of key sexual risk factors for hiv infection for each gender and among high- and low-hiv risk populations in india.201222937158
hiv and sti prevalence and determinants among male migrant workers in india.our objective was to estimate for the first time the prevalence and determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among male migrants in india.201222952708
cross-sectional assessment of prevalence and correlates of blood-borne and sexually-transmitted infections among afghan national army recruits.few data are available in afghanistan to shape national military force health practices, particularly with regard to sexually-transmitted infections (stis). we measured prevalence and correlates of hiv, syphilis, herpes simplex 2 virus (hsv-2), and hepatitis c virus (hcv) among afghan national army (ana) recruits.201222909128
highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress hiv in semen of sexually active hiv-infected men who have sex with men.although haart can suppress genital shedding and sexual transmission of hiv, men who have sex with men (msm) have experienced a resurgent hiv epidemic in the haart era. many hiv-infected msm continue to engage in unsafe sex, and sexually transmitted infections (stis) or other factors may promote genital hiv shedding and transmission in this population despite haart. in this study, we determined the prevalence of seminal hiv shedding in hiv-infected msm on stable haart, and its relationship with ...201222441253
circumcision status and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and hiv infection.we assessed the protective effect of medical male circumcision (mmc) against hiv, herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and genital ulcer disease (gud) incidence.201222382150
incentivising safe sex: a randomised trial of conditional cash transfers for hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural tanzania.the authors evaluated the use of conditional cash transfers as an hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention strategy to incentivise safe sex.201222318666
determinants of per-coital-act hiv-1 infectivity among african hiv-1-serodiscordant couples.knowledge of factors that affect per-act infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is important for designing hiv-1 prevention interventions and for the mathematical modeling of the spread of hiv-1.201222241800
Successful treatment of aciclovir and foscarnet resistant Herpes simplex virus lesions with topical imiquimod in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.Aciclovir (ACV)-resistant Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections are observed commonly in patients also infected with HIV-1. The use of foscarnet (FOS) in these patients may also lead to resistance. This situation can become a difficult therapeutic challenge. Four cases of patients infected with HIV and with mucocutaneous HSV-2 resistant to ACV and FOS are reported. These patients were treated successfully with topical 5% imiquimod. Imiquimod treatment also appeared to delay the time to ...201222170537
herpes simplex virus-2 in the genital mucosa: insights into the mucosal host response and vaccine development.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 is the predominant cause of genital herpes and has been implicated in hiv infection and transmission. thus far, vaccines developed against hsv-2 have been clinically ineffective in preventing infection. this review aims to summarize the innate and adaptive immune responses against hsv-2 and examines the current status of vaccine development.201222143115
genotypic characterization of herpes simplex virus dna polymerase ul42 processivity factor.the herpes simplex virus (hsv) dna polymerase is composed of the ul30 catalytic subunit and the ul42 processivity factor. the ul42 subunit increases the processivity of the polymerase along the dna template during replication. the molecular mechanisms of hsv resistance to drugs interfering with viral dna synthesis reported so far mainly rely on modifications of the viral thymidine kinase and dna polymerase. we aimed to extensively describe the genetic variations of hsv ul42 processivity factor a ...201222061617
MEK1-ERKs signal cascade is required for the replication of Enterovirus 71 (EV71).The role of the MEK1-ERK signaling cascade in the replication cycle of Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has been analyzed. In vitro infection with EV71 induced a biphasic activation of ERK. The two phases of activation appeared to be triggered by different mechanisms, with the first phase being activated by the binding of viral particles to the membrane receptor of host cells and the second probably being in response to the production of new virus ...201222101247
Structures and anti-HSV-2 activities of neutral polysaccharides from an edible plant, Basella rubra L.Four neutral polysaccharides (BRN-1, BRN-2, BRN-3 and BRN-4) were isolated from the hot water extract of the aerial part of Basella rubra L. They were found to consist of a large amount of d-galactose (81.0-92.4%) and small amounts of l-arabinose (5.4-7.8%), d-glucose (2.2-11.0%) and mannose (~2.9%). Linkage analysis revealed that all these neutral polysaccharides might be arabinogalactan type I polysaccharides in different molecular weight and chain length. Among them, only BRN-3 showed antivir ...201222085753
association of age and gender with alphaherpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompetent host.background: the alphaherpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) can cause severe infections of the central nervous system (cns). objectives: to analyze whether age and gender of immunocompetent individuals are associated with the incidence of herpesvirus cns diseases. study design: a total of 241 patients with virologically confirmed hsv-1, hsv-2 or vzv-infection of the cns (excluding neonatal infection and varicella), diagnosed at the ...201222265826
lactoferricin but not lactoferrin inhibit herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in mice.we have evaluated the potential of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin for their ability to prevent and/or treat genital hsv-2 infection in mice. we confirm previous data showing that both lactoferrin and lactoferricin have antiviral properties in vitro and can inhibit hsv-2 infection of gmk cells in a dose-dependent manner. when tested in vivo, lactoferricin but not lactoferrin was also a potent inhibitor of hsv-2 infection. when admixed with virus prior to inoculation, lactoferricin inhibited ...201222269645
Detection of herpes simplex virus (1 and 2), varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and enterovirus in immunocompetent tunisian patients with acute neuromeningeal disorder.Enteroviruses (EVs) and human herpesviruses (HHVs) are involved frequently in acute neurological disorders of viral etiology. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of herpes simplex virus types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human enteroviruses (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of Tunisian immunocompetent patients with neuromeningeal disorders. The patients had been hospitalized at the Fattouma Bourgu ...201222170549
zinc acetate/carrageenan gels exhibit potent activity in vivo against high-dose herpes simplex virus 2 vaginal and rectal challenge.topical microbicides that block the sexual transmission of hiv and herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) are desperately needed to reduce the incidence of hiv infections worldwide. previously we completed phase 3 testing of the carrageenan-based gel carraguard. although the trial did not show that carraguard is effective in preventing hiv transmission during vaginal sex, it did show that carraguard is safe when used weekly for up to 2 years. moreover, carraguard has in vitro activity against human papi ...201222064530
clinical and virologic response to episodic acyclovir for genital ulcers among hiv-1 seronegative, herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive african women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.in a randomized trial among african women with recurrent genital herpes, episodic acyclovir therapy resulted in modestly greater likelihood of lesion healing (hazard ratio [hr] = 1.48, p = 0.098; mean, 5.1 vs. 6.0 days) and cessation of herpes simplex virus shedding (hr = 1.88, p = 0.008; mean, 3.0 vs. 5.0 days) compared with placebo, similar to results of studies in high-income countries (clinicaltrials.gov registration nct00808405).201222183840
Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence.Topical tenofovir gel and oral tenofovir and emtricitabine-tenofovir [FTC/tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate (TDF)] have been demonstrated to have efficacy in preventing HIV-1 in some populations. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials and future directions are summarized.201222156901
immunology in the clinic review series; focus on host responses: t cell responses to herpes simplex viruses.herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. this review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically ...201222132884
anti-herpes simplex virus efficacies of 2-aminobenzamide derivatives as novel hsp90 inhibitors.after the widespread use of the acyclic purine nucleoside analogues for therapy of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection since the 1980s, new antiviral strategies are urgently needed to counter the emergence of drug-resistant clinical isolates. in this report, we define the anti-hsv efficacies of three optimized 2-aminobenzamide derivatives in vitro and in vivo. the synthetic analogues snx-25a, snx-2112 and snx-7081, which selectively bind to the n-terminal atp pocket of heat shock protein 90 (hs ...201222704890
future of an "asymptomatic" t-cell epitope-based therapeutic herpes simplex vaccine.considering the limited success of the recent herpes clinical vaccine trial [1], new vaccine strategies are needed. infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 & hsv-2) in the majority of men and women are usually asymptomatic and results in lifelong viral latency in neurons of sensory ganglia (sg). however, in a minority of men and women hsv spontaneous reactivation can cause recurrent disease (i.e., symptomatic individuals). our recent findings show that t cells from symptoma ...201222701511
evaluation of antibodies against glycoprotein d (gd) and glycoprotein g (gg) in hsv-1 infected individuals' serum samples.glycoproteins d (gd) and g (gg) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) are virus envelope glycoproteins that are able to induce hsv-1 antibody production in infected persons. therefore, those proteins could be in interest to develop the serodiagnostic test(s) for hsv antibody detection. the aim of present study was the comparison of anti-gd and anti-gg antibodies in hsv-1 infected individuals' serum samples.201222696877
a prospective cohort study of partner testing for herpes simplex virus and sexual behavior during pregnancy.we investigated whether serotesting sexual partners of pregnant women for herpes simplex virus (hsv) improves adherence to safer-sex practices.201222693233
herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, the house guests who never leave.human alphaherpesviruses including herpes simplex viruses (hsv-1, hsv-2) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) establish persistent latent infection in sensory neurons for the life of the host. all three viruses have the potential to reactivate causing recurrent disease. regardless of the homology between the different virus strains, the three viruses are characterized by varying pathologies. this review will highlight the differences in infection pattern, immune response, and pathogenesis associated ...201222691604
characterization of virus strains resistant to the herpes virus helicase-primase inhibitor asp2151 (amenamevir).asp2151 is an antiherpes agent targeting the helicase-primase complex of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1, hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus (vzv). we characterized the asp2151-resistant hsv-1 and hsv-2 variants or mutants based on findings from sequencing analysis, growth, pathogenicity, and susceptibility testing, identifying several single base-pair substitutions resulting in amino acid changes in the helicase and primase subunit of asp2151-resistant mutants. amino acid alterations in the helicas ...201222687623
neonatal herpes simplex virus infection following jewish ritual circumcisions that included direct orogenital suction - new york city, 2000-2011.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection commonly causes "cold sores" (hsv type 1 [hsv-1]) and genital herpes (hsv-1 or hsv type 2 [hsv-2]); hsv infection in newborns can result in death or permanent disability. during november 2000-december 2011, a total of 11 newborn males had laboratory-confirmed hsv infection in the weeks following out-of-hospital jewish ritual circumcision, investigators from the new york city department of health and mental hygiene (dohmh) learned. ten of the 11 newborns were ...201222672975
anti-herpes virus activities of bioactive fraction and isolated pure constituent of mallotus peltatus: an ethnomedicine from andaman islands.viral infections, particularly the infections caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv), represent one of the most serious public health concerns globally because of their devastating impact. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of methanolic crude extract of an ethnomedicine mallotus peltatus, its active fraction and pure compound, against hsv-1 f and hsv-2 g.201222624581
entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) into the distal axons of trigeminal neurons favors the onset of nonproductive, silent infection.following productive, lytic infection in epithelia, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons that is interrupted by episodes of reactivation. in order to better understand what triggers this lytic/latent decision in neurons, we set up an organotypic model based on chicken embryonic trigeminal ganglia explants (tges) in a double chamber system. adding hsv-1 to the ganglion compartment (gc) resulted in a productive infection in the explants. by ...201222589716
inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by oligomeric stilbenoids through ros generation.stilbenoids including resveratrol contain the basic structural unit of 1,2-diphenylethylene. naturally occurring stilbenoids have broad structural features due to oligomerization and modifications and some have demonstrated potent biological activities. in an effort to identify bioactive stilbenoids, we screened a group of dimeric and oligomeric stilbenoids against hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection. several trimeric and tetrameric derivatives showed anti-herpetic activity at single digit micromolar conc ...201222584350
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel antiherpetic flavonoid, 4'-phenylflavone, and its synergistic actions with acyclovir.the development of therapeutic agents for preventing herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections has become urgently necessary because of the increasing incidence of this virus and its role as a cofactor in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection. we have evaluated the antiviral activities of a series of natural and synthetic flavonoids and found that a synthetic flavonoid, 4'-phenylflavone, showed the highest activity against acyclovir (acv)-sensitive and acv-resistant strains of h ...201222580497
[anti alpha-herpesvirus drugs].therapy for infectious diseases resulting from alpha-herpesvirus infections has been dramatically improved by the development of acyclovir (acv). acv is highly specific against herpes simplex virus type 1(hsv-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) as acv is specifically phosphorylated by the thymidine kinases (tks) of these viruses. these viral tks are important enzymes for viral replication in vivo; therefore, the growth of tk-deficient mutants is impaired. acv ...201222568134
immunization with a highly attenuated replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant, hf10, protects mice from genital disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 2.genital herpes is an intractable disease caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 (hsv-2), and is a major concern in public health. a previous infection with hsv type 1 (hsv-1) enhances protection against primary hsv-2 infection to some extent. in this study, we evaluated the ability of hf10, a naturally occurring replication-competent hsv-1 mutant, to protect against genital infection in mice caused by hsv-2. subcutaneous inoculation of hf10-immunized mice against lethal infection by ...201222557998
glycoprotein g of herpes simplex virus 2 as a novel vaccine antigen for immunity to genital and neurological disease.the envelope glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, with the exception of glycoprotein g, elicit cross-reactive b- and t-cell responses. human vaccine trials, using the cross-reactive glycoproteins b and d, have shown no protection against genital hsv-2 infection or disease. in this study, the mature form of glycoprotein g (mgg-2) of hsv-2 was used for immunization of mice, either alone or in combination with adjuvant cpg, followed by an intravaginal challenge with a lethal d ...201222553328
polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 3 confer natural resistance to human herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.lack of toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) functional activity predisposes children to human herpesvirus 1 (hsv-1) encephalitis. in this study, we have investigated whether there is any link between tlr3 and adult hsv-2 infection by studying genetic variations in tlr3. the frequency of four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the tlr3 gene in 239 patients with genital hsv-2 infection and 162 healthy controls, as well as the impact of these variants on tlr3 gene-expression levels, were compared. t ...201222552940
clinical impact of hsv-1 detection in the lower respiratory tract from hospitalized adult patients.the occurrence and clinical impact of herpes simplex virus (hsv) were evaluated in 342 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from 237 patients. hsv-1 and hsv-2 were detected in 32.1% and <1% of patients, respectively. a significant difference of hsv-1 prevalence and load was found in relation to admission to intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation and mortality within 28 days; in particular, a viral load ≥10(5) copies/ml bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly associated with critical feat ...201222548647
towards a rational design of an asymptomatic clinical herpes vaccine: the old, the new, and the unknown.the best hope of controlling the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) pandemic is the development of an effective vaccine. however, in spite of several clinical trials, starting as early as 1920s, no vaccine has been proven sufficiently safe and efficient to warrant commercial development. in recent years, great strides in cellular and molecular immunology have stimulated creative efforts in controlling herpes infection and disease. however, before moving towards new vaccine ...201222548113
detection of type-specific antibodies to hsv-1 and hsv-2: comparative analysis of a chemiluminescence immunoassay with a conventional elisa.type-specific serologic tests for human herpes simplex virus (hsv) are critically important for sexually transmitted disease evaluation. we compared the liaison® hsv-1 and hsv-2 type specific assays relative to an established commercial elisa. the overall agreement of the chemiluminescence immunoassay versus the elisa assay was 99.6% (hsv-1) and 100% (hsv-2). the liaison® methodology has several advantages.201222534561
comparison of the host immune response to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 at two different mucosal sites.a study was undertaken to compare the host immune responses to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 infection by the ocular or genital route in mice. titers of hsv-2 from tissue samples were elevated regardless of the route of infection. the elevation in titers of hsv-2, including cell infiltration and cytokine/chemokine levels in the central nervous system relative to those found following hsv-1 infection, was correlative with inflammation. these results underscore a dichotomy between the h ...201222532684
susceptibility of herpes simplex virus isolated from genital herpes lesions to asp2151, a novel helicase-primase inhibitor.asp2151 (amenamevir) is a helicase-primase inhibitor against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus. to evaluate the anti-hsv activity of asp2151, susceptibility testing was performed on viruses isolated from patients participating in a placebo- and valacyclovir-controlled proof-of-concept phase ii study for recurrent genital herpes. a total of 156 hsv strains were isolated prior to the dosing of patients, and no preexisting variants with less susceptibility to as ...201222526302
aptamer that binds to the gd protein of herpes simplex virus 1 and efficiently inhibits viral entry.the ectodomain of the gd protein of herpes simplex viruses (hsvs) plays an important role in viral entry by binding to specific cellular coreceptors and mediating viral entry to the host cells. in the present study, we isolated rna aptamers (aptamer-1 and aptamer-5) that specifically bind to the gd protein of hsv-1 with high affinity and are able to discriminate the gd protein of a different virus, hsv-2. aptamer-1 efficiently interfered with the interaction between the gd protein and the hsv-1 ...201222514343
clinical burden of herpes simplex virus disease in people with human immunodeficiency virus.serologic studies indicate that herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2 infections are highly prevalent among people infected with hiv. as an ulcerative genital disease, hsv may be important to hiv transmission and hiv-comorbidity. routine clinical care of hsv in this population has not been described.201222504602
characterization of the viral o-glycopeptidome: a novel tool of relevance for vaccine design and serodiagnosis.viral envelope proteins mediate interactions with host cells, leading to internalization and intracellular propagation. envelope proteins are glycosylated and are known to serve important functions in masking host immunity to viral glycoproteins. however, the viral infectious cycle in cells may also lead to aberrant glycosylation that may elicit immunity. our knowledge of immunity to aberrant viral glycans and glycoproteins is limited, potentially due to technical limitations in identifying immu ...201222491453
exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 and cognitive impairments in individuals with schizophrenia.latent infection with neurotropic herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, type 1 (hsv1), has been generally considered benign in most immunocompetent individuals except for rare cases of encephalitis. however, several recent studies have shown impaired cognitive functions among individuals with schizophrenia exposed to hsv1 compared with schizophrenia patients not exposed to hsv1. such impairments are robust and are prominently observed in working memory, verbal memory, and executive funct ...201222490995
efficacy of bidens pilosa extract against herpes simplex virus infection in vitro and in vivo.the development of strains of herpes simplex virus (hsv) resistant to drugs has been reported among the immunocompromised patients. thus, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents for hsv infections. we evaluated the anti-hsv activity of bidens pilosa (b. pilosa), a tropical weed, in tissue culture cells and a mouse model. b. pilosa extract showed potent virucidal activity. it inhibited plaque formation and suppressed virus yield in vero and raw 264.7 cells infected with hsv-1 and hsv-2. ...201222474501
herpes simplex virus antigens directly activate nk cells via tlr2, thus facilitating their presentation to cd4 t lymphocytes.nk cells infiltrate human herpetic lesions, but their role has been underexplored. hsv can stimulate innate immune responses via surface tlr2, which is expressed on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs) and nk cells. in this study, uv-inactivated hsv1/2 and immunodominant hsv2 glycoprotein d peptides conjugated to the tlr2 agonist dipalmitoyl-s-glyceryl cysteine stimulated cd4 t lymphocyte ifn-γ responses within pbmcs or in coculture with monocyte-derived dcs. nk cells contributed markedly to t ...201222467654
neonatal herpes simplex fulminant hepatitis successfully treated with acyclovir.disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is characterized by progressive multiple organ failure and high mortality rates up to 85% for untreated neonates. it can result from infection with either hsv-1 or hsv-2. we report the first known case of disseminated neonatal herpes associated with fulminant liver failure caused by hsv-2 who survived without liver transplant.201224027697
a miniaturized and integrated gel post platform for multiparameter pcr detection of herpes simplex viruses from raw genital swabs.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is one of the most prevalent viruses, with acute and recurrent infections in humans. the current gold standard for the diagnosis of hsv is viral culture which takes 2-14 days and has low sensitivity. in contrast, dna amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) can be performed within 1-2 h. we here describe a multiparameter pcr assay to simultaneously detect hsv-1 and hsv-2 dna templates, together with integrated positive and negative controls, with product detect ...201222426784
herpes simplex virus type 1 is the main cause of genital herpes in women of natal, brazil.the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in sexually active women who participated in the cervical cancer screening program in natal, brazil.201222424592
apple pomace, a by-product from the asturian cider industry, inhibits herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in vitro replication: study of its mechanisms of action.the anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 and anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 effects of apple pomace, a by-product from the cider-processing industry, were investigated. the mechanisms of antiviral action were assessed using a battery of experiments targeting sequential steps in the viral replication cycle. the anti-herpetic mechanisms of apple pomaces included the inhibition of virus attachment to the cell surface and the arrest of virus entry and uncoating. quercitrin and procyanidin b2 were foun ...201222424460
national estimates of seroincidence and seroprevalence for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among us military adults aged 18 to 29 years.while population-based seroprevalence studies of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) are widespread, seroincidence studies are largely limited to select or high-risk populations. the us military offers a potential population to derive national seroincidence rate estimates for young adults (ages 18-29).201222421688
herpes simplex virus type 2 triggers reactivation of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency and collaborates with hiv-1 tat.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection was necessary but not sufficient for kaposi's sarcoma (ks) development without other cofactors. previously, we identified that both human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) tat and herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) were important cofactors reactivating kshv from latency. here, we further investigated the potential of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) to influence kshv replication and examined the role of tat in this procedure. we demonstrated that ...201222347501
enhancement of chemokine function as an immunomodulatory strategy employed by human herpesviruses.herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 are highly prevalent human neurotropic pathogens that cause a variety of diseases, including lethal encephalitis. the relationship between hsv and the host immune system is one of the main determinants of the infection outcome. chemokines play relevant roles in antiviral response and immunopathology, but the modulation of chemokine function by hsv is not well understood. we have addressed the modulation of chemokine function mediated by hsv. by using surf ...201222319442
immunodominant "asymptomatic" herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 protein antigens identified by probing whole-orfome microarrays with serum antibodies from seropositive asymptomatic versus symptomatic individuals.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 are medically significant pathogens. the development of an effective hsv vaccine remains a global public health priority. hsv-1 and hsv-2 immunodominant "asymptomatic" antigens (id-a-ags), which are strongly recognized by b and t cells from seropositive healthy asymptomatic individuals, may be critical to be included in an effective immunotherapeutic hsv vaccine. in contrast, immunodominant "symptomatic" antigens (id-s-ags) may exacerbate herpetic disease ...201222318137
a novel multiplex real-time pcr assay for the detection and quantification of hpv16/18 and hsv1/2 in cervical cancer screening.infection with human papillomavirus (hpv), particularly hpv16 and hpv18, is the main cause of invasive cervical cancer, although other factors such as herpes simplex virus (hsv) may act in conjunction with hpv in this context. to explore the possibility of developing a system for rapid diagnosis and clinical screening of cervical cancer, we developed a multiplex real-time pcr assay that can simultaneously detect and quantify hpv16/18 and hsv1/2. to evaluate its possibilities and practical uses, ...201222293505
resistance to hsv-1 infection in the epithelium resides with the novel innate sensor, ifi-16.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are innate sentinels required for clearance of bacterial and fungal infections of the cornea, but their role in viral immunity is currently unknown. we report that tlr signaling is expendable in herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 containment as depicted by plaque assays of knockout mice (myd88(-/-), trif(-/-) and myd88(-/-) trif(-/-) double knockout) resembling wild-type controls. to identify the key sentinel in viral recognition of the cornea, in vivo knockdown of the dna s ...201222236996
efficacy results of a trial of a herpes simplex vaccine.two previous studies of a herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) subunit vaccine containing glycoprotein d in hsv-discordant couples revealed 73% and 74% efficacy against genital disease in women who were negative for both hsv type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 antibodies. efficacy was not observed in men or hsv-1 seropositive women.201222216840
incidence of alpha-herpes virus induced ocular disease in suriname.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection of the corneal stroma is the most prominent cause of scar formation impairing visual acuity and hsv keratitis is the leading cause of corneal opacity throughout the world. suriname lacked test systems for microbial causes of ocular disease, therefore a polymerase chain reaction-based herpes virus assay was introduced, enabling prompt recognition, and timely treatment, preventing progressive eye damage. the incidence and epidemiology of herpes simplex virus ty ...201223080500
relationship between cervical disease and infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2.persistent infection with high-risk hpv, particularly type hpv 16 and 18, is necessary in the development of cervical cancer, but apart from hpv infection, other causative factors of most cervical cancers remain unknown. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hpv 16 and hpv 18 and hsv 1 and hsv 2 in cervical samples, and to assess the role of hsvs in cervical carcinogenesis. two hundred thirty-three healthy controls and 567 cases (333 of cervicitis, 210 of cervical intraepithel ...201223080497
epidemiological impact of a genital herpes type 2 vaccine for young females.genital herpes, which is caused by herpes simplex virus-1 or -2 (hsv-1, -2, predominantly hsv-2) is a sexually transmitted infection (sti) that causes a chronic latent infection with outbreak episodes linked to transmission. antiviral therapies are effective in reducing viral shedding during these episodes, but are ineffective as a whole since many outbreaks are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. thus, the development of a vaccine for genital herpes is needed to control this disease. the questi ...201223071536
serum hsv-1 and 2 igm in sexually transmitted diseases - more for screening less for diagnosis: an evaluation of clinical manifestation.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is the cause of most genital herpes. now, hsv-1 has become an important cause and represents even about 30% of genital herpes in some countries. so, study related to genital herpes should consider both hsv-1 and hsv-2.201223055654
impact of novel mutations of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 thymidine kinases on acyclovir phosphorylation activity.the acyclic analogue of guanosine acyclovir (acv) constitutes the first-line drug for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections. acv activation requires primophosphorylation by virus-encoded hsv thymidine kinase (tk). in 95% of cases, hsv resistance to acv is associated with mutations located in tk. the aim of this work was to address the question of the potential involvement of novel hsv-1 and hsv-2 tk mutations in reduced susceptibility to acv using a novel nonradioactive method, ...201223041200
adjunctive hpv in-situ hybridization (ish) assay as an aid in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in cervical tissue specimens: an analytical and functional characterization.the purpose of this study was to develop and analytically and functionally validate a new human papillomavirus (hpv) in-situ hybridization (ish) assay and to determine whether the use of this assay combined with hemotoxylin and eosin (h&e) staining could potentially improve the diagnostic accuracy of interpreting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) in human cervical tissue specimens. an automated hpv ish assay was developed using probes that targeted the broad spectrum of hpv genotypes most ...201223018222
herpes genitalis without frontiers: from clinical aspects to viral identification.genital herpes simplex virus infection is a recurrent, lifelong disease with no cure. the strongest predictor for infection is a person's number of lifetime sex partners. hsv-2 is the commonest responsible, although infections caused by hsv-1 are rapidly increasing, particularly in adolescents, women and men who have sex with men. the natural history includes first-episode of mucocutaneous infection, establishment of latency in the dorsal root ganglion, and subsequent reactivation. most infectio ...201223007253
poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) is an entry inhibitor against both hiv-1 and hsv infections - potential as a dual functional microbicide.genital herpes is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (std) caused by herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2). hsv is considered as a major risk factor in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) infection and rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). here, we reported the finding of a polymer of styrenesulfonic acid and maleic acid (psm) which exhibited antiviral activity with low cytotoxicity. psm exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity ag ...201222940611
detection of human herpes viruses in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis and relationship between viruses and clinical parameters.recent microbiological researches have revealed the possible role of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), epstein barr virus (ebv), and herpes simplex virus (hsv-1 and hsv-2) in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. the present pilot study has been undertaken to detect the presence of these viruses in chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and healthy individuals and to determine the relationship between these viruses and the clinical parameters.201222923891
structure based molecular design, synthesis and biological evaluation of α-pyrone analogs as anti-hsv agent.several options for treating herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 are available. however, non-specific inhibition and drug resistance warrants the discovery of new anti-herpetic compounds with better therapeutic profile or different mode of action. the non-nucleoside inhibitors of hsv dna polymerase target the site that is less important for the binding of a natural nucleoside or nucleoside inhibitors. in the present study, we have explored the possibility to find a new lead molecule based on ...201222921079
geldanamycin, a ligand of heat shock protein 90, inhibits herpes simplex virus type 2 replication both in vitro and in vivo.previously, we discovered geldanamycin, a ligand of heat shock protein 90, effectively inhibited herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in vitro and in vivo (mouse encephalitis model). in this study, we demonstrate that geldanamycin has very strong activities against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro and in vivo (mouse vagina model). in mouse vagina model, administration of geldanamycin suspension to vagina after virus infection protected the infected mice from death and increased the averag ...201222909975
2-[4,5-difluoro-2-(2-fluorobenzoylamino)-benzoylamino]benzoic acid, an antiviral compound with activity against acyclovir-resistant isolates of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are responsible for lifelong latent infections in humans, with periods of viral reactivation associated with recurring ulcerations in the orofacial and genital tracts. in immunosuppressed patients and neonates, hsv infections are associated with severe morbidity and, in some cases, even mortality. today, acyclovir is the standard therapy for the management of hsv infections. however, the need for novel antiviral agents is apparent, since hsv isola ...201222908173
herpesvirus entry mediator is a serotype specific determinant of pathogenesis in ocular herpes.infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 is initiated by viral glycoprotein d (gd) binding to a receptor on the host cell. two receptors, herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem) and nectin-1, mediate entry in murine models of hsv-1 and hsv-2. hvem is dispensable for hsv-2 infection of the vagina and brain, but is required for wt pathogenesis of hsv-1 infection of the cornea. by challenging wt and hvem ko mice with multiple strains of hsv-1 and hsv-2, we demonstrate that without hve ...201223184983
the mirnas of herpes simplex virus (hsv).herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a group of common human pathogens with two serotypes hsv-1 and hsv-2. the prevalence of hsv is worldwide. it primarily infects humans through epithelial cells, when it introduces a latent infection into the nervous system. during viral latency, only a region known as the latency-associated transcript (lat) is expressed. the discovery of hsv mirnas helps to draw a larger picture of the infection and pathogenesis of the virus. this review summarizes mirnas found in hs ...201223180288
[incidence of human herpes virus 1-4 type in saliva of 245 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients].to determine the incidence of human herpes virus (hhv) 1-4 type including herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1), herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus(ebv) in the saliva of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) -infected patients.201223173318
seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in northern iran.herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and 2 are common infectious agents worldwide. data on prevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection are limited in asia, especially in iran. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hsv type 1 and 2 based on age, gender, marital status, education, living area, job, symptoms and history of disease variables.201223113228
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