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identification of human neutralizing antibodies against mers-cov and their role in virus adaptive evolution.the newly emerging middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome-like disease with ∼43% mortality. given the recent detection of virus in dromedary camels, zoonotic transfer of mers-cov to humans is suspected. in addition, little is known about the role of human neutralizing ab (nab) pressure as a driving force in mers-cov adaptive evolution. here, we used a well-characterized nonimmune human ab-phage library and a panning strategy with proteo ...201424778221
methane emission by camelids.methane emissions from ruminant livestock have been intensively studied in order to reduce contribution to the greenhouse effect. ruminants were found to produce more enteric methane than other mammalian herbivores. as camelids share some features of their digestive anatomy and physiology with ruminants, it has been proposed that they produce similar amounts of methane per unit of body mass. this is of special relevance for countrywide greenhouse gas budgets of countries that harbor large popula ...201424718604
comparative chromosome painting of pronghorn (antilocapra americana) and saola (pseudoryx nghetinhensis) karyotypes with human and dromedary camel probes.pronghorn (antilocapridae, 2n = 58) and saola (bovidae, 2n = 50) are members of pecora, a highly diversified group of even-toed hoofed mammals. karyotypes of these species were not involved in chromosome painting studies despite their intriguing phylogenetic positions in pecora.201424923361
pastoralism in northern peru during pre-hispanic times: insights from the mochica period (100-800 ad) based on stable isotopic analysis of domestic camelids.llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are the only large domesticated animals indigenous to the americas. pastoralism occupies a fundamental economic, social and religious role in andean life. today, camelid livestock are confined to the ecozone of the puna (above 3,500 masl), while their presence on the pacific coast during pre-hispanic times is attested by archaeological skeletal remains. this study aims to document herding practices on the northern peruvian coast during the early inte ...201424498136
[first serological study of the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in dromedary (camelus dromedarius) in tunisia].the aim of the study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in dromedary (camelus dromedarius). sera of 226 healthy dromedaries from three regions of tunisia (sidi bouzid, bouficha and douz) were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (ifa). the overall infection rate was estimated at 29.2%. the study of risk factors showed that region, age, gender, presence of ticks and types of breeding had no influence on the seroprevalence of a. phagocytophilum. this study indicates f ...201424363017
immunoreaction of a recombinant nanobody from camelid single domain antibody fragment with acinetobacter baumannii.acinetobacter baumannii, an important nosocominal pathogen, causes various human infections like meningitis, bacteremia and pneumonia. the aim of this study was to produce nanobodies derived from camel heavy chain antibodies (hcab) against a conserved region of the biofilm associated protein (bap) of a. baumannii, by phage display technique.201424463583
[travel-associated pneumonias].respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. the main pathogens are the same as in temperate climate zones: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, influenza viruses, legionella pneumophila. however, some pulmonary diseases can be attributed to bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal pathogens that are endemic in tropical and subtropical region ...201425290923
lipid profile and thyroid hormone status in the last trimester of pregnancy in single-humped camels (camelus dromedarius).changes in lipid metabolism have been shown to occur during pregnancy. the thyroid hormones affect lipid metabolism. the present study was carried out to find out whether the last trimester of pregnancy affects thyroid hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh), lipid, and lipoprotein profile in healthy dromedary camels. twenty clinical healthy dromedary camels aged between 4-5 years were divided into two equal groups: (1) pregnant camels in their last trimester of pregnancy and (2) non-pregnan ...201424429808
a report on the genital myiasis by wohlfahrtia magnifica in camel herds in southwest of iran.myiasis is a disease of vertebrate animals caused by different fly larvae. wohlfahrtia magnifica is responsible for serious losses in animal husbandry in eurasia. larvae of w. magnifica parasitize several warm-blooded vertebrates and are responsible for a severe traumatic myiasis of mucosal membranes or wounds. this myiasis has been reported in many european areas, but for the first time was reported from iran. larvae infestation was observed in five camels out of 35 (14.28%) around the perinea ...201425610587
a comprehensive whole-genome integrated cytogenetic map for the alpaca (lama pacos).genome analysis of the alpaca (lama pacos, lpa) has progressed slowly compared to other domestic species. here, we report the development of the first comprehensive whole-genome integrated cytogenetic map for the alpaca using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and chori-246 bac library clones. the map is comprised of 230 linearly ordered markers distributed among all 36 alpaca autosomes and the sex chromosomes. for the first time, markers were assigned to lpa14, 21, 22, 28, and 36. additi ...201425662411
expression cloning of camelid nanobodies specific for xenopus embryonic antigens.developmental biology relies heavily on the use of conventional antibodies, but their production and maintenance involves significant effort. here we use an expression cloning approach to identify variable regions of llama single domain antibodies (known as nanobodies), which recognize specific embryonic antigens. a nanobody cdna library was prepared from lymphocytes of a llama immunized with xenopus embryo lysates. pools of bacterially expressed cdnas were sib-selected for the ability to produc ...201425285446
daily regulation of body temperature rhythm in the camel (camelus dromedarius) exposed to experimental desert conditions.in the present work, we have studied daily rhythmicity of body temperature (tb) in arabian camels challenged with daily heat, combined or not with dehydration. we confirm that arabian camels use heterothermy to reduce heat gain coupled with evaporative heat loss during the day. here, we also demonstrate that this mechanism is more complex than previously reported, because it is characterized by a daily alternation (probably of circadian origin) of two periods of poikilothermy and homeothermy. we ...201425263204
[middle-east respiratory syndrome].mers-cov is the sixth type of corona virus to cause disease in humans. this virus can cause severe respiratory infections, particularly in patients with underlying conditions. although dromedary camels appear to be the most important source in primary cases, nosocomial transmission has proved to be a major cause of secondary infections. in accordance with the case definitions formulated by the dutch national institute for public health and the environment (rivm), in those patients who present wi ...201425248740
[dromedary camels and middle east respiratory syndrome: mers coronavirus in the 'ship of the desert'].middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel coronavirus, identified in patients with respiratory symptoms in the middle east. accumulating evidence points to dromedary camels as being reservoirs. mers-cov has been isolated from dromedaries, and dromedary mers-cov is nearly identical to human mers-cov. camel and human mers-cov genome sequences from the same geographic areas cluster together. both on the arabian peninsula and in africa high percentages of adult dromedaries a ...201425248734
novel camelid antibody fragments targeting recombinant nucleoprotein of araucaria hantavirus: a prototype for an early diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.in addition to conventional antibodies, camelids produce immunoglobulins g composed exclusively of heavy chains in which the antigen binding site is formed only by single domains called vhh. their particular characteristics make vhhs interesting tools for drug-delivery, passive immunotherapy and high-throughput diagnosis. hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses of the bunyaviridae family. two clinical forms of the infection are known. hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) is present in the ...201425243411
effect of changes in milking routine on milking related behaviour and milk removal in tunisian dairy dromedary camels.we studied the effects of changes in the milking routine (lack or presence of 30-s prestimulation, 0 or 1, 2 or 4-min delay between preparation and cluster attachment) and environmental perturbation (unusual loud sounds capable of frightening animals just after stall entry or during the course of milking) on milk removal and milking-related behaviour in dairy dromedary camels. a 30-s prestimulation decreased incidence of bimodal milk flow curves and increased occurrence of the best milk ejection ...201425234858
immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine in balb/c mice.a new type of coronavirus has been identified as the causative agent underlying middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). the mers coronavirus (mers-cov) has spread in the middle east, but cases originating in the middle east have also occurred in the european union and the usa. eight hundred and thirty-seven cases of mers-cov infection have been confirmed to date, including 291 deaths. mers-cov has infected dromedary camel populations in the middle east at high rates, representing an immediate s ...201425192975
dromedary mers-cov replicates in human respiratory tissues. 201425174550
retraction: topography of retinal ganglion cells in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).this article released online on july 30, 2014 as advance publication has been retracted by the editorial board of journal of veterinary medical science due to a violation of the journal's "information for authors".201425141781
influence of stimulation by electroejaculation on myocardial function, acid-base and electrolyte status, and hematobiochemical profiles in male dromedary camels.this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of electroejaculation (eej) on myocardial function, acid-base balance, and hematobiochemical profiles in male dromedary camels. twenty sexually mature, apparently healthy male camels were assigned to eej. parallel, eight naturally mated male camels were enrolled as a control group. three blood samples were collected from each camel: just before (t0), directly after (t1), and 24 hours after (t2) eej or natural mating. the serum concentrations of t ...201425139755
structural and mutational analysis of a monomeric and dimeric form of a single domain antibody with implications for protein misfolding.camelid single domain antibodies (sdab) are known for their thermal stability and reversible refolding. we have characterized an unusually stable sdab recognizing staphylococcal enterotoxin b with one of the highest reported melting temperatures (t(m) = 85°c). unexpectedly, ∼10-20% of the protein formed a dimer in solution. three other cases where <20% of the sdab dimerized have been reported; however, this is the first report of both the monomeric and dimeric x-ray crystal structures. concentra ...201425136772
genetic and demographic bottleneck analysis of indian camel breeds by microsatellite markers.the genetic and demographic bottleneck analysis of indian camel breeds was carried out utilizing 40 microsatellite markers. allelic polymorphism was observed at 20 loci in the indian dromedary breeds. a total of 66 alleles were scored. the average number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content were, respectively, 3.25 ± 0.27, 0.56 ± 0.04 and 0.49 ± 0.04 in bikaneri; 3.25 ± 0.25, 0.53 ± 0.03 and 0.46 ± 0.03 in jaisalmeri; 3.0 ± 0.21, 0.53 ± 0.04 and 0.45 ± 0.03 in ...201425134805
anti-bactericidal properties of stingray dasyatis pastinaca groups v, iia, and ib phospholipases a2: a comparative study.group iia secreted phospholipase a2 (group iia spla2) is known to display potent gram-positive bactericidal activity in vitro and in vivo. we have analyzed the bactericidal activity of the full set of native stingray and dromedary groups v, iia, and ib spla2s on several gram-positive and gram-negative strains. the rank order potency among both marine and mammal spla2s against gram-positive bacteria is group iia > v > ib, whereas gram-negative bacteria exhibited a much higher resistance. there is ...201425119545
evaluation of the breeding soundness of male camels (camelus dromedarius) via clinical examination, semen analysis, ultrasonography and testicular biopsy: a summary of 80 clinical cases.male camel infertility is a heterogeneous disorder. a variety of factors may adversely affect sperm production and function and impair fertility. this study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography and testicular biopsy in the evaluation of the breeding soundness of male dromedaries compared with results obtained by clinical examination and semen analysis. eighty-four male dromedary camels (5-15 years old) were used in this study during the rutting season (nove ...201425112541
impotentia generandi in male dromedary camels: clinical findings, semen characteristics, and testicular histopathology.the objective of this study was to describe the clinical findings, semen characteristics, and testicular histopathology in male dromedary camels affected with impotentia generandi (ig). according to the history, 82.6% (38/46) of the cases were classified as primary-ig (p-ig; never been able to impregnate a female), whereas 17.4% (8/46) were classified as secondary-ig (s-ig; acquired infertility). only one scrotal testis was observed in four cases, and no scrotal testis was observed in one case. ...201425107628
evaluation of medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol for the field anesthesia of free-ranging dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in australia.abstract we report the clinical course and physiologic and anesthetic data for a case series of 76 free-ranging dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) chemically restrained, by remote injection from a helicopter, in the rangelands of western australia and south australia, 2008-11, to attach satellite-tracking collars. fifty-five camels were successfully anesthetized using medetomidine-ketamine (mk, n=27) and medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol (mkb, n=28); the induction of anesthesia in 21 animals ...201425105812
histological and morphometric studies on the dromedary camel epididymis in relation to reproductive activity.the reproductive efficiency of male dromedary camels under natural conditions is regarded to be low due to a relatively short breeding season and a long prepubertal period. this study was carried out to investigate the histological and morphometric changes in the sudanese dromedary camel epididymis in relation to the breeding (rutting) and non-breeding (non-rutting) seasons at monthly intervals up to one year. specimens were collected from different regions of the epididymis of 48 mature and hea ...201425104474
immunohistochemical localization of androgen and progesterone receptors in the uterus of the camel (camelus dromedarius).ten adult, cyclic female camels (camelus dromedarius) were used to describe the distribution of androgen (ar) and progesterone (pr) receptors in the uterus using immunohistochemistry. both ar and pr were distributed throughout the different compartments of the uterus with nuclear staining for ar and pr seen in the cells of epithelia (luminal and glandular), stroma and myometrial smooth muscles. ar immunostaining was not uniform in distribution and intensity; the surface epithelium and the glandu ...201425081941
withdrawn:topography of retinal ganglion cells in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).ahead of print article has been retracted by the publisher.201425077665
isolation of mers coronavirus from a dromedary camel, qatar, 2014.we obtained the full genome of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) from a camel in qatar. this virus is highly similar to the human england/qatar 1 virus isolated in 2012. the mers-cov from the camel efficiently replicated in human cells, providing further evidence for the zoonotic potential of mers-cov from camels.201425075761
antibodies against mers coronavirus in dromedary camels, kenya, 1992-2013.dromedary camels are a putative source for human infections with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. we showed that camels sampled in different regions in kenya during 1992-2013 have antibodies against this virus. high densities of camel populations correlated with increased seropositivity and might be a factor in predicting long-term virus maintenance.201425075637
mutational approaches to improve the biophysical properties of human single-domain antibodies.monoclonal antibodies are a remarkably successful class of therapeutics used to treat a wide range of indications. there has been growing interest in smaller antibody fragments such as fabs, scfvs and domain antibodies in recent years. in particular, the development of human vh and vl single-domain antibody therapeutics, as stand-alone affinity reagents or as "warheads" for larger molecules, are favored over other sources of antibodies due to their perceived lack of immunogenicity in humans. how ...201425065345
geographic distribution of mers coronavirus among dromedary camels, africa.we found serologic evidence for the circulation of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among dromedary camels in nigeria, tunisia, and ethiopia. circulation of the virus among dromedaries across broad areas of africa may indicate that this disease is currently underdiagnosed in humans outside the arabian peninsula.201425062254
launch of a voluntary camelid tb scheme. 201425059965
detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus genome in an air sample originating from a camel barn owned by an infected patient.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel betacoronavirus that has been circulating in the arabian peninsula since 2012 and causing severe respiratory infections in humans. while bats were suggested to be involved in human mers-cov infections, a direct link between bats and mers-cov is uncertain. on the other hand, serological and virological data suggest dromedary camels as the potential animal reservoirs of mers-cov. recently, we isolated mers-cov from a camel and its ...201425053787
cd26/dpp4 cell-surface expression in bat cells correlates with bat cell susceptibility to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection and evolution of persistent infection.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a recently isolated betacoronavirus identified as the etiologic agent of a frequently fatal disease in western asia, middle east respiratory syndrome. attempts to identify the natural reservoirs of mers-cov have focused in part on dromedaries. bats are also suspected to be reservoirs based on frequent detection of other betacoronaviruses in these mammals. for this study, ten distinct cell lines derived from bats of divergent species were ...201425409519
bartonella dromedarii sp. nov. isolated from domesticated camels (camelus dromedarius) in israel.bartonella spp. are fastidious, gram-negative bacilli that cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans. most bartonella spp. have adapted to a specific host, generally a domestic or wild mammal. dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) have become a focus of growing public-health interest because they have been identified as a reservoir host for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. nevertheless, data on camel zoonoses are limited. we aimed to study the occurrence of bartonella bactere ...201425409267
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: epidemiology and disease control measures.the emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in 2012 resulted in an increased concern of the spread of the infection globally. mers-cov infection had previously caused multiple health-care-associated outbreaks and resulted in transmission of the virus within families. community onset mers-cov cases continue to occur. dromedary camels are currently the most likely animal to be linked to human mers-cov cases. serologic tests showed significant infection in adu ...201425395865
semen collection using phantom in dromedary camel.semen collection is relatively long, unsafe, and tedious procedure in dromedary camel. the innovation of safe, hygienic, and simple approach to collect semen could make great progress in development of ai program in this species. this study investigated two methods of semen collection using phantom and artificial vagina in dromedary camel. semen was collected using phantom (n = 4 bulls; 26 collections) and artificial vagina (n = 6 bulls; 11 collections) and diluted with inra96 at the ratio of 1: ...201425449548
the postpartum period in dromedary camels: uterine involution, ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and response to gnrh treatment.the aim of the present study was to investigate the time for complete uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity in postpartum dromedary camels, relative to hormonal changes. a total of six females were examined by ultrasonography twice weekly starting 3d after parturition. gnrh was administered when the follicles reached ≥0.9cm diameter. blood samples were collected for hormonal analysis. results revealed that the mean intervals for complete involution of the previously gravid horn, ...201425465362
metagenomic analysis of viromes of dromedary camel fecal samples reveals large number and high diversity of circoviruses and picobirnaviruses.the recent discovery of middle east respiratory coronavirus and another novel dromedary camel coronavirus uae-hku23 in dromedaries has boosted interest in search of novel viruses in dromedaries. in this study, fecal samples of 203 dromedaries in dubai were pooled and deep sequenced. among the 7330 assembled viral contigs, 1970 were assigned to mammalian viruses. the largest groups of these contigs matched to picobirnaviridae, circoviridae, picornaviridae, parvoviridae, astroviridae and hepevirid ...201425461537
bayesian inference on the effect of density dependence and weather on a guanaco population from chile.understanding the mechanisms that drive population dynamics is fundamental for management of wild populations. the guanaco (lama guanicoe) is one of two wild camelid species in south america. we evaluated the effects of density dependence and weather variables on population regulation based on a time series of 36 years of population sampling of guanacos in tierra del fuego, chile. the population density varied between 2.7 and 30.7 guanaco/km2, with an apparent monotonic growth during the first 2 ...201425514510
evaluation of disulfide bond position to enhance the thermal stability of a highly stable single domain antibody.single domain antibodies are the small recombinant variable domains derived from camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies. they are renowned for their stability, in large part due to their ability to refold following thermal or chemical denaturation. in addition to refolding after heat denaturation, a3, a high affinity anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin b single domain antibody, possesses a melting temperature of ∼84°c, among the highest reported for a single domain antibody. in this work we utilized th ...201425526640
evidence for camel-to-human transmission of mers coronavirus.we describe the isolation and sequencing of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) obtained from a dromedary camel and from a patient who died of laboratory-confirmed mers-cov infection after close contact with camels that had rhinorrhea. nasal swabs collected from the patient and from one of his nine camels were positive for mers-cov rna. in addition, mers-cov was isolated from the patient and the camel. the full genome sequences of the two isolates were identical. serologic da ...201424896817
a camelid antibody candidate for development of a therapeutic agent against hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation.hemiscorpius lepturus scorpionism poses one of the most dangerous health problems in many parts of the world. the common therapy consists of using antivenom antibody fragments derived from a polyclonal immune response raised in horses. however, this immunotherapy creates serious side effects, including anaphylactic shock sometimes even leading to death. thus, many efforts have been made to introduce new replacement therapeutics that cause less adverse reactions. one of the most attractive approa ...201424891523
targeted radionuclide therapy with a 177lu-labeled anti-her2 nanobody.rit has become an attractive strategy in cancer treatment, but still faces important drawbacks due to poor tumor penetration and undesirable pharmacokinetics of the targeting vehicles. smaller radiolabeled antibody fragments and peptides feature highly specific target accumulation, resulting in low accumulation in healthy tissue, except for the kidneys. nanobodies are the smallest (mw<15 kda) functional antigen-binding fragments that are derived from heavy chain-only camelid antibodies. here, we ...201424883121
development of nanobody-based flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay for sensitive detection of human prealbumin.nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, have novel and impactful applications in clinical diagnostics. our objective is to develop a nanobody-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for sensitive detection of human prealbumin (pa). in this context, a phage display nanobody library is constructed via immunizing dromedary camel with human prealbumin. three nanobodies have been identified by five successive bio-panning steps. based on their high expression level and good affinity, two ...201424874660
authors reply: middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels: are dromedary camels a reservoir for mers-cov? 201424871760
letter to the editor: middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels: are dromedary camels a reservoir for mers-cov? 201424871759
potential candidate camelid antibodies for the treatment of protein-misfolding diseases.protein-misfolding diseases (pmds), including alzheimer's disease would potentially reach epidemic proportion if effective ways to diagnose and treat them were not developed. the quest for effective therapy for pmds has been ongoing for decades and some of the technologies developed so far show great promise. we report here the development of antibodies by immunization of camelids with prion (priov3) and alzheimer's (prioad12, 13 & 120) disease-derived brain material. we show that anti-prp antib ...201424864011
human infection with mers coronavirus after exposure to infected camels, saudi arabia, 2013.we investigated a case of human infection with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) after exposure to infected camels. analysis of the whole human-derived virus and 15% of the camel-derived virus sequence yielded nucleotide polymorphism signatures suggestive of cross-species transmission. camels may act as a direct source of human mers-cov infection.201424857749
mers coronaviruses in dromedary camels, egypt.we identified the near-full-genome sequence (29,908 nt, >99%) of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) from a nasal swab specimen from a dromedary camel in egypt. we found that viruses genetically very similar to human mers-cov are infecting dromedaries beyond the arabian peninsula, where human mers-cov infections have not yet been detected.201424856660
molecular profiling of neurons based on connectivity.the complexity and cellular heterogeneity of neural circuitry presents a major challenge to understanding the role of discrete neural populations in controlling behavior. while neuroanatomical methods enable high-resolution mapping of neural circuitry, these approaches do not allow systematic molecular profiling of neurons based on their connectivity. here, we report the development of an approach for molecularly profiling projective neurons. we show that ribosomes can be tagged with a camelid n ...201424855954
[mers-cov: a new virus from saudi arabia].since about a year, a new pulmonary pathology occurred in saudi arabia and some cases are imported in europa. this disease is due to a coronavirus named mers-cov (middle east respiratory syndome coronavirus). the main symptoms are fever, pulmonary and digestive troubles, with a risk of nosocomial transmission and a mortality of about 42%. the reservoir is probably the dromedary camel and the bat is the vector. there is no specific treatment or vaccine.201424855771
characteristics of the somatic hypermutation in the camelus dromedarius t cell receptor gamma (trg) and delta (trd) variable domains.in previous reports, we had shown in camelus dromedarius that diversity in t cell receptor gamma (trg) and delta (trd) variable domains can be generated by somatic hypermutation (shm). in the present paper, we further the previous finding by analyzing 85 unique spleen cdna sequences encoding a total of 331 mutations from a single animal, and comparing the properties of the mutation profiles of dromedary trg and trd variable domains. the transition preference and the significant mutation frequenc ...201424836674
caudal epidural analgesia using lidocaine alone or in combination with ketamine in dromedary camels camelus dromedarius.this study was performed to investigate the analgesic effect of lidocaine and a combination of lidocaine and ketamine following epidural administration in dromedary camels. ten 12-18-month-old camels were randomly divided into two equal groups. in group l, the animals received 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) and in group lk the animals received a mixture of 10% ketamine (1 mg/kg) and 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) administered into the first intercoccygeal (co1-co2) epidural space while standing. onset tim ...201424830566
site-specific labeling of cysteine-tagged camelid single-domain antibody-fragments for use in molecular imaging.site-specific labeling of molecular imaging probes allows the development of a homogeneous tracer population. the resulting batch-to-batch reproducible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are of great importance for clinical translation. camelid single-domain antibody-fragments (sdabs)-the recombinantly produced antigen-binding domains of heavy-chain antibodies, also called nanobodies-are proficient probes for molecular imaging. to safeguard their intrinsically high binding specificit ...201424815083
impact of feeding on growth performance, blood biochemical and mineral profiles of pre-pubescent camels under pastoral management in arid western rajasthan.the experiment was undertaken on 20 pre-pubescent dromedary camels of 300 ± 7.0 kg average bodyweight (bw) and 1.5-2 years of age to determine change in body weight, blood biochemical and mineral profiles and morphometric parameters on rangeland grazing (gr) and supplementary stall feeding (gs) at arid northwestern part of rajasthan over a period of 80 days. gr camels were maintained only on grazing, while gs camels were fed semi-intensively ad-lib groundnut haulms along with formulated concentr ...201424811371
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels, oman, 2013.a countrywide survey in oman revealed middle eastrespiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nucleicacid in five of 76 dromedary camels. camel-derivedmers-cov sequences (3,754 nucleotides assembled from partial sequences of the open reading frame (orf)1a, spike, and orf4b genes) from oman and qatar were slightly different from each other, but closely related to human mers-cov sequences from the same geographical areas, suggesting local zoonotic transmission. high viral loads in nasal and conjunc ...201424786259
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in saudi arabia.abstract complete middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) genome sequences were obtained from nasal swabs of dromedary camels sampled in the kingdom of saudi arabia through direct analysis of nucleic acid extracts or following virus isolation in cell culture. consensus dromedary mers-cov genome sequences were the same with either template source and identical to published human mers-cov sequences. however, in contrast to individual human cases, where only clonal genomic sequences ...201424781747
heat-induced irreversible denaturation of the camelid single domain vhh antibody is governed by chemical modifications.the variable domain of camelid heavy chain antibody (vhh) is highly heat-resistant and is therefore ideal for many applications. although understanding the process of heat-induced irreversible denaturation is essential to improve the efficacy of vhh, its inactivation mechanism remains unclear. here, we showed that chemical modifications predominantly governed the irreversible denaturation of vhh at high temperatures. after heat treatment, the activity of vhh was dependent only on the incubation ...201424739391
review of laboratory submissions from new world camelids in england and wales (2000-2011).sample submissions to the animal health and veterinary laboratories agency's (ahvla's) diagnostic laboratory network in england and wales were reviewed for diseases affecting new world camelids (nwcs). in the years 2000-2011, 6757 submissions were analysed, including 5154/6757 (76.3%) for diagnosing a disease problem and 1603/6757 (23.7%) for monitoring (no clinical disease). wasting (weight loss, ill-thrift) was the most commonly reported clinical sign across all age groups. a diagnosis was rea ...201424721312
pituitary null cell adenoma in a domestic llama (lama glama).pituitary gland neoplasia has been reported rarely in camelids. a 12-year-old neutered male llama (lama glama) presented with lethargy, inappetence and neurological signs. on physical examination, the llama was mentally dull and exhibited compulsive pacing and circling to the left. complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed haemoconcentration, mild hypophosphataemia, hyperglycaemia, hypercreatininaemia and hyperalbuminaemia. humane destruction was elected due to rapid clinical deterior ...201424720914
severe whipworm (trichuris spp.) infection in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius).one adult (13-yr-old) and two young (3-4-yr-old) male dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) from the seoul zoo displayed anorexia and chronic diarrhea for 2 wk. direct fecal smear examination revealed trichuris spp. infection. after confirmation of the infection, fenbendazole was orally administered as a suspension; this was repeated two times at 3-wk intervals. a high initial dose (20 mg/kg) was followed by administration at the recommended dose (10 mg/kg). starting on the day following the fi ...201424712184
construction of naïve camelids vhh repertoire in phage display-based library.camelids have unique antibodies, namely hcabs (vhh) or commercially named nanobodies(®) (nb) that are composed only of a heavy-chain homodimer. as libraries based on immunized camelids are time-consuming, costly and likely redundant for certain antigens, we describe the construction of a naïve camelid vhhs library from blood serum of non-immunized camelids with affinity in the subnanomolar range and suitable for standard immune applications. this approach is rapid and recovers vhh repertoire wit ...201424702893
radiolabeled nanobodies as theranostic tools in targeted radionuclide therapy of cancer.the integration of diagnostic testing for the presence of a molecular target is of interest to predict successful targeted radionuclide therapy (trnt). this so-called 'theranostic' approach aims to improve personalized treatment based on the molecular characteristics of cancer cells. moreover, it offers new insights in predicting adverse effects and provides appropriate tools to monitor therapy responses. recent findings using nanobodies emphasize their potential as theranostic tools in cancer t ...201425035968
camelid reporter gene imaging: a generic method for in vivo cell tracking.to combine the sensitivity of bioluminescent imaging (bli) with the 3d and quantitative properties of pinhole single-photon emission computed tomography (spect)/micro-computed tomography (ct) (phspect/micro-ct), we generated stable cell lines that express a yellow-fluorescent protein (yfp) and gaussia luciferase (gluc) fusion protein (yfp/gluc). for in vivo phspect detection of this yfp/gluc protein, a nanobody, targeted against yellow and green fluorescent proteins (anti-yfp-nb), was site speci ...201425024930
effects of nutrient levels and average culture ph on the glycosylation pattern of camelid-humanized monoclonal antibody.the impact of operating conditions on the glycosylation pattern of humanized camelid monoclonal antibody, eg2-hfc produced by chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells has been evaluated by a combination of experiments and modeling. cells were cultivated under different levels of glucose and glutamine concentrations with the goal of investigating the effect of nutrient depletion levels and ammonia build up on the cell growth and the glycoprofiles of the monoclonal antibody (mab). the effect of average p ...201425014402
reply to "concerns about misinterpretation of recent scientific data implicating dromedary camels in epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)". 201425006235
concerns about misinterpretation of recent scientific data implicating dromedary camels in epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). 201425006231
development and utilization of camelid vhh antibodies from alpaca for 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether detection.an antibody-based analytical method for the detection of a chemical flame retardant using antibody fragments isolated from an alpaca has been developed. one specific chemical flame retardant congener, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (bde-47), is often the major poly-bde (pbde) congener present in human and environmental samples and that which is the most frequently detected. an alpaca was immunized with a surrogate of bde-47 covalently attached to a carrier protein. the resulting mrna c ...201425005746
mers coronavirus in dromedary camel herd, saudi arabia.a prospective study of a dromedary camel herd during the 2013-14 calving season showed middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of calves and adults. virus was isolated from the nose and feces but more frequently from the nose. preexisting neutralizing antibody did not appear to protect against infection.201424964193
plasma steroid hormone concentrations and blood flow of the ovarian structures of the female dromedary (camelus dromedarius) during growth, dominance, spontaneous ovulation, luteinization and regression of the follicular wave.the objectives of this study were to investigate the ovarian follicular waves and their corresponding hormonal changes in she-camels and to elucidate blood perfusion of the ovarian structures. three reproductively sound, non-pregnant female camels were examined daily using b-mode and color doppler to detect changes in their ovarian structures and blood vasculature for 22 follicular waves. blood area (ba) and percentage (ba%) were determined for the ovarian structures. three phases of follicular ...201424957969
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) rna and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, qatar, april 2014.antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) were detected in serum and milk collected according to local customs from 33 camels in qatar, april 2014. at one location, evidence for active virus shedding in nasal secretions and/or faeces was observed for 7/12 camels; viral rna was detected in milk of five of these seven camels. the presence of mers-cov rna in milk of camels actively shedding the virus warrants measures to prevent putative food-borne transmission of mers-c ...201424957745
seroepidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus in saudi arabia (1993) and australia (2014) and characterisation of assay specificity.the pseudoparticle virus neutralisation test (ppnt) and a conventional microneutralisation (mn) assay are specific for detecting antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) when used in seroepidemiological studies in animals. genetically diverse mers-cov appear antigenically similar in mn tests. we confirm that mers-cov was circulating in dromedaries in saudi arabia in 1993. preliminary data suggest that feral australian dromedaries may be free of mers-cov but larger co ...201424957744
[middle-east coronavirus: new menace; questions about dromedary]. 201424941691
multiphoton imaging of tumor biomarkers with conjugates of single-domain antibodies and quantum dots.an ideal multiphoton fluorescent nanoprobe should combine a nanocrystal with the largest possible two-photon absorption cross section (tpacs) and the smallest highly specific recognition molecules bound in an oriented manner. cdse/zns quantum dots (qds) conjugated to 13-kda single-domain antibodies (sdabs) derived from camelid igg or streptavidin have been used as efficient two-photon excitation (tpe) probes for carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) imaging on normal human appendix and colon carcinoma ...201424941465
adenoviral targeting using genetically incorporated camelid single variable domains.the unique ability of human adenovirus serotype 5 (ad5) to accomplish efficient transduction has allowed the use of ad5-based vectors for a range of gene therapy applications. several strategies have been developed to alter tropism of ad vectors to achieve a cell-specific gene delivery by using fiber modifications via genetic incorporation of targeting motifs. in this study, we have explored the utility of novel anti-human carcinoembryonic antigen (hcea) single variable domains derived from heav ...201424933423
differential neutralizing activities of a single domain camelid antibody (vhh) specific for ricin toxin's binding subunit (rtb).ricin, a member of the a-b family of ribosome-inactivating proteins, is classified as a select toxin by the centers for disease control and prevention because of its potential use as a biothreat agent. in an effort to engineer therapeutics for ricin, we recently produced a collection of alpaca-derived, heavy-chain only antibody vh domains (vhh or "nanobody") specific for ricin's enzymatic (rta) and binding (rtb) subunits. we reported that one particular rtb-specific vhh, rtb-b7, when covalently ...201424918772
preliminary study of plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine in tunisia and in italy.a survey relative to the use of plants for the cure of animals in tunisia was conducted in order to make a comparison with the same species (or similar ones) in central and southern italy.201425371582
mers coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in camels, eastern africa, 1983-1997.to analyze the distribution of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)-seropositive dromedary camels in eastern africa, we tested 189 archived serum samples accumulated during the past 30 years. we identified mers-cov neutralizing antibodies in 81.0% of samples from the main camel-exporting countries, sudan and somalia, suggesting long-term virus circulation in these animals.201425425139
the prevalence of linguatula serrata nymphs in mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in rafsanjan slaughterhouse, iran.linguatula serrata is a well-known zoonotic parasite belonging to the order of pentastomida which infects both human and animals. human can be infected by both the nymph stage, causing a disease condition called nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome and the egg, a condition called visceral linguatulosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of nymphal stages of l. serrata in mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes of one-humped camels slaughtered in rafsanjan slaughterh ...201425320486
camelid heat stress: 15 cases (2003-2011).this case series describes novel findings associated with heat stress in 15 cases in south american camelids that had no pre-existing illnesses and which had clinical signs of illness after exposure to a warm environment. novel findings include decreased packed cell volume and albumin concentration and mild spinal axonal degeneration. heat stress should be considered in weak camelids with a history of hyperthermia.201425320390
feasibility of utilising an infrared-thermographic technique for early detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy camels (camelus dromedarius).despite the proven ability of infrared thermography (irt) technology for early detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows/sheep/goats, studies on its diagnostic feasibility in dairy camels are lacking. sixty-five lactating camels in mid lactation, machine milked twice-daily and managed under intensive conditions were screened to evaluate the feasibility of utilising irt compared with other routine indicators in detecting subclinical mastitis. immediately before the morning milking, a portab ...201424331516
effect of different management systems on rutting behavior and behavioral repertoire of housed maghrebi male camels (camelus dromedarius).camel management has been changing in recent years from an extensive to a semi-intensive or intensive system, particularly for breeding bulls and dairy dromedary camels. captivity may affect animal welfare, and low libido is the major complaint for housed breeding bulls. since welfare status could also affect reproductive performance, the aim of this study was to evaluate different management practices on behavior, particularly on sexual behavior, and to identify some behavioral needs of male dr ...201424659302
novel betacoronavirus in dromedaries of the middle east, 2013.in 2013, a novel betacoronavirus was identified in fecal samples from dromedaries in dubai, united arab emirates. antibodies against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the virus, which we named dromedary camel coronavirus (dccov) uae-hku23, were detected in 52% of 59 dromedary serum samples tested. in an analysis of 3 complete dccov uae-hku23 genomes, we identified the virus as a betacoronavirus in lineage a1. the dccov uae-hku23 genome has g+c contents; a general preference for g/c in the ...201424655427
computed tomography and gross anatomical studies on the head of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).the current study aimed to document by computed tomography (ct) the anatomical structures of the one-humped camel head relative to their adaptability to living environments. seven adult one-humped camels' heads were used in this study. the structures of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, orbit, and cranium were investigated using computed tomographic scans, cross, and sagittal sections of the head cadavers, and skulls. the study showed the nasal conchae had special properties wher ...201424639077
caffeine supplementation during ivm improves frequencies of nuclear maturation and preimplantation development of dromedary camel oocytes following ivf.caffeine supplementation during oocyte ivm has been reported to improve preimplantation embryo development and the quality of in vitro-produced blastocysts in a range of species; but no studies have been done in camels. the present study investigated the effect of caffeine supplementation during dromedary camel oocyte ivm on nuclear maturation rates, ivf events, and subsequent preimplantation development. cumulus-oocyte complexes obtained at slaughter were matured in vitro in caffeine supplement ...201424630529
first description of milk flow traits in tunisian dairy dromedary camels under an intensive farming system.in order to evaluate milking ability in dromedary camels, 124 milk flow curves were registered during morning milking of 20 dairy maghrebi dromedary camels. animals were in lactations 1-8, were 6-19 years old and were 4-15 months of their current lactation. milk flow curves were recorded using an electronic milk flow meter (lactocorder®). milk flow curves were classified in three typical patterns: type 1 represents curves with one high and short peak of milk flow; type 2 represents curves with a ...201424622212
could dromedary camels develop stereotypy? the first description of stereotypical behaviour in housed male dromedary camels and how it is affected by different management systems.dromedary camel husbandry has recently been evolving towards a semi-intensive system, due to the changes in use of the animal and the settlement of nomadic populations. captivity could restrict its social activities, limiting the expression of various behavioural needs and causing the manifestation of stereotypy. the aims of this trial were, firstly, to identify and describe some stereotypical behaviours in captive male dromedary camels used for artificial insemination and, secondly, to study th ...201424586522
mers: emergence of a novel human coronavirus.a novel coronavirus (cov) that causes a severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans, emerged in the middle east region in 2012. this virus, named middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-cov, is phylogenetically related to bat covs, but other animal species like dromedary camels may potentially act as intermediate hosts by spreading the virus to humans. although human to human transmission has been demonstrated, analysis of human mers clusters indicated that chains of transmission were not ...201424584035
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in saudi arabia.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is proposed to be a zoonotic disease; however, the reservoir and mechanism for transmission of the causative agent, the mers coronavirus, are unknown. dromedary camels have been implicated through reports that some victims have been exposed to camels, camels in areas where the disease has emerged have antibodies to the virus, and viral sequences have been recovered from camels in association with outbreaks of the disease among humans. nonetheless, whet ...201424570370
caudal epidural analgesia using lidocaine alone or in combination with ketamine in dromedary camels (<i>camelus dromedarius</i>).this study was performed to investigate the analgesic effect of lidocaine and a combination of lidocaine and ketamine following epidural administration in dromedary camels. ten 12-18-month-old camels were randomly divided into two equal groups. in group l, the animals received 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) and in group lk the animals received a mixture of 10% ketamine (1 mg/kg) and 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) administered into the first intercoccygeal (co1-co2) epidural space while standing. onset tim ...201428235299
fine structures of the oocyte in relation to serum, follicular fluid steroid hormones and igf-i in the ovulatory-sized follicles in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).the following study was carried out to determine the ultrastructural features of the oocyte of the ovulatory-sized follicles in relation to concentrations of steroids and igf-i in the follicular fluid (ff) and serum in the dromedary camel.201424551433
confocal fluorescence assessment of bioenergy/redox status of dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) oocytes before and after in vitro maturation.reproductive biotechnologies in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) are less developed than in other livestock species. the in vitro maturation (ivm) technology is a fundamental step for in vitro embryo production (ivp), and its optimization could represent a way to increase the success rate of ivp. the aim of the present study was to investigate the bioenergy/oxidative status of dromedary camel oocytes before and after ivm by confocal microscopy 3d imaging.201424548378
[middle east respiratory syndrome (mers): bats or dromedary, which of them is responsible?].in 2012 a new viral emergent human disease appeared in the middle east. this entity was named mers for' middle east respiratory syndrome'. by january 9, 2014, the disease had already struck 178 persons of whom 75 died from respiratory failure and diarrhoea. as the new disease was very similar to the deadly sars (2002-2003) and since it was provoked by a betacoronavirus, chiroptera were first suspected to be at the origin of this infection. morever, recent studies performed in saudi arabia showed ...201424532303
combining proteomic tools to characterize the protein fraction of llama (lama glama) milk.llamas belong to the camelidae family along with camels. while dromedary camel milk has been broadly characterized, data on llama milk proteins are scarce. the objective of this study was thus to investigate the protein composition of llama milk. skimmed llama milk proteins were first characterized by a 2d separation technique coupling rp-hplc in the first dimension with sds-page in the second dimension (rp-hplc/sds-page). llama milk proteins, namely caseins (αs1 -, αs2 -, β-, and κ-caseins), α- ...201424519815
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): evidence and speculations.in 2012, a novel human coronavirus emerged and was tentatively named "middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus" (mers-cov). the high mortality rate of mers-cov focused attention on the ecology of the virus. it has been found that mers-cov belongs to the group c lineage of the genus betacoronavirus. coronavirus surveillance studies in different populations of bats have suggested that they are probable reservoirs for this novel virus, and phylogenetic analysis of both the spike (s1) and rna-de ...201424515532
specific targeting of atherosclerotic plaques in apoe(-/-) mice using a new camelid sdab binding the vulnerable plaque marker lox-1.molecular imaging has the potential to provide quantitative information about specific biological aspects of developing atherosclerotic lesions. this requires the generation of reliable, highly specific plaque tracers. this study reports a new camelid single-domain antibody fragment (sdab) targeting the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (lox-1), a biomarker for the detection and molecular phenotyping of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.201424687730
molecular cloning and cdna characterization of camelus dromedarius putative cytochrome p450s 1a, 2c, and 3a.the domesticated one-humped arabian camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian peninsula. most of its life, this animal is exposed to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that are known to cause gross metabolic alterations in many organisms. this study determined the full length coding sequence of 3 cytochrome p450s cdnas; namely, cyp450 1a1, cyp450 2c and cyp450 3a using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. the c. dromedarius cyp450s 1a ...201424682982
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