Publications

dirofilaria immitis: immunohistochemical localization of acid proteinase in the adult worm.	the distribution of dirofilaria immitis acid proteinase in adult worm tissue was examined biochemically and immunohistochemically. about 45% of the total proteinase activity of 700g supernatant, which was obtained from the 0.25 m sucrose homogenate of live adult worms, was found in the 100,000g supernatant by subcellular centrifugation analysis. the distribution pattern of the proteinase activity observed by percoll density gradient centrifugation coincided with that of glucose-6-phosphatase, a ...	1995	7628568
litmus: multipurpose cloning vectors with a novel system for bidirectional in vitro transcription.	we describe the construction and uses of a set of four multipurpose cloning vectors: litmus 28, 29, 38 and 39. the vectors feature the high-copy puc origin and an m13 origin for single-stranded dna production as well as polylinker sites for most commercially available restriction enzymes that recognize nondegenerate hexanucleotide sites and yield 4-base sticky ends upon cleavage. sites are arranged, without overlaps, to permit linker addition to blunt-ended fragments and unidirectional nested de ...	1995	7669286
serological diagnosis of subcutaneous dirofilariosis.	we present serological evidence that dirofilaria immitis was the causative agent of subcutaneous nodules in two patients. elisa and enzyme-linked immunoblot analysis showed that the two human sera had a reactivity pattern similar to that of d. immitis rabbit immune serum. the reaction pattern of the human sera was very different to that of dirofilaria repens rabbit immune serum. in the light of our findings, the traditional view that subcutaneous filarial nodules are due to d. repens has to be r ...	1995	7671389
diethylcarbamazine-induced dirofilaria immitis larval death, as indicated by immunoglobulin e concentration, in dogs with concurrent ancylostoma caninum infection.	immunoglobulin e is produced in response to parasitic nematodes that undergo blood and tissue migrations. results of our previous studies indicated that ige and igg respond to dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. to determine the association between treatment with the larvicide, diethylcarbamazine (dec), and antibody responses and to examine the potential influence of infection with a nonfilarid intestinal nematode on isotype-specific immune responses, we monitored, by use of iso ...	1995	7717581
myocardial edema and compromised left ventricular function attributable to dirofilariasis and cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs.	we investigated the relation between left ventricular dysfunction and myocardial edema in dogs with heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection that were undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. dogs with and without d immitis were anesthetized by continuous thiopental infusion and were mechanically ventilated. sonomicrometry crystals were placed on the long and short axes of the left ventricle, and a millar pressure transducer was placed in the left ventricular chamber. pressure-volume loops were digit ...	1995	7717590
alterations in polyamine levels of nematode, earthworm, leech and planarian during regeneration, temperature and osmotic stresses.	free-living nematodes, caenorhabditis elegans and dorylaimus fodori, contain putrescine and spermidine. putrescine, spermidine and spermine occur in the parasitic nematoda, ascaris suum, anisakis simplex and dirofilaria immitis. earthworms, eisenia foetida, tubifex hattai and pheretima communissima and the leech, hirudo nipponia (belonging to annelida) and the planarian, dugesia japonica (belonging to platyhelminthes) contain homospermidine and spermine in addition to putrescine and spermidine. ...	1995	7749639
structure and function of a family of chitinase isozymes from brugian microfilariae.	a family of chitinase isozymes, consisting of three proteins from the microfilariae of brugia pahangi and two previously described chitinases from the microfilariae of b. malayi, has been characterized. the five members of this family display closely related chitin-degrading activities, characterized by strong endo- rather than exochitinase activity. all five proteins have highly conserved sequences at their amino-termini and appear to share a two-domain tertiary structure, as demonstrated by pr ...	1995	7758548
solitary pulmonary nodule in a 62-year-old man.		1995	7813291
prevalence of microfilaraemia in episodic weakness and clinically normal dogs belonging to hunting breeds.	blood samples from 50 dogs with episodic weakness and 50 clinically normal dogs, all belonging to hunting breeds, were examined for microfilariae using the modified knott's method. the prevalence of microfilaraemia in dogs belonging to the episodic weakness group was 10% for dirofilaria immitis, 30% for dirofilaria repens and 8% for acanthocheilonema reconditum. in the clinically normal group, the figures were 14% for dirofilaria repens and 4% for acanthocheilonema reconditum. the overall percen ...	1994	7829845
complete structure of the gene encoding an immunodominant antigen of dirofilaria immitis and larva-specific synthesis of primary transcript.	the complete gene encoding an immunodominant antigen of dirofilaria immitis was isolated from a charomid 9-36 genomic dna library. this genomic dna clone termed 'dg2' was characterized by restriction mapping, dna sequencing of the 5' flanking region, the exon/intron boundaries and the polyadenylation addition site. the dg2 with 4872 bp in length consisted of five exons interspersed with four introns. these exons reveal a single open reading frame followed by a long 3' non-coding region of 1383 b ...	1994	7829848
clinical prophylactic activity of melarsomine dihydrochloride (rm 340) against dirofilaria immitis in heartworm-naive beagles exposed to natural infection in three southeastern states.	melarsomine dihydrochloride (rm 340), a drug being developed as an adulticide for treatment of heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs, was safe and highly effective as a clinical prophylactic agent against naturally acquired infections using strategic and tactical treatment programs. the strategic program involved treatment every 4 months (three series of treatments per year), disregarding the mosquito season (ms), to clear the existing infection at each treatment. the tactical progra ...	1994	7879379
use of melarsomine dihydrochloride (rm 340) for adulticidal treatment of dogs with naturally acquired infections of dirofilaria immitis and for clinical prophylaxis during reexposure for 1 year.	heartworm-infected dogs were treated therapeutically with a new heartworm adulticide (melarsomine dihydrochloride, rm 340) and then put on a strategic program with treatment every 4 months for clinical prophylaxis to take advantage of the drug's potent activity against 4-month-old immature as well as adult dirofilaria immitis. ten random-source dogs with naturally acquired heartworm infections (microfilariae- and antigen-positive) were given melarsomine (2.2 mg kg-1 twice 3 h apart) by i.m. inje ...	1994	7879380
evaluation of a 22 kda dirofilaria immitis antigen for the immunodiagnosis of human pulmonary dirofilariosis.	human pulmonary dirofilariosis usually appears as a solitary pulmonary nodule. a 22 kda antigen from dirofilaria immitis adult worms specifically recognized by three sera from individuals diagnosed with pulmonary dirofilariosis was identified by enzyme-linked-immunoelectrotransfer blot. this antigen was purified by elution from acrylamide gels and evaluated in enzyme-linked immunoassay using sera from 92 patients with pulmonary dirofilariosis and other pulmonary and parasitic diseases. its use i ...	1994	7899798
factors affecting dirofilaria immitis prevalence in red foxes in northeastern spain.	we determined the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis (nematoda, filariidae) among 433 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in northeastern spain, between 1990 and 1992. forty-six (11%) of 433 foxes were infected; the intensity ranged from 1 to 36 (mean +/- se; 4.39 +/- 0.92) nematodes per host. the prevalence of d. immitis was higher in foxes inhabiting riparian zones of the study area. this population has a very high juvenile/adult ratio. heartworm prevalences did not differ among host sex, weight, or fat ...	1994	7760485
aedes aegypti: characterization of a hemolymph polypeptide expressed during melanotic encapsulation of filarial worms.	we report on the initial characterization of an 84-kda polypeptide that is differentially expressed in aedes aegypti during melanotic encapsulation immune reactions against filarial worms. [35s]methionine-labeled hemolymph from mosquitoes inoculated with saline, parasites that are melanized, or parasites that are not melanized was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. results show that the level of the 84-kda polypeptide increases considerably in those mosquitoes ...	1994	7957753
expression of an onchocerca volvulus ov33 homolog in dirofilaria immitis: potential in immunodiagnosis of heartworm infection.	in this study, the expression of an onchocerca volvulus ov33 homolog was demonstrated in dirofilaria immitis. rabbit antiserum raised against a recombinant fusion protein of o. volvulus, mbp/ovd 5b (ov33), was found to react with a 31-33 kda glycoprotein (dit33) of adult worms of d. immitis. an antibody response to mbp/ovd 5b was observed in dogs, as early as 11 weeks post infection with infective larvae of d. immitis, and in dogs with occult infection. cats both experimentally and naturally inf ...	1994	7970866
[lung findings in filariasis].	a solitary intrapulmonary mass, found accidentally, demands further investigations to assure the diagnosis. even if we are unable to give an exact diagnosis, we should try to determine the character of the lesion; often the clinical findings can be helpful. if this is not the case, further possibilities to arrive at the correct diagnosis should be indicated.	1994	7986850
prophylactic efficacy of milbemycin oxime against multiple infection of dogs with dirofilaria immitis.	in order to examine the prophylactic effects of milbemycin oxime (mo) against dirofilaria immitis infection, experiments were carried out under multiple infection with d. immitis. ten filaria-free beagles of age 4 to 8 months were each inoculated with a total number of 480 larvae 12 times at intervals of 15 days over a period of 6 months, and mo was given monthly for the 6 months at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg. the infection rate in the medicated group of dogs was nil, this suggesting complete protecti ...	1994	7999910
characterization of the high mannose asparagine-linked oligosaccharides synthesized by microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis.	this report describes the structures of high-mannose-type n-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins synthesized by the microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis. microfilariae of d. immitis were incubated in vitro in media containing 2-[3h] mannose to allow metabolic radiolabeling of the oligosaccharide moieties of newly synthesized glycoproteins. glycopeptides were prepared from the radiolabeled glycoproteins by digestion with pronase and fractionation by chromatography on concanavalin a-sepharose. ...	1994	8025033
serologic survey and serum biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (felis concolor) in california.	serum samples from 58 mountain lions (felis concolor) in california (usa) were collected between april 1987 and february 1990. nineteen serum samples were used for serum biochemistry determinations; the ranges were similar to reference values in domestic cats, captive exotic felidae and free-ranging mountain lions. a serological survey was conducted to determine whether antibodies were present against selected infectious agents. fifty-four (93%) of 58 sera had antibodies against feline panleukop ...	1994	8028105
[human dirofilariasis: identification of a 44kd antigen recognized by igm against dirofilaria immitis].	dirofilaria immitis is a nematode parasite of canids that, in endemic areas, can infect humans. the use of adult somatic antigens for the diagnosis of human dirofilariasis has the disadvantage of a low sensibility because of cross-reactivity with other helminths, specially with igm antibodies. we describe in this work proteins of the adult somatic antigenic complex that are specifically recognized by human igm.	1994	8031885
purified excretory-secretory component of filarial parasite enhances fc epsilon rii/cd23 expression on human splenic b and t cells and ige synthesis while potentiating t-helper type 2-related cytokine generation from t cells.	the cd23-bearing cells are known to be involved in multiple biological activities, including ige synthesis and ige-dependent cytotoxicity to parasites. the factors that regulate interleukin-4 (il-4)-induced ige synthesis in helminthic infection were analysed by using an excretory-secretory component (esc) of dirofilaria immitis (di). human splenic b and t cells significantly enhanced the expression of low-affinity fc receptors for ige (fc epsilon rii/cd23) by stimulation with esc, either acting ...	1994	8039805
dirofilaria immitis: depression of endothelium-dependent relaxation of canine femoral artery seen in vivo does not persist in vitro.	in heartworm-infected dogs, circulating filarial factors appear to be responsible for the seasonal depression of endothelium-dependent responses seen in the in vivo femoral artery. the effect of heartworm infection on vascular responses of the femoral artery in vitro, when the vessel is not constantly exposed to circulating factors, is unknown. experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that in vivo exposure to circulating filarial factors leads to changes in the magnitude and mechanism of ...	1994	8056079
histopathology of the lungs of rabbits experimentally infected with dirofilaria immitis.	the lungs of rabbits experimentally infected with dirofilaria immitis were examined histopathologically, to compare the changes with those seen in human pulmonary dirofilariasis. eight rabbits were infected subcutaneously with two to eight immature worms to induce pulmonary dirofilariasis. obstructive changes, similar to those reported in human pulmonary dirofilariasis, were observed in the blood vessels surrounding the worms. a form of arteritis, similar to occlusive arteritis, and periarteriti ...	1994	8056874
[case report: dirofilariasis in a dog].	a siberian husky from the milan region was referred to the clinic for clarification of a history of weight loss and rapid fatigue. on clinical examination increased vesicular sounds and dyspnea after physical excitement and effort were the only abnormal findings demonstrable. radiologically demonstrated changes of the pulmonary arteries led to a tentative diagnosis of dirofilariosis. the parasitological diagnosis based on serology and the morphology of microfilariae isolated from the blood indic ...	1994	8091180
non-specific fluorescent whitener stains in the rapid recognition of pulmonary dirofilariasis: a report of 20 cases.	solitary lung nodules in humans caused by the dog parasite dirofilaria immitis are steadily increasing in number. the organisms can be easily missed in haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue when they are degenerated and pale staining.	1994	7517073
dirofilaria immitis: a large-scale purification method and partial characteristics of a superoxide dismutase from adult worms.	a superoxide dismutase (sod) from adult worms of dirofilaria immitis was purified using ethanol-chloroform and acetone treatment, de 52 cellulose, and sephadex g-75 gel chromatography to obtain a 677-fold purification and a specific activity of 5483 units/mg of protein. the purified sod was essentially homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and composed of two identical 18.5 kda subunits. the purified sod was inactivated completely b ...	1994	8119375
early migration and development of dirofilaria immitis in the ferret, mustela putorius furo.	twenty-four female ferrets, approximately 4 mo of age, were subcutaneously inoculated with 60 infective larvae of dirofilaria immitis to determine migration and development of the worms until they became young adults in the heart and associated vessels. twelve groups of 2 ferrets each were examined at 3, 5, 11, 15, 21, 49, 56, 63, 70, 91, 119, and 140 days postinoculation, respectively, to recover worms. total worm recovery from each ferret varied from 1.6 to 79.3%. worms were found mostly in su ...	1994	8158467
an analysis of the humoral immune response of dogs following vaccination with irradiated infective larvae of dirofilaria immitis.	in this study, dogs were immunized with irradiated l3 larvae of dirofilaria immitis. following challenge with non-irradiated l3, vaccinated dogs had an average of 71% fewer adult worms compared to non-vaccinated animals. a comparative analysis of eosinophil and antibody responses of these two groups of dogs is presented. vaccinated dogs preferentially recognized several larval (14, 20, 30, 34, 39 kda), adult worm (20 kda) and microfilarial (36, 38, 71, 84 kda) antigens. to characterize these ant ...	1994	8208588
dirofilaria immitis: heartworm products contract rat trachea in vitro.	subtle decreases in racing performance have been noted in asymptomatic greyhounds with heartworm burdens insufficient to obstruct pulmonary outflow, suggesting that alternative mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of canine heartworm disease. endothelium-dependent relaxation is depressed in the in vivo femoral artery of heartworm-infected dogs, in the in vitro pulmonary artery from heartworm-infected dogs, and in the in vitro rat aorta exposed to heartworms, heartworm-conditioned mediu ...	1994	8299762
microfilariae in the mammary gland of a bitch.	a microfilarial infection of the mammary gland of a bitch with dirofilaria immitis was diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy. the animal had had a progressively enlarging, painful, pendulous, cystic swelling, measuring 12 x 18 cm, in the second left abdominal mammary gland for four to five months. two separate biopsies revealed microfilariae and mammary duct epithelial cells, but no inflammatory cells. a histological examination revealed atrophic and necrotic mammary lobules with dilated an ...	1994	7801441
molecular phylogenetic studies on filarial parasites based on 5s ribosomal spacer sequences.	this paper is the first large-scale molecular phylogenetic study on filarial parasites (family onchocercidae) which includes 16 species of 6 genera: brugia beaveri ash et little, 1962, b. buckleyi dissanaike et paramananthan, 1961; b. malayi (brug, 1927) buckley, 1960; b. pahangi (buckley et edeson, 1956) buckley, 1960; b. patei (buckley, nelson et heisch, 1958) buckley, 1960; b. timori partono et al, 1977; wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold, 1877) seurat, 1921: w. kalimantani palmieri. purnomo, denn ...	1994	9140481
larval biology of six filariae of the sub-family onchocercinae in a vertebrate host.	the development of six filariae of the sub-family onchocercinae-litomosoides sigmodontis, acanthocheilonema viteae, molinema dessetae, monanema martini, brugia malayi, b. pahangi-was compared in rodents, following a single inoculation of a low or high dose of infective larvae. analysis was done with 105 rodents dissected and 53 rodents fixed for histopathology. the percentage of larvae which developed corresponded to the proportion of those which were able to penetrate into the sub-cutaneous lym ...	1994	9140491
an ultrastructural study on the early cellular response to dirofilaria immitis (nematoda) in the malpighian tubules of aedes aegypti (refractory strains).	dirofilaria immitis living in aedes aegypti refractory strains were studied in relation to ultrastructural events in primary cells of malpighian tubules and to defense mechanisms activated by host-cells. when the microfilaria reaches the malpighian cells, its intracellular development is blocked by defense mechanisms activated by the host, resulting in lysis of the outermost cuticle of the parasite without melanin involvement. ultrastructural evidence suggests that lysis is brought about by malp ...	1994	9140500
immunoblotting analysis of somatic components of dirofilaria immitis.	sds-page analysis of dirofilaria immitis extracts demonstrated the complexicity of protein components of microfilariae, similar to that of adult male and female worms. immunoblotting analysis using sera from microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic dogs with d. immitis infection suggest that antigenic components in the low molecular weight region may be related to the anti-microfilarial mechanism of the host.	1994	7696415
semiquantitative test for dirofilaria immitis as a predictor of thromboembolic complications associated with heartworm treatment in dogs.	a semiquantitative heartworm test of antigen concentration was evaluated as a predictor of thromboembolism after adulticide treatment. seventeen dogs with naturally acquired infections of dirofilaria immitis (heartworms) were studied before and after thiacetarsamide treatment, using physical examinations, arterial blood gas analyses, thoracic radiography, and pulmonary hemodynamic and arteriographic tests. eight dogs were considered to have a low burden of heartworms and 9 had a high burden. dog ...	1993	8323062
pulmonary thromboembolism and hypertension after thiacetarsamide vs melarsomine dihydrochloride treatment of dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs.	the severity of pulmonary thromboembolism and pulmonary hypertension induced by heartworms dying after administration of 2 adulticides was evaluated. because melarsomine dihydrochloride (rm340) has been shown to be more effective in killing dirofilaria immitis (heartworms) than the traditional approved adulticide, thiacetarsamide, an attempt was made to determine whether this new adulticide induced more severe lung disease. before adulticide treatment, 32 dogs with naturally acquired heartworm i ...	1993	8323063
the effect of ketoconazole on pulmonary pathology associated with dead dirofilaria immitis.	the involvement of thromboxane and lipoxygenase in the regulation of pulmonary lesions and immune responses was investigated in dogs given ketoconazole and exposed to dead adult dirofiliara immitis. immunopathological reactions to the dead filariae were monitored by light and transmission electron microscopy and serology. when compared with control tissues, ketoconazole administration enhanced the level of pulmonary haemorrhage and early parenchymal fibrosis associated with dead adult filariae. ...	1993	8327452
pulmonary dirofilariasis cytologically mimicking lung cancer. a case report.	a case report on a 64-year-old male with pulmonary dirofilariasis cytologically mimicking lung cancer is presented. by transbronchial brushing cytology, several suspect cells with a papillary arrangement showing a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, irregularity of nuclear shape, nuclear enlargement and a macronucleolus were obtained. these cells seemed to originate in the reparative process of the bronchiolar epithelium around the infarcted lesion containing dirofilaria immitis.	1993	8328248
range of heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection in montana dogs.	the serological presence of heartworm in dogs of montana was studied in a 3-yr survey. serum samples were provided by veterinary practitioners throughout montana or were submitted to the state diagnostic laboratory. sera from 3,490 dogs were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for circulating adult heartworm antigen. twenty-four serum samples were positive for heartworm antigen. two were from dogs that had never been outside the state. nineteen additional positive dogs, 7 o ...	1993	8331485
the development of pulmonary lesions associated with dead adult d. immitis in naive dogs.	the sequential response of the lung to the death of adult d. immitis has not been reported. to determine the time sequence and severity of pulmonary lesions following the death of d. immitis, light microscopy was used to follow 36 dogs, detailing the respective lesions 1-35 days after insertion of dead d. immitis or of control polyvinyl chloride threads. results showed that dogs exposed to dead filariae developed more severe pulmonary arterial disease than did those exposed to inert threads. sev ...	1993	8342368
survey of dirofilariasis in arkansas.	a card survey was sent to 340 veterinarians in the urban, delta, highland and coastal plain regions of arkansas. veterinarians were asked to indicate numbers of dogs tested, confirmed dirofilaria immitis positive, diagnostic techniques, frequency and period tested. a significantly greater percentage of dogs tested d. immitis positive in the delta region as compared with the urban region. there were no significant differences in the percentage of treated dogs on prophylaxis or the types of diagno ...	1993	8350083
mechanism of increased dissemination of chikungunya virus in aedes albopictus mosquitoes concurrently ingesting microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis.	we investigated whether concurrent ingestion of chikungunya virus and microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis increases viral dissemination and multiplication in a mosquito vector. the increased rate of dissemination of this virus in mosquitoes concurrently ingesting both agents was found when homogenates of bodies and those of legs only were examined. it was significantly higher than that of controls ingesting the virus alone through the end of the experiment on day 14 after infection. we next stu ...	1993	8357082
transovarial transmission of chikungunya virus by aedes albopictus mosquitoes ingesting microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis under laboratory conditions.	female aedes albopictus mosquitoes of the miki strain were experimentally fed on defibrinated sheep blood containing 5 x 10(7) pfu of chikungunya virus and 20,000 microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis per milliliter. fully engorged mosquitoes transmitted the virus to a small percentage of the f1 progeny, but females of the f1 generation did not transmit the virus to the f2 progeny. the control mosquitoes that ingested the virus without microfilariae did not transmit the virus to their eggs, larva ...	1993	8394983
prophylactic effect of milbemycin oxime against dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs: optimum dose and administration time.	to examine the prophylactic efficacy of milbemycin oxime against dirofilaria immitis infection, 42 filaria-free beagles were inoculated with 100 infective larvae of the parasite. milbemycin oxime was administered orally at doses of 0.05 to 1.0 mg/kg body weight one month after inoculation, and at a single dose of 0.25 mg/kg body weight on days 1 to 90 after inoculation. all dogs were euthanized and autopsied to evaluate the prophylactic effect of the drug against d. immitis infection 6 months af ...	1993	8399759
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel neutrophil chemotactic factor from a filarial parasite.	to compare the molecular structure of a parasite-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (ncf) with host-derived ncfs or other ncfs, molecular cloning of cdna encoding ncf derived from dirofilaria immitis adult worm (dincf) was performed. a d. immitis cdna library was screened with an antibody to dincf, and one dincf cdna clone (pd-4) was isolated. a fusion protein of pd-4 and gene 10 protein showed significant neutrophil chemotactic activity whereas gene 10 protein itself showed marginal neutroph ...	1993	8413331
immunolocalization of superoxide dismutase in dirofilaria immitis adult worms.	superoxide dismutase (sod) may not only perform a housekeeping role in filarial worms but also assist in defense against oxidants generated by host immune cells. both dirofilaria and onchocerca adult filariae and microfilariae contain relatively high activities of the antioxidant enzyme sod; adult dirofilaria worms also secrete sod in vitro. in addition, superoxide radicals are relatively impotent against dirofilaria and onchocerca microfilariae in vitro. in assessing the role of sod, we determi ...	1993	8432599
determination of the role of cuticular carbohydrates in the hemocompatibility of dirofilaria immitis (nematoda).	we have partially characterized surface glycoproteins of the canine heartworm, dirofilaria immitis. histochemical studies indicated the presence of neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharides at the blood-cuticle interface. fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectin binding patterns suggested the presence of alpha-d-glucosyl and/or alpha-d-mannosyl, beta-galactosyl, n-acetylneuraminyl and n-acetylated-d-hexosaminyl (sialic and glucuronic acids, respectively) terminal residues among the constituent ...	1993	8436577
vaccination with recombinant filarial paramyosin induces partial immunity to brugia malayi infection in jirds.	vaccination with irradiated infective larvae induces partial protective immunity to infection with the filarial nematode brugia malayi in jirds. prior studies have shown that such immunization stimulates a much stronger antibody response to recombinant and native filarial paramyosin than that seen after normal infection. to determine whether vaccination with recombinant paramyosin could induce protective immunity to larval challenge, jirds were immunized with either b. malayi paramyosin and malt ...	1993	8436822
pulmonary arterial changes in feline dirofilariasis.	eleven cats with spontaneous dirofilariasis were necropsied; ten were domestic shorthairs and one was a persian. the cats ranged in age from 1 to 10 years, and 6/11 cats were male. one to three heartworms were present in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries of each of the 11 cats. patchy areas of rugose thickening of the intima of the pulmonary trunk and marked villous endarteritis of lobar and medium-sized pulmonary arteries were observed. affected larger vessels were partially occluded b ...	1993	8442329
purification and identification of a serum protein increased by anthelmintic drugs for dirofilaria immitis in dogs.	polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of canine serum protein has revealed that the administration of anthelmintics elicits an increase in a certain serum protein. this protein, named pt60, was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and preparative electrophoresis. the purified pt60 gave a single band with the molecular size of 53 kda in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, two bands a ...	1993	8461423
assessment of aedes sierrensis as a vector of canine heartworm in utah using a new technique for determining the infectivity rate.	both aedes sierrensis and dirofilaria immitis have recently become established in utah. we evaluated the vector potential of this aedes sierrensis strain using a new technique for detecting dirofilaria immitis in individual mosquitoes. survival of aedes sierrensis females after bloodfeeding did not differ from that of ae. triseriatus but infective ae. sierrensis produced significantly more l3 nematodes. this observation and epidemiological data support the hypothesis that ae. sierrensis is the v ...	1993	8468580
pulmonary dirofilariasis in california.		1993	8470398
purification and partial characterization of an acid proteinase from dirofilaria immitis.	an acid proteinase of dirofilaria immitis worms was purified 437-fold by gel filtration on sephadex g-75 followed by pepstatin-agarose gel affinity chromatography. the enzyme with a molecular weight of 42,000 and specific activity of 384 units (mg protein)-1 was homogeneous as judged by both affinity chromatography and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. however, polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis at ph 8.9 revealed that the enzyme is composed of 5 multiforms, all carrying proteinase activi ...	1993	8479453
immunodiagnosis of human dirofilariasis in puerto rico.	a seroepidemiologic study was carried out in humans inhabiting southeastern puerto rico, the area on this island with highest prevalence of canine heartworm, to detect the presence of antibodies to dirofilaria immitis. three hundred serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using somatic antigens of the adult worm. serum samples from eight patients were positive for anti-dirofilarial igg. these patients had a mean age of 54 years. although the study population had ...	1993	8480862
antifilarial igm versus igg antibody determination in the diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti infection in egyptians.	circulating antifilarial igm and igg antibodies were assessed by indirect elisa in 184 serum specimens from 80 patients with clinically and parasitologically diagnosed filarial infections (20 with acute filariasis 40 with chronic filariasis & 20 asymptomatic microfilaraemic subjects), 64 individuals with other parasitic infections, 20 parasitologically-free subjects from filariasis endemic areas and 20 normal healthy controls. a soluble surface membrane extract from dirofilaria immitis worms was ...	1993	8482876
[autochthonous european dirofilariasis of the lung].	two intrapulmonary round nodules were identified by x-ray examination in a 45-year old german woman during an examination conducted before her employment who had been complaining of pain in the right side of the thorax and of mild coughing irritation and tiredness for several months prior to the health check. since the intraoperative frozen section did not show any malignancy, and atypical resection of the two involved segments was performed. histological processing of the surgical specimens sho ...	1993	8483868
dirofilaria immitis: effect of fluoromethyl ketone cysteine protease inhibitors on the third- to fourth-stage molt.	d. immitis third-stage larvae (l3) were cultured with fluoromethyl ketone cysteine protease inhibitors. by day 5 in culture, none of the larvae cultured with 0.1, 0.2, 0.6, or 1.0 mm benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-ch2f (z-phe-ala-ch2f) has molted, while 63.2% of larvae in media without inhibitor had molted. at the two lower concentrations of inhibitor more larvae had initiated, but not completed, the molt. in addition to z-phe-ala-ch2f, four other fluoromethyl ketone derivatives, z-phe-arg-ch2f, amor ...	1993	8500582
immunohistological observations on pulmonary tissues from dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis.	pulmonary tissues from non-infected dogs, naturally dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs and experimentally infected puppies, selectively necropsied after infection, were assessed using peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap) staining technology. sequential sections of pulmonary tissue were pap stained with anti-fresh d. immitis serum, anti-paraffin processed d. immitis serum, anti-dog immunoglobulin (igg, igg fc, igm) sera and anti-dog complement (c3) serum, and examined for antibody, complement and for d ...	1993	8212520
decision analysis in the evaluation of diagnostic tests.	decision analysis was used to evaluate the clinical usefulness of 2 diagnostic tests: one for canine heartworm disease and the other for bovine traumatic reticulo-peritonitis. several clinically relevant measures of test performance are introduced, including expected utility, risk profile, testing band, threshold analysis, and the relative cost of misdiagnosis. one of the principal benefits of decision analysis of diagnostic tests is that the technique can be used to determine how changes in und ...	1993	8244870
the effect of prostaglandin inhibition on the development of pulmonary pathology associated with dead dirofilaria immitis.	flunixin meglumine was used to examine the effect of prostaglandin inhibition on the pathogenesis of dirofilaria immitis in the pulmonary arteries of dogs. immunopathological reactions to dead filariae were monitored by light and transmission electron microscopy and serology. lung lesions in prostaglandin-inhibited dogs exposed to dead filariae were enhanced compared to control dogs. this was associated with the persistence of parasitic antigen in lung tissue and in the blood. serology demonstra ...	1993	8249245
anti-dirofilaria immitis ige: seroepidemiology and seasonal variation in an exposed human population.	the seroprevalence of seasonal variation of human anti-dirofilaria immitis ige levels were studied in an area where specific igm and igg had been previously investigated. an antibody capture elisa assay was used to detect specific ige. the ige seroprevalence observed in the whole population was 12.6%. no specific ige was detected in atopic individuals or in sera from people suffering other helminthiases. the distribution of the ige anti-d. immitis seroprevalence by age groups did not show differ ...	1993	8256091
characterization of the n-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins synthesized by microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis.	in this report, we describe studies on the structures of the n-linked oligosaccharides contained in glycoproteins synthesized by microfilariae of the canine heartworm, dirofilaria immitis. microfilariae were incubated in media containing either 2-[3h]mannose, 6-[3h]glucosamine, or 6-[3h]galactose. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorographic analyses indicated that many glycoproteins were radiolabeled by both the mannose and glucosamine, whereas glycoproteins were ...	1993	8277373
localization, turnover and conservation of gp15/400 in different stages of brugia malayi.	the expression of a protein complex designated gp15/400, previously identified via extrinsic iodination of adult brugia malayi, was examined by labelling all stages found in the mammalian host and immunoprecipitation with a specific antibody raised to a recombinant protein. in this way, gp15/400 could be detected in l3, l4, adult worms and microfilariae recovered from jirds and labelled with bolton-hunter reagent. metabolic labelling indicated that gp15/400 was released into culture medium when ...	1993	8278224
the effect of invertebrate hormones and potential hormone inhibitors on the third larval moult of the filarial nematode, dirofilaria immitis, in vitro.	the effects of the insect hormones, ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone, certain non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonists (rh compounds) and the inhibitor, azadirachtin, on the timing of the 3rd-stage moult of dirofilaria immitis were investigated. 20-hydroxyecdysone and rh 5849 when used at a concentration of 10(-5) m, resulted in a premature timing of this moult. azadiracthin, at a similar concentration, prevented moulting of most of the larvae to the 4th stage. the results are discussed in relation to ...	1993	8278225
comparison of three diagnostic tests for dirofilaria immitis in a low-incidence area.		1993	8286476
effects of milbemycin d on microfilarial number and reproduction of dirofilaria immitis in dogs.	a single dose (1 mg/kg) of milbemycin d was administered orally to 24 dogs with microfilaremia of dirofilaria immitis, and the number of circulating microfilariae was counted weekly. the number was decreased by 3 to 8% of the pretreatment levels 1 week after the drug administration. the number remained relatively stable for the first 8 weeks and was gradually increased thereafter without returning to the pretreatment levels by 20 weeks. three or 4 dogs each were euthanatized on day 1, and 1, 4, ...	1993	8286528
dirofilaria immitis: detection of parasite-specific antigen by monoclonal antibodies in glomerulonephritis in infected dogs.	for the identification of circulating parasite antigens associated with immune-complex glomerulonephritis in dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated against adult worms. a total of 11 mabs were selected for cloning because of their high productivity and their lack of cross-reactivity with toxocara canis in indirect immunofluorescence tests. the ability of mabs to detect circulating antigens was examined using an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorb ...	1993	7682327
variation of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) relative abundance and dirofilaria immitis (nematoda: filarioidea) vector potential in coastal north carolina.	at an enzootic focus of dirofilaria immitis in coastal north carolina, mosquito populations were sampled june-september 1985 and on several occasions during august-october 1986 and june-august 1987, to identify local vectors and to determine relative abundance and d. immitis infection rates. predominant species collected were anopheles bradleyi king (66.6%), culex salinarius coquillett (15.9%), aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) (8.2%), and aedes sollicitans (walker) (4.9%). population abundance v ...	1993	8096249
characterization and biological activities of anti-brugia pahangi tubulin monoclonal antibodies.	three monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific to beta-tubulin were used to investigate the heterogeneity of tubulins from nematodes and mammals. western blot analysis of one-dimensional sds-page showed that anti-brugia pahangi tubulin mab 1b6 and p3d react with epitope(s) specific to nematode beta-tubulin and recognize tubulin from adults and microfilariae of b. pahangi, adult b. malayi and dirofilaria immitis, eggs of haemonchus contortus and adult ascaris suum. however, the same mab did not recog ...	1993	8106183
effect of serum from dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aorta in vitro.	endothelium-dependent relaxation of canine femoral artery in vivo is depressed in dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis (heartworms). in vitro, endothelium-dependent relaxation of aorta from rat is depressed in the presence of adult heartworms or heartworm-conditioned media. the depression of relaxation is attributable, in part, to a low molecular weight, biologically active product that is released by the adult parasites. because heartworms reside in the right heart and pulmonary arteries, bio ...	1993	8116937
[pulmonary dirofilariasis].	dirofilariosis usually concerns dogs among which it is transmitted by mosquito bites. human infection is rare and we describe here a case observed in a 75 years old woman in new caledonia. a systematic pulmonary radiograph showed suspicious pulmonary nodules. at microscopic examination one can see pulmonary infarctus with thrombosis and dirofilaria immitis inside a vessel. diagnosis is usually made by histologic examination because biological investigations are of a little interest. surgical tre ...	1993	7904713
heartworm in dogs in canada in 1991.	in late november 1991, 1883 clinics in canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. there were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (hw), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of hw infection was 0.18%. there were 417 dogs with hw in ontario, 116 in manitoba, 38 in quebec, 53 in british columbia, three in alberta, and one in nova scotia. in british columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the okanagan ...	1993	17424311
relationship between pulmonary arterial pressure and lesions in the pulmonary arteries and parenchyma, and cardiac valves in canine dirofilariasis.	the relationship between pulmonary hypertension and lesions was examined in 41 dogs infested naturally with heartworms, which consisted of 28 cases with pulmonary heartworm disease and 13 cases with caval syndrome. pulmonary arterial pressure (pap) was measured before and 1 or 7 days after heartworm removal with a flexible alligator forceps. in these dogs, lesions were examined after the last measurement of pap. the mean pap was 28.2 +/- 16.0 mmhg (10.9 to 81.4 mmhg in range) at post-removal pha ...	1992	1391186
cardiopulmonary function in dogs with serious chronic heartworm disease.	cardiopulmonary function was examined in 18 dogs with serious chronic heartworm disease showing ascites, subcutaneous edema, prostration, weakness, jaundice and so on. after surgical heartworm removal from the pulmonary arteries, 10 dogs recovered (surviving group), and 8 dogs died or were euthanatized because of poor prognosis (nonsurviving group). the number of live heartworms residing in the pulmonary arteries of the surviving group tended to be larger than that in the nonsurviving group. at ...	1992	1391187
in vitro effects of milbemycin oxime: mechanism of action against angiostrongylus cantonensis and dirofilaria immitis.	the neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the action of milbemycin oxime on the motility of angiostrongylus cantonensis and dirofilaria immitis were examined in vitro. in a. cantonensis, milbemycin oxime caused inhibitory effects at low concentrations of > or = 10(-9) g/ml, and paralysis was elicited at 10(-8) - 10(-6) g/ml. the paralysis was antagonized by picrotoxin and bicuculline but not by dibenamine. in addition, stimulatory effects were observed when the antibiotic was used at higher ...	1992	1409536
detection of circulating antigens in human trichinellosis.	a 'sandwich' enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established to detect circulating antigens of trichinella spiralis in human sera, its sensitivity and specificity was evaluated using 4 antigens (trichinella spiralis, trichuris trichiura, dirofilaria immitis and ascaris suum), and it was found to be sensitive and specific for t. spiralis antigen. samples of 347 individuals with suspected trichinellosis, who had eaten incompletely cooked bear meat containing larvae of t. spiralis, were examined. ...	1992	1412659
dirofilaria immitis: a rare, increasing cause of pulmonary nodules.	dirofilariasis is an unusual but increasing cause of solitary pulmonary nodules. in this study, we reviewed the entire experience with dirofilariasis at our institution. five such patients were identified. in all patients, the dirofilaria immitis infection manifested as a solitary pulmonary nodule, and all patients underwent thoracotomy for diagnosis. none required systemic treatment. d. immitis is found in dog, cat, wolf, coyote, and fox populations throughout the united states, but the highest ...	1992	1434897
natural infections of dirofilaria immitis in aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis and aedes (finlaya) samoanus and their implication in human health in samoa.	dirofilaria immitis infections were observed in aedes polynesiensis and ae. samoanus in samoa, together with wuchereria bancrofti infections, in a study on sub-periodic bancroftian filariasis during 1978-1980. in the 4 indicator villages, the infection rate in ae. polynesiensis was 0.46% and the infective rate 0.09% (15,223 mosquitoes were dissected). the infection rate in ae. samoanus was 0.20% and the infective rate 0.08% (10,089 dissected). in 45 selected villages throughout the country, ae. ...	1992	1440786
immunoglobulin e recognition of dirofilaria immitis antigens is more specific than immunoglobulin g.	the chronological development of the serum ige and igg response to microfilaria, third and fourth stage larvae, and male and female adult dirofilaria immitis was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb). dirofilaria immitis-specific ige and igg levels peaked 16-18 weeks post-infection after increasing in response to the fourth larval molt. specific igg levels plateaued after patency, while ige continued to decline. the use of ammon ...	1992	1466131
diseases, parasites and survival of coyotes in south-central georgia.	serologic testing, radio-telemetry and post-mortem diagnostic evaluations were used to investigate survival and causes of mortality among 17 coyotes (canis latrans) in south-central georgia (usa). prevalence of canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) microfilariae was lower (p = 0.057) among fall-captured (22%) than among winter-captured (75%) coyotes. prevalence of heartworm was higher among adults than juveniles in the fall, but no significant difference was detected between animals captured in ...	1992	1474655
efficacy of milbemycin oxime in chemoprophylaxis of dirofilariasis in cats.	although cats are less susceptible to infection with dirofilaria immitis than are dogs, the possibility of severe consequences from infection or adulticidal treatment renders preventive treatment a desirable alternative in endemic areas. to evaluate the efficacy of milbemycin oxime as a chemoprophylactic agent in cats, 48 cats were inoculated with infective d immitis larvae. single oral treatment with 2.3 mg of milbemycin oxime (0.5 to 0.9 mg/kg of body weight) at 30 or 60 days after inoculation ...	1992	1476307
pneumothorax in a dog infected with dirofilaria immitis.	rupture of a pulmonary abscess secondary to dirofilaria immitis infection was the cause of acute pneumothorax in a dog. the dog was euthanatized because it did not respond well to treatment for pneumothorax. postmortem examination revealed a mass in the right middle lung lobe and adult d immitis in the pulmonary artery. histologic examination of the lungs revealed microfilariae, suppurative inflammation, thrombi, vasculitis, and fibrosis. clinicians should include d immitis infection in the diff ...	1992	1483909
further evidence that the genes controlling susceptibility of aedes aegypti to filarial parasites function independently.	comparisons were made of in vivo labeled polypeptides from aedes aegypti strains refractory to either brugia malayi or dirofilaria immitis. there does not seem to be a generalized "anti-parasite" polypeptide response that mosquitoes refractory to filarial worm infection produce following bloodfeeding. instead, it seems that any response produced by these mosquitoes is localized to the tissue in which the filarial parasite develops.	1992	1491306
thiacetarsamide (adulticide) versus melarsomine (rm 340) developed as macrofilaricide (adulticide and larvicide) to cure canine heartworm infection in dogs.	to implement a new macrofilaricide, treatment of heartworm infection or disease in dogs was checked in all the clinical situations ie from subclinical to severe disease. after preliminary toxicity and efficacy models on experimentally infected dogs, in addition, to the reference posology (2.5 mg of melarsomine (rm 340)/kg twice, 24 h apart by deep im injection) a more practical program for vet practitioners was suggested (2.2 mg/kg twice, 3 h apart) using modelization of the pharmacokinetic data ...	1992	1510336
pulmonary dirofilariasis. the largest single-hospital experience.	pulmonary dirofilariasis caused by dirofilaria immitis, the dog heartworm, is a rarely reported pulmonary lesion. it most often appears as a solitary pulmonary nodule, often mistaken for a primary or metastatic lung tumor, and the diagnosis is not often established until thoracotomy with excisional lung biopsy is performed. sporadic reports of pulmonary dirofilariasis in the united states total only 87 cases. the ten resections of pulmonary dirofilariasis at the methodist hospital in houston, te ...	1992	1516414
dirofilaria immitis: do filarial cyclooxygenase products depress endothelium-dependent relaxation in the in vitro rat aorta?	endothelial cells modulate the function of their underlying smooth muscle. thus, altered endothelial behavior could be important in the pathogenesis of vascular and lymphatic diseases, including human and animal filariasis. endothelium-dependent relaxation is depressed in both in vivo canine femoral artery of dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis and in vitro rat aorta exposed to adult d. immitis. the experiments reported here were designed to determine if filarial cyclooxygenase products could ...	1992	1516664
dirofilaria immitis: proteases produced by third- and fourth-stage larvae.	a model of cutaneous extracellular matrix was used to determine if live dirofilaria immitis larvae secrete proteases which are active at physiological ph and capable of degrading macromolecules found in cutaneous tissue. after 72 hr, 100 third-stage larvae (l3) degraded 24% of the total matrix, while fourth-stage larvae (l4) degraded 10%. a sharp increase in the amount of matrix degraded by l3 corresponded with the onset of the molting process. l3 and l4 degraded comparable amounts of the glycop ...	1992	1516669
molecular characterization of a dirofilaria immitis cdna encoding a highly immunoreactive antigen.	dirofilaria immitis, a filarial nematode, is the causative agent of canine and feline heartworm disease. previous research has demonstrated that immunity to d. immitis can be induced in dogs by repeated chemical abbreviation of infections while the parasite is a fourth-stage larva. sera obtained from dogs immunized in this manner has been effective in passively transferring larval killing and stunting. these immune sera, by comparison to nonimmune sera from infected cohorts, recognize a number o ...	1992	1518532
differential recognition of dirofilaria immitis antigens by human igg and igm positive sera. preliminary data based on eitb analysis.	preliminary data are presented on the differential recognition of dirofilaria immitis antigens by sera positive for igg and igm (detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, elisa) using the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer technique (eitb). the sera were followed prospectively over a year to detect seasonal variations. igg mainly recognized antigens with a molecular weight (mw) lower than 74 kda, while igm recognized those with a mw higher than 43 kda. the antigens with mw between 74 and 6 ...	1992	1519027
relationship between development of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in dogs and the subsequent development of limb/joint borreliosis.	the relationship between antibody production and the subsequent development of limb/joint disorders of borreliosis was examined in dogs from south central connecticut. dogs without signs of illness, determined by physical examination, were selected from dogs being tested for dirofilaria immitis. an elisa was used to detect antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in 234 apparently healthy dogs during 1988. these dogs were monitored for 20 months after initial analyses to determine the prevalence of li ...	1992	1548169
analysis of body-length distribution of dirofilaria immitis in the cardio-pulmonary blood vessel of naturally infected dogs in shiga prefecture, japan.	body-length frequencies of dirofilaria immitis collected from the cardio-pulmonary blood vessel of the dogs were studied in shiga prefecture. japan, in october 1983 and in january and may 1984. the frequencies were not distributed normally because they included the populations of shorter-bodied worms, probably the growing younger worms, whereas the distributions of the body length of worms collected in july 1983 were proved to fit the single normal distribution. from the results of body-length d ...	1992	1558889
identification of dirofilaria immitis larval antigens with immunoprophylactic potential using sera from immune dogs.	previous research has demonstrated that dogs that received chemically abbreviated dirofilaria immitis larval infections were significantly immune to challenge infections. sera from those immune animals have been effective in passively transferring larval killing and stunting. in the present study, sera from immune and control animals were used to screen various ag subsets for unique ag. through western blot analysis of larval extracts and excretory-secretory products, and immunoprecipitation of ...	1992	1560206
efficacy of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate combined in a chewable formulation against heartworm, hookworm, and ascarid infections in dogs.	eight trials were conducted in dogs to document the efficacy of ivermectin (6 micrograms/kg of body weight) and pyrantel pamoate (5 mg of active pyrantel/kg) in a beef-based chewable formulation against dirofilaria immitis, ancylostoma caninum, uncinaria stenocephala, toxocara canis, and toxascaris leonina. three studies involved induced infection with d immitis, and 5 studies involved induced or natural infection with hookworms and ascarids. in 3 intestinal parasite trials, the efficacy of the ...	1992	1586021
are transient pulmonary solitary nodules a common event in human dirofilariosis?	infection by dirofilaria immitis is a rare cause of solitary pulmonary nodule. we describe the second case of transitory pulmonary nodule found by us in the course of a case-finding study, the third one reported in the literature. the detection of cases of transient pulmonary dirofilariotic nodules suggests that human infection is more prevalent than usually thought, and that this kind of manifestation is frequent in human dirofilariosis. greater awareness is warranted in endemic areas.	1992	1600356
prevalence of dirofilaria immitis and dipetalonema reconditum infection in dogs: 805 cases (1980-1989).	clinical records of 6,977 dogs examined at the small animal clinic of the university of tennessee college of veterinary medicine from january 1980 through december 1989 were analyzed to determine the prevalence and changing frequency of dirofilaria immitis and dipetalonema reconditum infection. using the knott's test on these dogs, 805 (11.54%) tested positive for microfilariae, with d immitis in 430 dogs (6.16%), and dip reconditum in 375 dogs (5.37%). statistical analysis confirmed that the pr ...	1992	1612997
phenol oxidase activity in hemolymph compartments of aedes aegypti during melanotic encapsulation reactions against microfilariae.	monophenol oxidase (mpo) and diphenol oxidase (dpo) activity was assessed in hemocytes, cell-free plasma and complete hemolymph collected from aedes aegypti liverpool strain, intrathoracically inoculated with saline alone, immune activated by the inoculation of dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff), and uninoculated. enzyme activities between groups were compared using a radiometric hydroxylation assay (mpo) and a high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection assay (dpo). ...	1992	1618354
cloning of a cuticular antigen that contains multiple tandem repeats from the filarial parasite dirofilaria immitis.	an unusual antigen composed of tandemly repeated protein units was cloned from the filarial parasite dirofilaria immitis. the antigen was initially identified by screening a lambda gt11 cdna library with serum from dogs immunized with irradiated d. immitis third-stage larvae. dna sequence analysis of the cdna clone, di5, revealed a continuous open reading frame composed of two 399-base-pair repeats arranged in tandem. southern blot analysis of genomic d. immitis dna showed that the gene coding f ...	1992	1631084
the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis in dogs in south australia.	heart, lung and samples of blood from 230 dogs were examined for infections of filarial parasites. dirofilaria immitis worms and microfilariae were detected in one dog. blood samples from a further 1428 dogs were examined for microfilariae and 22 were found to be infected. eighteen dogs were infected with d immitis microfilariae and four with dipetolonema reconditum microfilariae. the histories were available for 18 of the dogs infected with heartworm and only seven dogs had not travelled outsid ...	1992	1632726
dirofilaria immitis in cats.		1992	1632736