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synthesis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of sulfamides structurally related to dopamine.a series of novel sulfamides incorporating the dopamine scaffold were synthesized. reaction of amines and tert-butyl-alcohol/benzyl alcohol in the presence of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (csi) afforded sulfamoyl carbamates, which were converted to the title compounds by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid or by palladium-catalyzed hydrogenolysis. inhibition of six α-carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1), that is, ca i, ca ii, ca va, ca ix, ca xii and ca xiv, and two β-cas from candida glabrata (cg ...201323623256
expression of neutral β-glucosidase from scytalidium thermophilum in candida glabrata for ethanol production from alkaline-pretreated rice straw.we successfully expressed the neutral β-glucosidase (bgl4) from scytalidium thermophilum in the thermotolerant yeast candida glabrata. compared to the strain expressing aspergillus acidic β-glucosidase (bgl1), the bgl4-expressing strain showed a higher cellobiose fermentation ability at ph 6.0 and 40°c, leading to a higher ethanol production from alkaline-pretreated rice straw.201323597919
a severe case of haemodynamic instability during anidulafungin administration.anidulafugin is an echinocandin used for the treatment of candida infections in non-neutropenic adults. echinocandins show few drug-drug interactions and are usually well tolerated. we report a case of acute hypotension, bradycardia and haemodynamic instability with consecutive cardiopulmonary resuscitation during anidulafungin administration.201323550735
caulerprenylols a and b, two rare antifungal prenylated para-xylenes from the green alga caulerpa racemosa.two new prenylated para-xylenes, named caulerprenylols a (1) and b (2), were isolated from the green alga caulerpa racemosa, collected from the zhanjiang coastline, china. the structures of the two metabolites were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. this is the first report of prenylated para-xylenes from marine algae and from marine organisms as well. moreover, caulerprenylol b (2) is also characterized by an uncommon indane ring system. in in vitro bioassays, the new c ...201323548547
candida nivariensis as an etiologic agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis in a tertiary care hospital of new delhi, india.candida nivariensis is a cryptic species, phenotypically indistinguishable from candida glabrata and identified by molecular methods. aside its isolation from broncho-alveolar lavage, we report for the first time the etiologic role of c. nivariensis in 4 patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. of 100 phenotypically identified c. glabrata isolates originating from vaginal swabs, 4 were identified as c. nivariensis by polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by sequencing. all of the c. nivariensis ...201323537782
expression of pneumocystis jirovecii major surface glycoprotein in saccharomyces cerevisiae.the major surface glycoprotein (msg), which is the most abundant protein expressed on the cell surface of pneumocystis organisms, plays an important role in the attachment of this organism to epithelial cells and macrophages. in the present study, we expressed pneumocystis jirovecii msg in saccharomyces cerevisiae, a phylogenetically related organism. full-length p. jirovecii msg was expressed with a dna construct that used codons optimized for expression in yeast. unlike in pneumocystis organis ...201323532098
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the β-class enzyme from the pathogenic yeast candida glabrata with sulfonamides, sulfamates and sulfamides.the fungal pathogen candida glabrata encodes for a β-carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1), cgnce103, recently discovered. only anions have been investigated as cgnce103 inhibitors up until now. here we report the first sulfonamides inhibition study of this enzyme. simple sulfonamides showed weak or moderate cgnce103 inhibitory properties, whereas acetazolamide, and a series of 4-substituted ureido-benzene-sulfonamides, sulfamates and sulfamides showed effective cgnce103 inhibitory properties, wit ...201323511020
the heme-binding protein dap1 links iron homeostasis to azole resistance via the p450 protein erg11 in candida glabrata.the pathogenic fungus candida glabrata is relatively resistant to azole antifungals, which target lanosterol 14α-demethylase (erg11p) in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. our study revealed that c. glabrata exhibits increased azole susceptibility under low-iron conditions. to investigate the molecular basis of this phenomenon, we generated a strain lacking the heme (iron protoporphyrin ix)-binding protein dap1 in c. glabrata. the δdap1 mutant displayed growth defects under iron-limited condit ...201323496820
candida glabrata and fks mutations: witnessing the emergence of the true multidrug-resistant candida. 201323487384
increasing echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata: clinical failure correlates with presence of fks mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations.fluconazole (flc) resistance is common in c. glabrata and echinocandins are often used as first-line therapy. resistance to echinocandin therapy has been associated with fks1 and fks2 gene alterations.201323487382
echinocandins: production and applications.the first echinocandin-type antimycotic (echinocandin b) was discovered in the 1970s. it was followed by the isolation of more than 20 natural echinocandins. these cyclic lipo-hexapeptides are biosynthesized on non-ribosomal peptide synthase complexes by different ascomycota fungi. they have a unique mechanism of action; as non-competitive inhibitors of β-1,3-glucan synthase complex they target the fungal cell wall. results of the structure-activity relationship experiments let us develop semisy ...201323463246
gain-of-function mutations in pdr1, a regulator of antifungal drug resistance in candida glabrata, control adherence to host cells.candida glabrata is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that is known to develop resistance to azole drugs due to increased drug efflux. the mechanism consists of cgpdr1-mediated upregulation of atp-binding cassette transporters. a range of gain-of-function (gof) mutations in cgpdr1 have been found to lead not only to azole resistance but also to enhanced virulence. this implicates cgpdr1 in the regulation of the interaction of c. glabrata with the host. to identify specific cgpdr1-regulated step ...201323460523
role of glutathione in the oxidative stress response in the fungal pathogen candida glabrata.candida glabrata, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, accounts for 18-26 % of all candida systemic infections in the us. c. glabrata has a robust oxidative stress response (osr) and in this work we characterized the role of glutathione (gsh), an essential tripeptide-like thiol-containing molecule required to keep the redox homeostasis and in the detoxification of metal ions. gsh is synthesized from glutamate, cysteine, and glycine by the sequential action of gsh1 (γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase) a ...201323455613
the candida glabrata sterol scavenging mechanism, mediated by the atp-binding cassette transporter aus1p, is regulated by iron limitation.during disseminated infection by the opportunistic pathogen candida glabrata, uptake of sterols such as serum cholesterol may play a significant role during pathogenesis. the atp-binding cassette transporter aus1p is thought to function as a sterol importer and in this study, we show that uptake of exogenous sterols occurred under anaerobic conditions in wild-type cells of c. glabrata but not in aus1-deleted mutant (aus1δ) cells. in aerobic cultures, growth inhibition by fluconazole was prevente ...201323448689
transcriptional profiling of candida glabrata during phagocytosis by neutrophils and in the infected mouse spleen.expression microarray analysis of candida glabrata following phagocytosis by human neutrophils was performed, and results were compared with those from c. glabrata incubated under conditions of carbohydrate or nitrogen deprivation. twenty genes were selected to represent the major cell processes altered by phagocytosis or nutrient deprivation. quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) with taqman chemistry was used to assess expression of the same genes in spleens of mice infected intravenously with ...201323403555
sir3 polymorphisms in candida glabrata clinical isolates.the opportunistic fungal pathogen candida glabrata adheres tightly to epithelial cells in culture, mainly through the adhesin epa1. epa1 is the founding member of a family of up to 23 putative adhesin-encoding genes present in the c. glabrata genome. the majority of the epa genes are localized close to the telomeres, where they are repressed by subtelomeric silencing that depends on the sir, ku, rif1, and rap1 proteins. epa6 and epa7 also encode functional adhesins that are repressed in vitro. e ...201323392823
dissection of ire1 functions reveals stress response mechanisms uniquely evolved in candida glabrata.proper protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) is vital in all eukaryotes. when misfolded proteins accumulate in the er lumen, the transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease ire1 initiates splicing of hac1 mrna to generate the bzip transcription factor hac1, which subsequently activates its target genes to increase the protein-folding capacity of the er. this cellular machinery, called the unfolded protein response (upr), is believed to be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in eukaryotes ...201323382685
intrauterine fetal loss associated with candida glabrata chorioamnionitis: report of two cases.chorioamnionitis is most commonly the result of an ascending infection caused by bacteria found within the lower genital tract. yeast infections causing chorioamnionitis are very uncommon. candida glabrata is a yeast that is considered to be a commensal of the vagina but vaginitis and rarely upper genital tract infection have been described. we report two cases of fungal chorioamnionitis occurring in pregnancies with a history of in vitro fertilization and cervical cerclage, both resulting in fe ...201323354803
overexpression of aldo-keto-reductase in azole-resistant clinical isolates of candida glabrata determined by cdna-aflp. 201323351326
differential expression of the candida glabrata cgrta1 and cgrsb1 genes in response to various stress conditions.candida glabrata, a human opportunistic pathogen is characterized by intrinsic, low susceptibility to fluconazole and a high capacity for acquiring high-level azole resistance. this is related to the elevated expression of genes belonging to the cgpdr1-governed regulon, comprising numerous genes, of which the multidrug abc transporter-encoding cgcdr1, cgcdr2, cgsnq2 are the best characterized. the function of certain pdr loci, such as cgrta1 and cgrsb1 is poorly understood. these are homologs of ...201323337499
serum cholesterol promotes the growth of candida glabrata in the presence of fluconazole.the pathogenic fungus candida glabrata is thought to utilize extracellular sterols during infection, but there have been few reports on the sterol uptake mechanisms of this fungus. the addition of serum promoted the growth of c. glabrata cells in the presence of the sterol inhibitor fluconazole, probably as the result of incorporation of cholesterol from serum. we demonstrated that lipoprotein-deficient serum, in which most of the cholesterol was eliminated, could not rescue the growth of flucon ...201323233084
stb5 is a negative regulator of azole resistance in candida glabrata.the opportunistic yeast pathogen candida glabrata is recognized for its ability to acquire resistance during prolonged treatment with azole antifungals (j. e. bennett, k. izumikawa, and k. a. marr. antimicrob. agents chemother. 48:1773-1777, 2004). resistance to azoles is largely mediated by the transcription factor pdr1, resulting in the upregulation of atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter proteins and drug efflux. studies in the related yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown that pdr1p fo ...201323229483
fluconazole versus an echinocandin for candida glabrata fungaemia: a retrospective cohort study.we studied whether fluconazole or echinocandin treatment of candida glabrata fungaemia results in superior outcomes.201323212115
milbemycins: more than efflux inhibitors for fungal pathogens.existing antifungal agents are still confronted to activities limited to specific fungal species and to the development of resistance. several improvements are possible either by tackling and overcoming resistance or exacerbating the activity of existing antifungal agents. in candida glabrata, azole resistance is almost exclusively mediated by abc transporters (including c. glabrata cdr1 [cgcdr1] and cgcdr2) via gain-of-function mutations in the transcriptional activator cgpdr1 or by mitochondri ...201323208712
reconstruction and analysis of the genome-scale metabolic network of candida glabrata.candida glabrata has been recognized as an efficient industrial microorganism for the production of pyruvate, the most widely used α-oxocarboxylic acid in the areas of agrochemicals, drugs, and chemicals. to gain a comprehensive understanding of its physiology and cellular metabolism, the genome-scale metabolic model for c. glabrata (named inx804), comprising 804 genes, 1287 reactions, and 1025 metabolites, was reconstructed by genome sequence annotation and biochemical data mining. the flux bal ...201323172360
candiduria in haematologic malignancy patients without a urinary catheter: nothing more than a frailty marker?there is scarcity of data regarding significance of candiduria in patients with haematologic malignancies and its association with invasive candidiasis. to that end, we retrospectively evaluated all hospitalised, non-intensive care unit patients with haematologic malignancies and candiduria during a 10-year period (2001-2011). to decrease the possibility of bladder colonisation and sample contamination, we excluded all patients with candiduria who had urinary catheters and those with concomitant ...201323170870
[efficacy of voriconazole treatment in chronic vulvovaginal candidosis due to candida glabrata].vulvovaginal candidosis is a common infection in young women, and it is associated with high morbidity and high health costs.201322885618
[candida peritonitis in a haemodynamically stable patient. first choice of antifungal treatment … fluconazole?].candida peritonitis in postoperative patients is an independent predictor of mortality. empirical early antifungal therapy should be started in these patients, since according to the results of studies in patients with candidemia, this has an impact on the prognosis. the treatment recommended by clinical practice guidelines in patients with haemodynamic instability are candins, but they do not make explicit recommendations for patients with dysfunction of other organs, or high lactate levels.201322463782
intestinal agvhd and infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.we aimed to guide clinical nursing by studying the relationship between intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease and intestinal infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.201324077343
comparison of nucleic acid amplification assays with bd affirm vpiii for diagnosis of vaginitis in symptomatic women.a commercially available, nonamplified, nucleic acid probe-based test system (bd affirm vpiii) was compared with nucleic acid amplification (naa)-based assays for determining the etiology of vaginitis in a cohort of 323 symptomatic women. first, a semiquantitative, multiplexed pcr assay (bv-pcr) and the affirm vpiii gardnerellavaginalis test were compared with a unified bacterial-vaginosis (bv) reference standard incorporating both nugent gram stain scores and amsel clinical criteria. in the eva ...201323985917
cytotoxicity of brazilian plant extracts against oral microorganisms of interest to dentistry.with the emergence of strains resistant to conventional antibiotics, it is important to carry studies using alternative methods to control these microorganisms causing important infections, such as the use of products of plant origin that has demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity besides biocompatibility. therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts of equisetum arvense l., glycyrrhiza glabra l., punica granatum l. and stryphnodendron barbatimam ma ...201323945270
detection and characterization of megasatellites in orthologous and nonorthologous genes of 21 fungal genomes.megasatellites are large dna tandem repeats, originally described in candida glabrata, in protein-coding genes. most of the genes in which megasatellites are found are of unknown function. in this work, we extended the search for megasatellites to 20 additional completely sequenced fungal genomes and extracted 216 megasatellites in 203 out of 142,121 genes, corresponding to the most exhaustive description of such genetic elements available today. we show that half of the megasatellites detected ...201323543670
microbiological evaluation of bacterial and mycotic seal in implant systems with different implant-abutment interfaces and closing torque values.the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible leakage of 3 species of bacteria (streptococcus sanguinis, fusobacterium nucleatum, and actinomyces odontolyticus) and of candida albicans and candida glabrata in osseointegrated implants with different implant-abutment interface (iai) geometry.201323782848
synthesis and antifungal activities of miltefosine analogs.miltefosine is an alkylphosphocholine that shows broad-spectrum in vitro antifungal activities and limited in vivo efficacy in mouse models of cryptococcosis. to further explore the potential of this class of compounds for the treatment of systemic mycoses, nine analogs (3a-3i) were synthesized by modifying the choline structural moiety and the alkyl chain length of miltefosine. in vitro testing of these compounds against the opportunistic fungal pathogens candida albicans, candida glabrata, can ...201323891181
synthesis, structure and antifungal activity of thiophene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) and nickel(ii), copper(ii) and cadmium(ii) complexes: unsymmetrical coordination mode of nickel complex.the reaction of nickel(ii), copper(ii) chlorides and cadmium(ii) chloride and bromide with thiophene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) (2,3btstch2) leads to a series of new complexes: [ni(2,3btstch)]cl, [cu(2,3btstc)], [cdcl2(2,3btstch2)] and [cdbr2(2,3btstch2)]. the crystal structures of the ligand and of [ni(2,3btstch)]cl complex have been determined. in this case, we remark an unusual non-symmetrical coordination mode for the two functional groups: one acting as a thione and the sec ...201323792913
cell wall perturbation sensitizes fungi to the antimalarial drug chloroquine.chloroquine (cq) has been a mainstay of antimalarial drug treatment for several decades. additional therapeutic actions of cq have been described, including some reports of fungal inhibition. here we investigated the action of cq in fungi, including the yeast model saccharomyces cerevisiae. a genomewide yeast deletion strain collection was screened against cq, revealing that bck1δ and slt2δ mutants of the cell wall integrity pathway are cq hypersensitive. this phenotype was rescued with sorbitol ...201323733464
structural studies and investigation on the activity of imidazole-derived thiosemicarbazones and hydrazones against crop-related fungi.new imidazole derived thiosemicarbazones and hydrazones were prepared by condensation of 4(5)-imidazole carboxaldehyde, 4-(1h-imidazole-1-yl)benzaldehyde and 4-(1h-imidazole-1-yl)acetophenone with a thiosemicarbazide or hydrazide. all compounds were characterized by quantitative elemental analysis, ir and nmr techniques. eight structures were determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction. the antifungal activities of the compounds were evaluated. none of the compounds exhibited significant acti ...201324129274
determination of isavuconazole susceptibility of aspergillus and candida species by the eucast method.isavuconazole is a novel expanded-spectrum triazole, which has recently been approved by the fda as an orphan drug to treat invasive aspergillosis and is currently being studied in phase iii clinical trials for invasive candidiasis. the susceptibility of relatively few clinical isolates has been reported. in this study, the isavuconazole susceptibilities of 1,237 aspergillus and 2,010 candida geographically diverse clinical isolates were determined by eucast methodology at four european mycology ...201323959309
nicotinic acid modulates legionella pneumophila gene expression and induces virulence traits.in response to environmental fluctuations or stresses, bacteria can activate transcriptional and phenotypic programs to coordinate an adaptive response. the intracellular pathogen legionella pneumophila converts from a noninfectious replicative form to an infectious transmissive form when the bacterium encounters alterations in either amino acid concentrations or fatty acid biosynthesis. here, we report that l. pneumophila differentiation is also triggered by nicotinic acid, a precursor of the c ...201323319553
susceptibility of multispecies biofilm to photodynamic therapy using photodithazine®this in vitro study evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy (pdt) on the multispecies biofilm of candida albicans, candida glabrata, and streptococcus mutans. standardized fungal and bacterial suspensions were cultivated appropriately for each species and inoculated in 96-well microtiter plates for mix-biofilm formation. after 48 h of incubation, the biofilms were submitted to pdt (p + l+) using photodithazine® (pdz) at 100, 150, 175, 200, or 250 mg/ml for 20 min and 37.5 j/cm(2) of light-e ...201323912779
antimicrobial activities of some euphorbia species.in this study, the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts and latex of some euphorbia species used for medical purposes in turkey were investigated. the extracts of euphorbia aleppica l., euphorbia szovitsii fisch.&mey. var. harputensis aznav. ex m. s. khan, euphorbia falcata l. sub. falcata var. falcata, euphorbia denticulata lam., euphorbia macroclada boiss., euphorbia cheiradenia boiss.&hohen, euphorbia virgata waldst.&kit., euphorbia petiolata banks&sol. were prepared with methanol. ...201324311840
semisynthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel guttiferone-a derivatives.six derivatives of guttiferone-a (lfqm-79, 80, 81, 82, 113 and 114) were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the opportunistic or pathogenic fungi candida albicans (atcc 09548), candida glabrata (atcc 90030), candida krusei (atcc 6258), candida parapsilosis (atcc 69548), candida tropicalis (atcc 750), cryptococcus neoformans (atcc 90012), trichophyton tonsurans, microsporum gypseum and also against the opportunistic and pathogenic gram-positive bacteria staphylococ ...201222401914
oral bacteria and yeasts in relationship to oral ulcerations in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.oral mucositis is a serious and debilitating side effect of conditioning regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct). through hsct, the homeostasis in the oral cavity is disrupted. the contribution of the oral microflora to mucositis remains to be clarified. the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between yeasts, bacteria associated with periodontitis, and oral ulcerations in hsct recipients.201222531876
the candida glabrata adhesin epa1p causes adhesion, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion by innate immune cells.while candida albicans is the most significant fungal pathogen for humans, candida glabrata accounts for an increasing number of infections. little is known about how c. glabrata interacts with the innate immune system, the first line of defense against such organisms. the c. glabrata adhesin epa1p was previously shown to bind mammalian epithelial cells. we hypothesized that epa1p mediates unique, nonopsonic binding to macrophages, leading to induction of immune responses. we found that epa1p me ...201222225518
a novel downstream regulatory element cooperates with the silencing machinery to repress epa1 expression in candida glabrata.candida glabrata, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, adheres to mammalian epithelial cells; adherence is mediated primarily by the epa1 adhesin. epa1 is a member of a large gene family of about 25 paralogues, which encode putative adhesins. in this study, we address how epa1 transcription is regulated. our data show that epa1 expression is subject to two distinct negative regulatory mechanisms. epa1 transcription is repressed by sub-telomeric silencing: the sir complex (sir2, sir3 and sir4), r ...201222234857
clotrimazole-loaded eudragit® rs100 nanocapsules: preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of antifungal activity against candida species.clotrimazole is a common choice for the treatment of vulvovaginal infections, but its low solubility and some side effects pose a challenge to its application. this work evaluated the feasibility to formulate clotrimazole-loaded cationic nanocapsules using eudragit® rs100 and medium chain triglycerides as polymer and oily core, respectively, by the method of interfacial deposition of a preformed polymer. the physicochemical characteristics of nanocapsule formulations were evaluated at 0day and 6 ...201223827586
[identification of three candida africana strains in senegal].the frequency of candidiasis has increased dramatically in recent years. candida albicans is the most common species. however, other species which are pathogenic and resistant to usual antifungal agents beginning to emerge. these include candida dubliniensis and candida africana, which share morphological similarities with candida albicans. thus, it is of interest to correctly identify the fungal isolates.201223518168
antifungal activity, sar and physicochemical correlation of some thiazole-1,3,5-triazine derivatives.present research communication was towards the investigation of antifungal minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum fingicidal concentration (mfc) activity of some substituted clubbed thiazole-1,3,5-triazines derivatives and effect of physicochemical properties on bioactivity.201223518015
[statement of the polish gynecological society expert group on the use of macmiror complex 500].the group of experts representing the polish gynecologic society has issued this statement based on the review of available literature on the potential benefits of the use of macmiror complex 500 in obstetrical and gynecologic practice. mixed vaginitis (mv) eg. the vaginal infection caused by at least two out of the triad of pathogens (fungi, bacteria and trichomonas vaginalis [tv]), constitutes the type of vaginitis which is underestimated as for its prevalence. mixed pathogens are responsible ...201223488303
candida glabrata prosthetic hip infection.we present a case of a 60-year-old caucasian woman carrying a 2-year-old hip prosthesis infected by candida glabrata dose-dependent susceptible to fluconazole and voriconazole. resection arthroplasty was performed. six weeks of caspofungin plus liposomal amphotericin combination therapy achieved joint sterilization and allowed a successfully reimplantation arthroplasty. in addition we review 9 cases of c. glabrata prosthetic joint infection described to date in the literature.201223431513
[physiological function in torulopsis glabrata--a review].a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast of torulopsis glabrata was the most competitive strain for industrial production of pyruvate. given its genomic characterizations and physiological functions, it was an efficient way to redirect carbon flux to the target metabolites through manipulating nutritional and environmental conditions, intracellular cofactor form and level. in this review, we summarized the progress on the elucidation and manipulation of physiological function of t. glabrata. furthermor ...201223383501
gross karyotypic and phenotypic alterations among different progenies of the candida glabrata cbs138/atcc2001 reference strain.genomic plasticity is a mechanism for adaptation to environmental cues such as host responses and antifungal drug pressure in many fungi including the human pathogenic yeast candida glabrata. in this study we evaluated the phenotypic and genotypic stability of the world-wide used c. glabrata reference strain cbs138/atcc2001 under laboratory conditions. a set of ten lineages of this wild type strain and genetically modified progenies were obtained from different scientific laboratories, and analy ...201223284942
hydroxyurea therapy in sickle cell anemia patients aids to maintain oral fungal colonization balance.the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of candida species and presence of lesions in the oral cavity of patients with sickle cell anemia (ss).201223278631
design, spectral characterization and biological studies of transition metal(ii) complexes with triazole schiff bases.a new series of three biologically active triazole derived schiff base ligands l(1)-l(3) have been synthesized in equimolar reaction of 3-amino-1h-1,2,4-triazole with pyrrol-2-carboxaldehyde, 4-bromo-thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, and 5-iodo-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde. the prepared schiff bases were used for further complex formation reaction with different metal elements like co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii) as chlorides by using a molar ratio of ligand:metal as 2:1. the structure and bonding nature ...201223277183
failure of echinocandin therapy in the treatment of candida glabrata chorioretinitis.abstract:: echinocandins are commonly used as initial empiric therapy in cases of moderate to severe invasive candidiasis. the authors demonstrate that caution should be exercised in applying this approach in certain clinical situations. a case of candida glabrata fungemia and associated chorioretinitis that was clinically resistant to therapy with micafungin but appeared to resolve with amphotericin b is presented. the authors then briefly review current issues regarding the diagnosis and treat ...201222052412
effect of ph on in vitro susceptibility of candida glabrata and candida albicans to eleven antifungal agents - implications for clinical use.the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (vvc) due to candida glabrata is challenging with limited therapeutic options. unexplained disappointing clinical efficacy has been reported with systemic and topical azole antifungal agents in spite of in vitro susceptibility. given that vaginal ph of patients with vvc is unchanged at 4 - 4.5, we studied the effect of ph on the in vitro activity of eleven antifungal agents against 40 c. glabrata isolates and compared activity against 15 fluconazole sens ...201222232293
hosting infection: experimental models to assay candida virulence.although normally commensals in humans, candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, and candida krusei are capable of causing opportunistic infections in individuals with altered physiological and/or immunological responses. these fungal species are linked with a variety of infections, including oral, vaginal, gastrointestinal, and systemic infections, with c. albicans the major cause of infection. to assess the ability of different candida species and strains t ...201222235206
species and susceptibility distribution of 1062 clinical yeast isolates to azoles, echinocandins, flucytosine and amphotericin b from a multi-centre study.descriptive values were determined for eight antifungal agents within the course of a multi-centre study encompassing 1062 german and austrian clinical yeast isolates. candida albicans (54%) was the predominant species isolated followed by candida glabrata (22%), candida parapsilosis (6%), candida tropicalis (5.7%), candida krusei (4.3%), as well as eleven further candidal and four non-candida yeast species. while 519 (48.9%) isolates were tested susceptible to all antifungals tested, no isolate ...201222233267
time to blood culture positivity of different candida species causing fungemia.this study investigated the time to positivity (ttp) of different species of candida causing bloodstream infection and whether ttp can help differentiate fluconazole-resistant candida glabrata and c. krusei from other candida species. we prospectively conducted this study at the national taiwan university hospital, a 2500-bed tertiary care medical center in northern taiwan. patients with candidemia were identified by central laboratory personnel from july 2010 to march 2011. ttp in each patient ...201222245787
the candida genome database incorporates multiple candida species: multispecies search and analysis tools with curated gene and protein information for candida albicans and candida glabrata.the candida genome database (cgd, http://www.candidagenome.org/) is an internet-based resource that provides centralized access to genomic sequence data and manually curated functional information about genes and proteins of the fungal pathogen candida albicans and other candida species. as the scope of candida research, and the number of sequenced strains and related species, has grown in recent years, the need for expanded genomic resources has also grown. to answer this need, cgd has expanded ...201222064862
replacement of the methylene of dihydrochalcones with oxygen: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-phenoxyacetophenones.with the aim of finding new bioactive compounds, a series of phenoxyacetophenone derivatives 2 were designed and synthesized as oxygen analogs of dihydrochalcones. also, phenoxyacetophenones were converted to (z)-oxime derivatives 3 and their geometry were characterized by ¹h-nmr spectroscopy. the in vitro antifungal activity of compounds 2 and 3 was evaluated against candida albicans, candida glabrata, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and aspergillus niger using micro-dilution method. in general, oxim ...201222712717
metal based new triazoles: their synthesis, characterization and antibacterial/antifungal activities.a series of new triazoles and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antibacterial/antifungal properties. the new schiff bases ligands (l(1))-(l(5)) were prepared by the condensation reaction of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-acetyl pyridine and 2-methoxy benzaldehyde. the structures of the ligands have been established on the basis of their physical, spectral (ir, ...201222982389
[agents of otomycosis in manisa region, turkey, 1995-2011].otomycosis, which is otitis externa caused by fungi, is common throughout the world especially in tropical and subtropical countries. however, the epidemiologic data about the etiologic agents of otomycosis in turkey is limited. the aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the agents of otomycosis in patients living at manisa region (located at western anatolia of turkey). a total of 2279 cases [1465 male, 813 female; age range 1-87 (mean: 41.7) years] who were clinically prediagnosed as ...201222399174
synthesis, crystal structure, characterisation, and antifungal activity of 3-thiophene aldehyde semicarbazone (3stch), 2,3-thiophene dicarboxaldehyde bis(semicarbazone) (2,3bstch2) and their nickel (ii) complexes.the reaction of nickel (ii) chloride and bromide with 3-thiophene aldehyde semicarbazone (3stch) and 2,3-thiophene dicarboxaldehyde bis(semicarbazone) (2,3bstch(2)) leads to the formation of a series of new complexes: [nicl(2)(3stch)(2)], [nibr(2)(3stch)(2)], [nicl(2,3bstch(2))(h(2)o)]cl, and [nibr(2,3bstch(2))(h(2)o)]br respectively. the crystal structures of the two ligands 3stch, 2,3bstch(2) and of the complex [nibr(2,3bstch(2))(h(2)o)]br have been determined by x-ray diffraction methods. for ...201222922309
antifungal cyclic peptides from the marine sponge microscleroderma herdmani.screening natural product extracts from the national cancer institute open repository for antifungal discovery afforded hits for bioassay-guided fractionation. using lc-ms analysis to generate chemical structure information on potentially active compounds, two new cyclic hexapeptides, microsclerodermins j (1) and k (2), were isolated from the deep-water sponge microscleroderma herdmani, along with microsclerodermins a (3) and b (4), previously isolated from an unidentified microscleroderma speci ...201223936761
the ram network in pathogenic fungi.the regulation of ace2 and morphogenesis (ram) network is a protein kinase signaling pathway conserved among eukaryotes from yeasts to humans. among fungi, the ram network has been most extensively studied in the model yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and has been shown to regulate a range of cellular processes, including daughter cell-specific gene expression, cell cycle regulation, cell separation, mating, polarized growth, maintenance of cell wall integrity, and stress signaling. increasing num ...201222544903
antifungal drug resistance: mechanisms, epidemiology, and consequences for treatment.antifungal resistance continues to grow and evolve and complicate patient management, despite the introduction of new antifungal agents. in vitro susceptibility testing is often used to select agents with likely activity for a given infection, but perhaps its most important use is in identifying agents that will not work, i.e., to detect resistance. standardized methods for reliable in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing are now available from the clinical and laboratory standards institute ...201222196207
evaluation of the acetone and aqueous extracts of mature stem bark of sclerocarya birrea for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.we assayed the antimicrobial activity of acetone and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of sclerocarya birrea on some selected bacteria and fungi species including; streptococcus pyogenes, plesiomonas shigelloides, aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella typhimurium, cryptococcus neoformans, candida glabrata, trichosporon mucoides, and candida krusei using both agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) assays. based on the levels of activity, the acetone extract was examined for tot ...201222675390
evolutionary rate covariation in meiotic proteins results from fluctuating evolutionary pressure in yeasts and mammals.evolutionary rates of functionally related proteins tend to change in parallel over evolutionary time. such evolutionary rate covariation (erc) is a sequence-based signature of coevolution and a potentially useful signature to infer functional relationships between proteins. one major hypothesis to explain erc is that fluctuations in evolutionary pressure acting on entire pathways cause parallel rate changes for functionally related proteins. to explore this hypothesis we analyzed erc within dna ...201223183665
persistence of nosocomial pathogens on various fabrics.fabrics can become contaminated with high numbers of microorganisms that may be pathogenic to patients in a hospital setting and can play an important role in the chain of infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of several clinical bacterial and fungal isolates on several fabrics commonly used in hospitals.201225610201
[persistent candidemia in a renal-pancreatic transplant patient].in recent decades, there has been an increase in the survival of recipients of solid organ transplants related to the improvement of the surgical technique, the introduction of protocols for immunosuppressive therapy, and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis. nonetheless, invasive fungal infection (ifi) is currently the major cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. invasive candidiasis is the most common ifi found after renal transplantation and is usually associated with tot ...201222463781
new regulators of biofilm development in candida glabrata.biofilm formation plays an important role in fungal pathogenesis. in this work, we used a genetic screen in order to identify and characterize genes involved in the formation of biofilms by the opportunistic fungal pathogen candida glabrata. we identified the cst6p transcription factor as a negative regulator of the epa6 gene that encodes an adhesin central to c. glabrata biofilm formation. analysis of single and double mutant strains showed that cst6p acts in a pathway independent of the yak1/s ...201222426249
recurrent episodes of candidemia due to candida glabrata with a mutation in hot spot 1 of the fks2 gene developed after prolonged therapy with caspofungin.we report two episodes of recurrent candidemia caused by echinocandin-resistant candida glabrata in a 69-year-old patient who underwent repeated abdominal surgery. in the first episode of candidemia, an echinocandin-susceptible candida glabrata strain was isolated, and the patient was treated with caspofungin. the isolates from the later episodes showed resistance to echinocandins. analysis of the hs1 region of the fks2 gene showed the amino acid substitution s663p. microsatellite analysis demon ...201222391532
differential in vivo activities of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against candida glabrata isolates with and without fks resistance mutations.we recently observed that the micafungin mics for some candida glabrata fks hot spot mutant isolates are less elevated than those for the other echinocandins, suggesting that the efficacy of micafungin may be differentially dependent on such mutations. three clinical c. glabrata isolates with or without (s3) fks hot spot mutations r83 (fks2p-s663f) and rr24 (fks1p-s629p) and low, medium, and high echinocandin mics, respectively, were evaluated to assess the in vivo efficacy in an immunocompetent ...201222354305
the epithelial adhesin 1 (epa1p) from the human-pathogenic yeast candida glabrata: structural and functional study of the carbohydrate-binding domain.the yeast candida glabrata represents the second major cause of clinical candidiasis cases in the world. the ability of this opportunistic pathogen to adhere to human epithelial and endothelial cells relies on the epa adhesins, a large set of cell-wall proteins whose n-terminal domains are endowed with a calcium-dependent lectin activity. this feature allows the yeast cells to adhere to host cells by establishing multiple interactions with the glycans expressed on their cell membrane. the ligand ...201222349222
insertion site preference of mu, tn5, and tn7 transposons.transposons, segments of dna that can mobilize to other locations in a genome, are often used for insertion mutagenesis or to generate priming sites for sequencing of large dna molecules. for both of these uses, a transposon with minimal insertion bias is desired to allow complete coverage with minimal oversampling.201222313799
rapid identification of histoplasma capsulatum directly from cultures by multiplex pcr.the multiplex pcr developed from a suspension of the yeast fungi correctly identified fifty-one clinical of h. capsulatum var. capsulatum strains isolated from clinical samples and soil specimens. the multiplex pcr was developed by combining two pairs of primers, one of them was specific to the h. capsulatum and the other one, universal for fungi, turned out to be specific to h. capsulatum, regardless of the fungus isolate studied. primers designed to amplify a region of about 390-bp (hc i-hc ii ...201222821346
frequency of decreased susceptibility and resistance to echinocandins among fluconazole-resistant bloodstream isolates of candida glabrata.the echinocandin class of antifungal agents is considered to be the first-line treatment of bloodstream infections (bsi) due to candida glabrata. recent reports of bsi due to strains of c. glabrata resistant to both fluconazole and the echinocandins are of concern and prompted us to review the experience of two large surveillance programs, the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program for the years 2006 through 2010 and the centers for disease control and prevention population-based surveillance ...201222278842
chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from hyptis crenata growing in the brazilian cerrado.essential oils from species of the genus hyptis are well-known for their significant biological properties, including antimicrobial and acaricidal activities. the essential oil from the aerial parts of h. crenata was obtained by hydrodistillation; bomeol (17.8%), 1,8-cineol (15.6%) and p-cimene (7.9%) were characterized by gc-ms as its major constituents. the essential oil was evaluated in vitro for its antimicrobial activities against six fungal and five bacterial strains, by measuring the resp ...201223157018
the presence of an fks mutation rather than mic is an independent risk factor for failure of echinocandin therapy among patients with invasive candidiasis due to candida glabrata.echinocandins are frontline agents against invasive candidiasis (ic), but predictors for echinocandin therapeutic failure have not been well defined. mutations in candida fks genes, which encode the enzyme targeted by echinocandins, result in elevated mics and have been linked to therapeutic failures. in this study, echinocandin mics by broth microdilution and fks1 and fks2 mutations among c. glabrata isolates recovered from patients with ic at our center were correlated retrospectively with ech ...201222751546
evaluation of reference genes for real-time quantitative pcr studies in candida glabrata following azole treatment.the selection of stable and suitable reference genes for real-time quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) is a crucial prerequisite for reliable gene expression analysis under different experimental conditions. the present study aimed to identify reference genes as internal controls for gene expression studies by rt-qpcr in azole-stimulated candida glabrata.201222747760
occurrence of killer candida glabrata clinical isolates.in this work we characterized the occurrence of killer activity in 64 candida glabrata clinical isolates under different conditions. we found that only 6.25 % of the clinical isolates tested were positive for killer activity against a saccharomyces cerevisiae w303 sensitive strain. sensitivity of killer activity to different values of ph and temperatures was analyzed. we found that the killer activity presented by all isolates was resistant to every ph and temperature tested, although optimal ac ...201224031902
primary retroperitoneal abscess caused by candida glabrata.clinically, retroperitoneal abscesses present insidiously and the diagnosis may be delayed. this, with inadequate drainage, may result in increased morbidity and mortality. most cases result from a renal or gastrointestinal process, but in a small number of patients there is no identifiable source and the abscess is designated as "primary." most retroperitoneal abscesses are polymicrobial, and cultures often reveal organisms such as proteus mirabilis, staphylococcus species, peptostreptococcus, ...201222739567
occurrence of killer yeasts in isolates of clinical origin.a total of 1 025 strains belonging to different candida species of clinical origin were evaluated for their killer activity against sensitive strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae. isolates were identified by standard morphological and biochemical analyses. for the evaluation of the killer activity, potential killer isolates were streaked on plates previously seeded with the sensitive strain. a total of 52 candida isolates (5%) exhibited killer activity against both sensitive yeast strains. the oc ...201222735852
relationship between respiration deficiency and azole resistance in clinical candida glabrata.candida glabrata has become a leading cause of invasive infections around the world and is exhibiting growing resistance to azole antifungals. to study the mechanism of its azole resistance, we analyzed the efflux pumps and found well known increased efflux expression and low metabolic state in all azole-resistant strains. the latter finding led us to further investigate the relationship between respiration status and azole antifungal susceptibility in clinical c. glabrata by growing them on gly ...201222713096
convergent evolution of calcineurin pathway roles in thermotolerance and virulence in candida glabrata.candida glabrata is an emerging human fungal pathogen that is frequently drug tolerant, resulting in difficulties in treatment and a higher mortality in immunocompromised patients. the calcium-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin plays critical roles in controlling drug tolerance, hyphal growth, and virulence in diverse fungal pathogens via distinct mechanisms involving survival in serum or growth at host temperature (37° and higher). here, we comprehensively studied the calcineurin signali ...201222690377
doxorubicin selects for fluconazole-resistant petite mutants in candida glabrata isolates.candida infections are a permanent threat to immunocompromised individuals such as cancer patients, and candida glabrata has emerged as a major problem in recent years. resistance may develop during lengthy antifungal therapies and is often mediated by upregulation of fungal drug efflux pumps. during chemotherapy the yeast cell is also exposed to cytotoxic agents that may affect its drug susceptibility. four c. glabrata isolates, three susceptible and one resistant to fluconazole (flu), were inc ...201222664377
proteomic analysis of cellular and membrane proteins in fluconazole-resistant candida glabrata.candida glabrata is one of the most common causes of candida bloodstream infections worldwide. some isolates of c glabrata may be intermediately resistant to azoles, with some strains developing resistance during therapy or prophylaxis with fluconazole. in this study, we used a proteomic approach to identify differentially expressed proteins between fluconazoleresistant and -susceptible strains.201224159494
anidulafungin for candida glabrata infective endocarditis. 201222644027
fluconazole exposure rather than clonal spreading is correlated with the emergence of candida glabrata with cross-resistance to triazole antifungal agents.the emergence of antifungal resistance in candida species has raised concern in recent years, especially resistance toward triazole. several newer triazole antifungal agents have been introduced which have a broader spectrum for fungal infections, such as voriconazole. however, cross-resistance among triazoles is a major concern with regard to their clinical application. antifungal susceptibility was performed using e-test for 166 clinical isolates (29 blood and 137 nonblood isolates) in 2003 an ...201222632885
global analysis of the evolution and mechanism of echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata.the evolution of drug resistance has a profound impact on human health. candida glabrata is a leading human fungal pathogen that can rapidly evolve resistance to echinocandins, which target cell wall biosynthesis and are front-line therapeutics for candida infections. here, we provide the first global analysis of mutations accompanying the evolution of fungal drug resistance in a human host utilizing a series of c. glabrata isolates that evolved echinocandin resistance in a patient treated with ...201222615574
facultative sterol uptake in an ergosterol-deficient clinical isolate of candida glabrata harboring a missense mutation in erg11 and exhibiting cross-resistance to azoles and amphotericin b.we identified a clinical isolate of candida glabrata (cg156) exhibiting flocculent growth and cross-resistance to fluconazole (flc), voriconazole (vrc), and amphotericin b (amb), with mics of >256, >256, and 32 μg ml(-1), respectively. sterol analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) revealed that cg156 was a sterol 14α-demethylase (erg11p) mutant, wherein 14α-methylated intermediates (lanosterol was >80% of the total) were the only detectable sterols. erg11 sequencing indicate ...201222615281
effects of anidulafungin and voriconazole, singly and in combination, on cytokine/chemokine production by human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with candida glabrata or activated by lipopolysaccharide.candida glabrata causes infections associated with severe sepsis, production of high concentrations of cytokines/chemokines, and high mortality. this study describes the effects of anidulafungin (anf) and voriconazole (vrc), singly and in combination, on the production of eight cytokines/chemokines by human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm) infected with c. glabrata or activated by lipopolysaccharide (lps).201222584412
caspofungin etest susceptibility testing of candida species: risk of misclassification of susceptible isolates of c. glabrata and c. krusei when adopting the revised clsi caspofungin breakpoints.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of caspofungin etest and the recently revised clsi breakpoints. a total of 497 blood isolates, of which 496 were wild-type isolates, were included. a total of 65/496 susceptible isolates (13.1%) were misclassified as intermediate (i) or resistant (r). such misclassifications were most commonly observed for candida krusei (73.1%) and candida glabrata (33.1%). the revised breakpoints cannot be safely adopted for these two species.201222564836
atomic structure of the nuclear pore complex targeting domain of a nup116 homologue from the yeast, candida glabrata.the nuclear pore complex (npc), embedded in the nuclear envelope, is a large, dynamic molecular assembly that facilitates exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. the yeast npc is an eightfold symmetric annular structure composed of ~456 polypeptide chains contributed by ~30 distinct proteins termed nucleoporins. nup116, identified only in fungi, plays a central role in both protein import and mrna export through the npc. nup116 is a modular protein with n-terminal "fg" ...201222544723
mutants in the candida glabrata glycerol channels are sensitized to cell wall stress.many fungal species use glycerol as a compatible solute with which to maintain osmotic homeostasis in response to changes in external osmolarity. in saccharomyces cerevisiae, intracellular glycerol concentrations are regulated largely by the high osmolarity glycerol (hog) response pathway, both through induction of glycerol biosynthesis and control of its flux through the plasma membrane fps1 glycerol channel. the channel activity of fps1 is also controlled by a pair of positive regulators, rgc1 ...201223087370
neck rotation and neck mimic docking in the noncatalytic kar3-associated protein vik1.kar3vik1 is a heterodimeric kinesin with one catalytic subunit (kar3) and one noncatalytic subunit (vik1).201223043140
structural basis for promiscuity and specificity during candida glabrata invasion of host epithelia.the human pathogenic yeast candida glabrata harbors more than 20 surface-exposed, epithelial adhesins (epas) for host cell adhesion. the epa family recognizes host glycans and discriminates between target tissues by their adhesin (a) domains, but a detailed structural basis for ligand-binding specificity of epa proteins has been lacking so far. in this study, we provide high-resolution crystal structures of the epa1a domain in complex with different carbohydrate ligands that reveal how host cell ...201223035251
two clinical isolates of candida glabrata exhibiting reduced sensitivity to amphotericin b both harbor mutations in erg2.two novel isolates of candida glabrata exhibiting reduced sensitivity to amphotericin b (mic, 8 μg ml(-1)) were found to be erg2 mutants, wherein δ(8)-sterol intermediates comprised >90% of the total cellular sterol fraction. both harbored an alteration at thr(121) in erg2; the corresponding residue (thr(119)) in saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for sterol δ8-δ7 isomerization. this constitutes the first report of c. glabrata harboring mutations in erg2 and exhibiting reduced sensitivity to ...201223027188
candida glabrata: an unusual fungal infection following a total hip replacement.a 60-year-old woman, after a femoral neck fracture and joint replacement, underwent a girdlestone's procedure and received aggressive antimicrobial therapy in order to completely eradicate the fungal infection candida glabrata. in the majority of such cases, a revised hip arthroplasty would be considered following debridement. however, due to the recurrence of this infection and a key associated risk factor, radical removal with concurrent drug therapy was the only option.201223008369
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