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profiling bovine antibody responses to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection by using protein arrays.with the genome sequence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis determined, technologies are now being developed for construction of protein arrays to detect the presence of antibodies against m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in host serum. the power of this approach is that it enables a direct comparison of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins to each other in relation to their immunostimulatory capabilities. in this study, 93 recombinant proteins, produced in escherichia coli, wer ...200818039835
gastrointestinal infections, an overview: from pathogens to metagenomes. 200818043224
the evidence for mycobacterium paratuberculosis in crohn's disease.though long hypothesized, the putative link between mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and crohn's disease remains neither confirmed nor refuted. this article reviews published contributions that directly or indirectly address this question.200818043227
humoral immune responses of type 1 diabetes patients to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis lend support to the infectious trigger hypothesis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a zoonotic pathogen whose association with crohn's disease in humans is under scrutiny. the objective of this work was to investigate its association with other chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm), where the involvement of a persistent pathogen such as m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis could be the trigger. for this purpose, 59 diabetic patients and 59 healthy controls were investigated for the presence of antibodies against two ...200818077612
antigenic profiles of recombinant proteins from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in sheep with johne's disease.methods to improve the elisa test to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have been explored over several years. previously, selected recombinant proteins of m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis were found to be immunogenic in cattle with johne's disease. in the present study, antibody responses of infected and healthy sheep were evaluated using 18 purified recombinant proteins in an elisa-based format for the serodiagnosis of ovine paratuberculosis. these selected recombinant prot ...200818079002
role of cell membrane receptors in the suppression of monocyte anti-microbial activity against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the agent of paratuberculosis, is a slow growing mycobacteria that survives within ruminant mononuclear phagocytes by preventing cell activation and phagosome maturation. we investigated interactions between map and monocyte membrane receptors that result in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) p38 pathway and suppression of monocyte antimicrobial activity. bovine monocytes were treated with blocking antibodies or specific c ...200818079089
thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.the in vitro susceptibility of human- and bovine-origin mycobacterium paratuberculosis to the thioupurine drugs 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) and azathioprine (aza) was established using conventional plate counting methods and the mgit 960 paratb culture system. both 6-mp and aza had antibacterial activity against m. paratuberculosis; isolates from crohn's disease patients tended to be more susceptible than were bovine-origin isolates. isolates of mycobacterium avium, used as controls, were generally ...200818070971
lipopentapeptide induces a strong host humoral response and distinguishes mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from m. avium subsp. avium.many non-tuberculous mycobacteria synthesize abundant glycopeptidolipids (gpls). these surface-located gpls are involved in pathogenicity by interfering with the host immune system. in mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (mav), gpls consist of a lipopeptide core composed of a tetrapeptide o-linked to mono- and oligo-saccharides. the biosynthesis pathway of the simplest gpls is now relatively well understood and involves probably more than fifteen genes. whereas it is very obvious that most, if not ...200818068277
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a sonicate immunoassay based on surface-enhanced raman scattering.a sandwich immunoassay for the rapid, low-level detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been developed. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne's disease in cattle, and one of the major obstacles in controlling the spread of this disease is the inability to rapidly detect small amounts of bacteria or other diagnostic markers shed during the subclinical stage of infection. this paper details the development and performance of an assay for sonicated m. ...200818077613
impact of protein shedding on detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a whole-cell immunoassay incorporating surface-enhanced raman scattering.the etiological agent of johne's disease is mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. controlling the spread of this disease is hindered by the lack of sensitive, selective, and rapid detection methods for m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. by using a recently optimized sandwich immunoassay (b. j. yakes, r. j. lipert, j. p. bannantine, and m. d. porter, clin. vaccine immunol. 15:227-234, 2008), which incorporates a new monoclonal antibody for the selective capture and labeling of m. avium subs ...200818077615
new global map of crohn's disease: genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic correlations.seventy-five years after the initial characterization of crohn's disease (cd), much remains obscure about its etiology. the authors sought to evaluate the incidence trends of the last 25 years worldwide, and the existence of potential correlations with genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors that could be etiologically implicated in the pathogenesis of cd. relevant medical literature for individual countries on the incidence of cd, on the incidence of associated genetic mutations, and ...200818095316
characterization of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis disseminated infection in dairy cattle and its association with antemortem test results.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) disseminated infection in dairy cattle affects animal health and productivity and is also a potential public health concern. the study objectives were to characterize map disseminated infection in dairy cattle and to determine the role of antemortem tests in detecting cattle with disseminated infection. forty culled dairy cows representing a variety of serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) results and body conditions were selected f ...200817881159
association between the presence of antibodies to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and somatic cell count.somatic cell counts (scc) in bulk tank milk delivered for human consumption are one of the indicators of milk quality and are used for milk pricing. consequently, milk from cows with high scc is frequently used by farmers for feeding of calves to lower the scc in bulk tank milk. young calves are more susceptible to mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) and may acquire the infection early in life through ingestion of map-contaminated milk. the occurrence of map antibodies can be an indi ...200818096931
the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis map3464 gene encodes an oxidoreductase involved in invasion of bovine epithelial cells through the activation of host cell cdc42.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection of cattle takes place through the intestinal mucosa. to identify m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genes associated with the invasion of bovine epithelial cells in vitro, we screened a library of transposon mutants. several mutants of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis were identified which invaded madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) epithelial cells less efficiently than wild-type (wt) m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. the deltaox mutant had the t ...200817938223
interference of paratuberculosis with the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a goat flock with a natural mixed infection.detection of infected animals is a key step in eradication programs of tuberculosis. paratuberculosis infection has been demonstrated to compromise the specificity of the diagnostic tests. however, its effect on their sensitivity has not been clarified. in the present study, skin tests and the interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) assay were evaluated in a goat flock (n=177) with a mixed tuberculosis-paratuberculosis infection in order to assess the possible effect of paratuberculosis on their sensitivit ...200817954015
sero-prevalence of bovine johne's disease in buffaloes and cattle population of north india using indigenous elisa kit based on native mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 'bison type' genotype of goat origin.present pilot study is the first attempt in the country to estimate sero-prevalence of bovine johne's disease (bjd) by screening cattle and buffaloes representing large population belonging to farmer's and farm herds in the home tracts (uttar pradesh (up) and punjab) of hariana cattle and murrah buffaloes in north india. indigenous and in-house plate elisa kit (using protoplasmic antigen from native mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 'bison type' strain of goat origin), originally devel ...200817854892
an inter-laboratory ring trial for the detection and isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from raw milk artificially contaminated with naturally infected faeces.there is a need for standardised, robust, reproducible molecular and culture methods to achieve clarification of the inactivation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative microbial agent of johne's disease, in (faecally) contaminated milk and other food products such as meat. this study assessed the performance of a commercially available map dna extraction kit for milk adiapure and accompanying pcr detection kit adiavet alongside 'in-house' molecular and culture metho ...200817993386
lymphoproliferative response and its relationship with histological lesions in experimental ovine paratuberculosis and its diagnostic implications.lymphoproliferative response (lpr) was studied in 19 lambs orally infected (group i) with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) with in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test using mtt dye reduction assay. the non-specific lpr against con a and specific lpr against sonicated antigen and johnin ppd (purified protein derivatives) were estimated on preinfection (0 day) and various days postinfection period (15 to 330 dpi) in the animals, which were classified according to histological and ba ...200817619156
influence of type of culture medium on characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subtypes.we evaluated the effects of culture and/or enrichment methods on the selection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subtypes. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from bovine fecal samples processed using a centrifugation protocol were investigated in both liquid (mgit paratb tubes) and solid (herrold's egg yolk medium) culture media. for this evaluation, m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis subtyping was based on the sequence variation in two of the most discriminatory short sequence ...200817959762
what is human inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) more like: johne's disease in cattle or ibd in dogs and cats? 200817680652
simulation model for evaluation of testing strategies for detection of paratuberculosis in midwestern us dairy herds.we developed a stochastic simulation model to compare the herd sensitivity (hse) of five testing strategies for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in midwestern us dairies. testing strategies were elisa serologic testing by two commercial assays (ea and eb), elisa testing with follow-up of positive samples with individual fecal culture (eaifc and ebifc), individual fecal culture (ifc), pooled fecal culture (pfc), and culture of fecal slurry samples from the environmen ...200817719108
pathogenic 'bison-type' mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis genotype characterized from riverine buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in north india.despite low per-animal productivity of ruminants in developing countries, johne's disease has not been investigated in buffaloes, which are primarily found in these countries. this is due to lack of expertise, diagnostic kits and priority to production diseases like johne's disease. presence of pathogenic mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) was investigated by screening of target tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes and large intestine) by culture and is 900 pcr, in 50 sacrificed bu ...200817804069
transmission parameters of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in a dairy herd going through a control program.a johne's disease control program, including stringent management practices and a test-and-cull program (whole-herd fecal-samples taken twice a year), was implemented on a medium-sized pennsylvania dairy farm that was suffering losses from clinical johne's disease. the data that emerged from the control program, combined with birthdates, culling dates, lactation information and pedigrees, yielded an extensive longitudinal dataset. the dataset was processed through sas 9.1 for statistical analysi ...200817868937
bovine monocyte tlr2 receptors differentially regulate the intracellular fate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and mycobacterium avium subsp. avium.pathogenic mycobacterial organisms have the capacity to inhibit macrophage activation and phagosome maturation. although the mechanism is complex, several studies have incriminated signaling through tlr2 receptors with subsequent activation of the mapk pathway p38 (mapkp38) and overproduction of il-10 in the survival of pathogenic mycobacterial organisms. in the present study, we compared the response of bovine monocytes with infection by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), th ...200817913973
experimental animal infection models for johne's disease, an infectious enteropathy caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.a critical literature review of experimental infection models for johne's disease in farm and laboratory animals was conducted. a total of 73 references were admitted. they were published between 1938 and 2006 and covered species as diverse as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, mice, pigs and others. the factors that appeared to influence the outcome of experimental infections with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb) were the species, breed and age of subject used for the infection, the ...200817449304
evaluation of indigenous milk elisa with m-culture and m-pcr for the diagnosis of bovine johne's disease (bjd) in lactating indian dairy cattle.present study is the first attempt to evaluate an indigenous milk elisa with milk culture, standardize milk pcr, estimate lacto-prevalence of map and genotype map dna from milk samples in few indian dairy herds. in all 115 cows were sampled from 669 lactating cows in six dairy herds from three districts of north india. fifty milk samples (four herds) were screened by three tests (milk culture, m-elisa and m-pcr). lacto-prevalence of map in four dairy herds was 84.0% (50.0% in fat and 62.0% in se ...200817544046
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from patients with crohn's disease using nucleic acid-based techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis.this study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using nucleic acid-based techniques to detect mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) in patients with crohn's disease (cd) compared with controls. database searches were conducted and risk difference estimates were calculated using meta-analysis. fifty-eight studies were reviewed, 47 of which were included in the analysis. the pooled estimate of risk difference from all studies was 0.23 (95% confidence interval [ci], 0.14-0.32) u ...200817886288
comparison of 13 single-round and nested pcr assays targeting is900, ismav2, f57 and locus 255 for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.for molecular biological detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), pcr methods with primers targeting different regions specific for map are used worldwide. however, some uncertainties exist concerning the specificity of certain target regions and the sensitivity. to identify the methods which are best suited for diagnostics, 8 single-round and 5 nested pcr systems including 12 different primer pairs based on is900 (9 x), ismav2 (1x), f57 (1x), and locus 255 (1x) sequences ...200817889455
presence and characterization of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from clinical and suspected cases of crohn's disease and in the healthy human population in india.to investigate and characterize mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in patients with crohn's disease, attendants of animals with suspected infection, and healthy humans, using multiple diagnostic tests.200817913536
is alpha-dystroglycan the missing link in the mechanism of enterocyte uptake and translocation of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis?mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) is an important animal pathogen with a potential role in human disease. map is recognized to cause severe diarrheas and wasting syndrome in patients infected by the human immuno-deficiency virus. recently, there is also growing evidence that map is somehow involved into the patho-mechanisms of crohn's disease. however, the mechanism how map binds to the intestinal mucosa and consecutively invades and translocates the intestinal epithelial cells is still ...200817597306
isolation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from non-ruminant wildlife living in the sheds and on the pastures of greek sheep and goats.this study aimed to: (1) investigate whether non-ruminant wildlife interfacing with dairy sheep and goats of four greek flocks endemically infected with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) harboured map and (2) genetically compare the strains isolated from the wildlife to those isolated from the small ruminants of these flocks. we cultured and screened, by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), pooled-tissue samples from 327 wild animals of 11 species for the map-specific is900 inser ...200817578601
evaluation of progress made by dairy and beef herds enrolled in the minnesota johne's disease control program.to evaluate progress made by cattle herds in the control of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) through participation in the minnesota johne's disease control program (mnjdcp).200819072610
colostrum and milk as risk factors for infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) infections cause major losses to the dairy industry. transmission of map occurs primarily via feces and in utero, but map can also be excreted in colostrum and milk. the objective of this study was to determine whether colostrum and milk fed to calves are important risk factors for infection with map. a questionnaire was sent to 1,050 farms participating in the danish control program on paratuberculosis in early 2007. details on practices regarding ...200819038936
advances in epidemiology and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases.the etiology of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) remains unknown. understanding ibd epidemiology helps to identify at-risk individuals, to appreciate the changing demographic profile of ibd, and to interpret theories of ibd pathogenesis. this article reviews recent advances in epidemiology and diagnostics. the importance of clostridium difficile is highlighted. state-of-the-art ibd diagnostic modalities include serology, fecal markers, and advanced radiologic or endoscopic techniques. t ...200819006614
agreement between elisa and complement fixation test used for diagnosing of paratuberculosis in goats.an elisa with a lipoarabinomannan as an antigen, developed for diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis, has been adapted for use in goats, and compared with complement fixation test. kappa value of 0.62 indicated good agreement between cft and the adapted elisa and proved that the investigated elisa may be helpful in diagnosis of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in goats. the elisa has been used to screen a randomly selected representative sample of polish breeding goat populat ...200818942542
mycobacterium avium subspecies induce differential expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in a murine macrophage model: evidence for enhanced pathogenicity of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies (ssp.) paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a chronic, non-treatable granulomatous enteritis of ruminants. map is the only mycobacterium affecting the intestinal tract, which is of interest since it is presently the most favoured pathogen linked to crohn's disease (cd) in humans due to its frequent detection in cd tissues. map is genetically closely related to other m. avium ssp. such as m. avium ssp. avium (maa) and m. avium ssp. ho ...200818926302
combined multilocus short-sequence-repeat and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem-repeat typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates.short-sequence-repeat (ssr) sequencing was applied to 127 mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates typed by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeats (miru-vntr) and is900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). combined miru-vntr and ssr typing followed by secondary is900 rflp typing is an improved approach to high-resolution genotyping of this pathogen.200818923016
evaluation of four methods of dna recovery from mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis present in intestine tissue of goats and comparative sensitivity of is900 pcr with respect to culture for diagnosis of johne's disease.low sensitivity of pcr reaction for detection of mycoobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in tissues and fecal samples is mainly attributed to false negative results. present study was undertaken to compare four methods of dna isolation from tissues of infected animals and to determine most sensitive protocol for the recovery of dna, suitable for is900 pcr based detection of johne's disease infection. method i, the traditional van soolingen2 method of dna isolation was adopted for ...200818814486
is mycobacterium paratuberculosis or any other infectious agent involved in the pathogenesis of ibd? 200818816732
on-farm spread of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk studied by is900 and f57 competitive real time quantitative pcr and culture examination.a rapid, cheap and sensitive detection method of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in raw milk was needed for routine usage. we developed two duplex real time qpcr systems specific for map detection. these real time qpcr assays amplify the multicopy element is900 for qualitative analysis and the single copy element f57 for quantitative analysis. both assays incorporate an internal amplification control amplified with the same primers as the targets and the same probes are used in ...200818824269
cows, crohn's and more: is mycobacterium paratuberculosis a superantigen?the plausibility of a causal role of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in crohn's disease has gone from controversial to compelling. this century old debate is resolving because of unfolding understanding of shared genetic susceptibilities for crohn's and mycobacterial infection in addition to newer laboratory tests to detect map which have linked map and crohn's. mycobacterial heat shock proteins are associated with a multitude of "autoimmune" diseases, including type 1 diab ...200818789596
comparative analysis of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from cattle, sheep and goats by short sequence repeat and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes the chronic enteritis called paratuberculosis mainly in cattle, sheep and goats. evidences that point out an association between map and crohn's disease in humans are increasing. strain differentiation among map isolates has proved to be difficult and has limited the study of the molecular epidemiology of paratuberculosis. in order to asses the usefulness of the pcr based short sequence repeat (ssr) analysis of locus 1 and locus 8 in the e ...200819032737
immunogenicity of proteome-determined mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific proteins in sheep with paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis, a chronic granulomatous enteritis. detecting animals with paratuberculosis infections is difficult because the currently available tools have low sensitivity and lack specificity; these tools are prone to generating spurious positive test results caused by exposure to environmental m. avium complex organisms. to generate candidate antigens for incorporation into a specific test for paratuberculosis, subspecies-specific proteins ...200818845834
pasteurization of colostrum reduces the incidence of paratuberculosis in neonatal dairy calves.in the present study, the potential benefits of feeding pasteurized colostrum were demonstrated in calves born to dams naturally infected with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. calves were separated at birth from their dams and randomly allocated into a group fed either the colostrum of their dam (dc; n = 6), followed by feeding the milk of the dam for 3 wk and then milk replacer, or into a group fed pooled pasteurized colostrum (pc; n = 5) from healthy noninfected dams, followed by mil ...200818765618
receiver operating characteristic-based assessment of a serological test used to detect johne's disease in israeli dairy herds.the overall accuracy of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) used to detect johne's disease at herd level was explored in relation to an imperfect test (fecal culture) in 57 israeli dairy herds. receiver-operating characteristic (roc) analysis indicated an area under the curve (auc) that corresponded to a test accuracy of 82.0% (69.5% to 90.9%; 95% confidence), with optimized herd sensitivity and herd specificity of 70.4% and 83.3%, respectively; and predictive values of 79.2 (+) and 75. ...200818214157
sequence polymorphisms in a surface ppe protein distinguish types i, ii, and iii of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.in the last 2 decades, a variety of different molecular typing methods have been developed to differentiate strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. the most successful techniques are based on insertion sequences, repetitive loci, comparative genomics, or single nucleotide polymorphisms. in the present study, we chose to examine whether a single m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis gene could serve as a means of differentiation of a variety of isolates. the map1506 gene locus encodes ...200818272710
immunization with a dna vaccine cocktail induces a th1 response and protects mice against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis challenge.several antigens of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have been studied as vaccine components and their immunogenicity has been evaluated. previously, we reported that 85 antigen complex (85a, 85b, and 85c), superoxide dismutase (sod), and 35kda protein could induce significant lymphocyte proliferation as well as the elaboration of th1-associated cytokines including interferon gamma (ifn-gamma), interleukin-2 (il-2), il-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha). based on these res ...200818582521
scenario analysis of changes in consumption of dairy products caused by a hypothetical causal link between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn's disease.johne's disease is an infectious disease of cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map). crohn's disease (cd) is a human disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by chronic bowel inflammation. no causal link has been scientifically established between map and cd, but it is important to understand possible impacts on society should such a causal link be established. the goal of this paper is to analyze the implications and the possible economic impacts that fin ...200818650302
on the prevalence of m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis dna in the blood of healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease.mycobacteria, such as m. leprae and m. tuberculosis infect billions of humans. however, because of appropriate immune responses and antibiotic therapy, overt mycobacterial diseases occur far less frequently. m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease in ruminants, an affliction evocative of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). several agents used to treat ibd (5-asa, methotrexate, azathioprine and its metabolite 6-mp) have recently been shown to be antimap antibiotics. we her ...200818596984
transitions in diagnostic tests used for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in cattle.diagnosis of infections with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is difficult due to a long incubation period and lack of tests which can accurately predict the future status of animals. early detection of infectious animals is necessary to reduce transmission of map. the objective of this study was to determine the time from first detection of map-antibodies in milk elisa to start of map shedding, for animals with various shedding patterns. an observational longitudinal study was ...200818599225
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn's disease granulomas.chronic infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) has been proposed as a cause of crohn's disease. although numerous investigators have examined the link between m. paratuberculosis and crohn's disease, the evidence remains controversial. the aim of this study was to examine intestinal granuloma from crohn's patients for m. paratuberculosis using a semi-nested m. paratuberculosis-specific is900 polymerase chain reaction (pcr).200818609156
radiometric pooled faecal culture for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in low-shedder cattle.to identify the optimum pooling rate for pooled faecal culture (pfc) as a diagnostic tool in bovine johne's disease control, for detection of cattle shedding low concentrations of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map).200818616475
osteopontin immunoreactivity in the ileum and ileocecal lymph node of dairy cows naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.osteopontin (opn), a highly acidic glycoprotein, promotes cellular adhesion and recruitment and has been shown to be upregulated in the granulomas of mycobacterial infections. johne's disease, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is associated with granulomatous enteritis. the objective of this experiment was to identify opn in the ileum and ileocecal lymph node (icn) of dairy cows naturally infected with map and to compare the frequency and intensity of staining between ...200818620757
prevalence of avian influenza viruses, borrelia garinii, mycobacterium avium, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in waterfowl and terrestrial birds in slovakia, 2006.the prevalence of borrelia, mycobacteria and avian influenza virus (aiv) infections, together with the distribution of different aiv subtypes, was studied in migratory waterfowl and terrestrial birds trapped in three localities in slovakia during 2006. samples obtained from waterfowl captured in the senianske ponds area of eastern slovakia showed the highest diversity of aiv isolates. a total of 13 different subtypes were detected in 19 samples from this location (h1n2, h2n2, h3n2, h6n6, h7n6, h ...200818798030
genetic resistance of mice to mycobacterium paratuberculosis is influenced by slc11a1 at the early but not at the late stage of infection.we have recently described the development of a luminescent mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain of bovine origin expressing the luxab genes of vibrio harveyi. with this luminescent isolate, fastidious and costly enumeration of cfu by plating them on agar can be replaced by easy and rapid luminometry. here, we have reevaluated the effect of slc11a1 (formerly nramp1) polymorphism on susceptibility to m. paratuberculosis, using this luminometric method. a series of inbred mouse strains were infec ...200818285491
selenium status and antibodies to selected pathogens in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern minnesota.to determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were collected during january 2000-03 from multiple locations in southeast (se) and southwest (sw) minnesota. antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, leptospira interrogans (six serovars), anaplasma marginale, b ...200818263838
tactics of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes.johne's disease is a condition that refers to chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. it is believed that survival and replication of mycobacterium (m.) paratuberculosis in mononuclear phagocytes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of johne's disease. however, it is not clear how m. paratuberculosis survives for long time periods in mononuclear phagocytes, nor is it clear which factors trigger multiplication of these bacilli and result in the development of johne's disease. investi ...200818296882
vaccination with recombinant mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins induces differential immune responses and protects calves against infection by oral challenge.we previously reported the in vitro cellular immune responses to recombinant antigens (rags) of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). here we report the differential immune responses and protective efficacy of four rags of map (85a, 85b, 85c, and superoxide dismutase (sod)) used with two adjuvants (monophosphoryl lipid a (mpla) containing synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate, cell wall skeleton (mpla) and bovine il-12), against map challenge in calves. group i was administered the f ...200818304707
correlation between rpob gene mutation in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and clinical rifabutin and rifampicin resistance for treatment of crohn's disease.to investigate overlapping regions of the rpob gene previously involved with rifamycin resistance in m. tuberculosis and seek correlation between rpob mutations in clinical map strains with susceptibility to rif and rfb.200818461657
management practices associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and the effects of the infection on dairy herds.during 2004, a survey of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) was conducted in 101 randomly selected dairy herds to investigate associations between the infection status of the herds, different management practices, and possible disease indicators, such as indices of mastitis and reproductive performance. data were collected by means of a questionnaire through personal interviews with the farmers and veterinarians in charge of each farm. at the same time, blood samples were take ...200818480020
familial and herd-level associations with paratuberculosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay status in beef cattle.a cross-sectional study was performed to determine the odds of having a positive paratuberculosis elisa result if the dam was elisa positive in texas beef cattle, adjusted for individual and herd-level risk factors for seropositivity. texas beef cattle (n = 2,621) were tested for paratuberculosis by using a commercial elisa and microbiologic culture of feces for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). pedigree data were collected to identify dam-and sire-offspring pairs. bayesian mixe ...200818469058
large-scale elisa testing of spanish red deer for paratuberculosis.a role of wildlife species as paratuberculosis reservoirs is strongly suspected based on field and molecular epidemiologic evidence. this paper presents the first large-scale data on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) antibodies in red deer from spain, and tests the effect of host and environmental risk factors on antibody levels. a total of 257 out of 852 serum samples tested positive, yielding a total seroprevalence of 30.16% ...200818313144
pathogenic agents in inflammatory bowel diseases.infectious agents are still thought to be involved in the origin of inflammatory bowel disease. the focus in recent years has been more on mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, adherent-invasive escherichia coli or yeasts.200818622157
osteopontin: a novel cytokine involved in the regulation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in periparturient dairy cattle.osteopontin (opn), an important mediator of the cell-mediated immune response, enhances the host immune response against mycobacterial infections. infections caused by mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) have a devastating effect on the dairy industry. we sought to characterize opn at the level of gene and protein expression in periparturient dairy cows naturally infected with map. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were isolated from control, subclinical, and clinical peripar ...200818650284
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of dna vaccines encoding map0586c and map4308c of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis secretome.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the etiological agent of chronic enteritis of the small intestine in domestic and wild ruminants, causes substantial losses to livestock industry. control of this disease is seriously hampered by the lack of adequate diagnostic tools, vaccines and therapies. in this study, we have evaluated the vaccine potential of two map proteins, i.e. map0586c and map4308c, previously identified by postgenomic and immunoproteomic analysis of map secretome as ...200818652866
immunology of mycobacterial infections: with special reference to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.the interplay between mycobacteria and host determines the outcome of infection. after uptake of mycobacteria by macrophages, several possible scenarios may emerge; mycobacteria may be destroyed immediately or there is establishment of persistent infection. this review is focused around mycobacteria-host interactions with reference to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection and highlights protective mechanisms involved in order to design vaccines and other control strateg ...200818656706
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn's disease. 200818501847
cxcl10+ t cells and nk cells assist in the recruitment and activation of cxcr3+ and cxcl11+ leukocytes during mycobacteria-enhanced colitis.the role of mycobacteria in the etiology of crohn's disease (cd) has been a contentious subject for many years. recently, our laboratory showed that spontaneous colitis in il-10-/- mice is driven in part by antigens (ags) conserved in mycobacteria. the present study dissects some of the common cellular and molecular mechanism that drive mycobacteria-mediated and spontaneous colitis in il-10-/- mice.200818533024
real-time pcr identification of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in ovine and bovine tissues. 200818836157
heritability estimates for antibody response to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in german holstein cattle.the objective of this study was to estimate heritability of antibody response to mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) in 4,524 german holstein cows by applying linear and threshold models. data were collected within a paratuberculosis voluntary control program in thuringia, germany, in 2005. the map-positive prevalence of the 12 farms in the data set varied between 5 and 36.9%. a nearly linear increase in prevalence was observed from 2- to 3-yr-old cows, whereas prevalence declined in ...200818650301
herd characteristics and management practices associated with seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds.to investigate herd characteristics and management practices associated with a high seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) in dairy herds in central california.200818593244
antigen-specific regulatory t cells in bovine paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is an intracellular pathogen that survives in the host's intestinal macrophages and causes chronic enteritis in ruminants. the subclinical stage of map infection is accompanied by loss of pro-inflammatory t(h)1 response, and a predominant, but ineffective, antibody-mediated t(h)2 response. how map interacts with the bovine immune system and suppresses t(h)1 responses is unclear. studies carried out in our lab and others indicate that when per ...200818602164
estimate of the direct production losses in canadian dairy herds with subclinical mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.the objective of this study was to estimate the annual losses from mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) for an average, map-seropositive, canadian dairy herd. a partial-budget simulation model was developed with 4 components of direct production losses (decreased milk production, premature voluntary culling, mortality, and reproductive losses). input values were obtained primarily from a national seroprevalence survey of 373 canadian dairy farms in 8 of 10 provinces. the model t ...200818624066
financial modelling of the potential cost of ovine johne's disease and the benefit of vaccinating sheep flocks in southern new south wales.to develop an enterprise gross margin (gm) model that predicts the on-farm financial impact of ovine johne's disease (ojd) for various sheep enterprises in australia. in addition, to estimate the benefits and costs of control through the use of the gudair vaccination, including a breakeven point.200818826512
vaccination against paratuberculosis.johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) affecting principally cattle, sheep and goats. primarily, there are two clinical signs: cachexia and chronic diarrhea (less common in goats and sheep). this disease results in considerable economic losses in livestock industry, particularly the dairy sector. the route of transmission is mostly by the fecal-oral route, but hygienic measures and cullin ...200818665779
diagnostic detection methods for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in white-tailed deer.this study compares the results and suitability of serological testing, microscopic examination, deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) detection, and bacterial culture for detecting mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in asymptomatic farmed white-tailed deer (wtd) (odocoileus virginianus). deer were classified as infected if culture slants from their feces, lymph nodes, or ileum were positive, or if a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay detected map dna in any of its tissues. dee ...200818827845
crystal structure of a udp-glucose-specific glycosyltransferase from a mycobacterium species.glycosyltransferases (gts) are a large and ubiquitous family of enzymes that specifically transfer sugar moieties to a range of substrates. mycobacterium tuberculosis contains a large number of gts, many of which are implicated in cell wall synthesis, yet the majority of these gts remain poorly characterized. here, we report the high resolution crystal structures of an essential gt (map2569c) from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (a close homologue of rv1208 from m. tuberculosis) in i ...200818667419
antibacterial activities of naturally occurring compounds against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the antibacterial activities of 18 naturally occurring compounds (including essential oils and some of their isolated constituents, apple and green tea polyphenols, and other plant extracts) against three strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (a bovine isolate [nctc 8578], a raw-milk isolate [806r], and a human isolate [atcc 43015]) were evaluated using a macrobroth susceptibility testing method. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was grown in 4 ml middlebrook 7h9 broth containing ...200818676709
isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from waste milk delivered to california calf ranches.the objective of this study was to determine if viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) was present in waste milk delivered and fed to calves on california calf ranches. four calf-raising facilities in the central valley of california that fed pasteurized waste milk to calves were enrolled. pre- and post-pasteurization waste milk samples were cultured for map using liquid and solid media over a 5-day period during each of four seasons. aerobic cultures were performed simultaneou ...200818681799
distribution of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the lower florida keys.johne's disease, a fatal and contagious gastrointestinal infection caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), was first diagnosed in an endangered florida key deer (odocoileus virginianus clavium) in 1996 and later in six additional key deer deaths from 1998 to 2004. we investigated the geographic distribution of map in the lower florida keys from february 2005 through may 2006 via collection of blood and fecal pellets from 51 live-captured deer, collection of 550 fecal samples ...200818689642
review paper: modulation of mononuclear phagocyte function by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.pathogenic mycobacteria are highly adapted for survival within host mononuclear phagocytes. this is largely due to the organism's capacity to prevent macrophage activation, block phagosome acidification and maturation, and attenuate presentation of antigens to the immune system. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is one such organism that modulates the ruminant innate immune response. it is the causative agent in paratuberculosis, a chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis in r ...200818984786
transcriptional analysis of diverse strains mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in primary bovine monocyte derived macrophages.in this study we analyzed the macrophage-induced gene expression of three diverse genotypes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). using selective capture of transcribed sequences (scots) on three genotypically diverse map isolates from cattle, human, and sheep exposed to primary bovine monocyte derived macrophages for 48 h and 120 h we created and sequenced six cdna libraries. sequence annotations revealed that the cattle isolate up-regulated 27 and 241 genes; the human isolate u ...200818692151
differential expression of cd5 on b lymphocytes in cattle infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.cd5 is a cell surface molecule involved in antigen recognition and is present on all t lymphocytes and a subset of b lymphocytes. the purpose of this study was to examine cd5+ expression on peripheral blood b cells from healthy, noninfected cattle and cattle with subclinical and clinical paratuberculosis. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were freshly isolated or cultured for 7 days in the presence or absence of live mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. avium subsp. paratuberc ...200818692906
causality and gastrointestinal infections: koch, hill, and crohn's.the gastrointestinal tract contains a complex mix of microorganisms. therefore, the finding of a particular microbe in the gastrointestinal tract or stools of a patient with intestinal disease does not necessarily indicate that the clinical state resulted from the presence of this organism. for this reason, extending from epidemiological association to causality is particularly challenging for gastrointestinal diseases. most established agents of acute bacterial gastroenteritis (eg, escherichia ...200818992408
a robust method for bacterial lysis and dna purification to be used with real-time pcr for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk.a possible mode of transmission for the ruminant pathogen mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) from cattle to humans is via milk and dairy products. although controversially, map has been suggested as the causative agent of crohn's disease and its presence in consumers' milk might be of concern. a method to detect map in milk with real-time pcr was developed for screening of bulk tank milk. pellet and cream fractions of milk were pooled and subjected to enzymatic digestion and mecha ...200818694788
abnormalities in the handling of intracellular bacteria in crohn's disease: a link between infectious etiology and host genetic susceptibility.the etiology of crohn's disease (cd) is still poorly understood, but recent advances have highlighted the importance of the innate immune system and the critical relationship between the gut flora and the intestinal mucosa. several combinations of genetic factors predisposing to cd have been described, with the most significant replicable associations including genes for intracellular receptors of bacterial cell walls (nod2/card15) and for bacterial clearance and antigen processing via autophagy ...200818726145
test and teach. chronic soft tissue inflammation following accidental inoculation with a sheep vaccine. diagnosis: immune response to mineral oil and mycobacterium antigens in vaccine strain (gudair) of mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis. 200818985526
researching the role of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in the etiology of crohn's disease. 200821960887
fabrication of a novel conductometric biosensor for detecting mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies.johne's disease (jd) is one of the most costly bacterial diseases in cattle. in the u.s., economic losses from the disease have been estimated to exceed $1,500,000,000 per year, mainly from the effects of reduced milk production. current diagnostic tests for jd are laboratory based and many of those tests require specialized equipment and training. development of rapid and inexpensive diagnostic assays, which are adapted for point-ofcare applications, would aid in the control of jd. in this stud ...200827873855
evaluation of an indigenous elisa for diagnosis of johne's disease and its comparison with commercial kits.country lacks sensitive and indigenous diagnostic kits for the screening of goats and sheep against johne's disease. therefore an indigenous elisa kit was developed using protoplasmic antigen from native mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 'bison type' strain of goat origin (kit 1). in the present study, kit 1 and two commercial kits (kit 2 and 3) were evaluated with respect to 'gold standard' fecal culture in 71 animals (55 goats and 16 sheep). kit 1 using indigenous antigen (protop ...200723100673
carboxyl terminus of the 34 kda protein of mycobacterium paratuberculosis shares homologous b-cell epitopes with mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against a recombinant carboxyl terminus of the 34 kda protein of mycobacterium paratuberculosis were produced in mice. two of the mabs cross-reacted with mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare in both an elisa and immunoblot. the recombinant protein also reacted with polyclonal sera produced in rabbits against all three mycobacteria, indicating the presence of cross-reactive epitopes in the protein. to determine the reactivity of cattle sera against epi ...200718156594
failure of antigen-stimulated gammadelta t cells and cd4+ t cells from sensitized cattle to upregulate nitric oxide and mycobactericidal activity of autologous mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages.the function of gammadelta t cells during ruminant paratuberculosis (johne's disease) is presently unknown. an ex vivo system was used to test the hypothesis that gammadelta t cells are capable of activating mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-(m. paratuberculosis)-infected macrophages. peripheral blood-derived macrophages were infected in vitro with live m. paratuberculosis, and autologous ln-derived gammadelta t cells or cd4+ t cells were co-cultured with infected macrophages for 48h, ...200717275098
optimization of methods for detecting mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in environmental samples using quantitative, real-time pcr.detection of johne's disease, an enteric infection of cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis), has been impeded by the lack of rapid, reliable detection methods. the goal of this study was to optimize methodologies for detecting m. paratuberculosis in manure from an infected dairy cow or in contaminated soil samples using a quantitative, real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) based analysis. three different nucleic acid extraction techniques, the efficiency of direct ...200717257697
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a major membrane protein of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 35-kda major membrane protein (mmp) encoded by map2121c is an important membrane antigen recognized in cattle with johne's disease. in this study, purified recombinant mmp was used to produce two stable monoclonal antibodies, termed 8g2 and 13e1, which were characterized by immunoblotting, epitope mapping, and immunofluorescence microscopy.200717267586
one-step, nanoparticle-mediated bacterial detection with magnetic relaxation.acknowledging the need for the development of fast and sensitive bacterial detection methods, we functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to identify mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (map), through magnetic relaxation. our results indicate that the map nanoprobes (1) bind specifically to map, (2) can quantify the bacterial target quickly in milk and blood with high sensitivity, and (3) are not susceptible to interferences caused by other bacteria. the use of the describ ...200717298004
cloning, expression, purification and serodiagnostic evaluation of fourteen mycobacterium paratuberculosis proteins.fourteen proteins of potential diagnostic value for bovine paratuberculosis were identified in the culture filtrate of mycobacterium paratuberculosis jtc303 by immunoblot and mass spectrometry. the goals of the present study were to express these 14 orfs in escherichia coli and evaluate their antigenicity. all 14 proteins were expressed in e. coli bl21(de3) after transformation with the pet-22b(+) vector. yields of insoluble proteins were higher than those of the soluble proteins. polyclonal rab ...200717296312
invasion and persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during early stages of johne's disease in calves.infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease in cattle and is a serious problem for the dairy industry worldwide. development of models to mimic aspects of johne's disease remains an elusive goal because of the chronic nature of the disease. in this report, we describe a surgical approach employed to characterize the very early stages of infection of calves with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. to our surprise, strains of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis wer ...200717296749
bayesian analysis to validate a commercial elisa to detect paratuberculosis in dairy herds of southern chile.in chile, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has been isolated on several occasions and clinical cases have been reported. nevertheless, diagnostic tests have not yet been validated for this agent in the chilean setting. the objective of the study was to validate a commercial elisa to detect map shedding dairy cows in management conditions, prevalence and stages of infection existing in southern chile, utilising different statistical approaches. blood and faeces were collected fro ...200717188381
a case-control study of drinking water and dairy products in crohn's disease--further investigation of the possible role of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis.similarities between johne's disease in ruminants and crohn's disease in humans have led to speculation that mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) might be a causative agent in crohn's disease. however, evidence remains inconsistent. in this case-control study (1999-2004), the authors assessed the possible role of drinking water and dairy products potentially contaminated with map in the etiology of crohn's disease. a total of 218 patients with crohn's disease recruited from nine hospitals ...200717237136
on the action of methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine on m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis.clinical improvement in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) treated with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) is associated with a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines. this has been presumed to indicate the mechanism of action of methotrexate and 6-mp. although controversial, there are increasingly compelling data that mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) may be an etiological agent in some or all of ibd. we hypothesized that the clinical efficacy of methotrexate and 6-mp in ...200717252054
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