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mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) infection in north american wildlife: current status and opportunities for mitigation of risks of further infection in wildlife populations.mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis), the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, has been identified in nine geographically distinct wildlife populations in north america and hawaii and is endemic in at least three populations, including members of the bovidae, cervidae, and suidae families. the emergence of m. bovis in north american wildlife poses a serious and growing risk for livestock and human health and for the recreational hunting industry. experience in many countries, including the usa and ...201323657134
polyamines inhibit porin-mediated fluoroquinolone uptake in mycobacteria.polyamines decrease the permeability of the outer membrane of escherichia coli to fluoroquinolones and β-lactams. in this study, we tested the effect of four polyamines (spermidine, spermine, cadaverine and putrescine) on fluoroquinolone uptake in mycobacterium bovis bcg. our results show that polyamines are also capable of reducing the permeability of the mycobacterial outer membrane to fluoroquinolones. spermidine was most effective and demonstrated reversible dose- and ph-dependent inhibition ...201323755283
analysis of the secretome and identification of novel constituents from culture filtrate of bacillus calmette-guerin using high-resolution mass spectrometry.tuberculosis (tb) is an infectious bacterial disease that causes morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. although its efficacy against tb has displayed a high degree of variability (0%-80%) in different trials, mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) has been recognized as an important weapon for preventing tb worldwide for over 80 years. because secreted proteins often play vital roles in the interaction between bacteria and host cells, the secretome of mycobacte ...201323616670
single cell measurements of vacuolar rupture caused by intracellular pathogens.shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed compartment allows bacteria to move within the cytosol, proliferate and further invade neighboring cells. mycobacterium tuberculosis is phagocytosed by immune cells, and has recently been shown to rupture phagosomal membrane in macrophages. we developed a robust assay for tracking phagosomal membrane disruption after host cell entry of shigella ...201323792688
mycobacterium bovis tenosynovitis.infectious tenosynovitis is a rare condition usually presenting with symptoms of joint pain, swelling and deformity. a large number of infectious organisms are known to cause tenosynovitis and prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure appropriate treatment is delivered before serious complications and functional impairment occurs. we report a case of mycobacterium bovis tenosynovitis, a rare cause of infectious tenosynovitis; we discuss the clinical features and management of this con ...201323771966
lipoproteins of slow-growing mycobacteria carry three fatty acids and are n-acylated by apolipoprotein n-acyltransferase bcg_2070c.lipoproteins are virulence factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis. bacterial lipoproteins are modified by the consecutive action of preprolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (lgt), prolipoprotein signal peptidase (lspa) and apolipoprotein n- acyltransferase (lnt) leading to the formation of mature triacylated lipoproteins. lnt homologues are found in gram-negative and high gc-rich gram-positive, but not in low gc-rich gram-positive bacteria, although n-acylation is observed. in fast-growing my ...201324093492
enhanced detection of tuberculous mycobacteria in animal tissues using a semi-nested probe-based real-time pcr.bovine tuberculosis has been tackled for decades by costly eradication programs in most developed countries, involving the laboratory testing of tissue samples from allegedly infected animals for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) members, namely mycobacterium bovis. definitive diagnosis is usually achieved by bacteriological culture, which may take up to 6-12 weeks, during which the suspect animal carcass and herd are under sanitary arrest. in this work, a user-friendly dna e ...201324278425
tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide and n-benzyl-6',7'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4'-thieno[3,2-c]pyran] analogues with bactericidal efficacy against mycobacterium tuberculosis targeting mmpl3.mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major human pathogen and the causative agent for the pulmonary disease, tuberculosis (tb). current treatment programs to combat tb are under threat due to the emergence of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant tb. as part of our efforts towards the discovery of new anti-tubercular leads, a number of potent tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (thpp) and n-benzyl-6',7'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4'-thieno[3,2-c]pyran] (spiro) analogues were recently ...201323613759
fueling open-source drug discovery: 177 small-molecule leads against tuberculosis.with the aim of fuelling open-source, translational, early-stage drug discovery activities, the results of the recently completed antimycobacterial phenotypic screening campaign against mycobacterium bovis bcg with hit confirmation in m. tuberculosis h37rv were made publicly accessible. a set of 177 potent non-cytotoxic h37rv hits was identified and will be made available to maximize the potential impact of the compounds toward a chemical genetics/proteomics exercise, while at the same time prov ...201323307663
region of difference 4 in alpine mycobacterium caprae isolates indicates three variants.the lack of complete genome sequence information for mycobacterium caprae complicates a robust differentiation of m. caprae and mycobacterium bovis. in this study, the presence or absence of m. caprae-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in lepa and gyrb genes was assessed. the region of difference 4 (rd4) was analyzed for the identification and characterization of m. caprae. molecular characteristics were evaluated in 12 recent m. caprae isolates from livestock and wildlife collected over a ...201323408688
assessment of an oral mycobacterium bovis bcg vaccine and an inactivated m. bovis preparation for wild boar in terms of adverse reactions, vaccine strain survival, and uptake by nontarget species.wildlife vaccination is increasingly being considered as an option for tuberculosis control. we combined data from laboratory trials and an ongoing field trial to assess the risk of an oral mycobacterium bovis bcg vaccine and a prototype heat-inactivated mycobacterium bovis preparation for eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa). we studied adverse reactions, bcg survival, bcg excretion, and bait uptake by nontarget species. no adverse reactions were observed after administration of bcg (n = 27) or inac ...201324173022
splitting of a prevalent mycobacterium bovis spoligotype by variable-number tandem-repeat typing reveals high heterogeneity in an evolving clonal group.mycobacterium bovis populations in countries with persistent bovine tuberculosis usually show a prevalent spoligotype with a wide geographical distribution. this study applied mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (miru-vntr) typing to a random panel of 115 m. bovis isolates that are representative of the most frequent spoligotype in the iberian peninsula, sb0121. vntr typing targeted nine loci: etr-a (alias vntr2165), etr-b (vntr2461), etr-d (miru4, vntr580), ...201323985914
wild boar tuberculosis in iberian atlantic spain: a different picture from mediterranean habitats.infections with mycobacterium bovis and closely related members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) are shared between livestock, wildlife and sporadically human beings. wildlife reservoirs exist worldwide and can interfere with bovine tuberculosis (tb) eradication efforts. the eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) is a mtc maintenance host in mediterranean iberia (spain and portugal). however, few systematic studies in wild boar have been carried out in atlantic regions. we describe the p ...201324010539
circulating mycobacterium bovis peptides and host response proteins as biomarkers for unambiguous detection of subclinical infection.bovine tuberculosis remains one of the most damaging diseases to agriculture, and there is also a concern for human spillover. a critical need exists for rapid, thorough, and inexpensive diagnostic methods capable of detecting and differentiating mycobacterium bovis infection from other pathogenic and environmental mycobacteria at multiple surveillance levels. in a previous study, seth et al. (plos one 4:e5478, 2009, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005478) identified 32 host peptides that specifically ...201324478485
surveillance of bovine tuberculosis and risk estimation of a future reservoir formation in wildlife in switzerland and liechtenstein.bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis or m. caprae has recently (re-) emerged in livestock and wildlife in all countries bordering switzerland (ch) and the principality of liechtenstein (fl). comprehensive data for swiss and liechtenstein wildlife are not available so far, although two native species, wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus), act as btb reservoirs elsewhere in continental europe. our aims were (1) to assess the occurrence of btb in these wil ...201323349839
heterozygosity at the a625c polymorphic site of the myd88 gene is associated with mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle.the study demonstrates that in cattle, animals heterozygous at the myd88 a625c polymorphic marker have a 5-fold reduced risk for active pulmonary tuberculosis (odds ratio [or] = 0.19; p = 6 × 10(-12)). the reduced risk, however, does not extend to animals with latent pulmonary tuberculosis (or = 0.83; p = 0.40). heterozygosity at the a625c single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with intermediate levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, and nitric oxide synthase (nos). accor ...201323545302
whole-transcriptome, high-throughput rna sequence analysis of the bovine macrophage response to mycobacterium bovis infection in vitro.mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, is an intracellular pathogen that can persist inside host macrophages during infection via a diverse range of mechanisms that subvert the host immune response. in the current study, we have analysed and compared the transcriptomes of m. bovis-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm) purified from six holstein-friesian females with the transcriptomes of non-infected control mdm from the same animals over a 24 h period using stran ...201323565803
the potential for transmission of bcg from orally vaccinated white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) to cattle (bos taurus) through a contaminated environment: experimental findings.white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) experimentally infected with a virulent strain of mycobacterium bovis have been shown to transmit the bacterium to other deer and cattle (bos taurus) by sharing of pen waste and feed. the risk of transmission of m. bovis bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccine from orally vaccinated white-tailed deer to other deer and cattle, however, is not well understood. in order to evaluate this risk, we orally vaccinated 14 white-tailed deer with 1×10(9) colony form ...201323565211
juxtaposition between host population structures: implications for disease transmission in a sympatric cervid community.sympatric populations of phylogenetically related species are often vulnerable to similar communicable diseases. although some host populations may exhibit spatial structure, other hosts within the community may have unstructured populations. thus, individuals from unstructured host populations may act as interspecific vectors among discrete subpopulations of sympatric alternate hosts. we used a cervid-bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) system to investigate the landscape-scale potential ...201324187583
field-isolated genotypes of mycobacterium bovis vary in virulence and influence case pathology but do not affect outbreak size.strains of many infectious agents differ in fundamental epidemiological parameters including transmissibility, virulence and pathology. we investigated whether genotypes of mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, btb) differ significantly in transmissibility and virulence, combining data from a nine-year survey of the genetic structure of the m. bovis population in northern ireland with detailed records of the cattle population during the same period. we used the size of ...201324086351
first-time detection of mycobacterium bovis in livestock tissues and milk in the west bank, palestinian territories.bovine tuberculosis, btb, is classified by the who as one of the seven neglected zoonontic diseases that cause animal health problems and has high potential to infect humans. in the west bank, btb was not studied among animals and the prevalence of human tuberculosis caused by m. bovis is unknown. therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of btb among cattle and goats and identify the molecular characteristics of btb in our area.201324069475
environmental amoebae do not support the long-term survival of virulent mycobacteria.to test the hypothesis that mycobacterium bovis can persist in the environment within protozoa.201323398391
transcriptional response of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages after the infection with different argentinean mycobacterium bovis isolates.infection of bovines with mycobacterium bovis causes important financial hardship in many countries presenting also a risk for humans. m. bovis is known to be adapted to survive and thrive within the intramacrophage environment. in spite of its relevance, at present the information about macrophage expression patterns is scarce, particularly regarding the bovine host. in this study, transcriptomic analysis was used to detect genes differentially expressed in macrophages derived from peripheral b ...201323484118
synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of symmetric thiocarbohydrazone derivatives against mycobacterium bovis bcg.in this work, we reported the synthesis and evaluation of antimycobacterial and antifungal activity of a series of thiocarbohydrazone derivatives which are thiacetazone congeners. the target compounds were synthesized in superior yields by reacting thiocarbohydrazide with different aromatic aldehydes and methyl ketones. compounds 8, 19 and 25 were found to be the most potent derivatives, exhibiting acceptable activity against mycobacterium bovis bcg compared to thiacetazone and ethambutol as ref ...201324250608
targeting hunter distribution based on host resource selection and kill sites to manage disease risk.endemic and emerging diseases are rarely uniform in their spatial distribution or prevalence among cohorts of wildlife. spatial models that quantify risk-driven differences in resource selection and hunter mortality of animals at fine spatial scales can assist disease management by identifying high-risk areas and individuals. we used resource selection functions (rsfs) and selection ratios (srs) to quantify sex- and age-specific resource selection patterns of collared (n = 67) and hunter-killed ...201324324876
genetic analysis of the 3' untranslated region of the bovine slc11a1 gene reveals novel polymorphisms.polymorphisms in microsatellites at the 3' untranslated region (3'utr) of the slc11a1 (solute carrier family 11 member a1) gene have been associated with natural resistance to brucella abortus and mycobacterium bovis infection in livestock species. here, we carried out an individual genetic analysis of the two microsatellites present at the 3'utr slc11a1 gene in 254 bos taurus purebred, 125 b. indicus purebred and 54 b. taurus × b. indicus crossbred cattle. the genotyping by capillary electropho ...201323065223
three antimycobacterial metabolites identified from a marine-derived streptomyces sp. ms100061.in the course of a screening program for bioactive compounds from a marine natural product library, a newly isolated actinomycetes strain, designated as ms100061, exhibited strong anti-mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) activity. the strain belongs to the genus streptomyces according to its morphological and 16s rdna phylogenetic analysis. bioassay-guided isolation resulted in a new spirotetronate, lobophorin g (1), together with two known compounds, lobophorins a (2) and b (3). ...201323324803
concomitant fungal and mycobacterium bovis infections in beef cattle in kenya.bovine tuberculosis is an important zoonosis and accurate diagnosis is important for its surveillance. post-mortem diagnosis may, however, be compromised by lesions caused by other pathogens. in an investigation on its prevalence in slaughter cattle in kenya, mycobacterium bovis and dimorphic fungi were inadvertently identified separately or concurrently in tuberculous lesions. beef carcasses were inspected for lesions in two abattoirs in nairobi. tissues with lesions were collected and transpor ...201323902371
vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: a one health paradigm.this review focuses on the immunization of animals as a means of preventing human diseases (zoonoses). three frameworks for the use of vaccines in this context are described, and examples are provided of successes and failures. framework i vaccines are used for protection of humans and economically valuable animals, where neither plays a role in the transmission cycle. the benefit of collaborations between animal health and human health industries and regulators in developing such products is di ...201324060567
a new plant-derived antibacterial is an inhibitor of efflux pumps in staphylococcus aureus.an in-depth evaluation was undertaken of a new antibacterial natural product (1) recently isolated and characterised from the plant hypericum olympicum l. cf. uniflorum. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined for a panel of bacteria, including: meticillin-resistant and -susceptible strains of staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus haemolyticus; vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium; penicillin-resistan ...201324119569
nonclinical development of bcg replacement vaccine candidates.the failure of current mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccines, given to neonates to protect against adult tuberculosis and the risk of using these live vaccines in hiv-infected infants, has emphasized the need for generating new, more efficacious and safer replacement vaccines. with the availability of genetic techniques for constructing recombinant bcg (rbcg) strains containing well-defined gene deletions or insertions, new vaccine candidates are under evaluation at both the ...201326343962
cd137 ligand signaling enhances myelopoiesis during infections.cd137 and its ligand are expressed in the bm, and conflicting data exist on the regulation of myelopoiesis by the cd137 receptor-ligand system. cd137(-/-) mice have increased numbers of myeloid cells in the bm, indicating an inhibitory influence of cd137 on myelopoiesis. however, cd137 also induces proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and their myeloid differentiation, arguing for an enhancing effect. here we hypothesized that this latter case represents the situation during infection ...201323519951
pre-treatment with mycobacterium avium-derived lipids reduces the macrophage response to interferon γ in bcg-vaccinated mice.mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) is the current vaccine used against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infection. however, exposure to environmental pathogens, such as mycobacterium avium, interferes with the immune response induced by bcg vaccination. how m. avium affects the efficiency of bcg is unclear. in this study, bcg-vaccinated mice pre-treated with m. avium-derived lipids (mals) showed a higher mycobacterial load and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells compared ...201323579397
identification and characterization of rv0494: a fatty acid-responsive protein of the gntr/fadr family from mycobacterium tuberculosis.escherichia coli fadr, a member of the gntr family of transcription factors, plays dual roles in fatty acid metabolism. fadr-dna binding is inhibited by fatty acyl-coas, and thus fadr acts as a sensor of the fatty acid level in bacteria. we have identified fadr-binding sites in the upstream regions of genes showing altered expression after the disruption of fatty acid biosynthesis in mycobacterium tuberculosis. a fadr homologue in m. tuberculosis, rv0494, was identified, which binds to its opera ...201323475950
eimeria maxima: efficacy of recombinant mycobacterium bovis bcg expressing apical membrane antigen1 against homologous infection.coccidiosis is one of the most important protozoan diseases and inflicts severe economic losses on the poultry industry. the aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) to deliver apical membrane antigen1 (ama1) of eimeria maxima to stimulate specific cellular and humoral immune responses in chickens. day-old birds were immunized twice with rbcg/pmv261-ama1, rbcg/pmv361-ama1, or bcg via oral, intranasal, and subcutaneous routes and then orally challenged with ...201323949244
dipterinyl calcium pentahydrate inhibits intracellular mycobacterial growth in human monocytes via the c-c chemokine mip-1β and nitric oxide.tuberculosis remains one of the top three leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, complicated by the emergence of drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and high rates of hiv coinfection. it is important to develop new antimycobacterial drugs and immunomodulatory therapeutics and compounds that enhance antituberculous immunity. dipterinyl calcium pentahydrate (dcp), a calcium-complexed pterin compound, has previously been shown to inhibit human breast cancer cells and hep ...201323509148
mycobacteriosis in ostriches (struthio camelus) due to infection with mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium avium complex.avian tuberculosis rarely affects ratites compared to other bird species and is typically caused by mycobacterium avium species. this study describes the pathological and microbiological findings in three adult ostriches with mycobacteriosis, in one of which mycobacterium bovis was isolated from the lesions. post mortem examinations on ostriches from two different zoological collections in ireland revealed multifocal caseous granulomas affecting the spleen and liver in all cases, with additional ...201324597127
non-contiguous genome sequence of mycobacterium simiae strain dsm 44165(t.).mycobacterium simiae is a non-tuberculosis mycobacterium causing pulmonary infections in both immunocompetent and imunocompromized patients. we announce the draft genome sequence of m. simiae dsm 44165(t). the 5,782,968-bp long genome with 65.15% gc content (one chromosome, no plasmid) contains 5,727 open reading frames (33% with unknown function and 11 orfs sizing more than 5000 -bp), three rrna operons, 52 trna, one 66-bp tmrna matching with tmrna tags from mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium t ...201323991261
mycobacterial etiology of pulmonary tuberculosis and association with hiv infection and multidrug resistance in northern nigeria.objective. data on pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) complex in nigeria are limited. we investigated species of mtb complex in tb cases from northern nigeria. methods. new tb suspects were enrolled, screened for hiv and their sputum samples were cultured after routine microscopy. genotypes mtbc and mtbdrplus were used to characterize the mtb complex species and their resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin. results. of the 1,603 patients enrolled, 375 (23%) ha ...201323970967
in vitro model of mycobacteria and hiv-1 co-infection for drug discovery.tuberculosis (tb) has become a global health threat in the wake of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pandemic and is the leading cause of death in people with hiv/aids. treatment of patients with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb)/hiv co-infection is complicated by drug interactions and toxicity that present huge challenges for clinical intervention. discovery efforts to identify novel compounds with increased effectiveness and decreased drug-drug interactions against mtb, hiv-1, or both, wou ...201324388652
tuberculosis vaccines: hopes and hurdles.tuberculosis (tb) remains as one of the most serious public health problems worldwide. it is one of the main causes of death in poor and developing countries, especially in sub-saharan africa, where it may be associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). it has been estimated that one third of the world population is infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), and there were about 8.7 million new tb cases, and about 1.4 million yearly deaths due to tb in 2011. dots is the currently u ...201324304353
robust immunity to an auxotrophic mycobacterium bovis bcg-vlp prime-boost hiv vaccine candidate in a nonhuman primate model.we previously reported that a recombinant pantothenate auxotroph of mycobacterium bovis bcg expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) subtype c gag (rbcgpan-gag) efficiently primes the mouse immune system for a boost with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (rmva) vaccine. in this study, we further evaluated the immunogenicity of rbcgpan-gag in a nonhuman primate model. two groups of chacma baboons were primed or mock primed twice with either rbcgpan-gag or a control bcg. b ...201323449790
use of ethanol extract of mycobacterium bovis for detection of specific antibodies in sera of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) with bovine tuberculosis.bovine tuberculosis (btb) in wildlife species poses a threat to domestic livestock in many situations. control programs for btb in livestock depend on testing and slaughtering the positive animals; however, the currently available diagnostic tests often have poor specificity. in our previous study, we developed a specific and sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for another mycobacterial disease - johne's disease, using surface antigens of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis ...201324341485
a mycobacterial coinfection in a dog suspected on blood smear.a 4-year-old neutered female crossbred shepherd was referred for a history of 10 days of anorexia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyadenomegaly, and diarrhea. on physical examination, the dog appeared quiet, responsive, and apyretic, with generalized and severe lymphadenomegaly. hematologic abnormalities included neutrophilic leukocytosis with left shift, and lymphopenia. blood smears revealed intracytoplasmic bacilli negatively stained with may-grünwald-giemsa in neutrophils and monocytes. lymph node ...201324320783
transition metal-α-amino acid complexes with antibiotic activity against mycobacterium spp.synthetic iridium-, rhodium-, and ruthenium-amino acid complexes with hydrophobic l-amino acids have antibiotic activity against mycobacterium spp., including mycobacterium bovis bcg and the rapidly growing species mycobacterium abscessus and mycobacterium chelonae. concentrations of transition metal-amino acid complexes demonstrating hemolysis or cytotoxicity were 10- to 25-fold higher than were the mics.201323650159
evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a candidate tuberculosis vaccine, mva85a, delivered by aerosol to the lungs of macaques.tuberculosis (tb) is a reemerging disease. the only available vaccine, mycobacterium bovis bcg, is delivered intradermally and confers highly variable efficacy against pulmonary disease. there is an urgent need for improved vaccination strategies. murine studies suggest that immunizations delivered directly to the respiratory mucosa might be a more effective route of vaccination. this study compared the immunogenicity of a leading candidate tuberculosis (tb) vaccine, modified vaccinia virus anka ...201323446219
[disseminated tuberculosis in an infant with ifng-il-12/il 23 axis defect].bcg vaccine contains low virulence mycobacterium bovis bacillus. in mexico it is given at birth with few reported adverse reactions in immunocompetent children; however, in immuno-compromised patients it can cause serious local or systemic adverse reactions. the most frequent related diseases include chronic granulomatous disease (cgd), human immunodeficiency virus infection (hiv), severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) and mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (msmd). at this time, ...201324007964
influenza a virus infection impairs mycobacteria-specific t cell responses and mycobacterial clearance in the lung during pulmonary coinfection.individuals infected with mycobacteria are likely to experience episodes of concurrent infections with unrelated respiratory pathogens, including the seasonal or pandemic circulating influenza a virus strains. we analyzed the impact of influenza a virus and mycobacterial respiratory coinfection on the development of cd8 t cell responses to each pathogen. coinfected mice exhibited reduced frequency and numbers of cd8 t cells specific to mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) in the lun ...201323698750
synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of analogues of the bioactive natural products sampangine and cleistopholine.identification and investigation of novel classes and compounds for the treatment of tuberculosis remains of utmost importance in the fight against the disease. despite many efforts, the weakly gram positive mycobacterium tuberculosis keeps demanding its toll in human lives. for this reason a small library of substituted and unsubstituted aza analogues of cleistopholine and sampangine were synthesized in a short and straightforward manner and tested in vitro against m.tb. the compounds showed pr ...201323850570
detectability of bovine tb using the tuberculin skin test does not vary significantly according to pathogen genotype within northern ireland.strains of many infectious diseases differ in parameters that influence epidemic spread, for example virulence, transmissibility, detectability and host specificity. knowledge of inter-strain variation can be exploited to improve management and decrease disease incidence. bovine tuberculosis (btb) is increasingly prevalent among farmed cattle in the uk, exerting a heavy economic burden on the farming industry and government. we aimed to determine whether strains of mycobacterium bovis (the causa ...201323712123
biological evaluation of bisbenzaldehydes against four mycobacterium species.a series of bisbenzaldehydes and structurally related analogs, conveniently synthesized via microwave-assisted reactions, were evaluated in vitro against drug susceptible and multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis, against virulent mycobacterium bovis, against mycobacterium ulcerans and against two mycobacterium avium subspecies. among the 33 substances that were tested, compound 12, i.e. 4,4'-[1,12-dodecanediyl(oxy)]bisbenzaldehyde, emerged as the most promising hit. its activity was f ...201323567963
effect of transportation, time of sampling, and lymphocyte numbers on gamma interferon response to mycobacterium bovis in cattle at time of slaughter.adapting the gamma interferon (ifnγ) assay for tuberculosis screening at points-of-concentration of cattle would improve global efforts to eradicate bovine tuberculosis. two separate studies were conducted to evaluate if transportation of cattle, the time of blood collection, and total lymphocyte count affects the retention of a positive ifnγ assay result during slaughter of cattle experimentally sensitized with inactivated mycobacterium bovis. study 1 evaluated ifnγ assay responses to m. bovis ...201323417080
assessment of a protein cocktail-based skin test for bovine tuberculosis in a double-blind field test in cattle.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a worldwide zoonosis caused mainly by mycobacterium bovis. the traditional diagnostic method used often is the tuberculin skin test, which uses bovine purified protein derivatives (ppd-b). however, it is difficult to maintain uniformity of ppd-b from batch to batch, and it shares common antigens with nonpathogenic environmental mycobacteria. to overcome these problems, m. bovis-specific antigens that showed good t cell stimulation, such as cfp-10, esat-6, rv3615c, et ...201323365203
ulcerated and nonulcerated nontuberculous cutaneous mycobacterial granulomas in cats and dogs.mycobacterial granulomas of the skin and subcutis can be caused by one of a number of pathogens. this review concentrates on noncultivable species that cause diseases characterized by focal granuloma(s), namely leproid granuloma (in dogs) and feline leprosy (in cats). clinically indistinguishable lesions can be caused by tuberculous organisms (mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium microti) and members of the mycobacterium avium complex. rapidly growing mycobacterial species that cause infection ...201323331691
disparate host immunity to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens in calves inoculated with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, m. avium subsp. avium, m. kansasii, and m. bovis.the cross-reactivity of mycobacterial antigens in immune-based diagnostic assays has been a major concern and a criticism of the current tests that are used for the detection of paratuberculosis. in the present study, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis recombinant proteins were evaluated for antigenic specificity compared to a whole-cell sonicate preparation (mps). measures of cell-mediated immunity to m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens were compared in calves inoculated with liv ...201323554467
an unusual presentation of mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis infection in a captive tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).this report describes an unusual presentation of paratuberculosis in a captive, 4-year-old female tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). the gross and histological presentation was consistent with clinical paratuberculosis as previously reported for other ruminants, with poor body condition, subcutaneous oedema, granulomatous ileitis (multibacillary), mesenteric lymphadenitis and hepatitis. however, this animal also presented with unusual lung lesions, with necrosis and mineralization sim ...201323290384
wildlife reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis worldwide: hosts, pathology, surveillance, and control.bovine tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic disease classically carried by cattle and spilling over into humans primarily by the ingestion of milk. however, in recent decades, there have been many endemic geographic localities where m. bovis has been detected infecting wildlife reservoirs, limiting the progress toward eradication of this disease from cattle. these include cervids in north america, badgers in great britain, feral pigs in europe, brushtailed possums in new zealand ...201323169912
sonic hedgehog-dependent induction of microrna 31 and microrna 150 regulates mycobacterium bovis bcg-driven toll-like receptor 2 signaling.hedgehog (hh) signaling is a significant regulator of cell fate decisions during embryogenesis, development, and perpetuation of various disease conditions. testing whether pathogen-specific hh signaling promotes unique innate recognition of intracellular bacteria, we demonstrate that among diverse gram-positive or gram-negative microbes, mycobacterium bovis bcg, a vaccine strain, elicits a robust activation of sonic hh (shh) signaling in macrophages. interestingly, sustained tumor necrosis fact ...201323166298
molecular discrimination of mycobacterium bovis in são paulo, brazil.mycobacterium bovis, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is the most common agent of cattle tuberculosis, a zoonosis that causes losses in meat and milk production in several countries. in order to support epidemiological studies aimed at controlling the disease, several methods for molecular discrimination of m. bovis isolates have recently been developed. the most frequently used are spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping), mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (mir ...201323199273
exposure to a cutinase-like serine esterase triggers rapid lysis of multiple mycobacterial species.mycobacteria are shaped by a thick envelope made of an array of uniquely structured lipids and polysaccharides. however, the spatial organization of these molecules remains unclear. here, we show that exposure to an esterase from mycobacterium smegmatis (msmeg_1529), hydrolyzing the ester linkage of trehalose dimycolate in vitro, triggers rapid and efficient lysis of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis bcg, and mycobacterium marinum. exposure to the esterase immediately releases free ...201323155047
mycobacterium bovis vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis with adjacent mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm caused by intravesical bcg therapy: a case report in an elderly gentleman.the bacille calmette-guérin, a live attenuated form of mycobacterium bovis, has been used as anti-cancer immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer since 1976 [ 1]. it is now the mainstay of therapy for this condition, which is partly attributable to the low complication rate; indeed 95% have no significant side effects [ 2]. however, proven disseminated m. bovis infection has been documented, as is the case with our elderly patient.201323151379
cholera toxin induces a shift from inactive to active cyclooxygenase 2 in alveolar macrophages activated by mycobacterium bovis bcg.intranasal vaccination stimulates formation of cyclooxygenases (cox) and release of prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) by lung cells, including alveolar macrophages. pge(2) plays complex pro- or anti-inflammatory roles in facilitating mucosal immune responses, but the relative contributions of cox-1 and cox-2 remain unclear. previously, we found that mycobacterium bovis bcg, a human tuberculosis vaccine, stimulated increased release of pge(2) by macrophages activated in vitro; in contrast, intranasal b ...201323147035
failure of pcr-based is6110 analysis to detect vertebral spondylodiscitis caused by mycobacterium bovis.mycobacterium bovis is responsible for a zoonosis originating in cattle. we report a case of a man with vertebral spondylodiscitis caused by mycobacterium bovis. diagnosis was complicated because of the lack of is6110. these strains are rare, but microbiologists should be aware of their existence.201323135943
major t cell response to a mycolyl glycolipid is mediated by cd1c molecules in rhesus macaques.human cd1b molecules contain a maze of hydrophobic pockets and a tunnel capable of accommodating the unusually long, branched acyl chain of mycolic acids, an essential fatty acid component of the cell wall of mycobacteria. it has been accepted that cd1b-bound mycolic acids constitute a scaffold for mycolate-containing (glyco)lipids stimulating cd1b-restricted t cells. remarkable homology in amino acid sequence is observed between human and monkey cd1b molecules, and indeed, monkey cd1b molecules ...201323132493
molecular genotyping of mycobacterium bovis isolated from cattle tissues in the north west region of cameroon.an epidemiological study was carried out to determine the mycobacterium bovis strains causing bovine tuberculosis (tb) in cattle in north west cameroon. suspected tb lesions from slaughtered cattle were cultured on lowenstein-jensen and middlebrook 7 h9 media to isolate mycobacteria agents for molecular genotyping using deletion analysis and spoligotyping. pcr-based genomic deletion typing showed that 54 of 103 tubercle bacilli isolated from cattle tissue were m. bovis strains and the african 1 ...201323132133
differential recruitment and activation of natural killer cell sub-populations by mycobacterium bovis-infected dendritic cells.through complex interplay with apcs, subsets of nk cells play an important role in shaping adaptive immune responses. bovine tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium bovis, is increasing in incidence and detailed knowledge of host-pathogen interactions in the natural host is essential to facilitate disease control. we investigated the interactions of nk-cell sub-populations and m. bovis-infected dcs to determine early innate mechanisms in the response to infection. a sub-population of nk cells (nkp ...201323124835
lipoarabinomannan mannose caps do not affect mycobacterial virulence or the induction of protective immunity in experimental animal models of infection and have minimal impact on in vitro inflammatory responses.mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (manlam) is considered an important virulence factor of mycobacterium tuberculosis. however, while mannose caps have been reported to be responsible for various immunosuppressive activities of manlam observed in vitro, there is conflicting evidence about their contribution to mycobacterial virulence in vivo. therefore, we used mycobacterium bovis bcg and m. tuberculosis mutants that lack the mannose cap of lam to assess the role of manlam in the interaction of my ...201323121245
an outbreak of tuberculosis in lleyn sheep in the uk associated with clinical signs.this case report describes an outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection a lleyn sheep flock associated with clinical signs of illthrift. there was no known direct contact with tuberculous cattle although bovine tuberculosis (btb) is endemic in the area. the spoligotype isolated from the diseased sheep was the local spoligotype. the repeated use of the comparative intradermal tuberculin test, and the subsequent removal of reactor animals, resulted in apparent elimination of btb from the flock. le ...201323118053
identification of t cell epitopes of mycobacterium tuberculosis with biolistic dna vaccination.tuberculosis (tb) has been listed as one of the most prevalent and serious infectious diseases worldwide. the etiological pathogen of tb is mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), a facultative intracellular bacterium. mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) is the only approved vaccine against tb to date. bcg has been widely used, but the efficacy is questionable, especially in adult pulmonary tb. therefore, more effective, safe and reliable tb vaccines have been urgently needed. t cell-me ...201323104350
prevention of false resistance results obtained in testing the susceptibility of mycobacterium tuberculosis to pyrazinamide with the bactec mgit 960 system using a reduced inoculum.the susceptibility of 211 clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (201 m. tuberculosis and 10 mycobacterium bovis isolates) to pyrazinamide (pza) was assessed by the nonradiometric bactec mgit 960 system (m960). detection of pza resistance was followed by a repeat testing using a reduced inoculum (ri) of 0.25 ml instead of 0.5 ml. according to the first m960 analysis, resistance was observed in 55 samples. in the ri assay, 32 samples turned out to be susceptible and 23 proved to ...201323100351
a mycobacterium bovis mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm resulting from bladder cancer treatment, resection, and reconstruction with a cryopreserved aortic graft.mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms (aaas) are a clinical challenge for vascular surgeons due to their critical location, surrounding inflammation, risk of rupture, and danger of reinfection following treatment. we present a case of mycobacterium bovis aaa in a 69-year-old male after treatment with intravesicular bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) therapy for bladder carcinoma. the classical approach for mycotic aaa entails extra-anatomic reconstruction followed by resection with oversewing of the pr ...201323081891
bovine tuberculosis: prevalence and diagnostic efficacy of routine meat inspection procedure in woldiya municipality abattoir north wollo zone, ethiopia.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a widespread and endemic disease of cattle in ethiopia posing a significant threat to public health. regular surveillance by skin test, bacteriology, and molecular methods is not feasible due to lack of resources. thus, routine abattoir (ra) inspection will continue to play a key role for national surveillance. a cross-sectional study was conducted at woldiya municipal abattoir from april 1, 2009 to april 5, 2010 to estimate the prevalence of btb in slaughtered cattl ...201323080340
prevalence study on bovine tuberculosis and molecular characterization of its causative agents in cattle slaughtered at addis ababa municipal abattoir, central ethiopia.a cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 cattle slaughtered at addis ababa abattoir to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (btb) and characterize its causative agents. postmortem examination, mycobacteriological culturing, region of difference-4 (rd4)-based pcr and spoligotyping were applied. the prevalence of btb was 5 % on the basis of postmortem inspection alone but 1.2 % based on molecular confirmation. factors including age, sex, and breed showed statistically significant as ...201323065393
mortality rate and gross pathology due to tuberculosis in wild brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) following low dose subcutaneous injection of mycobacterium bovis.gross pathology due to tuberculosis can be established experimentally in brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) within 7 weeks of injection of virulent mycobacterium bovis into subcutaneous connective tissues of the peripheral limbs. this pathology involves lymphadenomegaly and development of gross lesions in peripheral lymph nodes, with subsequent gross lesions in the lungs and reticuloendothelial organs. using this artificial infection model, we here assessed the mortality rate for possums ...201323063260
two cases of partial dominant interferon-γ receptor 1 deficiency that presented with different clinical courses of bacille calmette-guérin multiple osteomyelitis.we experienced two cases of unrelated japanese children with bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) multiple osteomyelitis with partial interferon (ifn)-γ receptor 1 (ifngr1) deficiency. heterozygous small deletions with frame shift (811 del4 and 818 del4) were detected, which were consistent with the diagnosis of partial dominant ifngr1 deficiency. case 1: a 2-year-old boy visited us because of limb and neck pain. he had been vaccinated with bcg at 17 months of age. multiple destructive lesions were obs ...201323053508
auxotrophic recombinant mycobacterium bovis bcg overexpressing ag85b enhances cytotoxicity on superficial bladder cancer cells in vitro.bcg therapy remains at the forefront of immunotherapy for treating patients with superficial bladder cancer. the high incidence of local side effects and the presence of non-responder diseases have led to efforts to improve the therapy. hence, we proposed that an auxotrophic recombinant bcg strain overexpressing ag85b (bcg ∆leud/ag85b), could enhance the cytotoxicity to the human bladder carcinoma cell line 5637. the rbcg was generated using an expression plasmid encoding the mycobacterial antig ...201323053076
bacteriological and molecular detection of mycobacterium bovis in cattle with inconclusive results to intradermal tuberculin tests.a dairy herd (77 cows) from rio de janeiro, brazil, with a history of tuberculosis infection was tested by a comparative cervical test (cct). seventeen cows were reactive and seven were inconclusive (swelling ≥ 2.0 mm and ≤ 3.9 mm, respectively). all of these 24 cows were slaughtered and necropsied ; samples from lungs and lymph nodes were collected for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and culturing. infection was confirmed in 23/24 (95.8%) of the slaughtered animals (five by culturing, ...201323010250
th2 responses in ova-sensitized balb/c mice are down-modulated by mycobacterium bovis bcg treatment.this study aimed to determine whether mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) treatment can reverse an established allergic airway inflammation in a balb/c mouse model of ovalbumin (ova)-induced airway inflammation.201322864629
bovine tuberculosis in south darfur state, sudan: an abattoir study based on microscopy and molecular detection methods.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a widespread zoonosis in developing countries but has received little attention in many sub-saharan african countries including sudan and particularly in some parts such as darfur states. this study aimed to detect bovine tuberculosis among caseous materials of cattle slaughtered in abattoirs in south darfur state, sudan by using microscopic and pcr-based methods. the study was a cross-sectional abattoir-based study which examined a total of 6,680 bovine carcasses fo ...201322843216
evaluating use of cattle winter feeding areas by elk and white-tailed deer: implications for managing bovine tuberculosis transmission risk from the ground up.transmission of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) among wildlife and livestock has created important risks for conservation and agriculture. management strategies aimed at controlling tb have typically been top-down, regionally focused, and government-led programs that were at best only partially successful. the purpose of this study was to quantify co-mingling of elk and white-tailed deer (wtd) with cattle at multiple spatial scales (i.e., the regional farm scale and winter cattle feedi ...201322940061
multi-antigen print immunoassay for seroepidemiological surveillance of bovine tuberculosis on indian cattle farms.bovine tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic disease that is responsible for significant economic losses in many countries. the standard diagnostic method, the tuberculin test (tst) that is used in control programmes has serious shortcomings and, given the complex nature and the economic impact of the disease, a number of other diagnostic methods have been examined. the authors have attempted to characterise antibody response using the multi-antigen print immunoassay (mapia). ...201323038072
upregulation of il-17a, cxcl9 and cxcl10 in early-stage granulomas induced by mycobacterium bovis in cattle.to gain further insight into the immunopathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis (btb), the cytokine and chemokine expression of cattle experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis was analysed in tb granulomas, using immunohistochemistry (ihc) and laser capture microdissection (lcm) followed by qpcr. immunohistochemistry was conducted for cell types using labelling for cd68, cd3, cd4, cd8, wc1 and cd79a and for the cytokines ifn-γ, tnf-α and tgf-β as well as inducible form of nitric oxide synthas ...201322909117
antimycobacterials from lovage root (ligusticum officinale koch).the n-hexane extract of lovage root was found to significantly inhibit the growth of both mycobacterium smegmatis mc²155 and mycobacterium bovis bcg, and therefore a bioassay-guided isolation strategy was undertaken. (z)-ligustilide, (z)-3-butylidenephthalide, (e)-3-butylidenephthalide, 3-butylphthalide, α-prethapsenol, falcarindiol, levistolide a, psoralen and bergapten were isolated by chromatographic techniques, characterized by nmr spectroscopy and ms, and evaluated for their growth inhibiti ...201322899555
understanding the relationship between mycobacterium bovis spoligotypes from cattle in latin american countries.spoligotyping is the most frequently used method for genotyping isolates of mycobacterium bovis worldwide. in the current work, we compared spoligotypes from 1684 m. bovis isolates from argentina (816), brazil (412), chile (66), mexico (274) and venezuela (116), obtained from cattle, humans, pigs, wild boars, farmed deer, goats, buffaloes, cats, and wild animals. a total of 269 different spoligotypes were found: 142 (8.4%) isolates presented orphan spoligotypes, whereas 1542 (91.6%) formed 113 d ...201322884173
percutaneous interdigital injection of mycobacterium bovis as a model for tuberculous lesion development in wild brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula).brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) are the major wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb), in new zealand. primary diagnosis of btb in wild possums is by palpation to detect peripheral lymphadenomegaly followed by necropsy examination, which frequently identifies gross tuberculous lesions in the peripheral lymph nodes and lungs. experimental infection studies were conducted with wild possums in an attempt to emulate field btb, focussing o ...201322749650
comparative pathology of the natural infections by mycobacterium bovis and by mycobacterium caprae in wild boar (sus scrofa).the potential role of wild animals in the maintenance and spread of tuberculosis (tb) infection in domestic livestock is of particular importance in countries where eradication programs have substantially reduced the incidence of bovine tuberculosis but sporadic outbreaks still occur. mycobacterium bovis is the agent mainly isolated in wildlife in spain, but recently, infections by mycobacterium caprae have increased substantially. in this study, we have analysed 43 mandibular lymph nodes sample ...201322469036
bacillus calmette-guerin lymphadenitis: a 6-year experience in two saudi hospitals.the world health organization (who) has recommended bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccination as a part of the global expanded program for immunization. although the bcg vaccine is usually a safe vaccine, a number of complications with lymphadenitis being the most common complication, can occur.201322771644
enhancement of hiv-1 dna vaccine immunogenicity by bcg-psn, a novel adjuvant.although the importance of dna vaccines, especially as a priming immunization has been well established in numerous hiv vaccine studies, the immunogenictiy of dna vaccines is generally moderate. novel adjuvant is in urgent need for improving the immunogenicity of dna vaccine. polysaccharide and nucleic acid fraction extracted by hot phenol method from mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin, known as bcg-psn, is a widely used immunomodulatory product in china clinical practice. in this stud ...201323174201
combined infection of vertebroplasty and aortic graft after intravesical bcg treatment.we report a 58-year-old man with spondylodiscitis by mycobacterium bovis-bcg 3 years after intravesical bcg treatment, and shortly after a vertebroplasty. further examination showed a psoas abscess and oedema around an endovascular aortic graft, which had been placed 1 year earlier. puncture of the psoas abscess also grew m bovis-bcg. the patient recovered with a combination of antituberculous treatment and surgery. with hindsight a mycotic aneurysm had been present at the time of aortic graft p ...201323355584
cellular prion protein participates in the regulation of inflammatory response and apoptosis in bv2 microglia during infection with mycobacterium bovis.the cellular prion protein (prp(c)) is a glycoprotein anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol to the cell surface and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. a previous study has shown that prp(c) contributes to the establishment of infections with intracellular bacteria in macrophages. in the present work, we investigated the role of prp(c) in the response of bv2 microglia to mycobacterium bovis infection. for this purpose, we examined the mrna expression of prion protein gene ( ...201323345082
the synthetic cathelicidin hhc-10 inhibits mycobacterium bovis bcg in vitro and in c57bl/6 mice.tuberculosis causes close to 1.5 million deaths in the world, with new cases exceeding 9 million in recent years. coinfection with hiv further worsens the global situation. new molecules that overcome the limitations of currently used drugs are needed. we aimed to determine whether hhc-10 is active against the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette guerin (bcg) in vitro and in vivo. for this, hhc-10 was tested in vitro using different peptide concentrati ...201323231581
mycobacterium bovis and bcg induce different patterns of cytokine and chemokine production in dendritic cells and differentiation patterns in cd4+ t cells.mycobacterium tuberculosis can infect dendritic cells (dcs), but the molecular mechanism by which these cells contribute to tuberculosis pathogenesis is largely unclear. using mycobacterium bovis and the attenuated strain m. bovis bcg as model strains, we analysed cytokine and chemokine secretion in murine dcs infected with m. bovis and bcg at 6, 12 and 24 h post-infection. bcg enhanced production of mcp-1, rantes, il-12, tnf-α and il-6 in dcs, while m. bovis promoted secretion of il-1β, il-10 a ...201323223441
facts and dilemmas in diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife.mycobacterium bovis, causing bovine tuberculosis (btb), has been recognized as a global threat at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, a clear "one health" issue. several wildlife species have been identified as maintenance hosts. spillover of infection from these species to livestock or other wildlife species may have economic and conservation implications and infection of humans causes public health concerns, especially in developing countries. most btb management strategies rely on btb tes ...201323218541
moderate exercise increases the metabolism and immune function of lymphocytes in rats.exercise modulates both glucose and glutamine metabolism which influences lymphocyte function. we investigated the influence of chronic moderate exercise on glucose and glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes, the associated influence on proliferation, and cytokine and immunoglobulin production. male wistar rats (8 weeks old) were placed in an exercise training group (n = 15, 1 h day(-1) at 60 % vo₂max, 5 days week(-1)) for 8 weeks of exercise, or a sedentary control group. twenty-four hours followi ...201323212119
importance and mitigation of the risk of spillback transmission of mycobacterium bovis infection for eradication of bovine tuberculosis from wildlife in new zealand.introduced brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) are wildlife maintenance hosts for mycobacterium bovis in new zealand, often living sympatrically with other potential hosts, including wild red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus). population control of possums has been predicted to eradicate tuberculosis (tb) from new zealand wildlife ; however, there is concern that long-lived m. bovis-infected deer could represent a ‘ spillback’ risk for tb re-establishment (particularly when possum populations ...201323211646
mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle induces differential expression of prolactin receptor isoforms in macrophages.prolactin receptor (prlr) is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily 1 showing tissue specific structural diversity. expression of prlr isoforms in lymphoid tissues has been associated with immunomodulatory function of prolactin. bovine tuberculosis (btb) is characterized by chronic inflammation caused by the persistent infection of lymphoid tissues with mycobacterium bovis. to test the hypothesis of the influence of prlr in the pathogenesis of btb, the aim of this study was to identify pr ...201324119726
concurrent granulomatous hepatitis, pneumonitis and sepsis as a complication of intravesical bcg immunotherapy.intravesical administration of bcg is a relatively simple procedure used successfully in the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. it is usually well tolerated with few major side effects. the authors report the case of an 80-year-old man who presented with sepsis, jaundice, hepatic and pulmonary failure 10 days after his last bcg instillation therapy, that was attributed to concurrent granulomatous hepatitis and pneumonitis due to mycobacterium bovis disse ...201324114600
poly-l-glutamate/glutamine synthesis in the cell wall of mycobacterium bovis is regulated in response to nitrogen availability.the cell wall of pathogenic mycobacteria is known to possess poly-l-glutamine (plg) layer. plg synthesis has been directly linked to glutamine synthetase (gs) enzyme. glna1 gene encodes for gs enzyme in mycobacteria. plg layer is absent in cell wall of avirulent mycobacterium smegmatis, although m. smegmatis strain expressing gs enzyme of pathogenic mycobacteria can synthesize plg layer in the cell wall. the role of gs enzyme has been extensively studied in mycobacterium tuberculosis, however, l ...201324112767
acute helminth infection enhances early macrophage mediated control of mycobacterial infection.co-infection with mycobacteria and helminths is widespread in developing countries, but how this alters host immunological control of each pathogen is not comprehensively understood. in this study, we demonstrate that acute nippostrongylus brasiliensis (nb) murine infection reduce early pulmonary mycobacterial colonization. this nb-associated reduction in pulmonary mycobacterium tuberculosis colony-forming units was associated with early and increased activation of pulmonary cd4 t cells and incr ...201323250274
sustained protection against tuberculosis conferred to a wildlife host by single dose oral vaccination.vaccination of wildlife against bovine tuberculosis (tb) is being considered by several countries to reduce the transmission of mycobacterium bovis infection to livestock. in new zealand, where introduced brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) are the major wildlife hosts, we have previously shown that repeat applications of a lipid-encapsulated oral bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccine reduce the incidence of naturally acquired tb in wild possums. here we extend this conceptual demonstratio ...201323246543
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