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epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by clostridium perfringens, united states, 1998-2010.clostridium perfringens is estimated to be the second most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the united states, causing one million illnesses each year. local, state, and territorial health departments voluntarily report c. perfringens outbreaks to the u.s. centers for disease control and prevention through the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system. our analysis included outbreaks confirmed by laboratory evidence during 1998-2010. a food item was implicated if c. perfringen ...201323379281
strongyloidiasis in a nonagenarian who previously worked in conservancy services.we report a case of strongyloidiasis in a patient born in hong kong and was possibly infected via her prior occupation in conservancy services. she presented with chronic diarrhoea, anorexia, and extensive scratch marks over the lower extremities. further assessment yielded eosinophilia, intermittent dyspepsia, and an episode of unexplained clostridium perfringens bacteraemia. she was treated with a course of albendazole. subsequently, the eosinophilia and diarrhoea subsided.201323378359
intestinal clostridial counts have no diagnostic value in the diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in veal calves.enterotoxaemia is an important cause of sudden death in veal calves. this study aimed to evaluate intestinal clostridium perfringens counts as a diagnostic tool for enterotoxaemia. field necropsies were conducted on 48 sudden death cases in belgian blue veal farms. in 31/48 suddenly deceased calves, the diagnosis of enterotoxaemia was made based on haemorrhagic lesions in the small intestines, while in seven of these cases, no clear-cut diagnosis could be made based on macroscopic appearance of ...201323362178
sudden death syndrome in adult cows associated with clostridium perfringens type e.clostridium perfringens type e is considered a rare toxinotype and an infrequent cause of enterotoxemia of lambs, calves, and rabbits. until now, only cases of young animal of c. perfringens type e bovine enterotoxemia, characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis and sudden death, have been reported. the present report details the genotypic characterization of c. perfringens type e isolates obtained from intestinal samples of adult cattle during an outbreak of enterotoxemia in argentina. the sequence ...201323354004
lesion development in a new intestinal loop model indicates the involvement of a shared clostridium perfringens virulence factor in haemorrhagic enteritis in calves.clostridium perfringens-associated enterotoxaemia is a fatal disease in fast growing suckler and veal calves. an intestinal loop model was developed to study the pathogenesis of the disease. loops were injected with stationary and logarithmic c. perfringens cultures with or without, a milk protein-based commercial milk replacer for calves. isolates tested were from cases of bovine enterotoxaemia and from calves without signs of enterotoxaemia, in addition to netb-positive and -negative isolates ...201323351504
toxin plasmids of clostridium perfringens.in both humans and animals, clostridium perfringens is an important cause of histotoxic infections and diseases originating in the intestines, such as enteritis and enterotoxemia. the virulence of this gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium is heavily dependent upon its prolific toxin-producing ability. many of the ∼16 toxins produced by c. perfringens are encoded by large plasmids that range in size from ∼45 kb to ∼140 kb. these plasmid-encoded toxins are often closely associated with mobile elemen ...201323699255
evaluation of high dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles and supplementation of protease and xylanase in the diets of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis challenge.a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a high level of sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs; 20%), with or without a combination of protease and xylanase in broiler chickens, under a necrotic enteritis disease challenge. a total of 576 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 8 experimental treatments, each replicated 6 times, with 12 birds per replicate for 35 d. oral inoculation of the challenged group with eimeria spp. occurred on d 9, ...201323687155
comparison of 3 agar media in fung double tubes and petri plates to detect and enumerate clostridium spp. in broiler chicken intestines.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that may lead to necrotic enteritis, resulting in poor feed efficiency and increased mortality in chickens. it is estimated that c. perfringens infects almost 1 million people in the united states every year. the objective of this research was to compare the fung double tube (fdt) and conventional petri plates using 3 different media to detect and enumerate clostridium spp. in chicken intestines. nine cobb 500 broilers were randoml ...201323687145
claudins overexpression in ovarian cancer: potential targets for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) based diagnosis and therapy.claudins are a family of tight junction proteins regulating paracellular permeability and cell polarity with different patterns of expression in benign and malignant human tissues. there are approximately 27 members of the claudin family identified to date with varying cell and tissue-specific expression. claudins-3, -4 and -7 represent the most highly differentially expressed claudins in ovarian cancer. while their exact role in ovarian tumors is still being elucidated, these proteins are thoug ...201323685873
puerperal sepsis in a rural hospital in sudan.increasingly, women in rural areas in sudan reported to hospital with puerperal infections.201323678336
a recombinant carboxy-terminal domain of alpha-toxin protects mice against clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin (cp, 370 residues) is one of the main agents involved in the development of gas gangrene. in this study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the c-terminal domain (cp251-370) of the toxin and phospholipase c (plc; cb, 372 residues) of clostridum bifermentans isolated from cases of clostridium necrosis were examined. the recombinant proteins were expressed as glutathione s-transferase (gst) fusion proteins. antibodies that cross-reacted with alpha-tox ...201323668605
effect of meat ingredients (sodium nitrite and erythorbate) and processing (vacuum storage and packaging atmosphere) on germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores in ham during abusive cooling.the effect of nitrite and erythorbate on clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in ham during abusive cooling (15 h) was evaluated. ham was formulated with ground pork, nano2 (0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 ppm) and sodium erythorbate (0 or 547 ppm). ten grams of meat (stored at 5 °c for 3 or 24 h after preparation) were transferred to a vacuum bag and inoculated with a three-strain c. perfringens spore cocktail to obtain an inoculum of ca. 2.5 log spores/g. the bags were vacuum-sealed, ...201323664261
estimates of the burden of foodborne illness in canada for 30 specified pathogens and unspecified agents, circa 2006.estimates of foodborne illness are important for setting food safety priorities and making public health policies. the objective of this analysis is to estimate domestically acquired, foodborne illness in canada, while identifying data gaps and areas for further research. estimates of illness due to 30 pathogens and unspecified agents were based on data from the 2000-2010 time period from canadian surveillance systems, relevant international literature, and the canadian census population for 200 ...201323659355
x-ray structure of an adomet radical activase reveals an anaerobic solution for formylglycine posttranslational modification.arylsulfatases require a maturating enzyme to perform a co- or posttranslational modification to form a catalytically essential formylglycine (fgly) residue. in organisms that live aerobically, molecular oxygen is used enzymatically to oxidize cysteine to fgly. under anaerobic conditions, s-adenosylmethionine (adomet) radical chemistry is used. here we present the structures of an anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzyme (ansme), both with and without peptidyl-substrates, at 1.6-1.8 å resolution. w ...201323650368
recent advances in claudin-targeting technology.most malignant tumors are derived from epithelium, and pathologic microorganisms often invade the body through the mucosal epithelium. thus epithelial tissues are potent targets for drug delivery. the tight junction (tj) is the intercellular seal in epithelial cell sheets. claudins (cls) are a family of tetratransmembrane proteins with a molecular mass of approximately 23 kda. cls are key structural and sealing components of tjs. cls are often overexpressed in malignant tumors. cl-4 is highly ex ...201323649330
fluorogenic sialic acid glycosides for quantification of sialidase activity upon unnatural substrates.herein we report the synthesis of n-acetyl neuraminic acid derivatives as 4-methylumbelliferyl glycosides and their use in fluorometrically quantifying human and bacterial sialidase activity and substrate specificities. we found that sialidases in the human promyelocytic leukemic cell line hl60 were able to cleave sialic acid substrates with fluorinated c-5 modifications, in some cases to a greater degree than the natural n-acetyl functionality. human sialidases isoforms were also able to cleave ...201323639536
attack of the nervous system by clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: from disease to mode of action on neural cells.epsilon toxin (et), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, ranks among the four most potent poisonous substances known so far. et-intoxication is responsible for enterotoxaemia in animals, mainly sheep and goats. this disease comprises several manifestations indicating the attack of the nervous system. this review aims to summarize the effects of et on central nervous system. et binds to endothelial cells of brain capillary vessels before passing through the blood-brain barrier. ther ...201323632158
epsilon toxin is essential for the virulence of clostridium perfringens type d infection in sheep, goats, and mice.clostridium perfringens type d causes disease in sheep, goats, and other ruminants. type d isolates produce, at minimum, alpha and epsilon (etx) toxins, but some express up to five different toxins, raising questions about which toxins are necessary for the virulence of these bacteria. we evaluated the contribution of etx to c. perfringens type d pathogenicity in an intraduodenal challenge model in sheep, goats, and mice using a virulent c. perfringens type d wild-type strain (wt), an isogenic e ...201323630957
human claudin-8 and -14 are receptors capable of conveying the cytotoxic effects of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) contributes to several important human gastrointestinal (gi) diseases. this toxin and its derivatives are also being explored for translational applications, i.e., cancer therapy or drug delivery. some, but not all, members of the 24-member claudin (cldn) family of mammalian tight junction proteins can serve as cpe receptors. among the human cldns (hcldns), hcldn-3 and -4 are known to convey cpe sensitivity when expressed by fibroblast transfectants. how ...201323322640
growth potential of clostridium perfringens from spores in acidified beef, pork, and poultry products during chilling.the ability of clostridium perfringens to germinate and grow in acidified ground beef as well as in 10 commercially prepared acidified beef, pork, and poultry products was assessed. the ph of ground beef was adjusted with organic vinegar to achieve various ph values between 5.0 and 5.6; the ph of the commercial products ranged from 4.74 to 6.35. products were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of c. perfringens spores to achieve ca. 2-log (low) or 4-log (high) inoculum levels, vacuum packag ...201323317858
clinicobiochemical investigations of gangrenous mastitis in does: immunological responses and oxidative stress biomarkers.a total of 50 does were used to determine selected hematological and biochemical parameters with special references to oxidative stress markers, acute phase protein profiles, and proinflammatory cytokines in healthy and gangrenous mastitis affected does. animals were divided into two equal groups represented as clinically healthy (control) and diseased groups, respectively. the bacteriological examination of milk samples from diseased does revealed many types of bacterial infection. the isolated ...201323303629
characterization of bacteriophages virulent for clostridium perfringens and identification of phage lytic enzymes as alternatives to antibiotics for potential control of the bacterium.there has been a resurgent interest in the use of bacteriophages or their gene products to control bacterial pathogens as alternatives to currently used antibiotics. clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that plays a significant role in human foodborne disease as well as non-foodborne human, animal, and avian diseases. countries that have complied with the ban on antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds have reported increased incidences of c. perfringens-a ...201323300321
label-free electronic detection of bio-toxins using aligned carbon nanotubes.a facile route for sensitive label-free detection of bio-toxins using aligned single walled carbon nanotubes is described. this approach involves patterning of a catalyst on the surface of a quartz substrate using a sub-100 μm stripe-patterned polydimethylsiloxane stamp for aligned carbon nanotube generation followed by fabrication of field effect transistor (fet). atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and raman spectroscopy are employed to characterize the synthes ...201323298625
identification of accessory genome regions in poultry clostridium perfringens isolates carrying the netb plasmid.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an economically important disease of poultry caused by certain clostridium perfringens type a strains. ne pathogenesis involves the netb toxin, which is encoded on a large conjugative plasmid within a 42-kb pathogenicity locus. recent multilocus sequence type (mlst) studies have identified two predominant ne-associated clonal groups, suggesting that host genes are also involved in ne pathogenesis. we used microarray comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) to assess the ...201323292780
hygiene intervention reduces contamination of weaning food in bangladesh.this study was conducted to measure the impact of a hygiene intervention on the contamination of weaning food in bangladesh.201323279860
taguchi optimization of duplex pcr for simultaneous identification of staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens alpha toxins.staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens are two major bacteria that infect open wounds and delay the healing process. the rapid and progressive deterioration of soft tissue during s. aureus and c. perfringens coinfections is due to analogous necrotic alpha toxins produced by the two organisms. the aim of this study was to determine the alpha toxins of s. aureus and c. perfringens by duplex pcr. the pcr assay employed two sets of primers: hlaf/r to amplify staphylococcal alpha toxin gen ...201323278425
efficacy of early treatment with toltrazuril in prevention of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in chickens.in the present study, efficacy of the toltrazuril treatment for prevention of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis was tested. ninety-six 14-day-old commercial broiler chickens were caged and divided into eight groups (n=12), designated groups 1 to 8. chickens of groups 1 to 6 were inoculated orally at 18 days of age with 25,000 oocysts of eimeria tenella and 75,000 oocysts of eimeria brunetti. at 22 days of age, chickens of groups 1 to 6 were infected with 10(9) colony-forming unit clostridium pe ...201323941631
expression of a clostridium perfringens genome-encoded putative n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase as a potential antimicrobial to control the bacterium.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that plays a substantial role in non-foodborne human, animal, and avian diseases as well as human foodborne disease. previously discovered c. perfringens bacteriophage lytic enzyme amino acid sequences were utilized to identify putative prophage lysins or autolysins by blast analyses encoded by the genomes of c. perfringens isolates. a predicted n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase or murnac-laa (also known as peptidogly ...201323934074
identification of pathogen bacteria and protozoa in treated urban wastewaters discharged in the ebro river (spain): water reuse possibilities.the aim of this research work is to identify the presence of pathogens, bacteria and protozoa, in different treated urban wastewaters and to relate biological pollution with the processes used in wastewater treatment plants. a study of the possibilities for water reuse is carried out taking into account bacterial and parasite composition. the analysed bacteria and protozoa are: enterococcus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens (spore), salmonella spp., ...201323925185
enteropathogens in pups from pet shops and breeding facilities.to evaluate faecal and clinical scores and presence of several enteropathogens possibly implicated in the development of diarrhoea in pups aged between 6 and 16 weeks independently of their health status.201323915246
recombinant expression of in silico identified bcell epitope of epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens in translational fusion with a carrier protein.epsilon toxin secreted by clostridium perfringens types b and d has been directly implicated as the causative agent of fatal enterotoxemia in domestic animals. the aim of the present study is to use in silico approach for identification of b-cell epitope(s) of epsilon toxin, and its expression in fusion with a carrier protein to analyze its potential as vaccine candidate(s). using different computational analyses and bioinformatics tools, a number of antigenic determinant regions of epsilon toxi ...201323904738
binding of the biogenic polyamines to deoxyribonucleic acids of varying base composition: base specificity and the associated energetics of the interaction.the thermodynamics of the base pair specificity of the binding of the polyamines spermine, spermidine, putrescine, and cadaverine with three genomic dnas clostridium perfringens, 27% gc, escherichia coli, 50% gc and micrococcus lysodeikticus, 72% gc have been studied using titration calorimetry and the data supplemented with melting studies, ethidium displacement and circular dichroism spectroscopy results.201323894663
how do different concentrations of clostridium perfringens affect the quality of extended boar spermatozoa?bacteriospermia in boar fresh and extended semen is a frequent finding that produces alterations on sperm quality and, consequently, causes economic losses in artificial insemination (ai) centres. the present study sought to evaluate the effect of different infective concentrations of clostridium perfringens on boar sperm quality, assessed as sperm motility (casa), morphology and viability, through 11 days of storage at 15°c (experiment 1), and after 96h of incubation at 37°c (experiment 2). wit ...201323755936
bacteriocin activity against various pathogens produced by pediococcus pentosaceus vj13 isolated from idly batter.bacteriocins, an antimicrobial peptide, is known to have wide spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. because they are easily digested in the intestine, they are considered as safe and are widely used as food preservatives. hence their purification and characterization have attracted considerable attraction, especially for those having activity against human pathogens. in this study, the bacteriocin produced by pediococcus pentosaceus vj13 was precipitated with cold acetone an ...201323754544
clostridium perfringens beta-toxin induces necrostatin-inhibitable, calpain-dependent necrosis in primary porcine endothelial cells.clostridium perfringens β-toxin (cpb) is a β-barrel pore-forming toxin and an essential virulence factor of c. perfringens type c strains, which cause fatal hemorrhagic enteritis in animals and humans. we have previously shown that cpb is bound to endothelial cells within the intestine of affected pigs and humans, and that cpb is highly toxic to primary porcine endothelial cells (pec) in vitro. the objective of the present study was to investigate the type of cell death induced by cpb in these c ...201323734212
protection against avian necrotic enteritis after immunisation with netb genetic or formaldehyde toxoids.netb (necrotic enteritis toxin b) is a recently identified β-pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens. this toxin has been shown to play a major role in avian necrotic enteritis. in recent years, a dramatic increase in necrotic enteritis has been observed, especially in countries where the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in animal feedstuffs has been banned. the aim of this work was to determine whether immunisation with a netb toxoid would provide protection against necrotic ...201323727000
expression of clostridium perfringens epsilon-beta fusion toxin gene in e. coli and its immunologic studies in mouse.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic spore-forming, pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for severe diseases in humans and livestock. in the present study, an epsilon-beta fusion toxin was expressed as a soluble protein in e. coli and the recombinant cell lysate was used for immunization studies in mouse. potency of the toxin (as an antigen) induced 6 and 10iu/ml of epsilon and beta anti-toxin in rabbit, respectively. these titers were higher than the minimum level required by the europea ...201323707696
clostridium perfringens septicaemia. 201324016137
the clostridium perfringens germinant receptor protein gerkc is located in the spore inner membrane and is crucial for spore germination.the gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium clostridium perfringens causes a variety of diseases in both humans and animals, and spore germination is thought to be the first stage of c. perfringens infection. previous studies have indicated that the germinant receptor (gr) proteins encoded by the bicistronic gerka-gerkc operon as well as the proteins encoded by the gerkb and geraa genes are required for normal germination of c. perfringens spores. we now report the individual role of t ...201324013629
possible influence of herd health management and hygiene on the in-herd prevalence of clostridium perfringens type c in pig breeding farms. 201323985096
detection and characterization of clostridium perfringens in the feces of healthy and diarrheic dogs.clostridium perfringens has been implicated as a cause of diarrhea in dogs. the objectives of this study were to compare 2 culture methods and to evaluate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to detect c. perfringens toxin genes alpha (α), beta (β ), beta 2 (β2), epsilon (ɛ), iota (ι), and c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) from canine isolates. fecal samples were collected from clinically normal non-diarrheic (nd) dogs, (n = 105) and diarrheic dogs (dd, n = 54). clostridium perfringe ...201223277693
the fecal microbiome in dogs with acute diarrhea and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.recent molecular studies have revealed a highly complex bacterial assembly in the canine intestinal tract. there is mounting evidence that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic enteropathies of dogs, including idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota in dogs with various gastrointestinal disorders.201223300577
an investigation to determine the cause of haemorrhagic enteritis in commercial pig grower units in the northern parts of south africa.necropsies were performed on 36 grower pigs that died peracutely on farms in the northern parts of south africa. all these pigs were suffering from haemorrhagic enteritis and suspected toxaemia. samples of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for histopathological examination and a section of ileum was collected for microbiological examination from each animal. histological lesions characteristic of enterotoxigenic clostridium infection were found. large, gram-positive bacilli were sometim ...201223327139
necrotizing duodenitis caused by clostridium perfringens type a in a japanese young man.a 21-year-old japanese man with a history of marked body weight loss over a short period of time died of necrotizing duodenitis caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) type a. c. perfringens type a is considered to usually cause self-limiting gastroenteritis. necrotizing enteritis sometimes occurs due to c. perfringens in developing countries; however, it is primarily caused by the type c strain and its site of onset is typically the jejunum or ileum. this is a rare case of necrotizin ...201223064579
recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration.dead-end ultrafiltration (deuf) has been reported to be a simple, field-deployable technique for recovering bacteria, viruses, and parasites from large-volume water samples for water quality testing and waterborne disease investigations. while deuf has been reported for application to water samples having relatively low turbidity, little information is available regarding recovery efficiencies for this technique when applied to sampling turbid water samples such as those commonly found in lakes ...201223064261
oligomerization of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is dependent upon caveolins 1 and 2.evidence from multiple studies suggests that clostridium perfringens ε-toxin is a pore-forming toxin, assembling into oligomeric complexes in the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. in a previous study, we used gene-trap mutagenesis to identify mammalian factors contributing to toxin activity, including caveolin-2 (cav2). in this study, we demonstrate the importance of caveolin-2 and its interaction partner, caveolin-1 (cav1), in ε-toxin-induced cytotoxicity. using cav2-specific shrna in a toxin ...201223056496
inducible clostridium perfringens bacteriophages φs9 and φs63: different genome structures and a fully functional sigk intervening element.two inducible temperate bacteriophages φs9 and φs63 from clostridium perfringens were sequenced and analyzed. isometric heads and long non-contractile tails classify φs9 and φs63 in the siphoviridae family, and their genomes consist of 39,457 bp (φs9) and 33,609 bp (φs63) linear dsdna, respectively. φs63 has 3'-overlapping cohesive genome ends, whereas φs9 is the first clostridium phage featuring an experimentally proven terminally redundant and circularly permuted genome. a total of 50 and 43 c ...201223050219
growth of clostridium perfringens during cooling of refried beans.outbreaks of clostridium perfringens have been associated with dishes containing refried beans from food service establishments. however, growth of c. perfringens in refried beans has not been investigated, and predictive models have not been validated in this food matrix. we investigated the growth of c. perfringens during the cooling of refried beans. refried beans (pinto and black, with and without salt added) were inoculated with 3 log cfu/g c. perfringens spores and incubated isothermally a ...201223043826
cryptosporidium spp. in drinking water. samples from rural sites in switzerland.in most rural areas and small communities in switzerland the drinking water is supplied to the consumers after a minimum or even no treatment at all. however, it is just in these areas where drinking water from sources of agricultural activities can be contaminated by liquid manure and faeces of pasturing animals. the swiss drinking water regulations are limited to the monitoring of e. coli, enterococcus spp. and total plate counts only. hence, resistant pathogens, as for example cryptosporidium ...201223037557
genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens isolates from darmbrand cases in post-world war ii germany.clostridium perfringens type c strains are the only non-type-a isolates that cause human disease. they are responsible for enteritis necroticans, which was termed darmbrand when occurring in post-world war ii germany. darmbrand strains were initially classified as type f because of their exceptional heat resistance but later identified as type c strains. since only limited information exists regarding darmbrand strains, this study genetically and phenotypically characterized seven 1940s era darm ...201223027533
clostridium perfringens type a fatal acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in a dog.the morning after participating in a dog show, a 2-year-old pomeranian dog was found dead in a pool of bloody feces. necropsy revealed hemorrhagic gastroenteritis of the entire gastrointestinal tract, with many gram-positive bacilli on the surface and in the lumen and crypts of the intestine. enterotoxin-positive type a clostridium perfringens were isolated in large numbers. this dramatic case of fatal c. perfringens gastroenteritis highlights the need to better understand the role of this bacte ...201223115371
clostridium perfringens bacteremia caused by choledocholithiasis in the absence of gallbladder stones.a 67-years-old male presented with periumbilical abdominal pain, fever and jaundice. his anaerobic blood culture was positive for clostridium perfringens. computed tomogram scan of the abdomen and abdominal ultrasound showed normal gallbladder and common bile duct (cbd). subsequently magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticogram showed choledocholithiasis. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticogramwith sphincterotomy and cbd stone extraction was performed. the patient progressively improved wi ...201223112558
the successful experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in chickens by clostridium perfringens: a critical review.necrotic enteritis (ne) is one of the most important enteric diseases in poultry and is a high cost to the industry worldwide. it is caused by avian-specific, necrotic enteritis beta toxin (netb)-producing, strains of clostridium perfringens that also possess in common other virulence-associated genes. in europe the disease incidence has increased since the ban on in-feed "growth promoting" antibiotics. because of this, many recent studies of ne have focused on finding different ways to control ...201223101966
detection of clostridium perfringens type c in pig herds following disease outbreak and subsequent vaccination.immunisation of sows using clostridium perfringens type c toxoid vaccines is recommended to prevent necrotising enteritis (ne) on pig breeding farms. absence of disease, however, oftentimes leads to the false assumption of pathogens being eradicated. the prevalence of c perfringens type c was determined by pcr in faecal samples of piglets and sows in three swiss pig breeding farms two to four years after implementation of a vaccination programme following disease outbreaks. c perfringens type c ...201223100304
diversity of salmonella spp. serovars isolated from the intestines of water buffalo calves with gastroenteritis.salmonellosis in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) calves is a widespread disease characterized by severe gastrointestinal lesions, profuse diarrhea and severe dehydration, occasionally exhibiting a systemic course. several salmonella serovars seem to be able to infect water buffalo, but salmonella isolates collected from this animal species have been poorly characterized. in the present study, the prevalence of salmonella spp. in water buffalo calves affected by lethal gastroenteritis was assesse ...201223098237
comparative genomic hybridization analysis shows different epidemiology of chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying clostridium perfringens type a.clostridium perfringens, one of the most common causes of food poisonings, can carry the enterotoxin gene, cpe, in its chromosome or on a plasmid. c. perfringens food poisonings are more frequently caused by the chromosomal cpe-carrying strains, while the plasmid-borne cpe-positive genotypes are more commonly found in the human feces and environmental samples. different tolerance to food processing conditions by the plasmid-borne and chromosomal cpe-carrying strains has been reported, but the re ...201223094024
multiplex detection of protein toxins using maldi-tof-tof tandem mass spectrometry: application in unambiguous toxin detection from bioaerosol.protein toxins, such as botulinum neurotoxins (bonts), clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), shiga toxin (stx), and plant toxin ricin, are involved in a number of diseases and are considered as potential agents for bioterrorism and warfare. from a bioterrorism and warfare perspective, these agents are likely to cause maximum damage to a civilian or military population through an inhalational route of exposure and aerosol is considered the envisaged mode ...201223083074
clostridium perfringens and sulphite reducing clostridia densities in selected tropical malaysian rivers.clostridium perfringens (cp) and sulphite reducing clostridia (src) densities in the selangor river, bernam river and tengi river canal were examined between april 2007 and january 2008. water samples were taken from two or three locations along each river, using either depth-integration or grab sampling methods. the downstream sampling site of the selangor river, rantau panjang, reported the highest arithmetic mean of cp and src densities (583.45 and 8,120.08 cfu/100 ml, respectively). both cp ...201223082563
suspected neurotoxicity due to clostridium perfringens type b in a tiger (panthera tigris).a 4-yr-old tiger (panthera tigris) was referred with acute onset of severe abnormal consciousness. neurological evaluation showed normal palpebral and corneal reflexes, normal pupil diameter with normal direct and consensual papillary light reflex, and absent menace response bilaterally. diffuse forebrain lesion or focal lesion affecting the ascending reticular activating system was suspected. complete blood examination and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were normal. magnetic resonance imaging of ...201223082539
[septic shock and septic arthritis due to clostridium perfringens]. 201223079562
the effect of poultry manure application rate and alcl(3) treatment on bacterial fecal indicators in runoff.increasing costs associated with inorganic fertilizer have led to widespread use of broiler litter. proper land application, typically limiting nutrient loss, is essential to protect surface water. this study was designed to evaluate litter-borne microbial runoff (heterotrophic plate count bacteria, staphylococci, escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens) while applying typical nutrient-control methods. field studies were conducted in which plots with high and low litter rates, ...201223165718
inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by lemon juice and vinegar product in reduced nacl roast beef.inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in reduced sodium roast beef by a blend of buffered lemon juice concentrate and vinegar (mostatin lv1) during abusive exponential cooling was evaluated. roast beef containing salt (nacl; 1%, 1.5%, or 2%, w/w), blend of sodium pyro- and poly-phosphates (0.3%), and mostatin lv1 (0%, 2%, or 2.5%) was inoculated with a 3-strain c. perfringens spore cocktail to achieve final spore population of 2.5 to 3.0 log cfu/g. the inoculated ...201223163907
simultaneous detection of clostridium perfringens and clostridium colinum by duplex-polymerase chain reaction.in this study, we provide a protocol for detection of clostridium colinum and clostridium perfringens by the single-tube duplex-pcr (dpcr) test for simultaneous and specific detection of both bacteria from pure cultures and fecal samples spiked with these pathogens. specific primers for each pathogen were selected that amplified products of predicted sizes from bacteria in the dpcr as well as in the single-tube pcr (spcr) assays. the sensitivity and specificity of dpcr assay were compared with t ...201223155016
reduced lesions in chickens with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis by lactobacillus fermentum 1.20291.previous studies have demonstrated that lactobacillus has anti-inflammatory properties, but the protective functions of lactobacillus and mechanisms of inhibition of necrotic enteritis (ne) in the intestines of chickens have not been fully clarified. in the present study, we selected a probiotic strain, lactobacillus fermentum 1.2029, which has good adhesive ability and a high survival rate in low ph and bile salts. the objective of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of l ...201223155014
using a theoretical predictive tool for the analysis of recent health department inspections at outbreak restaurants and relation of this information to foodborne illness likelihood.because u.s. restaurants are inspected at least annually against criteria in the u.s. food and drug administration model food code, large amounts of data are generated and should be systematically reviewed. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among the data obtained through health department inspections, the contributing factors to foodborne illness identified by the centers for disease control and prevention, and the risks of outbreaks of norovirus, salmonella, and clos ...201223127711
health department inspection criteria more likely to be associated with outbreak restaurants in minnesota.millions of routine restaurant inspections are performed each year in the united states, and the centers for disease control and prevention has reported that a majority of foodborne illness outbreaks occur in restaurant settings. in an attempt to relate the data collected during inspections in minnesota to illness likelihood, data from routine inspections conducted at outbreak restaurants were compared with data from routine inspections conducted at nonoutbreak restaurants. the goal was to ident ...201223127710
structure requirements for anaerobe processing of azo compounds: implications for prodrug design.this letter generalizes the metabolism of the azo class of compounds by clostridium perfringens, an anaerobe found in the human colon. a recently reported 5-aminosalicylic acid-based prednisolone prodrug was shown to release the drug when incubated with the bacteria, while the para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) based analogue did not. instead, it showed a new hplc peak with a relatively close retention time to the parent which was identified by lcms as the partially reduced hydrazine product. this le ...201223122822
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin a gene. 201223210158
netb-producing and beta2-producing clostridium perfringens associated with subclinical necrotic enteritis in laying hens in the netherlands.since 2006 increasing numbers of laying hen flocks with decreased production have been reported in the netherlands. at necropsy, birds from affected flocks showed multifocal areas of necrosis in the duodenum. histologically the duodenum had moderate to marked villus atrophy and fusion with crypt hyperplasia and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate within the lamina propria underlying focal areas of degenerative epithelium. multifocally, free within the intestinal lumen and associated with epithelial ...201223237366
[occurrence and control of the clostridium perfringens type a associated diarrhea of the suckling pigs with special consideration of the immunoprophylaxis].clostridium (c.) perfringens type a is often associated with diarrhoea in suckling piglets. the impact of the alpha (α) and beta (β)2 toxins on the pathogenesis of the disease has not been conclusively answered. previously, autologous vaccines were used to control this disease. the aim of our investigation was the classification of c. perfringens strains and the quantitative determination of the α and β2 toxins during the production of autologous vaccines. the efficacy of a commercial vaccine ag ...201223242147
antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens isolated from piglets with or without diarrhea in brazil.the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) was determined for 13 antibiotics against clostridium perfringens isolated from brazilian piglets. the collection of isolates was performed in june to october 2010. all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin and ceftiofur, whereas most were resistant to tetracycline and lincomycin. avilamycin and narasin were more effective against isolates from non-diarrheic than from diarrheic piglets. the other antimicrobials were less active in need of high concen ...201224031924
reversible monensin adaptation in enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis and clostridium perfringens of cattle origin: potential impact on human food safety.to determine the stability/reversibility and mechanism of monensin adaptation in monensin-treated cattle isolates compared with reference bacterial isolates, exposed in vitro to high monensin concentrations.201222740589
proof of concept for claudin-targeted drug development.claudins (cls) are a family of tetra-integral membrane proteins that are a key structural and functional component of tight junctions. cls are overexpressed in some malignant tumors. claudin-4 is highly expressed in the epithelial cells covering mucosal immune tissues. cls may therefore be a potential target for improving drug absorption, treating cancer, and developing mucosal vaccine. research using clostridium perfringens enterotoxin has resulted in proofs of concept for cl-targeted drug deve ...201222731717
green tea increases the survival yield of bifidobacteria in simulated gastrointestinal environment and during refrigerated conditions.the well-known prebiotics are carbohydrates but their effects may not always be beneficial, as they can also encourage the growth of non-probiotic bacteria such as eubacterium biforme and clostridium perfringens. therefore, new alternatives such as non-carbohydrate sources to stimulate the growth of probiotics are needed. the aim of this work was to evaluate (i) the green tea polyphenols by hplc-lc/ms and (ii) the protective effect of green tea extract on viability and stability of b. infantis a ...201222727242
clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces the release of il-8 through a dual pathway via trka in a549 cells.a characteristic feature of gas gangrene with clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is the absence of neutrophils within the infected area and the massive accumulation of neutrophils at the vascular endothelium around the margins of the necrotic region. intravenous injection of c. perfringens alpha-toxin into mice resulted in the accumulation of neutrophils at the vascular endothelium in lung and liver, and release of gro/kc, a member of the cxc chemokine family with homology to human interle ...201222721959
sanitary inspection of wells using risk-of-contamination scoring indicates a high predictive ability for bacterial faecal pollution in the peri-urban tropical lowlands of dar es salaam, tanzania.sanitary inspection of wells was performed according to world health organization (who) procedures using risk-of-contamination (roc) scoring in the peri-urban tropical lowlands of dar es salaam, tanzania. the roc was assessed for its capacity to predict bacterial faecal pollution in the investigated well water. the analysis was based on a selection of wells representing environments with low to high presumptive faecal pollution risk and a multi-parametric data set of bacterial indicators, genera ...201222717748
vaccination prepartum enhances the beneficial effects of melatonin on the immune response and reduces platelet responsiveness in sheep.melatonin regulates several physiological processes and its powerful action as antioxidant has been widely reported. melatonin acts modulating the immune system, showing a protective effect on the cardiovascular system and improving vaccine administration as an adjuvant-like agent. here, we have investigated the role of melatonin as an adjuvant of the clostridium perfringens vaccine in prepartum sheep and whether melatonin modulates platelet physiology during peripartum.201222716226
animal models to study the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens infections.rabbits, mice, rats, non-human primates, sheep and cattle have been used to study the effect of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe produces mostly necrosis of the small intestinal epithelium along with fluid accumulation in rabbits and mice. in the latter, cpe can bind to internal organs such as the liver, which induces lethal potassium levels in blood.201222713745
vaccination with clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins in combination with montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant increases protection against experimental necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler chickens.this study was performed to compare four clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates using the montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant in an experimental model of necrotic enteritis. broiler chickens were immunized subcutaneously with purified clostridial recombinant netb toxin, pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo), α-toxin, or elongation factor-tu (ef-tu), or with vehicle control, in conjunction with isa 71 vg, and intestinal lesion scores, body weight gains, netb toxin and pf ...201222713719
xylanase supplementation to a wheat-based diet alleviated the intestinal mucosal barrier impairment of broiler chickens challenged by clostridium perfringens.the present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of xylanase on the intestinal mucosal barrier in broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens in a 21-day experiment. a total of 336 1-day-old male broiler chicks (ross 308) were assigned to four treatment groups. a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block design to study the effects of enzyme addition (with or without xylanase 5500 u/kg wheat-based diet), pathogen challenge (w ...201222702457
role of the agr-like quorum-sensing system in regulating toxin production by clostridium perfringens type b strains cn1793 and cn1795.clostridium perfringens type b causes enteritis and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. by definition, these bacteria must produce alpha toxin (cpa), beta toxin (cpb) and epsilon toxin (etx) although most type b strains also produce perfringolysin o (pfo) and beta2 toxin (cpb2). a recently identified agr-like quorum-sensing (qs) system in c. perfringens controls all toxin production by surveyed type a, c, and d strains, but whether this qs is involved in regulating toxin production by type b stra ...201222689820
the effect of artemisia annua on broiler performance, on intestinal microbiota and on the course of a clostridium perfringens infection applying a necrotic enteritis disease model.the aerial parts of the plant artemisia annua contain essential oils having antimicrobial properties against clostridium perfringens type a, the causal agent for necrotic enteritis in broilers. in two experiments, the influence of increasing dietary concentrations of dried a. annua leaves (0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) and n-hexane extract from fresh a. annua leaves (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) on broiler performance was investigated. dried plant material decreased feed intake and body weight in a dose-d ...201222834551
intracellular trafficking of clostridium perfringens iota-toxin b.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is composed of an enzymatic component (ia) and a binding component (ib). ib binds to a cell surface receptor, undergoes oligomerization in lipid rafts, and binds ia. the resulting complex is then endocytosed. here, we show the intracellular trafficking of iota-toxin. after the binding of the ib monomer with cells at 4°c, oligomers of ib formed at 37°c and later disappeared. immunofluorescence staining of ib revealed that the internalized ib was transported to e ...201222825447
temporal flux and spatial dynamics of nutrients, fecal indicators, and zoonotic pathogens in anaerobic swine manure lagoon water.confined animal feeding operations (cafos) often use anaerobic lagoons for manure treatment. in the usa, swine cafo lagoon water is used for crop irrigation that is regulated by farm-specific nutrient management plans (nmps). implementation of stricter us environmental regulations in 2013 will set soil p limits; impacting land applications of manure and requiring revision of nmps. precise knowledge of lagoon water quality is needed for formulating nmps, for understanding losses of n and c in amm ...201222819873
enteropathogens identified in cats entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in cats entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.201222812469
aquaporin 4-specific t cells in neuromyelitis optica exhibit a th17 bias and recognize clostridium abc transporter.aquaporin 4 (aqp4)-specific autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica (nmo) are immunoglobulin (ig)g1, a t cell-dependent ig subclass, indicating that aqp4-specific t cells participate in nmo pathogenesis. our goal was to identify and characterize aqp4-specific t cells in nmo patients and healthy controls (hc).201222807325
targeting claudin-4 in human pancreatic cancer.pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant human diseases and there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. claudin-4, overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions, is a receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the cytotoxic effects of cpe and monoclonal antibodies against claudin-4 are useful as novel therapeutic tools for pancreatic cancer.201222800288
clostridium perfringens gangrenous cystitis with septic shock and bone marrow necrosis. 201222797355
hemorrhagic enterocolitis and death in two felines (panthera tigris altaica and panthera leo) associated with clostridium perfringens type a.severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis was observed in a siberian tiger (panthera tigris altaica) and a lion (panthera leo). both animals developed acute depression, anorexia, and bloody diarrhea several days before death. small and large intestines were diffusely congested, edematous, necrotic, and filled with hemorrhagic fluid, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged and congested. pure and abundant growth of gram-positive bacilli was obtained in culture under anaerobic conditions from the livers o ...201222779248
effects of wet heat treatment on the germination of individual spores of clostridium perfringens.to analyse the effect of wet heat treatment on nutrient and non-nutrient germination of individual spores of clostridium perfringens.201222776375
identification of amino acids important for binding of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin to host cells and to havcr1.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin belongs to the aerolysin-like family of pore-forming toxins and is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known. the epsilon toxin causes fatal enterotoxemia in sheep, goats, and possibly humans. evidence indicates that the toxin binds to protein receptors including hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 1 (havcr1), but the region of the toxin responsible for cell binding has not been identified. in the present study, we identify amino acids within the epsilon ...201222938730
computational analysis of human oga structure in complex with pugnac and nag-thiazoline derivatives.the substitution of serine and threonine residues in nucleocytoplasmic proteins with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose (o-glcnac) residues is an essential post-translational modification found in many multicellular eukaryotes. o-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase (o-glcnacase) hydrolyzes o-glcnac residues from post-translationally modified serine/threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic protein. o-glcnac has been implicated in several disease states such as cancer, alzheim ...201222937904
comparative studies on enterococcus, clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus as quality indicators in tropical seawater at a pacific mexican beach resort.three microorganisms were assayed to evaluate the microbiological quality in the seawater at a resort on the mexican pacific coast, and to test for possible associations among the titers of the various bacteria, their possible correlations with environmental conditions, and with the location of potential wastewater outflows. significant microorganism levels were found (at caletilla beach, hornos beach, and papagayo beach, respectively: for enterococcus 157, 153, and 149, for c. perfringens 35, 8 ...201222910334
reactive oxygen species and the mek/erk pathway are involved in the toxicity of clostridium perfringens α-toxin, a prototype bacterial phospholipase c.clostridium perfringens, the most broadly distributed pathogen in nature, produces a prototype phospholipase c, also called α-toxin, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. α-toxin causes plasma membrane disruption at high concentrations, but the role of intracellular mediators in its toxicity at low concentrations is unknown. this work demonstrates that α-toxin causes oxidative stress and activates the mek/erk pathway in cultured cells and furthermore provides compelling evi ...201222904339
fatal foodborne clostridium perfringens illness at a state psychiatric hospital--louisiana, 2010.clostridium perfringens, the third most common cause of foodborne illness in the united states (1), most often causes a self-limited, diarrheal disease lasting 12-24 hours. fatalities are very rare, occurring in <0.03% of cases (1). death usually is caused by dehydration and occurs among the very young, the very old, and persons debilitated by illness (2). on may 7, 2010, 42 residents and 12 staff members at a louisiana state psychiatric hospital experienced vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarr ...201222895383
meningoencephalitis with subdural empyema caused by toxigenic clostridium perfringens type a.we report a clinical case of meningoencephalitis with subdural empyema in an immunocompromised farmer caused by toxigenic clostridium perfringens type a, which was identified by 16s rna gene analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and subdural empyema. in immunocompromised patients, c. perfringens should be considered a potential pathogen of sepsis.201222895036
[clostridium perfringens].in japan, clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is the top 5th or 6th pathogen of foodborne illnesses. annually between 2006 and 2010, there were between 20 and 40 reported outbreaks of foodborne illnesses caused by c. perfringens. c. perfringens is found in soil and dust, in the intestinal tract humans and animals, on the surface of vegetable products. c. perfringens produces an enterotoxin that causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. inappropriate food handing practice (inadequate heating, cool ...201222894072
[new insight from basic research of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin].clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene with inflammatory myopathies and infrequently septicemia associated with massive intravascular hemolysis. the microorganism is known to produce a variety of toxins and enzymes that are responsible for severe myonecrotic lesions. notably, alpha-toxin, which possesses hemolytic, necrotic and lethal activities, and phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities, is an important agent for the diseases. the cytokine storm induced by alpha-toxin, mainly the ...201222894064
spontaneous abscess of the anterior abdominal wall caused by clostridium perfringens resistant to clindamycin. 201222870863
a wide variety of clostridium perfringens type a food-borne isolates that carry a chromosomal cpe gene belong to one multilocus sequence typing cluster.of 98 suspected food-borne clostridium perfringens isolates obtained from a nationwide survey by the food and consumer product safety authority in the netherlands, 59 strains were identified as c. perfringens type a. using pcr-based techniques, the cpe gene encoding enterotoxin was detected in eight isolates, showing a chromosomal location for seven isolates and a plasmid location for one isolate. further characterization of these strains by using (gtg)(5) fingerprint repetitive sequence-based p ...201222865060
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