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a versatile system for functional analysis of genes and micrornas in cotton.cotton is an important economic crop worldwide. due to its long growth cycle, large genome size and recalcitrance to stable transformation, traditional methods for the analysis of gene function in this crop are difficult and labour intensive. here, we report a cotton leaf crumple virus (clcrv)-based vector and its application in gene function analysis through virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) and overexpression of micrornas (mirnas), small tandem target mimic (sttm) and artificial mirna (amirn ...201424521483
immunotoxicological evaluation of corn genetically modified with bacillus thuringiensis cry1ah gene by a 30-day feeding study in balb/c mice.this study was to investigate the immunotoxicological potential of corn genetically modified (gm) with bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ah gene in balb/c mice. female balb/c mice were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: the negative control group, the parental corn group, the gm corn group and the positive control group with 10 mice per group. mice in the gm corn group and the parental corn group were fed with diets containing 70% corresponding corn for 30 days. mice in the negative cont ...201424520311
efficacy of pyramided bt proteins cry1f, cry1a.105, and cry2ab2 expressed in smartstax corn hybrids against lepidopteran insect pests in the northern united states.commercial field corn (zea mays l.) hybrids transformed to express some or all of the lepidopteran insect-resistant traits present in smartstax corn hybrids were evaluated for insecticidal efficacy against a wide range oflepidopteran corn pests common to the northern united states, during 2008 to 2011 at locations in 15 states. smartstax hybrids contain a pyramid of two bacillus thuringiensis (bt) derived events for lepidopteran control: event tc1507 expressing cry1f protein and mon 89034 expres ...201424665726
susceptibility and aversion of spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to cry1f bt maize and considerations for insect resistance management.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize was developed primarily for north american pests such as european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis (hübner)). however, most bt maize products are also cultivated outside of north america, where the primary pests may be different and may have lower susceptibility to bt toxins. fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda je smith) is an important pest and primary target of bt maize in central and south america. s. frugiperda susceptibility to cry1f (expressed in event tc15 ...201424665722
effects of entomopathogens on mortality of western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) and fitness costs of resistance to cry3bb1 maize.fitness costs can delay pest resistance to crops that produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt), and past research has found that entomopathogens impose fitness costs of bt resistance. in addition, entomopathogens can be used for integrated pest management by providing biological control of pests. the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), is a major pest of maize and is currently managed by planting of ...201424665720
fitness costs associated with field-evolved resistance to bt maize in spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae).increasing adoption of transgenic crops expressing cry toxin genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt crops) represents an augmented risk for development of insect resistance. while fitness costs can greatly influence the rate of resistance evolution, most available data related to bt resistance have been obtained from laboratory-selected insect strains. in this article, we test the existence of fitness costs associated with high levels of field-evolved resistance to bt maize event tc1507 in a stra ...201424665719
bioactivity of piper hispidinervum (piperales: piperaceae) and syzygium aromaticum (myrtales: myrtaceae) oils, with or without formulated bta on the biology and immunology of spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae).the combination of essential oils and bacillus thuringiensis berliner may represent an interesting control strategy. thus, the study tested the following hypothesis: the combination of long pepper oil (piper hispidinervum l.) and clove (syzygium aromaticum l.) oils in two concentrations with xentari wg (bta) yields a more effective control of spodoptera frugiperda (je smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) affecting biological and reproductive parameters and leading to changes in the levels of phenolox ...201424665696
use of spent mushroom substrate for production of bacillus thuringiensis by solid-state fermentation.the aim of this study was to explore a cost-effective method for the mass production of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) by solid-state fermentation. as a locally available agroindustrial byproduct, spent mushroom substrate (sms) was used as raw material for bt cultivation, and four combinations of sms-based media were designed. fermentation conditions were optimized on the best medium and the optimal conditions were determined as follows: temperature 32 degrees c, initial ph value 6, moisture conten ...201424665695
tri-trophic studies using cry1ac-resistant plutella xylostella demonstrate no adverse effects of cry1ac on the entomopathogenic nematode, heterorhabditis bacteriophora.the potential impacts on natural enemies of crops that produce insecticidal cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are an important part of an environmental risk assessment. entomopathogenic nematodes are important natural enemies of lepidopteran pests, and the effects of bt crops on these nontarget organisms should be investigated to avoid disruption of their biological control function. the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cry1ac-expressing transgenic bt broccol ...201424665692
[biological agents for controlling the density of blood-sucking black flies (diptera: simuliidae) in the north of armenia].biological agents were found to have high larvicidal activity against simuliidae of two bacillus thuringiensis spp. israelensis strains. to reduce the number of the pre-imago stages of black flies, the biological agent blp-2477 should be used as most effective from an environmental point of view.201424640132
field-evolved resistance by western corn rootworm to multiple bacillus thuringiensis toxins in transgenic maize.the widespread planting of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) places intense selective pressure on pest populations to evolve resistance. western corn rootworm is a key pest of maize, and in continuous maize fields it is often managed through planting of bt maize. during 2009 and 2010, fields were identified in iowa in which western corn rootworm imposed severe injury to maize producing bt toxin cry3bb1. subsequent b ...201424639498
bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa insecticidal protein: functional importance of the intrinsic stability of the unique α4-α5 loop comprising the pro-rich sequence.the long loop connecting transmembrane α4 and α5 of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa toxin possesses a unique feature with pro-rich sequence (pro(193)pro(194)_pro(196)) which was shown to be crucial for toxicity. here, the structural role in the intrinsic stability of the pro-rich sequence toward toxin activity was investigated. three val-substituted mutants (p193v, p194v and p196v) and one phe-substituted mutant (p193f) were generated and over-expressed in escherichia coli as inclusions at lev ...201424632526
bacillus thuringiensis db27 produces two novel protoxins, cry21fa1 and cry21ha1, which act synergistically against nematodes.bacillus thuringiensis has been widely used as a biopesticide, primarily for the control of insect pests, but some b. thuringiensis strains specifically target nematodes. however, nematicidal virulence factors of b. thuringiensis are poorly investigated. here, we describe virulence factors of nematicidal b. thuringiensis db27 using caenorhabditis elegans as a model. we show that b. thuringiensis db27 kills a number of free-living and animal-parasitic nematodes via intestinal damage. its virulenc ...201424632254
draft genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis serovar tolworthi strain na205-3, an isolate toxic for helicoverpa armigera.we report here the complete annotated 6,510,053-bp draft genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis serovar tolworthi strain na205-3, which is toxic for helicoverpa armigera. this strain potentially contains nine insecticidal toxin genes homologous to cry1aa12, cry1ab1, cry1ab8, cry1ba1, cry1af1, cry1ia10, vip1bb1, vip2ba2, and vip3aa6.201424625875
bt rice producing cry1c protein does not have direct detrimental effects on the green lacewing chrysoperla sinica (tjeder).the effects of insect-resistant genetically engineered rice producing cry1c protein derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) on chrysoperla sinica (tjeder) (neuroptera: chrysopidae) were assessed in laboratory bioassays. survival and development of c. sinica larvae were not adversely affected when the larvae were fed a diet containing purified cry1c protein at 200 µg/g fresh weight, representing a worst-case exposure scenario; in contrast, c. sinica larvae were adversely affected when the diet c ...201424619941
cry8ca2-containing layer-by-layer microcapsules for the ph-controlled release of crystal protein.to extend the activity of crystal proteins by protection from environmental stress, we developed a new type of microcapsule containing cry8ca2 protoxins. layer-by-layer (lbl) microcapsules containing cry8ca2 were successfully prepared for the first time by the alternate deposition of poly(acrylic acid) (pah) and cry8ca2 at ph 6 on the surface of poly(styrene sulphonate) (pss)-doped caco3 microbeads. scanning electron microscopy (sem) photos showed that microparticles were spherical in shape, app ...201424617704
evaluation of a disinfectant wipe intervention on fomite-to-finger microbial transfer.inanimate surfaces, or fomites, can serve as routes of transmission of enteric and respiratory pathogens. no previous studies have evaluated the impact of surface disinfection on the level of pathogen transfer from fomites to fingers. thus, the present study investigated the change in microbial transfer from contaminated fomites to fingers following disinfecting wipe use. escherichia coli (10(8) to 10(9) cfu/ml), staphylococcus aureus (10(9) cfu/ml), bacillus thuringiensis spores (10(7) to 10(8) ...201424610856
pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti larvae (diptera: culicidae) from singapore.we report the first comprehensive insecticide susceptibility status ofaedes aegypti (l.) larvae from singapore. the study indicated that ae. aegypti is susceptible to temephos, although resistance (rr50 = 1.29-4.43-fold) couldbe developing. of high concern is the detection of moderate to high resistance to permethrin (rr50 = 29-47-fold) and etofenprox (rr50 = 14-34-fold). biolarvicide bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) remains effective. the insecticide susceptibility profile of ae. aegypt ...201424605467
flavonoids from the halophyte apocynum venetum and their antifouling activities against marine biofilm-derived bacteria.eleven flavonoids were isolated from the leaves of the halophyte apocynum venetum. among them, the isolation of plumbocatechin a (1), 8-o-methylretusin (2) and kaempferol 3-o-(6″-o-acetyl)-β-d-galactopyranoside (7) was reported for the first time from this plant. their structures were identified by using spectral methods, including 2d nmr experiments, and confirmed by comparing with the literature data. in addition, the antifouling activities of these compounds against the marine fouling bacteri ...201424588258
characterization, n-terminal sequencing and classification of tolworthcin 524: a bacteriocin produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi.bacteriocins synthesized by entomopathogenic bacillus thuringiensis are gaining attention owing to their inhibitory effects against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria. in the present study, we purified and characterized tolworthcin 524, a bacteriocin synthesized by b. thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi, and compared it with other bacteriocins synthesized by b. thuringiensis. tolworthcin 524 was separated and purified from the secretome of b. thuringiensis by fast protein liquid chromatography wit ...201424880804
pirb-cry2aa hybrid protein exhibits enhanced insecticidal activity against spodoptera exigua larvae.previous study revealed that the n-terminal region of pirb toxin from photorhabdus luminescens showed 20.5% identity and 41.5% similarity to the domain i of cry2a toxin of bacillus thuringiensis. the encoding sequence of the domain i of cry2aa protein was replaced by the encoding gene of corresponding domain of pirb protein. expression of pirb-cry2aa chimeric gene in b. thuringiensis acrystalliferous strain cry(-)b leads to the formation of crystals with irregular shape. bioassay showed that pir ...201424879991
draft genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis strain lm1212, isolated from the cadaver of an oryctes gigas larva in madagascar.we report the draft genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis strain lm1212, which differentiates into crystal producers or spore formers during the stationary phase. availability of this genome sequence will facilitate the study of spore formation, crystal formation, cell differentiation, and evolution of b. thuringiensis.201424874686
exposure and preventive measure to reduce high and daily exposure to bacillus thuringiensis in potted plant production.the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is the active organism in a variety of commercially available products used worldwide as biopesticides. bt products are applied in large outdoor areas as well as in indoor environments. even though it has been sold for decades, not much is known about the occupational exposure to bt. the aim of this study was to obtain knowledge about the exposure to bt subspecies israelensis (bti) in a propagation section in a greenhouse, where bti is applied hourly by ...201424863937
purification and characterization of keratinase from feather degrading bacterium useful for mosquito control--a new report.every day, food processing industries release wastes, which are environmental menance. chicken feathers have been discarded in bulk as waste from poultry industries, globally. degrading these wastes, as unused disposals, without acquiring any additional benefits has led to an idea to develop a new technology. we have reported earlier that bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti) can be used for biodegradation of feather waste for biopesticide production. in the present study, purificatio ...201424862049
testing gxg interactions between coinfecting microbial parasite genotypes within hosts.host-parasite interactions represent one of the strongest selection pressures in nature. they are often governed by genotype-specific (gxg) interactions resulting in host genotypes that differ in resistance and parasite genotypes that differ in virulence depending on the antagonist's genotype. another type of gxg interactions, which is often neglected but which certainly influences host-parasite interactions, are those between coinfecting parasite genotypes. mechanistically, within-host parasite ...201424860594
keratinolytic proteinase from bacillus thuringiensis ad-12.a new isolated strain noted to produce a novel detergent-stable serine keratinolytic proteinase and identified as bacillus thuringiensis ad-12. native keratinolytic proteinase from b. thuringiensis (btker) was purified and characterized. the purified btker enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 39kda. biochemical characterization assays revealed that the btker attained optimal activity at ph 7 and 30°c. residual activity after 1h incubation at 50°c was higher than 80%. the enzyme was activ ...201424857878
draft genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis nbin-866 with high nematocidal activity.bacillus thuringiensis nbin-866, a gram-positive bacterium, was isolated from soil in china. we announce here the draft genome sequence of strain b. thuringiensis nbin-866, which possesses highly nematocidal factors, such as proteins and small molecular peptides.201424855295
requirement of simultaneous assessment of crystal- and supernatant-related entomotoxic activities of bacillus thuringiensis strains for biocontrol-product development.bioinsecticides with lower concentrations of endospores/crystals and without loss of efficiency are economically advantageous for pest biocontrol. in addition to cry proteins, other bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins in culture supernatants (sn) have biocontrol potential (e.g., vip3a, cry1i, sip1), whereas others are unwanted (β-exotoxins), as they display widespread toxicity across taxa. a strain simultaneously providing distinct toxin activities in crystals and sn would be desirable for bioins ...201424854738
performance of dairy cows fed silage and grain produced from second-generation insect-protected (bacillus thuringiensis) corn (mon 89034), compared with parental line corn or reference corn.corn grain and corn silage are major feed components in lactating dairy cow rations. bacillus thuringiensis (b.t.) is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces a protein that is toxic to lepidopteran insects that may damage plant tissues and reduce corn quality and yields. during each of the four 28-d periods, cows were offered 1 of 4 rations in which the corn grain and silage originated from different corn hybrids: a nontransgenic corn control (from hybrid dkc63-78; monsanto co., st. l ...201424731628
effect of low levels of bacillus thuringiensis exposure on the growth, food consumption and digestion efficiencies of trichoplusia ni resistant and susceptible to bt.it is becoming increasingly clear that the impact of low doses of an environmental stressor, such as bacillus thuringiensis, can often not be predicted from high dose experiments, and the impact of these effects on the evolution of resistance has received little attention. in the present study, we examined the effect of low levels of b. thuringiensis exposure on the growth, food consumption and digestion efficiencies of trichoplusia ni resistant and susceptible to bt. larvae were fed on specifie ...201424727193
triazole-based zn²⁺-specific molecular marker for fluorescence bioimaging.fluorescence bioimaging potential, both in vitro and in vivo, of a yellow emissive triazole-based molecular marker has been investigated and demonstrated. three different kinds of cells, viz bacillus thuringiensis, candida albicans, and techoma stans pollen grains were used to investigate the intracellular zinc imaging potential of 1 (in vitro studies). fluorescence imaging of translocation of zinc through the stem of small herb, peperomia pellucida, having transparent stem proved in vivo bioima ...201424725748
cross resistances in spinosad-resistant culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).a culex quinquefasciatus say colony was selected for 45 generations at lc70-90 levels using natular xrg, a granular formulation of 2.5% spinosad for induction of spinosad resistance. resistance to spinosad was noticed in early generations (f1-f9). resistance levels increased gradually from generations f11-f35, and elevated significantly from generation f37 through f47, when resistance ratios reached 2,845-2,907-fold at lc50 and 11,948-22,928-fold at lc90 the spinosad-resistant cx. quinquefasciat ...201424724293
isolation and characterization of a new bacillus thuringiensis strain lip harboring a new cry1aa gene highly toxic to ephestia kuehniella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae.the aim of this study was to characterize new bacillus thuringiensis strains that have a potent insecticidal activity against ephestia kuehniella larvae. strains harboring cry1a genes were tested for their toxicity, and the lip strain showed a higher insecticidal activity compared to that of the reference strain hd1 (lc50 of lip and hd1 were 33.27 and 128.61 μg toxin/g semolina, respectively). b. thuringiensis lip harbors and expresses cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ad and cry2a. dna sequencing rev ...201424715255
heterologous expression of thuricin cd immunity genes in listeria monocytogenes.bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides that can have a narrow or broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. bacteriocin producers typically possess dedicated immunity systems that often consist of an atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter system and/or a dedicated immunity protein. here we investigated the genes responsible for immunity to thuricin cd, a narrow-spectrum two-peptide sactibiotic produced by bacillus thuringiensis dpc6431. heterologous expression of putative thuricin cd i ...201424709257
genome sequence of the acrystalliferous bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis strain 4q7, widely used as a recombination host.bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis is well known for its mosquitocidal activity and has long been used as a biopesticide. herein, we present the genome sequence of b. thuringiensis serovar israelensis strain 4q7, a plasmid-cured derivative with higher transformation efficiency than wild types.201424699954
in vitro quenching of fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda ahl production using marine bacterium tenacibaculum sp. strain 20j cell extracts.quorum quenching (qq) has become an interesting alternative for solving the problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance, especially in the aquaculture industry, since many species of fish-pathogenic bacteria control their virulence factors through quorum sensing (qs) systems mediated by n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahls). in a screening for bacterial strains with qq activity in different marine environments, tenacibaculum sp. strain 20j was identified and selected for its high degradation activity ...201424695235
early transcription of bacillus thuringiensis cry genes in strains active on lepidopteran species and the role of gene content on their expression.six strains of bacillus thuringiensis previously selected as highly toxic against manduca sexta and plutella xylostella were analyzed by pcr screening in order to identify the cry genes active on lepidoptera. according to their gene content and insecticidal potency, these strains were cultured and aliquots taken at different pre- and post-sporulation times. total rna was extracted and used as template in rt-pcr analyses directed to identify mrnas of the previously identified cry genes. results s ...201424691997
revised backbone-virtual-bond-angle potentials to treat the l- and d-amino acid residues in the coarse-grained united residue (unres) force field.continuing our effort to introduce d-amino-acid residues in the united residue (unres) force field developed in our laboratory, in this work the c(α) ··· c(α) ··· c(α) backbone-virtual-bond-valence-angle (θ) potentials for systems containing d-amino-acid residues have been developed. the potentials were determined by integrating the combined energy surfaces of all possible triplets of terminally blocked glycine, alanine, and proline obtained with ab initio molecular quantum mechanics at the mp2/ ...201424839411
[creation of transgenic sugar beet lines expressing insect pest resistance genes cry1c and cry2a].impact of insect pests makes a significant limitation of the sugar beet crop yield. integration of cry-genes of bacillus thuringiensis into plant genome is one of the promising strategies to ensure plant resistance. the aim of this work was to obtain sugar beet lines (based on the mm 1/2 line) transformed with cry2a and cry1cgenes. we have optimized transformation protocol and direct plant let regeneration protocol from leaf explants using 1 mg/l benzylaminopurine as well as 0,25 mg/l benzylamin ...201424818505
production of marker-free transgenic jatropha curcas expressing hybrid bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin cry1ab/1ac for resistance to larvae of tortrix moth (archips micaceanus).the potential biofuel plant jatropha curcas l. is affected by larvae of archips micaceanus (walker), a moth of the family tortricidae. the hybrid bacillus thuringiensis (bt) δ-endotoxin protein cry1ab/1ac confers resistance to lepidopteran insects in transgenic rice.201424808924
[experimental observation of toxic effect of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis against aedes, culex and anopheles larvae].to evaluate the toxic effect of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) wettable powder against aedes, culex and anopheles larvae.201424800571
[hydrolytic activity of microorganisms of the dead sea coastal ecosystems].all strains tested are characterized by proteolytic (caseinolytic) activity, while elastase one was revealed only in two gracilibacillus strains 6t2 and 7tl. the activity was high enough (23.1 and 34.7 e/ml, respectively). these values are at the level of bacterial producers which are described in literature: bacillus mesentericus 316 m (6 e/ml), bacillus thuringiensis imb b-7324 (50-55 e/ml). the ability of two strains tested to synthesize enzyme, active against elastine, is important, so far a ...201424800510
different binding sites for bacillus thuringiensis cry1ba and cry9ca proteins in the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner).binding studies using (125)i-cry9ca and biotinylated-cry1ba proteins showed the occurrence of independent binding sites for these proteins in ostrinia nubilalis. our results, along with previously available binding data, indicate that combinations of cry1a or cry1fa proteins with cry1ba and/or cry9ca could be a good strategy for the resistance management of o. nubilalis.201424799046
short communication: homologous expression of recombinant and native thurincin h in an engineered natural producer.the bacillus bacteriocin thurincin h exhibits a wide inhibitory spectrum of activity against various foodborne pathogens, such as listeria monocytogenes, and dairy spoilage bacteria, especially different bacillus species commonly existing in dairy products. previously, we constructed 3 plasmids to express native thurincin h homologously in an engineered natural producer, bacillus thuringiensis sf361thnh(-). this host is deficient in thurincin h production because of an in-frame deletion of struc ...201424792808
[a simple error-prone pcr method through datp reduction].the error-prone pcr is one of the main methods for in vitro gene mutagenesis, usually through adding mn2+ increasing mg2+ and dctp/dttp concentration.201424783859
a novel synthetic cry1ab gene resists rice insect pests.a few insect control genes of bacillus thuringiensis have been modified successfully to increase the expression in plants by replacing rare codons, increasing gc content, and avoiding the dna elements that could cause premature transcription termination, mrna instability, and potential methylation. however, the modification process was intricate and often confused researchers. in this study, we adopted a simple method to modify cry1ab only by individually replacing its amino acid sequence with c ...201424781994
cultivable gut bacteria of scarabs (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) inhibit bacillus thuringiensis multiplication.the entomopathogen bacillus thuringiensis is used to control various pest species of scarab beetle but is not particularly effective. gut bacteria have diverse ecological and evolutionary effects on their hosts, but whether gut bacteria can protect scarabs from b. thuringiensis infection remains poorly understood. to investigate this, we isolated 32 cultivable gut bacteria from holotrichia oblita faldermann, holotrichia parallela motschulsky, and anomala corpulenta motschulsky, and analyzed thei ...201424780240
a comparison of bt transgene, hybrid background, water stress, and insect stress effects on corn leaf and ear injury and subsequent yield.experimentally manipulated water and insect stresses were applied to field-grown corn with different bacillus thuringiensis (bt) transgenes and no bt transgenes, and different nontransgenic hybrid backgrounds (2011 and 2012, corpus christi, tx). differences in leaf injury, ear injury, and yield were detected among experimental factors and their interactions. under high and low water stress, injury from noctuid larvae (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on leaves during vegetative growth (primarily from fal ...201424780114
a comparison of fourstar™ briquets and natular™ xrt tablets in a north shore suburb of chicago, il.stormwater catch basins are the primary source of mosquitoes targeted by the north shore mosquito abatement district, in the northern suburbs of chicago. over a 17-wk period (june to september 2011), 3 clusters of catch basins located within a 0.7-km2 area were monitored weekly with dipper samples of immature mosquitoes. during the 2nd week of monitoring, natular xrt tablets (6.25% spinosad) were applied to northernmost cluster and fourstar briquets (6% bacillus û, 1% bacillus thuringiensis isra ...201424772682
baseline susceptibility and monitoring of brazilian populations of spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and diatraea saccharalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) to vip3aa20 insecticidal protein.the genetically modified maize expressing vip3aa20 insecticidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis berliner is abiotechnological option for the control of spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) and diatraea saccharalis (f.) in brazil. to support an insect resistance management program, we conducted studies of baseline susceptibility and monitoring of brazilian populations of s. frugiperda and d. saccharalis to the vip3aa20 insecticidal protein. neonates were exposed to vip3aa20 applied on artificia ...201424772561
effect of maize lines on larval fitness costs of cry1f resistance in the european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae).crops producing insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are widely planted and enable management of key insect pests while reducing the use of conventional insecticides. however, the evolution of bt resistance could diminish these benefits. fitness costs of bt resistance occur in the absence of bt toxin when individuals with resistance alleles show a reduction in fitness relative to susceptible individuals, and they can delay the evolution of resistance. ecological fac ...201424772559
priming galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae with heat-killed bacterial cells induced an enhanced immune protection against photorhabdus luminescens tt01 and the role of innate immunity in the process.the current study investigated the characteristics and mechanism of the invertebrate immune priming using galleria mellonella (l.) (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae (host) and photorhabdus luminescens tt01 (pathogen) as a model. the following parameters of the g. mellonella larvae primed by hemocoel injection of heat-killed cells of tt01 or bacillus thuringiensis hd-1 were determined at designated times after priming and then compared and analyzed systematically: mortality of the primed larvae aga ...201424772535
biological activity of bacillus thuringiensis (bacillales: bacillaceae) chitinase against caenorhabditis elegans (rhabditida: rhabditidae).in addition to being used increasingly as a model system in modern molecular biology studies, the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans (maupas, 1900) is an important pathogen in fungi and straw mushrooms. in this study, bacillus thuringiensis strain 010 was found to have significantly detrimental activity against c. elegans. to further characterize this activity, the toxicological mechanism was elucidated at molecular level. genes encoding for crystal protein and chitinase were isolated, ...201424772534
defining terms for proactive management of resistance to bt crops and pesticides.evolution of pest resistance to pesticides is an urgent global problem with resistance recorded in at least 954 species of pests, including 546 arthropods, 218 weeds, and 190 plant pathogens. to facilitate understanding and management of resistance, we provide definitions of 50 key terms related to resistance. we confirm the broad, long-standing definition of resistance, which is a genetically based decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide, and the definition of "field-evolved resistance," whic ...201424772527
pre-selecting resistance against individual bti cry toxins facilitates the development of resistance to the bti toxins cocktail.the bioinsecticide bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is a larvicide used worldwide for mosquito control, which contains three cry toxins and one cyt toxin. we investigated for the first time in aedes aegypti (1) the evolution of resistance and cross-resistance of strains selected with each cry toxin, and (2) the effect of pre-selection with cry toxin on the evolution of resistance to a mix of bti toxins. cross resistance was higher between cry4ba and cry11aa than between cry4aa and eithe ...201424768915
short communication: naturally sensitive bacillus thuringiensis eg10368 produces thurincin h and acquires immunity after heterologous expression of the one-step-amplified thurincin h gene cluster.heterologous expression of bacteriocin genetic determinants (or operons) has long been a research interest for the functional analysis of genes involved in bacteriocin biosynthesis, regulation, modification, and immunity. previously, construction of genomic libraries of the bacteriocin producer strains was usually required to identify new bacteriocin operons, a method that is tedious and time consuming. for the first time, we directly amplified an 8.14-kb bioinformatically identified thurincin h ...201424767890
toxicity of parasporin-4 and health effects of pro-parasporin-4 diet in mice.parasporin-4 (ps4) is an aerolysin-type β-pore-forming toxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis strain a1470. it exhibits specific cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines; therefore, it is expected to be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of particular types of cancer cells. we examined the acute toxicity of ps4 on icr mice. the ld50 value was 160 μg/kg by a subcutaneous route. potassium, ammonium, magnesium ion, creatinine, and urea nitrogen decreased in urine by the injection of ps4. ...201425033273
impact of corn earworm injury on yield of transgenic corn producing bt toxins in the carolinas.transgenic corn, zea mays l., hybrids expressing insecticidal cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and insecticide applications to suppress injury from helicoverpa zea (boddie) were evaluated in florence, sc, and in plymouth, nc, in 2012 and 2013. based on kernel area injured, insecticide applications (chlorantraniliprole) every 3-4 d from r1 until h. zea had cycled out of corn reduced injury by 80-93% in florence and 94-95% in plymouth. despite intensive applications of insecticide (13 ...201425026670
effects of bt cotton on thrips tabaci (thysanoptera: thripidae) and its predator, orius insidiosus (hemiptera: anthocoridae).laboratory studies were conducted to investigate tritrophic transfer of insecticidal cry proteins from transgenic cotton to an herbivore and its predator, and to examine effects of these proteins on the predator's development, survival, and reproduction. cry1ac and cry2ab proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) produced in bollgard-ii (bg-ii, event 15985) cotton plants were acquired by thrips tabaci lindeman (thysanoptera: thripidae), an important sucking pest of cotton, and its ...201425026649
identification of distinct bacillus thuringiensis 4a4 nematicidal factors using the model nematodes pristionchus pacificus and caenorhabditis elegans.bacillus thuringiensis has been extensively used for the biological control of insect pests. nematicidal b. thuringiensis strains have also been identified; however, virulence factors of such strains are poorly investigated. here, we describe virulence factors of the nematicidal b. thuringiensis 4a4 strain, using the model nematodes pristionchus pacificus and caenorhabditis elegans. we show that b. thuringiensis 4a4 kills both nematodes via intestinal damage. whole genome sequencing of b. thurin ...201425025708
consumption of bt rice pollen containing cry1c or cry2a protein poses a low to negligible risk to the silkworm bombyx mori (lepidoptera: bombyxidae).by consuming mulberry leaves covered with pollen from nearby genetically engineered, insect-resistant rice lines producing cry proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), larvae of the domestic silkworm, bombyx mori (linnaeus) (lepidoptera: bombyxidae), could be exposed to insecticidal proteins. laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the potential effects of cry1c- or cry2a-producing transgenic rice (t1c-19, t2a-1) pollen on b. mori fitness. in a short-term assay, b. mori larvae ...201425014054
quantitative analysis of fitness costs associated with the development of resistance to the bt toxin cry1ac in helicoverpa armigera.transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops play an increasing role in pest control, and resistance management is a major issue in large-scale cultivation of bt crops. the fitness cost of resistance in targeted pests is considered to be one of the main factors delaying resistance when using the refuge strategy. by comparing 10 resistant helicoverpa armigera (hubner) strains, showing various resistance levels to bt toxin (cry1ac), to a susceptible strain, we showed an increasing fitness cost cor ...201425005122
in vivo and in vitro binding of vip3aa to spodoptera frugiperda midgut and characterization of binding sites by (125)i radiolabeling.bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal proteins (vip3a) have been recently introduced in important crops as a strategy to delay the emerging resistance to the existing cry toxins. the mode of action of vip3a proteins has been studied in spodoptera frugiperda with the aim of characterizing their binding to the insect midgut. immunofluorescence histological localization of vip3aa in the midgut of intoxicated larvae showed that vip3aa bound to the brush border membrane along the entire apic ...201425002420
the effects of bt corn on rusty crayfish (orconectes rusticus) growth and survival.bt crops are one of the most commonly used genetically modified crops worldwide. bt crops contain a gene that is derived from the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis, which produces the cry1ab toxin. bt corn that contains the cry1ab toxin is used throughout the midwest united states to control crop pests such as the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis). headwater streams in regions known for intensive agriculture receive bt corn detritus after the fall harvest, which is then consumed by a divers ...201425001246
target triggered self-assembly of au nanoparticles for amplified detection of bacillus thuringiensis transgenic sequence using sers.the research methods for dna detection have been widely extended since the application of nanotechnology, but it remains a challenge to detect specific dna sequences or low abundance genes in the biological samples with accuracy and sensitivity. here we developed a sers biosensing platform by target dna (tdna) triggered self-assembly of au nanoparticles (au nps) probes on dna nanowires for signal amplification in dna analysis. based on the hybridization chain reactions (hcr) and surface enhanced ...201424999997
structural, spectral, thermal and biological studies on (e)-2-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)-n-(pyridin-2-yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide and its metal complexes.schiff base complexes of mn(ii), co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii), cd(ii), hg(ii) and u(vi)o2 with (e)-2-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)-n-(pyridin-2-yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (h2phat) were synthesized and characterized by different physicochemical methods, elemental analysis, (uv-vis, ir and (1)h nmr spectra) and thermal analysis (tg and dtg) techniques. spectral data showed that h2phat behaves as a ns bidentate ligand through both thione sulphur or thiol sulphur and the nitrogen of the pyridine ring or ...201424992916
preliminary assessment of framework conditions for release of genetically modified mosquitoes in burkina faso.genetically modified mosquitoes (gmms) are emerging as a measure to control mosquito-borne diseases, but before any genetically modified organisms (gmos) are released into the environment, it is imperative to establish regulatory standards incorporating public engagement. a previous project in burkina faso introduced a type of genetically modified cotton [bacillus thuringiensis (bt)] cotton) that produces insecticide, and incorporated policies on public engagement.201424981444
proteolytic processing of bacillus thuringiensis vip3a proteins by two spodoptera species.vip3 proteins have been described to be secreted by bacillus thuringiensis during the vegetative growth phase and to display a broad insecticidal spectrum against lepidopteran larvae. vip3aa protoxin has been reported to be significantly more toxic to spodoptera frugiperda than to spodoptera exigua and differences in the midgut processing have been proposed to be responsible. in contrast, we have found that vip3ae is essentially equally toxic against these two species. proteolysis experiments we ...201424979528
aeration effects on metabolic events during sporulation of bacillus thuringiensis.the metabolism of bacillus thuringiensis during its sporulation process was investigated under different concentrations of oxygen. at the beginning of sporulation, the aeration conditions were regulated to obtain different oxygen transfer rates (otr) in four separate fermentations, representing interrupted, limited, non-limited, and saturated oxygenation, respectively. a higher otr resulted in a higher ph, up to about 9 in the case of saturated oxygenation, while the interrupted oxygenation resu ...201424972809
single-reversal charge in the β10-β11 receptor-binding loop of bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa and cry4ba toxins reflects their different toxicity against culex spp. larvae.bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa toxin was previously shown to be much more toxic to culex mosquito-larvae than its closely related toxin - cry4ba, conceivably due to their sequence differences within the β10-β11 receptor-binding loop. here, single-ala substitutions of five residues (pro(510), thr(512), tyr(513), lys(514) and thr(515)) within the cry4aa β10-β11 loop revealed that only lys(514) corresponding to the relative position of cry4ba-asp(454) is crucial for toxicity against culex quinquefas ...201424971536
evaluation of the synergistic activities of bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins against helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).with the aim of identifying cry proteins that would be useful in the management of the economically important lepidopteran pest helicoverpa armigera, the larvicidal activities of binary combinations (1:1 ratios) of six cry proteins (cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ca, cry2aa and cry9aa) were evaluated against h. armigera neonate larvae using droplet feeding bioassays. determination of the ld50 values of individual cry proteins and mixtures of cry proteins enabled assessment of the nature of the inte ...201424963598
laboratory and field evaluation of two formulations of bacillus thuringiensis m-h-14 against mosquito larvae in the islamic republic of iran, 2012.due to low efficacy in the field of a local commercial product of bacillus thuringiensis m-h-14 (bioflash(®)), a study was designed to assess its efficacy in laboratory, glass standard aquarium, semi-field and field conditions at both target and higher dosages against immature stages of anopheles spp. and culex spp. in laboratory conditions, the lc50 values of wettable powder and granule formulations were 227 and 1031 ppm respectively against a susceptible strain of an. stephensi. following appl ...201424952119
cloning and characterization of a unique cytotoxic protein parasporin-5 produced by bacillus thuringiensis a1100 strain.parasporin is the cytocidal protein present in the parasporal inclusion of the non-insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis strains, which has no hemolytic activity but has cytocidal activities, preferentially killing cancer cells. in this study, we characterized a cytocidal protein that belongs to this category, which was designated parasporin-5 (ps5). ps5 was purified from b. thuringiensis serovar tohokuensis strain a1100 based on its cytocidal activity against human leukemic t cells (molt-4). the ...201424945755
microscopic analysis of a native bacillus thuringiensis strain from malaysia that produces exosporium-enclosed parasporal inclusion.the current study focused on the microscopic studies of a native bacillus thuringiensis strain isolated from malaysia, bt-s84-13a, that produced an unusual crystal type. primary detection of parasporal inclusions using a phase contrast microscope presented one to two small crystal proteins in the sporulating cells of bt-s84-13a. compound light microscopic examination of autolysed bt-s84-13a cells stained with 0.133% coomassie brilliant blue showed two types of crystal morphology: small crystals ...201424943903
characterization of a new cry2ab gene of bacillus thuringiensis with high insecticidal activity against plutella xylostella l.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) strain fjat-12 was a novel bt strain isolated by agricultural bio-resources institute, fujian academy of agricultural science. in this study, a new cry2ab gene was cloned from bt strain fjat-12 and named as cry2ab30 by bt delta-endotoxin nomenclature committee. the sequencing results showed there were two mutations in conservative sites which led to two amino acids modification. homology modeling indicated that the two changes were located in β-sheet of domain ii. a p ...201424943249
rna interference-mediated knockdown of three putative aminopeptidases n affects susceptibility of spodoptera exigua larvae to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ca.aminopeptidase n (apn) isoforms in insects have been documented to be involved in the mode of action of insecticidal crystal proteins (cry) from bacillus thuringiensis. here we cloned two novel seapns from the larval midgut of spodoptera exigua, a major pest of many crops of economic importance in china. according to a phylogenetic analysis, these two novel seapns, along with the four seapn isoforms already described, belong to six different clades. all the six seapns share similar structural fe ...201424932922
binding site concentration explains the differential susceptibility of chilo suppressalis and sesamia inferens to cry1a-producing rice.chilo suppressalis and sesamia inferens are two important lepidopteran rice pests that occur concurrently during outbreaks in paddy fields in the main rice-growing areas of china. previous and current field tests demonstrate that the transgenic rice line huahui 1 (hh1) producing a cry1ab-cry1ac hybrid toxin from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis reduces egg and larval densities of c. suppressalis but not of s. inferens. this differential susceptibility to hh1 rice correlates with the reduced ...201424928872
screening of cry-type promoters with strong activity and application in cry protein encapsulation in a sigk mutant.to optimize the expression of cry genes in a bacillus thuringiensis sigk mutant failing in crystal releasing, the transcriptional activity of the cry promoters cry1a, cry3a, cry4a, and cry8e was compared using lacz gene fusions. a beta-galactosidase assay indicated that the cry8e promoter showed the highest transcriptional activity. a novel escherichia coli-b. thuringiensis shuttle vector pht315-8e21b was constructed for cry gene expression using the cry8e promoter and the multiple cloning sites ...201424928660
faflp analysis of brazilian bacillus thuringiensis isolates.a total of 65 bacillus thuringiensis (bt) isolates were subjected to analysis of genetic relationship using faflp (fluorescent fragment length polymorphism), in order to determine the genetic diversity within a group of bt strains. 26 strains from different subspecies were identified as it follows: 9 kindly provided by the usda (united states department of agriculture), 9 kindly provided by the institute pasteur and eight from embrapa maize and sorghum bt collection, and 39 strains with no subsp ...201424926421
isolation of the bacillus thuringiensis plasmid carrying bacthuricin f4 coding genes and evidence of its conjugative transfer.conjugation is an excellent natural mode of dna transfer in vivo between bacteria, particularly when these conjugative elements carry technological traits such as bacteriocin encoding genes. in the present work, the bacteriocinogenic plasmid pibf4 from bacillus thuringiensis responsible of bacthuricin f4 synthesis was isolated and characterized.201424916871
modeling evolution of resistance of sugarcane borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) to transgenic bt corn.diatraea saccharalis (f.) (lepidoptera: crambidae) is a target pest of transgenic corn expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein, and the first evidence of resistance by d. saccharalis to cry1ab corn was detected in a field population in northeast louisiana in 2004. we used a model of population dynamics and genetics of d. saccharalis to 1) study the effect of interfield dispersal, the first date that larvae enter diapause for overwintering, toxin mortality, the proportion of non-bt corn in ...201424914780
transcription of the lysine-2,3-aminomutase gene in the kam locus of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd73 is controlled by both σ54 and σk factors.lysine 2,3-aminomutase (kam; ec 5.4.3.2) catalyzes the interconversion of l-lysine and l-β-lysine. the transcription and regulation of the kam locus, including lysine-2,3-aminomutase-encoding genes, in bacillus thuringiensis were analyzed in this study. reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) analysis revealed that this locus forms two operons: yodt (yodt-yods-yodr-yodq-yodp-kamr) and kama (kama-yoku-yoze). the transcriptional start sites (tsss) of the kama gene were determined using 5' rapid amplifi ...201424914178
abcc transporters mediate insect resistance to multiple bt toxins revealed by bulk segregant analysis.relatively recent evidence indicates that abcc2 transporters play a main role in the mode of action of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1a-type proteins. mapping of major cry1a resistance genes has linked resistance to the abcc2 locus in heliothis virescens, plutella xylostella, trichoplusia ni and bombyx mori, and mutations in this gene have been found in three of these bt-resistant strains.201424912445
response of last instar helicoverpa armígera larvae to bt toxin ingestion: changes in the development and in the cyp6ae14, cyp6b2 and cyp9a12 gene expression.bt crops are able to produce cry proteins, which were originally present in bacillus thuringiensis bacteria. although bt maize is very efficient against corn borers, spanish crops are also attacked by the earworm h. armigera, which is less susceptible to bt maize. many mechanisms could be involved in this low susceptibility to the toxin, including the insect's metabolic resistance to toxins due to cytochrome p450 monooxygenases. this paper examines the response of last instar h. armigera larvae ...201424910993
direct plantlet inoculation with soil or insect-associated fungi may control cabbage root fly maggots.a potential delia radicum biological control strategy involving cauliflower plantlet inoculation with various fungi was investigated in a series of laboratory and glasshouse experiments. in addition to entomopathogenic fungi, fungi with a high rhizosphere competence and fungi with the ability to survive as saprotrophs in soil were tested. the following fungal species were evaluated in the experiments: trichoderma atroviride, t. koningiopsis, t. gamsii, beauveria bassiana, metharhizium anisopliae ...201424907449
laboratory and field validation of a cry1ab protein quantitation method for water.the widespread planting of crops expressing insecticidal proteins derived from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has given rise to concerns regarding potential exposure to non-target species. these proteins are released from the plant throughout the growing season into soil and surface runoff and may enter adjacent waterways as runoff, erosion, aerial deposition of particulates, or plant debris. it is crucial to be able to accurately quantify bt protein concentrations in the environ ...201425059137
isolation of mosquitocidal bacteria (bacillus thuringiensis, b.sphaericus and b. cereus) from excreta of arid birds.mosquitocidal bacteria are environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides for controlling mosquitoes and therefore, there have been tremendous world-wide efforts to identify novel mosquitocidal bacteria from natural environment. in the present study, excreta from arid-birds were analyzed for identifying mosquitocidal bacteria. the selection of sample for bacterial screening is significant, because, arid-birds are the unique living species and gathering the foods from variety of s ...201425059042
[enhancing effect of tween 80 on degradation of triphenyltin by bacillus thuringiensis].so far, the information regarding enhanced degradation and biodegradation mechanisms of tpht, an endocrine disruptor, is severely limited. whether dearylation during tpht degradation occurs successively or synchronously is not revealed clearly. to deal with these problems, this study focused on the biodegradation of tpht and its metabolites by bacillus thuringiensis through the acceleration of tween 80. the results showed that tween 80 obviously increased the tpht solubility. after degradation b ...201425055695
synergistic activity of bacillus thuringiensis toxins against simulium spp. larvae.species of simulium spread diseases in humans and animals such as onchocerciasis and mansonelosis, causing health problems and economic loses. one alternative for controlling these insects is the use of bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti). this bacterium produces different dipteran-active cry and cyt toxins and has been widely used in blackfly biological control programs worldwide. studies on other insect targets have revealed the role of individual cry and cyt proteins in toxicity ...201425051392
expression of prta from photorhabdus luminescens in bacillus thuringiensis enhances mortality in lepidopteran larvae by sub-cutaneous but not oral infection.the prta gene from photorhabdus luminescens encodes the virulence factor protease a. when p. luminescens is injected into the hemocoel of insects by entomopathogenic nematodes, prta is a key component of pathogenicity thought to help degrade the immune system. the prta gene was cloned and introduced on a plasmid into bacillus thuringiensis. prta was shown to be actively expressed in vitro by cleavage of a specific dabcyl-edans heptapeptide substrate. there was no difference in the speed or level ...201425036004
genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain hd-1.we report here the complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain hd-1, which serves as the primary u.s. reference standard for all commercial insecticidal formulations of b. thuringiensis manufactured around the world.201425035322
mining rare and ubiquitous toxin genes from a large collection of bacillus thuringiensis strains.there has been considerable effort made in recent years for research groups and other organizations to build up large collections of strains of bacillus thuringiensis in the search for genes encoding novel insecticidal toxins, or encoding novel metabolic pathways. whilst next generation sequencing allows the detailed genetic characterization of a bacterial strain with relative ease it is still not practicable for large strain collections. in this work we assess the practicability of mining a mix ...201425108136
dual function of a bee (apis cerana) inhibitor cysteine knot peptide that acts as an antifungal peptide and insecticidal venom toxin.inhibitor cysteine knot (ick) peptides exhibit ion channel blocking, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities, but currently, no functional roles for bee-derived ick peptides have been identified. in this study, a bee (apis cerana) ick peptide (acick) that acts as an antifungal peptide and as an insecticidal venom toxin was identified. acick contains an ick fold that is expressed in the epidermis, fat body, or venom gland and is present as a 6.6-kda peptide in bee venom. recombinant acick pept ...201425106915
transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice is safer to aquatic ecosystems than its non-transgenic counterpart.rice lines genetically modified with the crystal toxin genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have experienced rapid development, with biosafety certificates for two bt rice lines issued in 2009. there has still been no commercial release of these lines yet due to public concerns about human health and environmental risks. some studies confirmed that bt rice was as safe as conventional rice to non-target organisms when pesticides were not applied, however, pesticides are still required in bt ric ...201425105299
taming a tiger in the city: comparison of motorized backpack applications and source reduction against the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus.we evaluated 2 strategies to manage aedes albopictus: 1) motorized backpack applications and 2) source reduction (coupled with hand-applied applications of larvicide). backpack applications used a water-dispersible granular formulation (vectobac wdg) of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti), whereas source reduction used granular formulations of the insect growth regulator methoprene (altosid) combined with a monomolecular film surfactant (agnique). six subplots (total 8.02 ha) were sele ...201425102592
efficacy of olive mill wastewater for protecting bacillus thuringiensis formulation from uv radiations.the effectiveness of 10 low-cost uv-absorbers in protecting bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki blb1 toxins against inactivation by uv-a and uv-b irradiation was evaluated in this study. among them, two by-products, molasses and olive mill wastewater (omw) were selected for further studies. they were tested at different concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% using the para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) as a common uv protectant. interestingly, addition of paba and omw to blb1 formulations was ...201425093915
no adjuvant effect of bacillus thuringiensis-maize on allergic responses in mice.genetically modified (gm) foods are evaluated carefully for their ability to induce allergic disease. however, few studies have tested the capacity of a gm food to act as an adjuvant, i.e. influencing allergic responses to other unrelated allergens at acute onset and in individuals with pre-existing allergy. we sought to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding of gm bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-maize (mon810) on the initiation and relapse of allergic asthma in mice. balb/c mice were provided a ...201425084284
development of chrysoperla carnea (stephens) (neuroptera: chrysopidae) on pollen from bt-transgenic and conventional maize.maize (zea mays) pollen is highly nutritious and can be used by predatory arthropods to supplement or replace a carnivorous diet. we demonstrate that maize pollen can be utilized by larvae of the green lacewing, chrysoperla carnea (neuroptera: chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. complete development on maize pollen was not possible, but 25% of neonates reached the third instar. when only one instar was fed with pollen and the other two instars with eggs of ephestia kuehniella (lepidoptera: ...201425082074
[expression of cry1ac gene directed by pexsypromoter of the exsy gene encoding component protein of exosporium basal layer in bacillus thuringiensis].to discover new elements for cry gene expression, pexsy, which is the promoter of the exosporium basal layer structural gene exsy, was used to express cry1ac gene in bacillus thuringiensis.201425803890
[transcriptional regulation of bkd gene cluster in bacillus thuringiensis].in order to determine the effect of bkdr deletion on cry protein production. we analyzed the transcriptional regulation of bkd gene cluster and the phenotype of bkdr mutant.201425803889
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