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septic shock caused by streptococcus suis: case report and investigation of a risk group.a case of septic shock caused by streptococcus suis type 2 occurred in a 36-year-old truck driver who transported pigs. here, as well as in nearly all other cases of s. suis infections reported to date, close occupational contact with pork or pigs preceded the incident. this epidemiological link may be explained by the frequent occurrence of s. suis as a commensal and opportunistic germ in pigs. in order to assess the potential risk for an infection with s. suis, 132 workers in pig slaughtering, ...200212173538
streptococcus suis infection in thailand.this is a retrospective study of streptococcus suis infection in humans submitted to the national streptococcal referrence center of thailand from 1994 to 2001. there were 11 men and 6 women whose mean age was 46.24 years (range 1 month to 75 years). among the men, two had known occupational and behavioral exposure to pork or meat products. among the women, one was a butcher and three were housewives. half of the patients had underlying diseases. one patient had congenital hydrocephalus, three p ...200212188400
distribution of environmentally regulated genes of streptococcus suis serotype 2 among s. suis serotypes and other organisms.the occurrence of 36 environmentally regulated genes of streptococcus suis strain 10 among all 35 s. suis serotypes was determined by using hybridization with the amplified genes as probes. in addition, the distribution of these genes among the virulence phenotypes of serotypes 1 and 2 was assessed. hybridization was also performed with various other streptococcal species and nonstreptococcal bacterial species which may be present in pigs. interestingly, probe ivs-25/iri-1, similar to agra and s ...200212202563
antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in european wild boars from southcentral spain.serum samples from 78 european wild boars (sus scrofa) harvested during the 1999-2000 hunting season were tested for antibodies to brucella spp., classical swine fever virus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, haemophilus parasuis, leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, salmonella serogroups b, c, and d, streptococcus suis, and swine influenza virus (siv) serotypes h1n1 a ...200212238391
expression, purification and crystallization of dpr, a ferritin-like protein from the gram-positive meningitis-associated bacterium streptococcus suis.ferritin-like proteins form a novel family of bacterial proteins with diverse functions, such as dna binding, iron storage and cell activation. a common structural feature of these proteins is their ability to form spherical dodecamers. dpr is a ferritin-like protein from the gram-positive bacterium streptococcus suis. full-length and truncated dpr were expressed and purified as 6xhis-tag fusion proteins. crystals of truncated dpr suitable for x-ray diffraction analysis were obtained after the r ...200212351836
development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the pig pathogen streptococcus suis: identification of virulent clones and potential capsular serotype exchange.streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of pigs and occasionally causes serious human disease. however, little is known about the s. suis population structure, the clonal relationships between strains, the potential of particular clones to cause disease, and the relevance of serotype as a marker for epidemiology. here we describe a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme for s. suis developed in order to begin to address these issues. seven housekeeping gene fragments from each of 294 s. su ...200212354864
what happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes.since the division of the streptococcus genus into enterococci, lactococci, and streptococci in 1984, many changes in the nomenclature and taxonomy of the streptococcus genus have taken place. the application of genetic comparisons has improved the proper classification of the different species. the lancefield system of serogrouping the streptococci by the expression of beta-hemolysis on blood agar plates is still very useful for the identification of streptococci for patient management. the lan ...200212364372
streptococcus suis infection as a cause of severe illness: 2 cases from croatia.streptococcus suis is a zoonotic agent that can be spread to humans, e.g. butchers, abattoir workers and farmers, by contact with pigs. human infection is most frequently manifested as purulent meningitis, in combination with deafness and ataxia, but there have been rare reports of septic shock leading to multiorgan failure and death. we report 2 patients with s. suis type 1 infection. one patient suffered an abrupt and severe illness, with septic shock leading to multiorgan failure and death, w ...200212374361
response regulator important in pathogenesis of streptococcus suis serotype 2.in this study, we describe the first response regulator of streptococcus suis serotype 2, designated revs. revs was cloned and the sequence was determined. no histidine kinase was found in the vicinity ofrevs, therefore revs was considered to be an orphan response regulator. an isogenic knock-out mutant of revs was shown to be attenuated in colonising the s. suis specific organs in a competitive assay in four piglets, indicating thatrevs plays a role in the pathogenesis of s. suis infections. we ...200212385746
genetic diversity of streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 1/2 isolates recovered from carrier pigs in closed herds.the aim of this study was to compare, by randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd), the diversity of streptococcus suis serotypes 1/2 and 2 isolates recovered at slaughter houses from the tonsils of clinically healthy pigs. the pigs belonged to herds with or without clinical signs of s. suis disease. overall, a low diversity was observed among isolates of serotype 1/2. a representative isolate recovered from a diseased animal presented a relatively high similarity (85%), with most isolates recov ...200212418779
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) coinfections in us field cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws).the prevalence of different pathogens detected in combination with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) was studied retrospectively in field cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) diagnosed at the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory, ames, iowa, between january 2000, and september 2001. the presence of pcv-2 antigen in lymphoid tissues and/or lung, demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, together with moderate to severe lymphoid depletion and/or granulomatous ly ...200212423038
identification and characterization of two temperature-induced surface-associated proteins of streptococcus suis with high homologies to members of the arginine deiminase system of streptococcus pyogenes.the present study was performed to identify stress-induced putative virulence proteins of streptococcus suis. for this, protein expression patterns of streptococci grown at 32, 37, and 42 degrees c were compared by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. temperature shifts from 32 and 37 to 42 degrees c induced expression of two cell wall-associated proteins with apparent molecular masses of approximately 47 and 53 kda. amino-terminal sequence analysis of the two proteins indicated homolog ...200212446626
characterization of streptococcus suis genes encoding proteins homologous to sortase of gram-positive bacteria.many surface proteins which are covalently linked to the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria have a consensus c-terminal motif, leu-pro-x-thr-gly (lpxtg). this sequence is cleaved, and the processed protein is attached to an amino group of a cross-bridge in the peptidoglycan by a specific enzyme called sortase. using the type strain of streptococcus suis, nctc 10234, we found five genes encoding proteins that were homologous to sortases of other bacteria and determined the nucleotide sequences o ...200211807057
streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in pigs: new diagnostic and pathogenetic aspects.in a study aimed at improving the diagnosis and elucidating the pathogenesis of streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in pigs, a combination of bacterial culture and histopathological and immunohistochemical examination was applied to a range of tissues from 42 naturally infected pigs with typical macroscopical lesions. by culture, 21 pigs (50%) were shown to be systemically infected with s. suis serotype 2; seven (17%) were infected with s. suis serotype 7, two with other bacteria, and 12 yie ...200211814322
modification of the peptidoglycan of escherichia coli in the viable but nonculturable state.the aim of this study was to analyse the chemical composition of peptidoglycan and the state of some of the enzymes involved in its metabolism in escherichia coli kn126 in the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state which is a survival strategy adopted by bacteria (including those of medical interest) when exposed to environmental stresses. when entering the vbnc state, e. coli cells miniaturised and became coccus-shaped. analysis of peptidoglycan chemical composition, by separation in hplc of mur ...200211815857
cloning of the o-acetylserine lyase gene from the ruminal bacterium selenomonas ruminantium hd4.the gene coding for o-acetylserine lyase (oasl) was cloned from a selenomonas ruminantium hd4 lambda zap ii genomic library by degenerative probe hybridization and complementation. sequence analysis revealed a 933 bp orf with a g + c content of 53%. the orf had significant homology with enzymes involved in cysteine biosynthesis. a curablastn homology search showed that the orf shared 59% nucleotide identity with the cysk of bacillus subtilis. the deduced amino acid sequence exhibited high (>70%) ...200211821922
tiamulin activity against fastidious and nonfastidious veterinary and human bacterial isolates: initial development of in vitro susceptibility test methods.tiamulin is a pleuromutilin derivative used in veterinary practice for the control and specific therapy of infections in swine. this report summarizes studies to establish standardized susceptibility testing methods, interpretive criteria, and reagent details for use in veterinary methods recently developed by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls) (standards m31-a and m37-a, nccls, wayne, pa., 1999). a total of 636 fastidious and nonfastidious animal and human pathogen ...200211825957
genetic diversity of streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs and humans as revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.the genetic diversity of 123 streptococcus suis strains of capsular types 2, 1/2, 3, 7, and 9, isolated from pigs in france and from humans in different countries, was evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of dna restricted with smai. the method was highly discriminative (d = 0.98), results were reproducible, and the pfge analysis was easy to interpret. among all s. suis strains, 74 pfge patterns were shown. at 60% homology, three groups (a, b, and c) were identified, and at 69% h ...200211825980
the functions of ca(2+) in bacteria: a role for ef-hand proteins?in bacteria, ca(2+) is implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including the cell cycle and cell division. dedicated influx and efflux systems tightly control the low cytoplasmic ca(2+) levels in prokaryotes. additionally, the growing number of proteins containing various ca(2+)-binding motifs supports the importance of ca(2+), which controls various protein functions by affecting protein stability, enzymatic activity or signal transduction. the existence of calmodulin-like proteins ...200211827810
prevalence and diversity of arcobacter spp. isolated from the internal organs of spontaneous porcine abortions in denmark.a study was conducted to determine the prevalence and possible significance of campylobacteria in pig abortions in denmark. surface-cauterised liver and kidney samples from 55 aborted pig fetuses submitted to the danish veterinary laboratory were taken and a sensitive isolation procedure used to examine pooled tissue samples for campylobacter, arcobacter and helicobacter spp. routine microbiological, immunological, and histopathological examinations were also performed to identify concurrent inf ...200211844622
the gram-positive tonsillar and nasal flora of piglets before and after weaning.to investigate gram-positive nasal and tonsillar microbial flora of piglets before and after weaning.200111851806
experimental infection of conventional pigs with streptococcus suis serotype 2 by aerosolic exposure. 200111503376
[streptococcus suis meningitis].human infection by streptococcus suis (s. suis) is a zoonosis, with a known occupational risk and clinical presentation mainly as a purulent meningitis with low mortality and frequent hearing loss and ataxia sequela. less than 150 human cases have been reported since original one thirty years ago. there is a geographical distribution most patients living in northern europe and south asia. s. suis disease in human has been reported in two patients in spain the last years. we present two patients ...200111503579
aerogenous infection of microbiologically defined minipigs with streptococcus suis serotype 2. a new model.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is the cause of serious infections in animals and humans, but certain aspects of the infection pathogenesis still remain unclear. in this study an experimental model of aerogenous infection and induction of septicemia with s. suis serotype 2 was established in microbiologically defined göttingen minipigs. ten animals were exposed to aerosolized s. suis after previous exposure to mild acetic acid in aerosol. six of the animals were immunosuppressed with prednisolone ...200111506472
distribution of the ssudat1i restriction-modification system among different serotypes of streptococcus suis.the ssudat1i restriction-modification (r-m) system, which contains two methyltransferases and two restriction endonucleases with recognition sequence 5'-gatc-3', was first found in a field isolate of streptococcus suis serotype 2. isoschizomers of the r-m system were found in the same locus between purh and purd in a field isolate of serotype 1/2 and the reference strains of serotypes 3, 7, 23, and 26 among 29 strains of different serotypes examined in this study. the r-m gene sequences in serot ...200111514530
bacteriological diagnosis of streptococcus suis meningitis. 200111561816
streptococcus suis serotypes characterized by analysis of chaperonin 60 gene sequences.streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of swine which occasionally infects humans as well. there are 35 serotypes known for this organism, and it would be desirable to develop rapid methods methods to identify and differentiate the strains of this species. to that effect, partial chaperonin 60 gene sequences were determined for the 35 serotype reference strains of s. suis. analysis of a pairwise distance matrix showed that the distances ranged from 0 to 0.275 when values were calculated by ...200111571190
prevalence and mechanism of resistance against macrolides and lincosamides in streptococcus suis isolates.eighty-seven streptococcus suis isolates recovered in 1999-2000 from diseased pigs, all from different farms, were screened for resistance against macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by the disk diffusion and agar dilution test and a pcr assay, amplifying the ermb gene and the mefa/e gene. seventy-one percent of the isolates showed constitutive resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics (mls(b)-phenotype). all these isolates were positive for the ermb gene in the pcr, but negative for ...200111574176
thermosensitive suicide vectors for gene replacement in streptococcus suis.three thermosensitive (ts) suicide vectors, pset4s, pset5s, and pset6s, have been constructed for gene replacement in streptococcus suis. each vector contains an antibiotic-resistance gene (spc or cat), a ts replication origin of pwv01 lineage, multiple cloning sites, lacz', and the cole1 replication origin of puc19. these vectors could be propagated at 37 degrees c in escherichia coli, but their replication was blocked above 37 degrees c in s. suis. moreover, the thermosensitivity of the replic ...200111591139
distribution and genetic diversity of suilysin in streptococcus suis isolated from different diseases of pigs and characterization of the genetic basis of suilysin absence.streptococcus suis is an economically important pathogen of pigs responsible for a variety of diseases including meningitis, septicemia, arthritis, and pneumonia, although little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenesis or virulence factors associated with this organism. here, we report on the distribution and genetic diversity of the putative virulence factor suilysin, a member of the thiol-activated toxin family of gram-positive bacteria. on the basis of pcr analysis of over 300 isolates ...200111705935
lactic acid bacterial diversity in the traditional mexican fermented dough pozol as determined by 16s rdna sequence analysis.the lactic acid bacteria diversity of pozol, a mexican fermented maize dough, was studied using a total dna extraction and purification procedure and pcr amplification of 16s rdna for gram-positive and related bacterial groups. thirty-six clones were obtained and sequenced to 650 nucleotides. these partial sequences were identified by submission to the non-redundant nucleotide database of ncbi. the identified sequences were aligned with reference sequences of the closest related organisms. this ...200111252506
generation and characterization of a defined mutant of streptococcus suis lacking suilysin.a defined allelic-replacement mutant of the sly gene, encoding a thiol-activated cytolysin, from a european isolate of streptococcus suis serotype 2 was generated and characterized. unlike the parental strain, it is nonhemolytic, noncytotoxic for cultured macrophage-like cells, avirulent in a mouse infection model, yet only slightly attenuated in a porcine model of systemic infection.200111254643
suilysin production by streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased and healthy carrier pigs in spain. 200111258725
distribution of streptococcus suis capsular types in 2000. 200111265194
streptococcus suis serotypes 3 to 28 associated with disease in pigs. 200111265998
otitis interna is a frequent sequela to streptococcus suis meningitis in pigs.twenty-eight histologically confirmed cases of porcine leptomeningitis were examined retrospectively, with focus on the pathology of the inner and middle ear, brain, and vestibulocochlear nerve. tissues were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry for streptococcus suis serotype 2 antigen, and the bacteriologic results were recorded. exudative otitis interna was diagnosed in 20/28 pigs (71%). the lesions primarily affected the perilymphatic ducts, with consistent involvement of the scala ...200111280375
streptococcus infection and splenectomy. 200111303607
streptococcus infection and splenectomy. 200111303608
streptococcus infection and splenectomy. 200111303609
in utero infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is sufficient to increase susceptibility of piglets to challenge by streptococcus suis type ii.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) consistently elevates the frequency of disease and mortality in young pigs. many different secondary bacterial diseases occur in prrs virus (prrsv)-infected pigs. however, to date, establishing a reproducible experimental model of prrsv infection in weaned pigs, with subsequent clinical disease following secondary bacterial challenge, has been difficult. prrsv is frequently isolated during outbreaks from weak-born piglets affected by secondary ...200111312360
construction and characterization of streptococcus suis-escherichia coli shuttle cloning vectors.pssu1, a native plasmid of streptococcus suis dat1, was used to construct pset-series shuttle vectors. in addition to the replication function of pssu1, these vectors contain the multiple cloning sites and lacz' gene from puc19, which means that x-gal screening can be used to select recombinants in escherichia coli. pset1, pset2, and pset3 carry cat, spc, and both of these genes, respectively, as selectable markers. these vectors could be introduced into s. suis, e. coli, salmonella typhimurium, ...200111322824
[streptococcus suis meningitis. report of two cases and literature review]. 200111333612
protection of pigs against challenge with virulent streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains by a muramidase-released protein and extracellular factor vaccine.the efficacy of a muramidase-released protein (mrp) and extracellular factor (ef) vaccine in preventing infection and disease in pigs challenged either with a homologous or a heterologous streptococcus suis serotype 2 strain (mrp+ef+) was compared with the efficacy of a vaccine containing formalin-killed bacterin of s. suis serotype 2 (mrp+ef+). the enhancement of the immune response by different adjuvants (a water-in-oil emulsion [wo] and an aluminium hydroxide-based adjuvant [ah]) and their si ...200111334073
a case-control study of respiratory disease in thoroughbred racehorses in sydney, australia.in order to investigate the role of infectious agents in the aetiology of lower respiratory tract disease in thoroughbred racehorses, a matched case-control study was conducted. cases were identified by the presence of coughing, and were compared to a control population matched on time of sample collection and location within the same training establishment. tracheal wash samples were collected from 100 cases and 148 controls. case horses were more likely than controls to have endoscopic and cyt ...200111352347
passive immunization of pigs against experimental infection with streptococcus suis serotype 2.the safety and protective efficacy of a horse antiserum raised against inactivated whole cell preparations of streptococcus suis serotype 2 was investigated in pigs by experimental challenge. the antiserum was evaluated in two similar experiments each comprising 12 4-week-old pigs treated with 6 ml of antiserum the day before challenge and four pigs used as challenge controls. pigs were infected by subcutaneous injection with approximately 10(11) colony forming units of s. suis serotype 2. clini ...200111390114
iron content of streptococcus suis and evidence for a dpr homologue.the type strain of streptococcus suis was investigated for features that might help the organism to tolerate the h2o2 that is produced during growth. enzyme assays, using soluble extracts, revealed that the type strain, which lacks catalase, lacks nadh peroxidase in both the mid-exponential and stationary phases of the growth cycle. although iron could not be detected colourimetrically in dense cell suspensions, determination of the cellular iron content following growth to early stationary phas ...200111400731
isolation and characterization of a streptococcus thermophilus plasmid closely related to the pmv158 family.twenty-two streptococcus thermophilus strains used for milk fermentations were analyzed for their plasmid content and 13 of them (59%) were found to contain one or two plasmids. fifteen s. thermophilus plasmids were divided into four groups using dna homology. ten plasmids were classified within group a and they shared homologies with all the previously sequenced s. thermophilus plasmids. three plasmids (group b) hybridized with each other and two plasmids only hybridized with themselves (groups ...200111407913
experimental airborne transmission of streptococcus suis capsular type 2 in pigs.experimental airborne transmission of streptococcus suis type 2 was studied in specific pathogen free piglets. forty piglets were allotted to five groups of eight 7-week-old animals and housed in three separated units. negative control pigs (group 1) were housed in unit a and infected batches were housed in units b (group 2) and c (groups 4). in units b and c, non-inoculated groups (groups 3 and 5, respectively), 40 cm distant from the respective inoculated group and without any physical contact ...200111423197
epidemiological relationship of human and swine streptococcus suis isolates.two cases of meningitis due to streptococcus suis in humans are reported here. a butcher and an abattoir worker were referred to a health centre in castellón (spain) with fever and symptoms of meningitis. after adequate treatment, a slight hipoacusia persisted as sequelae in both cases. colonies of s. suis group r, serotype 2 and phenotype mrp+ef+ were isolated from cerebroespinal fluid. epidemiological studies showed that both workers had in common the handling of pork meat of slaughtered healt ...200111471845
[pneumonia in calves: characterization of the bacterial spectrum and the resistance patterns to antimicrobial drugs].the population under study included young calves with pneumonia (group a, n = 13) and their controls (group b, n = 9), as well as older calves from which the lungs with (group c, n = 90) or without (group d, n = 10) lesions were collected after slaughter. arcanobacterium pyogenes was the organism most commonly isolated from calves in group a (46%), followed by haemophilus somnus (23%), mannheimia haemolytica (15%), streptococcus suis and pasteurella multocida (7.7% each). only s. suis (22%) and ...200111476040
prevalence, capsular type and antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus suis isolated from slaughter pigs in korea.this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, capsular serotype, and antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus suis isolated from slaughter pigs. capsular serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility were determined by coagglutination test and agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration, respectively. streptococcus suis was isolated from 55 of the 406 palatine tonsillar samples tested (13.8%) and 14 of the 29 sampled herds (48.3%). of the 55 isolates recovered from slaughter pigs, 2 ...200111480519
decrease of the adhesion of streptococcus suis serotype 2 mutants to embryonic bovine tracheal cells and porcine tracheal rings.streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen that may be present in the tonsils of pigs that show no signs of illness. because adhesion to host cells may be important in the carrier state, this study was undertaken to investigate adhesion to host cells by s. suis mutant strains defective in expression of a 39-kda protein. mutant strains of s. suis were generated by transposon tn916 mutagenesis and were tested for adhesion to embryonic bovine tracheal cells and porcine tracheal rings. compar ...200111480520
experimental colonization of piglets and gilts with systemic strains of haemophilus parasuis and streptococcus suis to prevent disease.haemophilus parasuis and streptococcus suis are both major causes of losses during the nursery period, especially in herds using the segregated early weaning system. in this system, only a few piglets may be colonized with the herd's prevalent systemic strain, which results in infection of naive penmates late in the nursery. in view of these factors, the objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the early colonization of piglets with the farm's prevalent systemic strain of h. parasuis and s ...200111480521
experimental infection of specific pathogen free piglets with french strains of streptococcus suis capsular type 2.a standardized model of streptococcus suis type 2 infection in specific-pathogen-free piglets, housed in high-security barns, was used to compare the virulence of 3 french field strains of s. suis serotype 2 isolated from tonsils of a healthy pig (strain 65) or from diseased pigs (meningitis, strain 166', or septicemia, strain 24). in one of the 2 trials, 7-week-old pigs, in 3 groups of 8, were inoculated intravenously with 2 x 10(8) colony-forming units of s. suis type 2. in each group, 1 uninf ...200111480526
an enzyme-based in situ hybridisation method for the identification of streptococcus suis.a method for enzyme-based in situ hybridisation of streptococcus suis was developed. it enables the light microscopic localization of bacterial ribosomal rna (rrna) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. a unique sequence in the 16s rrna of s. suis was targeted. different pretreatment protocols were applied to facilitate probe penetration and multiple detection systems were tested. the results were compared to those obtained by immunohistochemistry. pretreatment was necessary to obtain a s ...200111890569
genetic bases and medical relevance of capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in pathogenic streptococci.many streptococci are human and/or animal pathogens and the frequent cause of life-threatening diseases. among various streptococcal virulence factors, capsular polysaccharides (cps) are recognized as essential to prevent phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils. in the last decade, an impressive advance on the knowledge of the genetic bases underlying capsule formation has been achieved. the capsular gene cluster driving the formation of the cp of streptococcus pyogenes and other hyaluronate ...200111899092
streptococcus suis infection in northern thailand.a ten-case report of streptococcus suis infection was reported in lamphun, northern thailand from 1999 to 2000. ten patients were admitted to lampoon provincial hospital with a history of high fever, watery diarrhea, severe myalgia and ecchymosis rashes. the disease progressed rapidly and all patients died within 24-48 hours after admission from complications such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic), acute renal failure (arf) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). epidemiolog ...200111804263
relatedness of streptococcus suis isolates of various serotypes and clinical backgrounds as evaluated by macrorestriction analysis and expression of potential virulence traits.we evaluated the genetic diversity of streptococcus suis isolates of different serotypes by macrorestriction analysis and elucidated possible relationships between the genetic background, expression of potential virulence traits, and source of isolation. virulence traits included expression of serotype-specific polysaccharides, muramidase-released protein (mrp), extracellular protein factor (ef), hemolysin activity, and adherence to epithelial cells. macrorestriction analysis of streptococcal dn ...200111158088
environmentally regulated genes of streptococcus suis: identification by the use of iron-restricted conditions in vitro and by experimental infection of piglets.the identification of environmentally regulated genes of streptococcus suis by the use of iron-restricted conditions in vitro and by experimental infection of piglets is described. eighteen unique iron-restriction-induced (iri) genes and 22 unique in-vivo-selected (ivs) genes of strep. suis were found. none of the ivs genes was exclusively expressed in vivo. four iri genes were identical to four clones selected in piglets. two ivs genes were similar to genes for putative virulence factors. one o ...200111158344
selection of virulence-associated determinants of streptococcus suis serotype 2 by in vivo complementation.within streptococcus suis serotype 2, pathogenic, weakly pathogenic, and nonpathogenic strains can be found. we introduced a genomic library of a pathogenic strain into a weakly pathogenic strain. after infection of the library into young piglets pathogenic transformants were selected. one specific transformant containing a 3-kb fragment of the pathogenic strain appeared to be dominantly enriched in diseased pigs. the observed enrichment was not tissue specific. the selected fragment, when intro ...200111179384
septicaemia in a pig-farm worker. 200111197360
influence of ampicillin, ceftiofur, attenuated live prrsv vaccine, and reduced dose streptococcus suis exposure on disease associated with prrsv and s. suis coinfection.the objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of two antimicrobials (ampicillin and ceftiofur), a modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccine, and low dose exposure to streptococcus suis on disease associated with prrsv/s. suis coinfection. fifty-six, crossbred, prrsv-free pigs were weaned at 10-12 days of age and randomly assigned to five treatment groups. all pigs were inoculated with 2ml of 10(6.4) tcid50/ml of high virulence prrsv isolate v ...200111118739
evidence for horizontal transfer of ssudat1i restriction-modification genes to the streptococcus suis genome.different strains of streptococcus suis serotypes 1 and 2 isolated from pigs either contained a restriction-modification (r-m) system or lacked it. the r-m system was an isoschizomer of streptococcus pneumoniae dpnii, which recognizes nucleotide sequence 5'-gatc-3'. the nucleotide sequencing of the genes encoding the r-m system in s. suis dat1, designated ssudat1i, showed that the ssudat1i gene region contained two methyltransferase genes, designated ssuma and ssumb, as does the dpnii system. th ...200111133943
cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the glutamate dehydrogenase of streptococcus suis serotype 2.given the lack of effective vaccines to control streptococcus suis infection and the lack of a rapid and reliable molecular diagnostic assay to detect its infection, a polyclonal antibody was raised against the whole-cell protein of s. suis type 2 and used to screen an s. suis gene library in an effort to identify protective antigen(s) and antigens of diagnostic importance. a clone that produced a 45-kda s. suis-specific protein was identified by western blotting. restriction analysis showed tha ...200111238204
the filamentous bacterial morphotype 'nostocoida limicola' i contains at least two previously described genera in the low g+c gram positive bacteria.isolates of eight bacterial filaments fitting the published morphological description of 'nostocoida limicola' i were obtained from the mixed liquor of four different australian and one czech republic activated sludge plants by micromanipulation. on the basis of their near complete (ben 200 and ben 201), or partial (ben 77, ben 78, ben 202, ben 203, ben 204 and ben 205) 16s rrna gene sequences, six of these isolates were 99.3-100% similar to lactosphaera pasteurii and trichococcus flocculiformis ...200011249023
streptococcus suis peritonitis: case report.a 45-year-old thai man who presented with peritonitis was seen in a tertiary care centre in thailand. an exploratory laparotomy was done because of peritonitis from abdominal trauma. postoperatively the patient received intravenous ceftriaxone and metronidazole, but he developed rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. hemodialysis was performed. after 8 days, the peritonitis had relapsed with hypotension. the patient was given vasopressives but clinicaly deteriorated and expired on day 11. the p ...200011143496
streptococcus suis meningitis, a poacher's risk.streptococcus suis infection is a zoonosis that has been mainly reported in pig-rearing and pork-consuming countries. the most common disease manifestation is meningitis, often associated with cochleovestibular signs. the causative agent is streptococcus suis serotype 2, found as a commensal in the tonsils of its natural host, the pig. persons at risk are mostly those with an occupational exposure to domestic pigs or their meat products. a case of meningitis caused by streptococcus suis in a poa ...200011205632
distribution of capsular types and production of muramidase-released protein (mrp) and extracellular factor (ef) of streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased pigs in seven european countries.streptococcus suis strains (n=411), isolated from diseased pigs in seven european countries were serotyped using specific antisera against serotype 1 to 28, and were phenotyped on the basis of their muramidase-released-protein (mrp) and extracellular-factor protein (ef) production. overall, s. suis serotype 2 appeared to be most prevalent (32%), followed by serotype 9 (20%) and serotype 1 (12%). serotype 2 was most frequently isolated in france, italy and spain, whereas serotype 9 was most frequ ...200010808092
distribution of streptococcus suis capsular types in 1999. 200010816840
detection of streptococcus suis by in situ hybridization, indirect immunofluorescence, and peroxidase-antiperoxidase assays in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from pigs.streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in pigs and is considered a zoonotic agent. to aid diagnosis of infection caused by s. suis, a species-specific probe targeting 16s ribosomal rna was designed and used for fluorescent in situ hybridization. two additional immunohistochemical detection methods, an indirect immunofluorescence assay and a peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, using polyclonal antibodies also were developed. the specificity of the oligonucleotide probe was examined by whole-ce ...200010826835
selection of recombinant antibodies specific for pathogenic streptococcus suis by subtractive phage display.a semisynthetic antibody phage display library was used to select recombinant antibodies directed against surface components of a pathogenic strain of streptococcus suis serotype 2 and against extracellular factor (ef), a protein known to be exclusively associated with pathogenic s. suis serotype 2 strains. three distinct monoclonal phage antibodies directed against conformational epitopes of surface protein components of s. suis were selected. in addition, three different monoclonal phage antib ...200010858208
the cps locus of streptococcus suis serotype 2: genetic determinant for the synthesis of sialic acid.the capsule of s. suis serotype 2 is composed of glucose, galatose, n-acetylglucosamine, rhamnose and sialic acid. recently, we described a major part of the cps2 locus of s. suis serotype 2. based on sequence homology genes encoding potential glucosyl-, galactosyl-, n-acetylglucosaminyl- and rhamnosyltransferase activities could be identified. however, we did not find genes involved in the synthesis of sialic acid. here, we describe the cloning and characterization of a remaining part of the cp ...200010906268
interactions between streptococcus suis serotype 2 and different epithelial cell lines.streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen responsible for cases of sudden death, septicaemia, meningitis, endocarditis and pneumonia. it is also recognized as a zoonotic agent in people occupationally exposed to pigs or pig products. knowledge on virulence factors of s. suis serotype 2 is limited and the pathogenesis of the infection is poorly understood. it has been suggested that the disease due to s. suis serotype 2 begins with colonization of the nasopharyngeal epithelium, followed b ...200010931895
the pathogenesis of the meningitis caused by streptococcus suis: the unresolved questions.streptococcus suis is one of the most important swine pathogens world-wide. among the serotypes described, type 2 is the serotype most frequently associated with disease. despite increasing research in recent years, knowledge of virulence factors and the pathogenesis of the infection remain limited. this review discusses the currently available information on s. suis serotype 2 virulence factors and the pathogenesis of the meningitis caused by this important bacterial species. in addition, some ...200010973700
production of muraminidase-released protein (mrp), extracellular factor (ef) and suilysin by field isolates of streptococcus suis capsular types 2, 1/2, 9, 7 and 3 isolated from swine in france.a total of 323 isolates of streptococcus suis recovered from diseased or healthy pigs in france were serotyped. the presence of virulence-related proteins, muraminidase-released protein (mrp), extracellular factor (ef) and suilysin was also studied in 122 isolates of capsular types 2, 1/2, 9, 7 and 3 to evaluate their implication in virulence of s. suis. capsular types 2, 1/2, 9, 7 and 3 were the most frequently detected (93%), with 69% for the capsular type 2 alone. capsular types 2, 1/2, 9, 7, ...200011050742
a 10-year survey of antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus suis isolates from swine in japan.a number of 689 streptococcus suis isolates collected nationwide from diseased and healthy pigs from 1987 to 1996 were surveyed for antibiotic susceptibilities to 11 drugs. no isolates resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim were found. isolates were highly susceptible to penicillins (penicillin g, ampicillin, and amoxicillin) except cloxacillin. they were not susceptible to tetracycline, streptomycin, and kanamaycin (mic90 50 microg/ml, > or = 100 microg/ml, ...200011073075
in vitro susceptibility of porcine respiratory pathogens to tilmicosin.bacterial isolates obtained from swine with various clinical diseases were tested for susceptibility to tilmicosin by minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and kirby-bauer disk diffusion tests using national committee on clinical laboratory standards methodology. the tilmicosin mic90 was < or =0.125 microg/ml for erysiopelothrix rhusiopathiae, < or = 1 microg/ml for haemophilus parasuis isolates, 8 microg/ml for actinobacillus suis and pasteurella multocida type a, 16 microg/ml for toxigenic an ...200011108454
sequence analysis of a small cryptic plasmid isolated from streptococcus suis serotype 2.a small cryptic plasmid designated pssu1 was isolated from streptococcus suis serotype 2 strain dat1. the complete sequence of pssu1 was 4975 bp and contained six major open reading frames (orfs). orf1 and orf2 encode for proteins highly homologous to copg and repb of the pmv158 family, respectively. orf5 encodes for a protein highly homologous to mob of pmv158. orf4 encodes for a protein highly homologous to orf3 of pva380-1 of s. ferus, but its function is unknown. there was no similarity betw ...200010568806
cloning and characterization of the gene encoding o-acetylserine lyase from streptococcus suis.we have cloned and sequenced a gene encoding o-acetylserine lyase from streptococcus suis. the gene encodes a protein of 309 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 32,038 da. the deduced amino acid sequence showed more extensive similarities to the cysk proteins than to the cysm proteins of other bacteria. the cloned gene was inserted into a ptrchisb histidine hexamer expression vector. a 38-kda fusion protein was expressed in a cysmk auxotrophic mutant of salmonella typhimurium and com ...200010568807
streptococcus suis serotype 2 interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a worldwide causative agent of many forms of swine infection and is also recognized as a zoonotic agent causing human disease, including meningitis. the pathogenesis of s. suis infections is poorly understood. bacteria circulate in the bloodstream in the nonimmune host until they come in contact with brain microvascular endothelial cells (bmec) forming the blood-brain barrier. the bacterial polysaccharide capsule confers antiphagocytic properties. it is known tha ...200010639427
coinfection by porcine circoviruses and porcine parvovirus in pigs with naturally acquired postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is an emerging disease in swine. recently, the disease has been reproduced with inocula containing a newly described porcine circovirus (pcv), designated pcv 2, and porcine parvovirus (ppv). in order to determine if these viruses interact in naturally acquired pmws, affected tissues from field cases were examined by immunohistochemistry (ihc) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for pcv 2 and ppv, as well as by pcr for the other recognized porcine ...200010690771
efficacy of antimicrobial treatments and vaccination regimens for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and streptococcus suis coinfection of nursery pigs.seventy-six, crossbred, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv)-free pigs were weaned at 12 days of age and randomly assigned to seven groups of 10 to 11 pigs each. pigs in group 1 served as unchallenged controls. pigs in groups 2 to 7 were challenged intranasally with 2 ml of high-virulence prrsv isolate vr-2385 (10(4.47) 50% tissue culture infective doses per 2 ml) on day 0 of the study (30 days of age). seven days after prrsv challenge, pigs in groups 2 to 7 were challenge ...200010699012
pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced increase in susceptibility to streptococcus suis infection.eighty 3-week-old crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to six groups (13-14 pigs/group). group 1 pigs served as uninoculated controls, group 2 pigs were inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with streptococcus suis serotype 2, group 3 pigs were inoculated i.n. with a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccine, group 4 pigs were inoculated i.n. with the same vaccine and with s. suis, group 5 pigs were inoculated i.n. with vr-2385 (a high-virulence strain of prrsv) ...200010714643
[homogeneity study on the streptococcus suis isolated from human and swine].to identify s. suis and to evaluate the homogeneity of isolates of s. suis from human and swine.200011860827
[studies on human streptococcal infectious syndrome caused by infected pigs].to demonstrate the clinical manifestations of s. suis infectious syndrome; to study the characteristics of causative organism and its source.200011860922
endocarditis and meningitis caused by streptococcus suis after cardiac surgery in a sheep.a female dorset-cross sheep developed labored respirations and was anorexic, weak, ataxic and febrile (42.0 degrees c) 15 days after implantation of a cardiac device. clinical pathologic evaluation identified a mild leukocytosis (11,800 cells/microl), neutrophilia (8,969 cells/microl), and hypokalemia (2.9 mmol/l). despite intensive therapy, the animal was euthanized 7 days later. necropsy of the sheep revealed meningitis and vegetative endocarditis associated with the cardiac device. blood cult ...200011487230
the role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection.the objective of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the complex interaction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine pulmonary intravascular macrophages (pims). pims play an important role in pulmonary surveillance, and in the past few years we have investigated their role in prrsv infection. prrsv antigens and nucleic acids have been demonstrated in pims both in vitro and in vivo. examination of cultured pims infected with prrsv reve ...200011708601
pathogenicity of streptococcus suis serotype 4 in piglets. 199910755591
effects of iron and manganese availability on growth and production of superoxide dismutase by streptococcus suis.a complex medium supported good growth of the type strain of streptococcus suis irrespective of the presence or absence of a high concentration (1 microm) of the iron chelating agent, ethylenediamine di-o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. good growth was also obtained using a complex medium that had been treated with chelex-100 to reduce the iron content, but only if this medium was supplemented with manganese; supplementation with iron had little effect. collectively, these results indicate that s. sui ...199910696482
determination of the cell adhesion specificity of streptococcus suis with the complete set of monodeoxy analogues of globotriose.streptococcus suis causes meningitis and other serious infections in pigs and humans, and binds to host cell globotriosylceramide. in order to determine the essential hydroxyls involved in binding, the complete set of monodeoxy derivatives of the receptor trisaccharide gal alpha1-gal beta1-4glc were tested as inhibitors of bacterial hemagglutination. removal of the 4''-, 6'', 2' or 3'-hydroxyls abolished inhibitory activity, which indicated that they were critically involved in binding. the same ...199910580652
presence of the streptococcus suis suilysin gene and expression of mrp and ef correlates with high virulence in streptococcus suis type 2 isolates.nineteen streptococccus suis type 2 isolates that had been analyzed previously for hemolysin production, ribotype, and virulence in pigs were examined for presence of the gene coding for suilysin by pcr amplification, and southern blot and hybridization techniques. based on southern blot and hybridization analysis, all isolates tested contained at least a portion of the suilysin gene. pcr amplification of the entire gene resulted in gene fragments from five of the seven highly virulent isolates ...199910596804
dilemma of the virulence of strptococcus suis strains. 199910636727
relatedness of streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates from different geographic origins as evaluated by molecular fingerprinting and phenotyping.the genetic diversity of 88 streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates which were recovered from various countries was examined by randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis with three primers. this bacterial collection included 80 isolates of porcine origin and 8 of human origin. this investigation allowed the identification of 23 rapd types containing 1 to 30 isolates originating from one to six countries. common rapd patterns were found between human and pig isolates. the isolates were al ...19999889219
associations of streptococcus suis serotype 2 ribotype profiles with clinical disease and antimicrobial resistance.a total of 122 streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains were characterized thoroughly by comparing clinical and pathological observations, ribotype profiles, and antimicrobial resistance. twenty-one different ribotype profiles were found and compared by cluster analysis, resulting in the identification of three ribotype clusters. a total of 58% of all strains investigated were of two ribotypes belonging to different ribotype clusters. a remarkable relationship existed between the observed ribotype ...19999889228
comparative in vitro activity of valnemulin against porcine bacterial pathogens. 199910070704
identification and characterization of the cps locus of streptococcus suis serotype 2: the capsule protects against phagocytosis and is an important virulence factor.to study the role of the capsule of streptococcus suis serotype 2 in virulence, we generated two isogenic mutants disturbed in capsule production. for that purpose, we first cloned and characterized a major part of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis (cps) locus of s. suis serotype 2. based on the established sequence, 14 open reading frames (orfs), designated orf2z, orf2y, orf2x, and cps2a to cps2k, were identified. twelve orfs belonged to a single transcriptional unit. the gene products o ...199910085014
the presence of muramidase released protein and extracellular factor protein in various serotypes of streptococcus suis isolated from diseased and healthy pigs in spain.a total of 142 strains from different serotypes of streptococcus suis isolated in spain from diseased pigs (88 strains) and healthy carrier pigs (54 strains) were studied for the presence of a muramidase released protein (mrp) and an extracellular factor (ef). the following five phenotypes: mrp+ef+, mrp+ef-, mrp-ef+, mrp+ef* and mrp*ef- were detected. a high percentage of s. suis serotype 2 strains isolated from diseased pigs (84 per cent) belonged to phenotype mrp+ef+, but this phenotype has al ...199910088715
distribution of streptococcus suis capsular types in 1998. 199910200888
low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic agents brucella abortus, leptospira spp., streptococcus suis serotype ii, hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of the netherlands.serum samples from 102 veterinarians and 191 pig farmers from the southern part of the netherlands were investigated for antibodies against brucella abortus, leptospira spp, streptococcus suis serotype ii, hantavirus (hv), and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv). all samples were collected in 1993 and stored until this study was performed. the prevalence of antibodies against b.abortus in veterinarians (4.5%) was significantly higher (p = 0.01) than in pig farmers (0%). none of the veterin ...199910321013
agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: actinobacillus suis, haemophilus parasuis, and streptococcus suis.in recent years, actinobacillus suis, haemophilus parasuis, and streptococcus suis have emerged as important pathogens of swine, particularly in high health status herds. their association with a wide range of serious clinical conditions and has given rise to the moniker "suis-ide diseases." these organisms are early colonizers and, for that reason, are difficult to control by management procedures such as segregated early weaning. vaccination, serodiagnostic testing, and even serotyping are com ...199910369563
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