Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| nlrx1 is a mitochondrial nod-like receptor that amplifies nf-kappab and jnk pathways by inducing reactive oxygen species production. | nod-like receptors (nlrs) are a family of intracellular sensors of microbial- or danger-associated molecular patterns. here, we report the identification of nlrx1, which is a new member of the nlr family that localizes to the mitochondria. nlrx1 alone failed to trigger most of the common signalling pathways, including nuclear factor-kappab (nf)-kappab- and type i interferon-dependent cascades, but could potently trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). importantly, nlrx1 synergis ... | 2008 | 18219313 |
| regulation of expression and secretion of nleh, a new non-locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded effector in citrobacter rodentium. | together with enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and enteropathogenic escherichia coli, citrobacter rodentium is a member of the attaching-and-effacing (a/e) family of bacterial pathogens. a/e pathogens use a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to translocate an assortment of effector proteins, encoded both within and outside the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee), into the colonized host cell, leading to the formation of a/e lesions and disease. here we report the identification and characteriza ... | 2008 | 18223087 |
| the origin of a novel gene through overprinting in escherichia coli. | overlapped genes originate by a) loss of a stop codon among contiguous genes coded in different frames; b) shift to an upstream initiation codon of one of the contiguous genes; or c) by overprinting, whereby a novel open reading frame originates through point mutation inside an existing gene. although overlapped genes are common in viruses, it is not clear whether overprinting has led to new genes in prokaryotes. | 2008 | 18226237 |
| estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of the inva-gene-based pcr technique and a bacteriological culture for the detection of salmonella spp. in caecal content from slaughtered pigs using bayesian analysis. | the goal of this study was to estimate the accuracy of the inva-gene-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and a culture technique based on pre-enrichment with buffered peptone water, three selective enrichment media (selenite, tetrathionate and rappaport-vassiliadis broths) and four selective, solid media (xylose-lysine-tergitol-4, salmonella/shigella, hekton-enteric and macconkey), for the detection of salmonella organisms from caecal samples from slaughter pigs. for this purpose a latent-clas ... | 2008 | 18234030 |
| cmy-2-type plasmid-mediated ampc beta-lactamase finally emerging in argentina. | 2008 | 18242960 | |
| on-line monitoring of microbial volatile metabolites by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry. | a method for analysis of volatile organic compounds (vocs) from microbial cultures was established using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (ptr-ms). a newly developed sampling system was coupled to a ptr-ms instrument to allow on-line monitoring of vocs in the dynamic headspaces of microbial cultures. the novel ptr-ms method was evaluated for four reference organisms: escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica, and candida tropicalis. headspace vocs in sampling bottles con ... | 2008 | 18245241 |
| eukaryotic expression and antimicrobial spectrum determination of the peptide tachyplesin ii. | ta0-a, the gene encoding the mature antimicrobial peptide tachyplesin ii, was engineered to optimize the coding sequence according to codon usage bias in yeast. ta0-a was efficiently expressed in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris strain smd1168. the recombinant peptide ta0 reached 150mg/l after methanol induction for 6 d. ta0 was rapidly purified to homogeneity by a single step of size-exclusion chromatography. the minimal lethal concentrations of ta0 to the escherichia coli strain k12 wa ... | 2008 | 18249136 |
| traveler's myopericarditis. | colitis caused by shigella is an uncommon etiology of infectious diarrhea in developed countries, usually presenting as traveler's diarrhea. aside from clinical intestinal manifestations, shigellosis can present with a wide variety of extra-intestinal symptoms. we present the case of a 38-year-old man with diarrhea, fever, and chest pain that started after a holiday in cape verde (africa). blood samples revealed an increase in cardiac enzymes. an electrocardiogram revealed a widespread elevation ... | 2008 | 18249314 |
| delivery of biologically active anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and il-1ra in vivo by the shigella type iii secretion apparatus. | pathogenicity of many gram-negative bacteria relies on a type iii secretion (t3s) apparatus, which is used for delivery of bacterial effectors into the host cell cytoplasm allowing the bacteria to manipulate host cell cytoskeleton network as well as to interfere with intracellular signaling pathways. in this study, we investigated the potential of the shigella flexneri t3sa as an in vivo delivery system for biologically active molecules such as cytokines. the anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 an ... | 2008 | 18322242 |
| impact of infections and normal flora in nonhuman primates on drug development. | preclinical safety studies that are required for the marketing approval of a pharmaceutical include single and repeat dose studies in rodent and nonrodent species. the use of nonhuman primates (nhps), primarily macaques, as the nonrodent species has increased in recent years, in part due to the increase in development of biopharmaceuticals and immunomodulatory agents. depending on the source of the macaques, they may vary in genetic background, normal flora, and/or the incidence of preexisting p ... | 2008 | 18323580 |
| pyrosequencing analysis of the gyrb gene to differentiate bacteria responsible for diarrheal diseases. | pathogens causing acute diarrhea include a large variety of species from enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae. a method based on pyrosequencing was used here to differentiate bacteria commonly associated with diarrhea in china; the method is targeted to a partial amplicon of the gyrb gene, which encodes the b subunit of dna gyrase. twenty-eight specific polymorphic positions were identified from sequence alignment of a large sequence dataset and targeted using 17 sequencing primers. of 95 isolate ... | 2008 | 18324428 |
| cold shock exoribonuclease r (vacb) is involved in aeromonas hydrophila pathogenesis. | in this study, we cloned and sequenced a virulence-associated gene (vacb) from a clinical isolate ssu of aeromonas hydrophila. we identified this gene based on our recently annotated genome sequence of the environmental isolate atcc 7966(t) of a. hydrophila and the vacb gene of shigella flexneri. the a. hydrophila vacb protein contained 798 amino acid residues, had a molecular mass of 90.5 kda, and exhibited an exoribonuclease (rnase r) activity. the rnase r of a. hydrophila was a cold-shock pro ... | 2008 | 18344363 |
| maturation of paneth cells induces the refractory state of newborn mice to shigella infection. | the intestinal tract of adult mice is naturally resistant to infection by shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery in humans. conversely, newborn mice are highly susceptible to intragastric shigella infection and develop inflammatory lesions of the jejunal mucosa, very similar to those observed in the colon of dysenteric patients. however, the susceptibility period is short and one week after birth, animals have acquired a status of resistance characteristic of adult animals. to iden ... | 2008 | 18354217 |
| high rate of resistance to locally used antibiotics among enteric bacteria from children in northern ghana. | information on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens is scarce in resource-poor settings. we determined the susceptibility of bacterial enteric pathogens and faecal escherichia coli isolates obtained from children in urban tamale, northern ghana, to antibiotics widely used in the that area [ampicillin or amoxicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (sxt) and chloramphenicol] and to alternative drugs. | 2008 | 18356156 |
| differential expression of ompc and ompf in multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae and shigella flexneri by aqueous extract of aegle marmelos, altering its susceptibility toward beta-lactam antibiotics. | steadily increasing resistance among shigella to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline has compromised the utility of these commonly used antimicrobial agents. also, undesirable side effects of certain antibiotics have triggered immense interest in search of alternative therapies using medicinal plants. one such medicinal plant used since ancient times to cure diarrhea is aegle marmelos. the present study exemplifies the susceptibility of beta-lactam-resistant shigella dysenteriae and ... | 2008 | 18358664 |
| differential regulation by magnesium of the two msbb paralogs of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri, a gram-negative enteric pathogen, is unusual in that it contains two nonredundant paralogous genes that encode the myristoyl transferase msbb (lpxm) that catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of the lipid a moiety of lipopolysaccharide. msbb1 is encoded on the chromosome, and msbb2 is encoded on the large virulence plasmid present in all pathogenic shigellae. we demonstrate that myristoyl transferase activity due to msbb2 is detected in limited magnesium medium, but not in ... | 2008 | 18359815 |
| ctx-m-3 type beta-lactamase producing shigella sonnei isolates from pediatric bacillary dysentery cases. | in this study, 153 clinical isolates of shigella were screened for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) production by double-disk synergy test. after being confirmed by the combined disk-test and inhibitor-combined e-test strips, all positive isolates were tested for the bla gene by pcr and the enzymes by isoelectric focusing. dna sequencing of pcr products revealed that five shigella sonnei isolates had ctx-m-3 type esbl enzymes. all of them were resistant to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and ... | 2008 | 18362404 |
| [antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria: 40. the structures of o-specific polysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae types 3 and 9 and s. boydii type 4 revised by nmr spectroscopy]. | the reported structures of o-specific polysaccharides from three standard strains of shigella bacteria were corrected by modern nmr techniques. the revisions concerned the configuration of the o-glycoside linkage (s. dysenteriae type 3, structure 1), the positions of monosaccharide residue glycosylation and acetylation by pyruvic acid (s. dysenteriae type 9, structure 2), and the attachment position of the side monosaccharide chain (s. boydii type 4, structure 3) [struxture in text]. | 2008 | 18365747 |
| contamination of a blood culture with shigella sonnei. | 2008 | 18371521 | |
| analysis of rho-gtpase mimicry by a family of bacterial type iii effector proteins. | microbial pathogens may hijack the actin cytoskeleton machinery to facilitate actin-based motility, cellular invasion, and intracellular trafficking through the endocytic pathway. of particular interest has been a large class of virulence factors collectively termed the type iii "effector" proteins. following contact with a eukaryotic cell, gram-negative bacterial pathogens employ a dedicated protein secretion apparatus termed type iii to translocate effector proteins into the cellular cytoplasm ... | 2008 | 18374161 |
| coiled-coil regions play a role in the function of the shigella flexneri o-antigen chain length regulator wzzphs2. | regulation of the length of the o-antigen (oag) chain attached to lps in shigella flexneri is important for virulence and is dependent on the inner-membrane protein wzz. a lack of high-resolution structural data for wzz has hampered efforts so far to correlate mutations affecting function of wzz with structure and describe a mechanism for chain length regulation. here we have used secondary structure prediction to show that the periplasmic domain of the wzz(phs2) protein has three regions of sig ... | 2008 | 18375803 |
| ospf directly attenuates the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase during invasion by shigella flexneri in human dendritic cells. | shigella spp., gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, deliver various effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm through their type iii secretion system to facilitate their invasive process and control the host innate immune responses. although the function of these effectors is well characterized in epithelial cells during shigella infection, it has not been elucidated in the dendritic cell (dc), a major antigen presenting cell playing an important role in the initiation of immune responses. i ... | 2008 | 18378312 |
| insecticidal properties and microbial contaminants in a spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (baculoviridae) formulation stored at different temperatures. | the spodoptera exigua (hübner) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (semnpv) is currently being tested as a biological insecticide for use in greenhouse crops in southern spain. we performed a study in which semipurified semnpv occlusion bodies (obs) were formulated in phosphate-buffered saline, ph 6.5, with 5% (vol:vol) glycerol and 0.15% (wt:vol) sorbic acid, and they were stored at -20, 4, or 25 degrees c during 18 mo. initial aerobic counts (+/-se) averaged 1.4 (+/-0.17) x 10(7) colony-forming unit ... | 2008 | 18330114 |
| subversion of actin dynamics by espm effectors of attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens. | rho gtpases are common targets of bacterial toxins and type iii secretion system effectors. ipgb1 and ipgb2 of shigella and map of enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohemorrhagic (ehec) escherichia coli were recently grouped together on the basis that they share a conserved wxxxe motif. in this study, we characterized six wxxxe effectors from attaching and effacing pathogens: trca and espm1 of epec strain b171, espm1 and espm2 of ehec strain sakai and espm2 and espm3 of citrobacter rodentium. we s ... | 2008 | 18331467 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens in a population of zoo animals. | faecal prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens, including campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, as well as arcobacter, were examined in 317 faecal specimens from 44 animal species in belfast zoological gardens, during july-september 2006. thermophilic campylobacters including campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and campylobacter lari, were the most frequently isolated pathogens, where members of this genus were isolated from 11 animal species (1 ... | 2008 | 18331520 |
| a pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after oral and intramuscular dosing of enrofloxacin in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | enrofloxacin is used for treating shigellosis in non-human primates; however, there are no reports describing its pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys. pharmacokinetic data in intended target species (rhesus) help to determine the proper dose regimen. blood levels of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (enrofloxacin's active metabolite), were determined after either intramuscular or oral dosing of enrofloxacin for 7 days in a cross-over study. levels of both antibiotics were determined by solid phase e ... | 2008 | 18384536 |
| antimicrobial activity of 2,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone from embelia schimperi. | chromatographic separation of an ethyl acetate extract from embelia schimperi led to the isolation of a new compound identified as 2,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (1) on the basis of spectroscopic and physical data. the plant's crude extract and pure compound 1 were assayed for in vitro antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of salmonella spp., proteus spp., pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, cryptococcus neoformans, shigella dysentriae and staphylo ... | 2008 | 18386487 |
| a cost function analysis of shigellosis in thailand. | the purpose of this study was to develop a cost function model to estimate the public treatment cost of shigellosis patients in thailand. | 2008 | 18387071 |
| human-derived probiotic lactobacillus reuteri demonstrate antimicrobial activities targeting diverse enteric bacterial pathogens. | lactobacillus reuteri is a commensal-derived anaerobic probiotic that resides in the human gastrointestinal tract. l. reuteri converts glycerol into a potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound, reuterin, which inhibits the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. in this study, we compared four human-derived l. reuteri isolates (atcc 55730, atcc pta 6475, atcc pta 4659 and atcc pta 5289) in their ability to produce reuterin and to inhibit the growth of different enteric pathogens i ... | 2008 | 18396068 |
| structure and genetics of shigella o antigens. | this review covers the o antigens of the 46 serotypes of shigella, but those of most shigella flexneri are variants of one basic structure, leaving 34 shigella distinct o antigens to review, together with their gene clusters. several of the structures and gene clusters are reported for the first time and this is the first such group for which structures and dna sequences have been determined for all o antigens. shigella strains are in effect escherichia coli with a specific mode of pathogenicity ... | 2008 | 18422615 |
| role of rna polymerase sigma-factor (rpos) in induction of glutamate-dependent acid-resistance of escherichia albertii under anaerobic conditions. | escherichia albertii is a potential enteric food-borne pathogen with poorly defined genetic and biochemical properties. acid resistance is perceived to be an important property of enteric pathogens, enabling them to survive passage through stomach acidity so that they may colonize the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. we analyzed glutamate-dependent acid-resistance pathway (gdar) in five e. albertii strains that have been identified so far. we observed that the strains were unable to induce gdar ... | 2008 | 18422618 |
| comparing the antimicrobial effectiveness of nacl and kcl with a view to salt/sodium replacement. | a study using a small range of pathogenic bacterial species (aeromonas hydrophila, enterobacter sakazakii, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica and 3 strains of staphylococcus aureus) has shown that potassium chloride has an equivalent antimicrobial effect on these organisms when calculated on a molar basis. combined nacl and kcl experiments were carried out and data was analysed using a modification to the lambert and lambert [lambert, r.j.w., and lambert, r., 2003. a model for the effica ... | 2008 | 18423764 |
| virulent shigella flexneri subverts the host innate immune response through manipulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. | antimicrobial factors are efficient defense components of the innate immunity, playing a crucial role in the intestinal homeostasis and protection against pathogens. in this study, we report that upon infection of polarized human intestinal cells in vitro, virulent shigella flexneri suppress transcription of several genes encoding antimicrobial cationic peptides, particularly the human beta-defensin hbd-3, which we show to be especially active against s. flexneri. this is an example of targeted ... | 2008 | 18426984 |
| ctx-m-15-producing shigella sonnei strain from a czech patient who traveled in asia. | 2008 | 18434554 | |
| alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. | antimicrobial hand soaps provide a greater bacterial reduction than nonantimicrobial soaps. however, the link between greater bacterial reduction and a reduction of disease has not been definitively demonstrated. confounding factors, such as compliance, soap volume, and wash time, may all influence the outcomes of studies. the aim of this work was to examine the effects of wash time and soap volume on the relative activities and the subsequent transfer of bacteria to inanimate objects for antimi ... | 2008 | 18441107 |
| nonbloody, red stools from coadministration of cefdinir and iron-supplemented infant formulas. | cefdinir is an extended-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin that may be used for treatment of acute otitis media in patients allergic to penicillin. when administered with iron-containing products, including infant formulas, cefdinir or one of its metabolites may bind to ferric ions, forming a nonabsorbable complex that imparts a reddish color to the stool. we describe a 9-month-old infant with failure to thrive and acute otitis media who developed an erythematous maculopapular rash during ... | 2008 | 18447664 |
| shigellosis: the current status of vaccine development. | shigellosis, a major form of bacillary dysentery, is caused by infection with shigella organisms. in poor countries, shigella-caused dysentery is endemic and causes an estimated 163 million illness episodes annually and more than one million deaths. although several strategies have been used to develop vaccines targeting shigellosis, none has been licensed for use outside china. owing to the wide range of shigella serotypes and subtypes, there is a need for a multivalent vaccine representing pre ... | 2008 | 18448978 |
| deoxycholate interacts with ipad of shigella flexneri in inducing the recruitment of ipab to the type iii secretion apparatus needle tip. | type iii secretion (tts) is an essential virulence function for shigella flexneri that delivers effector proteins that are responsible for bacterial invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. the shigella tts apparatus (ttsa) consists of a basal body that spans the bacterial inner and outer membranes and a needle exposed at the pathogen surface. at the distal end of the needle is a "tip complex" composed of invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad). ipad not only regulates tts, but is required for the rec ... | 2008 | 18450744 |
| a global modulatory role for the yersinia enterocolitica h-ns protein. | the h-ns protein plays a significant role in the modulation of gene expression in gram-negative bacteria. whereas isolation and characterization of hns mutants in escherichia coli, salmonella and shigella represented critical steps to gain insight into the modulatory role of h-ns, it has hitherto not been possible to isolate hns mutants in yersinia. the hns mutation is considered to be deleterious in this genus. to study the modulatory role of h-ns in yersinia we circumvented hns lethality by ex ... | 2008 | 18451036 |
| mutagenesis of the shigella flexneri autotransporter icsa reveals novel functional regions involved in icsa biogenesis and recruitment of host neural wiscott-aldrich syndrome protein. | the icsa (virg) protein of shigella flexneri is a polarly localized, outer membrane protein that is essential for virulence. within host cells, icsa activates the host actin regulatory protein, neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), which in turn recruits the arp2/3 complex, which nucleates host actin to form f-actin comet tails and initiate bacterial motility. linker insertion mutagenesis was undertaken to randomly introduce 5-amino-acid in-frame insertions within icsa. forty-seven l ... | 2008 | 18456802 |
| what's the point of the type iii secretion system needle? | recent work by several groups has significantly expanded our knowledge of the structure, regulation of assembly, and function of components of the extracellular portion of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of gram-negative bacteria. this perspective presents a structure-informed analysis of functional data and discusses three nonmutually exclusive models of how a key aspect of t3ss biology, the sensing of host cells, may be performed. | 2008 | 18458349 |
| global epidemiology of infections due to shigella, salmonella serotype typhi, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | 2008 | 18461719 | |
| an intersubunit active site between supercoiled parallel beta helices in the trimeric tailspike endorhamnosidase of shigella flexneri phage sf6. | sf6 belongs to the podoviridae family of temperate bacteriophages that infect gram-negative bacteria by insertion of their double-stranded dna. they attach to their hosts specifically via their tailspike proteins. the 1.25 a crystal structure of shigella phage sf6 tailspike protein (sf6 tsp) reveals a conserved architecture with a central, right-handed beta helix. in the trimer of sf6 tsp, the parallel beta helices form a left-handed, coiled-beta coil with a pitch of 340 a. the c-terminal domain ... | 2008 | 18462681 |
| immunological evidence for functional rather than structural mimicry by a shigella flexneri y polysaccharide-mimetic peptide. | an approach to vaccine design is the use of molecules that mimic the immunogenic element of interest. in this context, the interaction of mdwnmhaa, a peptide mimic of the shigella flexneri y o polysaccharide (ps), with an anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibody, as studied previously by x-ray crystallography, suggested the presence of functional rather than structural mimicry and a bound peptide conformation that was not represented significantly in the free-ligand ensemble. the antibody response ... | 2008 | 18463226 |
| simple sequence repeats in different genome sequences of shigella and comparison with high gc and at-rich genomes. | simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are omnipresent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are found anywhere in the genome in both protein encoding and noncoding regions. in present study the whole genome sequences of seven chromosomes (shigella flexneri 2a str301 and 2457t, shigella sonnei, escherichia coli k12, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae and staphylococcus saprophyticus) have downloaded from the genbank database for identifying abundance, distribution and composition of ssrs and ... | 2008 | 18464038 |
| [the distribution and antimicrobial resistance tendency of pathogens associated with diarrhea in beijing]. | to monitor the constituents and resistant tendency of bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients in our hospital form 1994 to 2005 to offer the basis for guiding epidemiologic study, vaccination research and clinical treatment. | 2008 | 18843955 |
| [analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis molecular subtyping of shigella strains in shenzhen]. | to analyze the genetic relations of shigella isolated from shenzhen in 2001-2006 and develop primary molecular subtyping surveillance network of shigella. | 2008 | 18844079 |
| [analysis on incidence of bacillary dysentery in jinan municipality from 1951 to 2005]. | to explore the epidemic characteristics of bacterial dysentery in jinan municipality, and to provide scientific basis for effective strategy for bacterial dysentery control. | 2008 | 18844085 |
| prevention of the cytopathic effect induced by clostridium difficile toxin b by active rac1. | clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) glucosylates low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho subfamily and thereby causes actin re-organization (cell rounding). this "cytopathic effect" has been generally attributed to rhoa inactivation. here we show that cells expressing non-glucosylatable rac1-q61l are protected from the cytopathic effect of tcdb. in contrast, cells expressing rhoa-q63l or mock-transfected cells are fully susceptible for the cytopathic effect of tcdb. these findings ... | 2008 | 18848548 |
| [htpg protein of shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t evokes inflammatory response in mice]. | to analyze the function of htpg of s. flexneri 2a 2457t, we constructed an htpg deletion mutant and a recovery mutant. | 2008 | 18837368 |
| [detection of staphylococcus aureus, shigella spp., salmonella spp. in food by multiplex pcr]. | to establish a multiplex pcr method for simultaneous detection of staphylococcus aureus, shigella spp., salmonella spp. in food. | 2008 | 18839528 |
| evaluation by real-time pcr of the expression of s. flexneri virulence-associated genes ospb and phon2 under different genetical backgrounds. | under conditions of activated type iii secretion shigella flexneri up-regulates the expression of numerous genes, including the virulence plasmid (pinv)-encoded ospb and phon2 genes. ospb and phon2 are virulence-associated genes which are part of a bicistronic transcriptional unit encoding ospb, a protein (effector) of unknown function secreted by the type iii secretion (tts) apparatus, and phon2 (apyrase or atp-diphosphohydrolase), a periplasmic protein involved in polar icsa localization on th ... | 2008 | 18831939 |
| 'form variation' of the o12 antigen is critical for persistence of salmonella typhimurium in the murine intestine. | salmonella enterica subspecies i serotypes are responsible for the vast majority of salmonellosis in mammals and birds, yet only a few factors specific to this group that allow them to persist in this niche have been identified. we show that stm0557, a s. enterica subspecies i-specific gene encoding an inner membrane protein, is critical for faecal shedding and intestinal persistence of s. enterica serotype typhimurium atcc14028 in salmonella-resistant mice, but mutations in this gene do not dim ... | 2008 | 18826410 |
| [new selective indicator medium for detection of aeromonas and plesiomonas: unisc agar]. | we evaluated a new selective indicator medium (unisc agar) for isolation of classical enteropathogens, aeromonas spp and plesiomonas shigelloides. the xylose fermentation capacity is indicated by a yellow color (fermenting agents) or blue (no fermenting agent). this, together with the oxidase test, establishes it as an indicator for detecting aeromonas and plesiomonas shigelloides. its productivity and selectivity, as assessed using the absolute count index and relative count index, indicate it ... | 2008 | 18853024 |
| bacteriophage 2851 is a prototype phage for dissemination of the shiga toxin variant gene 2c in escherichia coli o157:h7. | the production of shiga toxin (stx) (verocytotoxin) is a major virulence factor of escherichia coli o157:h7 strains (shiga toxin-producing e. coli [stec] o157). two types of shiga toxins, designated stx1 and stx2, are produced in stec o157. variants of the stx2 type (stx2, stx2c) are associated with high virulences of these strains for humans. a bacteriophage designated 2851 from a human stec o157 encoding the stx2c variant was described previously. nucleotide sequence analysis of the phage 2851 ... | 2008 | 18824528 |
| evaluation of methods for isolation of dna for polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based identification of pathogenic bacteria from pure cultures and water samples. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) provides a reliable detection of pathogenic bacteria in water samples. however, this method can be adversely influenced by the purity of the dna template. this is a particularly important obstacle when the bacterial dna is directly extracted from water samples. in this study we compared the suitability of 8 different methods for isolation of bacterial dna from pure cultures and 10 different methods for isolation of dna from water samples. the quality of extracted ... | 2008 | 18824796 |
| gateways to clinical trials. | 11d10, 9vpnc-mncc; adalimumab, adefovir dipivoxil, alefacept, aln-rsv01, ame-133, amg-317, aminolevulinic acid methyl ester, amlodipine besylate/atorvastatin calcium, anisodamine, anti-il-5 receptor antibody, apremilast, aripiprazole, atacicept, atazanavir sulfate, atrasentan; banoxantrone, bevacizumab, bibw-2992, binodenoson, bms-387032; cac10, caldaret hydrate, cd-np, ceftobiprole medocaril, celivarone fumarate, certolizumab pegol, cholesteryl hydrophobized polysaccharide-her2 protein complex, ... | 2008 | 18773127 |
| novel cassette arrays of integrons in clinical strains of enterobacteriaceae in china. | one hundred and forty-two enterobacteriaceae isolates randomly selected from four general hospitals in nanjing region of china were investigated for antibiotic susceptibility, the presence of integrons and the characterisation of gene cassettes. eighty-five (59.9%) enterobacteriaceae strains contained class 1 integrons, and 17 (65.4%) of 26 shigella contained class 2 integrons. class 3 integrons were not detected in this study. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and dna sequencing a ... | 2008 | 18778917 |
| novel fold of vira, a type iii secretion system effector protein from shigella flexneri. | vira, a secreted effector protein from shigella sp., has been shown to be necessary for its virulence. it was also reported that vira might be related to papain-like cysteine proteases and cleave alpha-tubulin, thus facilitating intracellular spreading. we have now determined the crystal structure of vira at 3.0 a resolution. the shape of the molecule resembles the letter "v," with the residues in the n-terminal third of the 45-kda molecule (some of which are disordered) forming one clearly iden ... | 2008 | 18787201 |
| [molecular typing of isolates from two dysentery outbreaks in chengdu, through pulsed field gel electrophoresis technology]. | using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) typing to analyze strains isolated from two outbreaks caused by shigella sonnei and to trace the source of infection. | 2008 | 18788530 |
| the roles of two-component systems in virulence of pathogenic escherichia coli and shigella spp. | two-component systems (tcss) are well conserved among e. coli strains, including pathogenic e. coli and also closely related shigella spp. although 25% of the genome of pathogenic e. coli is strain-specific, only small number of strain-specific tcss is found. regulation of virulence genes in response to environmental stimuli is partly dependent on tcss commonly present in nonpathogenic e. coli strains. some virulence genes are directly regulated by response regulator oftcs but some are affected ... | 2008 | 18792690 |
| molecular approach and bacterial quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities in egypt. | water is necessary to life so when supplied as drinking water to consumers, a satisfactory quality must be maintained. in egypt, infectious intestinal diseases are the major cause of hospitalization in almost all regions. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of treated and untreated water samples from urban and rural communities. thirty-five samples of treated (chlorinated) water from taps, 25 samples of bottled water and 15 samples of hand pump (untreated) water ... | 2008 | 18800596 |
| incidence of bacterial enteropathogens among hospitalized diarrhea patients from orissa, india. | bacteriological analysis of 1,551 stool/rectal swabs from all age groups of diarrhea patients of different hospitals of orissa from january 2004 to december 2006 was carried out using standard procedures. among all enteropathogens isolated in 886 culture-positive samples, escherichia coli constituted 75.5%, including 13.2% pathogenic e. coli; vibrio cholerae o1 constituted 17.3%; v. cholerae o139, 1%; shigella spp., 4.5% (shigella flexneri type 6, 2.9%, s. dysenteriae type i, 0.7%, s. sonnei, 0. ... | 2008 | 18806340 |
| indications and challenges of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in the management of arthralgias and spondyloarthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease. | arthralgia and spondyloarthropathy of the peripheral and the axial joints are common in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. evidence for this association has been provided by clinical, epidemiologic, and immunologic studies confirming the presence of shared inflammatory pathways in gut and joint. bacterial gut infections such as salmonella typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica, shigella, campylobacter jejuni may induce reactive peripheral arthritis and 20% of these patients may develop chr ... | 2008 | 18806706 |
| [dysentery and amoebiasis in poland in 2006]. | the number of notified as shigellosis, bacillary dysentery cases in the three last years (2004, 2005, 2006) is lower and lower and is the lowest of all years since 1918 when notification started. only 35 cases were notified in the year 2006, while 80 were notified in 2005 (incidence rate 0.21/100 000 population), and 74 cases in 2004 (incidence rate 0.19/100 000 population). no one-death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. no one outbreak was registered. twelve c ... | 2008 | 18807468 |
| [treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea with a suspension of donor faeces]. | to study the effect of treating recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) with a suspension of donor faeces. | 2008 | 18808083 |
| [glycosphingolipids gb3 and igb3. in vivo roles in hemolytic-uremic syndrome and inkt cell function]. | the glycosphingolipids globotrihexosylceramide (gb3, cd77) and isoglobotrihexosylceramide (igb3) are isomers differing only in one glycosidic bond and have been implicated in several processes of the innate and adaptive immune system. | 2008 | 18810447 |
| mechanisms of infectious diarrhea. | infectious diarrhea is an important public health problem worldwide. research has provided new insights into the mechanisms of diarrhea caused by various pathogens that are classified as noninflammatory, inflammatory or invasive. these three groups of organisms cause two diarrheal syndromes--noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea. the noninflammatory diarrheas are caused by enterotoxin-producing organisms such as vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, or by viruses tha ... | 2008 | 18813221 |
| subproteomic tools to increase genome annotation complexity. | comprehensive and precise annotations of short protein-coding genes are always a challenging task. here we propose a new design to facilitate the characterization of previously overlooked short protein-coding genes by integrating a shotgun proteomics method and oligonucleotide array analysis. using shigella flexneri as a model, we validate 163 annotated orfs and 51 hypothetical or putative transcripts at the protein level, and discover four novel short orfs. this strategy will contribute signifi ... | 2008 | 18814329 |
| inhibitory effects of sage extract on the growth of enteric bacteria. | antibacterial activity of sage extract at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.0125, 0.00625, 0.003125, 0.00156, 0.0005 and 0.00025 g dl(-1) against salmonella typhi, shigella sonnei, s. flexneri, proteus vulgaris, staphylococcus aureus, etec escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated. susceptibility testing of bacterial strains against 18 antibiotics was also performed for comparison. the results showed that p. aeruginosa and etec e. coli were completely resistant to sage extrac ... | 2008 | 18817180 |
| [rotaviruses in younger children in novosibirsk in 2005-2007: detection and genotyping]. | examination of 1898 patients with acute enteric infection from march 2005 to february 2007 showed that group a rotaviruses were the most frequent cause (35%) of acute gastroenteritis among children under 3 years of age. majority of cases of rotavirus infection was detected in infants under 1 year of age (71.8%). the peak of sporadic incidence was observed between february and may. high rate of mixed infection (45.6%) was observed - associations of rotaviruses with other viruses (noroviruses, ast ... | 2008 | 18819400 |
| methods and tools for comparative genomics of foodborne pathogens. | a comparison of genome sequences and of encoded proteins with the database of existing annotated sequences is a useful approach to understand the information at the genome level. here we demonstrate the utility of several dna and protein sequence comparison tools to interpret the information obtained from several genome projects. comparisons are presented between closely related strains of escherichia coli commensal isolates, different isolates of o157:h7, and shigella spp. it is expected that c ... | 2008 | 18713064 |
| all blood, no stool: enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 infection. | enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli serotype o157:h7 is a pathotype of diarrheagenic e. coli that produces one or more shiga toxins, forms a characteristic histopathology described as attaching and effacing lesions, and possesses the large virulence plasmid po157. the bacterium is recognized worldwide, especially in developed countries, as an emerging food-borne bacterial pathogen, which causes disease in humans and in some animals. healthy cattle are the principal and natural reservoir of e. col ... | 2008 | 18716441 |
| a potential plasmid-curing agent, 8-epidiosbulbin e acetate, from dioscorea bulbifera l. against multidrug-resistant bacteria. | bioassay-guided fractionation of an aqueous methanolic extract of dioscorea bulbifera l. bulbs was performed using organic solvents. a novel plasmid-curing compound was identified as 8-epidiosbulbin e acetate (eea) (norditerpene) on the basis of modern spectroscopic analysis and x-ray crystallography. eea exhibited broad-spectrum plasmid-curing activity against multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. eea cured antibiotic resistance plasmids (r-plasmids) fr ... | 2008 | 18718743 |
| factors associated with acute diarrhoea in children in dhahira, oman: a hospital-based study. | to elucidate the bacterial etiology of childhood diarrhoea in dhahira, 856 children < 12 years admitted for diarrhoea to ibri regional referral hospital from 2000 to 2002 were studied. the mean age was 2.4 (sd 2.3) years; the majority (92.9%) were < 5 years. bacterial etiology was found in 15.2% of cases; 10.6% due to shigella and 2.1% to salmonella. sh. sonnei was the commonest shigella serogroup isolated. salmonella infection was significantly associated with cramps, while shigella infection w ... | 2008 | 18720621 |
| antimicrobial activity of extracts of edible wild and cultivated mushrooms against foodborne bacterial strains. | the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts from edible wild and cultivated mushrooms against nine foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis, shigella sonnei, vibrio parahaemolyticus, yersinia enterocolitica, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus) was screened with a disk diffusion assay. twenty-nine of the 48 species tested had antimicrobial activity. meth ... | 2008 | 18724768 |
| role of nleh, a type iii secreted effector from attaching and effacing pathogens, in colonization of the bovine, ovine, and murine gut. | the human pathogen enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h7 colonizes human and animal gut via formation of attaching and effacing lesions. ehec strains use a type iii secretion system to translocate a battery of effector proteins into the mammalian host cell, which subvert diverse signal transduction pathways implicated in actin dynamics, phagocytosis, and innate immunity. the genomes of sequenced ehec o157:h7 strains contain two copies of the effector protein gene nleh, which share 49 ... | 2008 | 18725419 |
| resistance to fluoroquinolones by the combination of target site mutations and enhanced expression of genes for efflux pumps in shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei strains isolated in korea. | among 5938 clinical shigella spp. isolates, two s. flexneri strains were isolated as those resistant to fluoroquinolones based on the mics of the following antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and levofloxacin. s. flexneri 021787 had three substitutions, one in gyra (ser83leu) and two in parc (ser80ile and arg91gln). s. flexneri 021895 had four substitutions, two in gyra (ser83leu and asp87gly) and two in parc (ser80ile and arg91gln). the increased susceptibility of s ... | 2008 | 18727800 |
| occurrence and characteristics of the cytolysin a gene in shigella strains and other members of the family enterobacteriaceae. | cytolysin a (clya, hlye, shea) is a hemolytic pore-forming toxin found in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a. in the present study, analysis of several shigella strains revealed that they harbor only nonfunctional clya gene copies that have been inactivated either by the integration of insertion sequence (is) elements (shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, and shigella sonnei strains) or by a frameshift mutation (shigella flexneri). shigella dysenteriae and ... | 2008 | 18754791 |
| characterization of endemic shigella boydii strains isolated in iran by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profile, ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | shigellosis is one of the major causes of morbidity in children with diarrhea in iran. the present study was undertaken to characterize apparently sporadic shigella boydii strains isolated from pediatric patients in iran. | 2008 | 18755045 |
| topology and identification of critical residues of the o-acetyltransferase of serotype-converting bacteriophage, sf6, of shigella flexneri. | the modification of the lps o-antigen, seen in the diverse serotypes of shigella flexneri is brought about by the glucosyltransferases (gtr) and the o-acetyltransferase (oac). in this study, we establish the membrane topology of oac using the dual reporter phoa-laczalpha. we have determined that oac is an integral membrane protein with 10 transmembrane regions. the hydrophilic n- and c-termini are oriented in the cytoplasm. functionally important cytoplasmic and periplasmic loops have also been ... | 2008 | 18755141 |
| structural and functional studies indicate that shigella vira is not a protease and does not directly destabilize microtubules. | vira, an essential virulence factor in shigella disease pathogenesis, is involved in the uptake, motility, and cell-to-cell spread of shigella organisms within the human host. these functions have been attributed to a vira protease activity and a mechanism of microtubule destruction via tubulin degradation [yoshida, s., et al. (2006) science 314, 985-989]. we report functional and crystallographic data indicating a novel vira structure that lacks these activities but highlights the homology to t ... | 2008 | 18763811 |
| bacterial conjugation in the cytoplasm of mouse cells. | intracellular pathogenic organisms such as salmonellae and shigellae are able to evade the effects of many antibiotics because the drugs are not able to penetrate the plasma membrane. in addition, these bacteria may be able to transfer genes within cells while protected from the action of drugs. the primary mode by which virulence and antibiotic resistance genes are spread is bacterial conjugation. salmonellae have been shown to be competent for conjugation in the vacuoles of cultured mammalian ... | 2008 | 18765719 |
| shigellosis in puducherry. | 2008 | 18765885 | |
| variable length tandem repeat polyglutamine sequences in the flexible tether region of the tsr chemotaxis receptor of escherichia coli. | methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (mcps) are receptors that play an important role in bacterial chemotaxis. methylation of tsr, the mcp that mediates chemotaxis towards serine in escherichia coli, is thought to be facilitated by binding of the methyltransferase to a flexible tether region at the c-terminal end of tsr. this study analysed natural length variants of the tether that occur in e. coli due to genetic instability in tandem repeat dna sequences that code for glutaminyl (q) residues, ... | 2008 | 18667570 |
| vaccination against shigellosis: is it the path that is difficult or is it the difficult that is the path? | following several decades of research, there is not yet a convincing vaccine against shigellosis. it is still difficult, in spite of the breadth of strategies (i.e. live attenuated oral, killed oral, subunit parenteral) to select an optimal option. two approaches are clearly emerging: (i) live attenuated deletion mutants based on rational selection of genes that are key in the pathogenic process, and (ii) conjugated detoxified polysaccharide parenteral vaccines, or more recently conjugated synth ... | 2008 | 18672087 |
| macrolide-resistant shigella sonnei. | shigella sonnei ucn59, isolated during an outbreak of s. sonnei in january 2007, was resistant to azithromycin (mic 64 mg/l). the isolate contained a plasmid-borne mph(a) gene encoding a macrolide 2 -phosphotransferase that inactivates macrolides. emergence of the mph(a) gene in s. sonnei may limit usefulness of azithromycin for treatment of shigellosis. | 2008 | 18680661 |
| bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of biodegradation of organic pollutants in wastewater effluents. | significant amounts of toxic substances which are hazardous to animals, plants, microorganisms, and other living organisms including humans are released annually into aquatic and terrestrial environments, mostly from improper wastewater discharges. early detection of such pollutants in wastewater effluents and proper monitoring before their final release into the environment is therefore necessary. in this study, two whole-cell bacterial biosensors were constructed by transforming competent cell ... | 2008 | 18688458 |
| liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of escherichia coli and shigella species. | liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (lc/qtof ms) utilizing electrospray ionization was employed to monitor protein expression in escherichia coli and shigella organisms. comparison with maldi/tof-ms revealed more proteins, particularly above 15 kda. a combination of automated charge state deconvolution, spectral mirroring, and spectral subtraction was used to reveal subtle differences in the lc/ms data. reproducible intact protein biomarker candidates were discovere ... | 2008 | 18692404 |
| [antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria: 41. structures of the o-specific polysaccharides of shigella dysenteriae types 4 and 5 revised by nmr spectroscopy]. | the earlier established structures of the acidic o-specific polysaccharides from two typical strains of the shigella dysenteriae bacterium were revised using modern nmr spectroscopy techniques. in particular, the configurations of the glycosidic linkages of glcnac (s. dysenteriae type 4) and mannose (s. dysenteriae type 5) residues were corrected. in addition, the location of the sites of nonstoichiometric o-acetylation in s. dysenteriae type 4 was determined: the lateral fucose residue was show ... | 2008 | 18695724 |
| epidemiological evidence of multidrug-resistant shigella sonnei colonization in india by sentinel surveillance in a japanese quarantine station. | we applied a previously reported method to clarify whether a multidrug-resistant shigella colonizes in a south asian country. at kansai airport quarantine station, stool samples were collected from overseas travelers who reported a history of diarrhea. shigella strains were isolated, ranging from 53 to 106 (average, 82.4) isolates/year (2001-2005), and almost 80% of the isolates were shigella sonnei. the most frequent country of origin was india. strains from the country of the most frequent ori ... | 2008 | 18697484 |
| identification and functional characterization of gene components of type vi secretion system in bacterial genomes. | a new secretion system, called the type vi secretion system (t6ss), was recently reported in vibrio cholerae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia mallei. a total of 18 genes have been identified to be belonging to this secretion system in v. cholerae. here we attempt to identify presence of t6ss in other bacterial genomes. this includes identification of orthologous sequences, conserved motifs, domains, families, 3d folds, genomic islands containing t6ss components, phylogenetic profiles and ... | 2008 | 18698408 |
| structural and functional characterization of human iba proteins. | iba2 is a homolog of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (iba1), a 17-kda protein that binds and cross-links filamentous actin (f-actin) and localizes to membrane ruffles and phagocytic cups. here, we present the crystal structure of human iba2 and its homodimerization properties, f-actin cross-linking activity, cellular localization and recruitment upon bacterial invasion in comparison with iba1. the iba2 structure comprises two central ef-hand motifs lacking bound ca2+. iba2 crystallize ... | 2008 | 18699778 |
| use of flow cytometry in an apoptosis assay to determine ph and temperature stability of shiga-like toxin 1. | shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins (stx) are a relatively large group of cytotoxins produced by certain serotypes of shigella and e. coli (stec). these toxins are responsible for diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and may induce hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) with serious consequences in young children. the toxins are proteins made up of 5 small b subunits responsible for binding to an outer membrane ligand on host cells and surround the larger, biologically active a subunit. for shiga-like toxin 1 ... | 2008 | 18710788 |
| epidemiology of highly endemic multiply antibiotic-resistant shigellosis in children in the peruvian amazon. | our goal was to estimate the impact of a shigella vaccine in an area where shigellosis is endemic by characterizing the disease burden and antibiotic-resistance profiles of isolates and by determining the prevalence of shigella flexneri serotypes. | 2008 | 18710884 |
| invitro antibacterial activity of crude preparation of myrtle (myrtus communis) on common human pathogens. | myrtle "addus" (myrtus communis) has long history as a traditional medicine/or different infectious disease by many peoples of the world and in ethiopia too. | 2008 | 18711991 |
| the interplay between entamoeba and enteropathogenic bacteria modulates epithelial cell damage. | mixed intestinal infections with entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba dispar and bacteria with exacerbated manifestations of disease are common in regions where amoebiasis is endemic. however, amoeba-bacteria interactions remain largely unexamined. | 2008 | 18648517 |
| acute diarrhea due to enteropathogenic bacteria in patients at hospitals in tehran. | during a study examining causes of diarrhea from may 2004 to may 2005, 808 stool specimens were collected from patients with acute diarrhea in tehran. fecal samples were cultured and identified according to the standard biochemical methods. molecular identification of enteropathogens was carried out by amplification of their virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction. a total of 369 (45.6%) bacterial pathogens were recovered from 808 patients as follows: shigella spp., 155 (45.6%); diarrheagen ... | 2008 | 18653967 |
| antimicrobial resistance in shigella species isolated in dakar, senegal (2004-2006). | from may 2004 to october 2006, a prospective study was carried out in dakar, senegal, to update information about the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella spp. isolated from stool specimens. among the 165 non-duplicate strains collected, 81 (49%) were identified as shigella flexneri, 75 (45%) as shigella sonnei, 5 (3%) as shigella boydii, and 4 (2%) as shigella dysenteriae. disk diffusion testing revealed that the majority of isolates were resistant to sulphonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethox ... | 2008 | 18653976 |
| simultaneous detection of six human diarrheal pathogens by using dna microarray combined with tyramide signal amplification. | multiplex pcr and dna microarray were combined with tyramide signal amplification (tsa) to develop a reliable method suitable for simultaneous detection of six species of human diarrheal pathogens (yersinia enterocolitica, shigella spp, salmonella typhi, brucella spp, vibrio cholera and escherichia coli o157:h7). meanwhile, our method could distinguish v. cholera serotype o1 from o139, and o157:h7 from o157: non-h7. this assay conferred a specificity of 100% for target pathogens. the limit of de ... | 2008 | 18655810 |