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incidence and etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children younger than 5 years in rural thailand.pneumonia remains a leading cause of under-five morbidity and mortality globally. comprehensive incidence, epidemiologic and etiologic data are needed to update prevention and control strategies.201424030346
seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and nasopharyngeal microbiota in healthy children.seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv-7) is effective against vaccine serotype disease and carriage. nevertheless, shifts in colonization and disease toward nonvaccine serotypes and other potential pathogens have been described. to understand the extent of these shifts, we analyzed nasopharyngeal microbial profiles of 97 pcv-7-vaccinated infants and 103 control infants participating in a randomized controlled trial in the netherlands. pcv-7 immunization resulted in a temporary shift i ...201424447437
exploring the atomic structure and conformational flexibility of a 320 å long engineered viral fiber using x-ray crystallography.protein fibers are widespread in nature, but only a limited number of high-resolution structures have been determined experimentally. unlike globular proteins, fibers are usually recalcitrant to form three-dimensional crystals, preventing single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. in the absence of three-dimensional crystals, x-ray fiber diffraction is a powerful tool to determine the internal symmetry of a fiber, but it rarely yields atomic resolution structural information on complex protein f ...201424531468
antimicrobial resistance trends among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in greece, 2009-2012.the aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance trends of respiratory tract pathogens isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis) in crete, greece, over a 4-year period (2009-2012). a total of 588 community-acquired respiratory pathogens were isolated during the study period. streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common organism responsible for 44.4% of cartis, followed by haemophilus influenzae (44.2%) and moraxella catarrhalis ...201424592201
bronchial microbiome of severe copd patients colonised by pseudomonas aeruginosa.the bronchial microbiome in severe copd during stability and exacerbation in patients chronically colonised by pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa), has not been defined. our objective was to determine the characteristics of the bronchial microbiome of severe copd patients colonised and not colonised by p. aeruginosa and its changes during exacerbation. copd patients with severe disease and frequent exacerbations were categorised according to chronic colonisation by p. aeruginosa. sputum samples were obt ...201424449346
early versus later response to treatment in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of the reach study.key goals in the treatment of cap include early response to treatment and achievement of clinical stability. the us fda recommends early response endpoints (72 hours after initiation of treatment) in clinical trials for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. reach (retrospective study to assess the clinical management of patients with moderate-to-severe complicated skin and soft tissue infections [cssti] or cap in the hospital setting) was a retrospective observational study, p ...201424450444
duration of antimicrobial therapy in community acquired pneumonia: less is more.community acquired pneumonia (cap) represents the most common cause of infection-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. appropriate treatment of cap is challenging and sometimes limited by the availability to obtain rapid and timely identification of the etiologic agent in order to initiate or deescalate the correct antimicrobial therapy. as a consequence, prescribers frequently select empiric antimicrobial therapy using clinical judgment, local patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and, som ...201424578660
update on otitis media - prevention and treatment.acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion are common childhood disorders, a source of significant morbidity, and a leading cause of antibiotic prescription in primary health care. although effective treatments are available, some shortcomings remain, and thus better treatments would be welcome. recent discoveries within the field of otitis media research relating to its etiology and pathogenesis have led to further investigation aimed at developing novel treatments. this article provides ...201424453496
a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance.greater use of antibiotics during the past 50 years has exerted selective pressure on susceptible bacteria and may have favoured the survival of resistant strains. existing information on antibiotic resistance patterns from pathogens circulating among community-based patients is substantially less than from hospitalized patients on whom guidelines are often based. we therefore chose to assess the relationship between the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria circulating in the community and ...201424405683
high-dose amoxicillin with clavulanate for the treatment of acute otitis media in children.this study uses the acute otitis media clinical practice guideline proposed in 2004 as a reference to evaluate whether antibiotics doses that are in line with the recommendations lead to better prognosis. the study also attempts to clarify possible factors that influence the outcome.201424523659
severe influenza treatment guideline. 201424574848
an update on the use of immunoglobulin for the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders.for patients with significant antibody deficiencies, immunoglobulin therapy is the mainstay of treatment as it significantly reduces both the frequency and severity of infections. the formulations and delivery methods of immunoglobulin have evolved over time, and continued improvements have allowed for increased access to this effective medication. this review is an update on the current status of immunoglobulin therapy in immunodeficiency disorders, and discusses the mechanisms, forms and dosin ...201425428649
the microbiome and asthma.that the subglottic airways are not sterile, as was once believed, but are populated by a distinct "bronchial microbiome," is now accepted. also accepted is the concept that asthma is associated with differences in the composition of this microbiome. what is not clear is whether the differences in microbial community composition themselves mediate pathologic changes in the airways or whether they reflect differences in systemic immune function driven by differences in the development of the gast ...201424437406
a brave new world: the lung microbiota in an era of change.the development of culture-independent techniques has revolutionized our understanding of how our human cells interact with the even greater number of microbial inhabitants of our bodies. as part of this revolution, data are increasingly challenging the old dogma that in health, the lung mucosa is sterile. to understand how the lung microbiome may play a role in human health, we identified five major questions for lung microbiome research: (1) is the lung sterile? (2) is there a unique core micr ...201424437400
audit and feedback-focused approach to evidence-based care in treating patients with pneumonia in hospital (affect study).pneumonia is the eighth leading cause of death in canada. use of guideline-concordant therapy tempers the development of resistance, decreases health care costs, and reduces morbidity and mortality.201424634522
nocardiosis in immune disorder disease. 201424639618
biofilms on indwelling urologic devices: microbes and antimicrobial management prospect.biofilms (bfs) are a potential source of highly resistant infections, frequently formed on devicesand pose problems for management.201424669340
granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease in infancy.the authors report a case involving a child with chronic respiratory symptoms, who did not respond to conventional treatment. low serum immunoglobin levels and pathological findings on lung biopsy revealed an unusual diagnosis for his age group. a specific treatment led to clinical improvement.201424288696
hemoglobin receptor protein from porphyromonas gingivalis induces interleukin-8 production in human gingival epithelial cells through stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nf-κb signal transduction pathways.periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of polymicrobial origin affecting the tissues supporting the tooth. the oral anaerobic bacterium porphyromonas gingivalis, which is implicated as an important pathogen for chronic periodontitis, triggers a series of host inflammatory responses that promote the destruction of periodontal tissues. among the virulence factors of p. gingivalis, hemoglobin receptor protein (hbr) is a major protein found in culture supernatants. in this study, we investigated t ...201424126532
prevalence and genotype distribution of pneumocystis jirovecii in cuban infants and toddlers with whooping cough.this study describes the prevalence and genotype distribution of pneumocystis jirovecii obtained from nasopharyngeal (np) swabs from immunocompetent cuban infants and toddlers with whooping cough (wc). a total of 163 np swabs from 163 young cuban children with wc who were admitted to the respiratory care units at two pediatric centers were studied. the prevalence of the organism was determined by a quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay targeting the p. jirovecii mitochondrial large subunit (mtlsu) rrna ...201424131683
maternal administration of solithromycin, a new, potent, broad-spectrum fluoroketolide antibiotic, achieves fetal and intra-amniotic antimicrobial protection in a pregnant sheep model.solithromycin (cem-101) is a new antibiotic that is highly potent against ureaplasma and mycoplasma spp. and active against many other antibiotic-resistant organisms. we have explored the maternal-amniotic-fetal pharmacokinetics of cem-101 in a pregnant sheep model to assess its potential for treating intrauterine and antenatal infection. chronically catheterized pregnant ewes (n = 6 or 7) received either a single maternal intravenous (i.v.) infusion of cem-101 (10 mg/kg of body weight), a singl ...201424189250
meta-analysis of the adverse effects of long-term azithromycin use in patients with chronic lung diseases.the adverse effects of azithromycin on the treatment of patients with chronic lung diseases (cld) were evaluated in the present study. medline and other databases were searched for relevant articles published until august 2013. randomized controlled trials that enrolled patients with chronic lung diseases who received long-term azithromycin treatment were selected, and data on microbiological studies and azithromycin-related adverse events were abstracted from articles and analyzed. six studies ...201424189261
pneumonia as the most common lower respiratory tract infection.pneumonia is the most serious inflammatory disease of the respiratory system and also the most common infectious disease. even now, in the 21(st) century, pneumonia occupies a prominent place in clinical medicine and public health. we are confronted daily with the increased number of patients, as well as the constant increase in annual mortality due to this infectious disease.201325568518
nasopharyngeal proteobacteria are associated with viral etiology and acute wheezing in children with severe bronchiolitis. 201324365140
nasopharyngeal proteobacteria are associated with viral etiology and acute wheezing in children with severe bronchiolitis. 201324365140
predicting response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.to determine prognostic factors that independently predict response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.201324367985
predicting response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.to determine prognostic factors that independently predict response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.201324367985
co-colonization by haemophilus influenzae with streptococcus pneumoniae enhances pneumococcal-specific antibody response in young children.streptococcus pneumoniae (spn), haemophilus influenzae (hi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat) are common bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections and common commensal microbes in the human nasopharynx (np). the effect of interactions among theses bacteria during co-colonization of the np on the host immune response has not been evaluated. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of co-colonization by hi or mcat on the systemic antibody response to vaccine protein candidate antige ...201324355091
co-colonization by haemophilus influenzae with streptococcus pneumoniae enhances pneumococcal-specific antibody response in young children.streptococcus pneumoniae (spn), haemophilus influenzae (hi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat) are common bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections and common commensal microbes in the human nasopharynx (np). the effect of interactions among theses bacteria during co-colonization of the np on the host immune response has not been evaluated. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of co-colonization by hi or mcat on the systemic antibody response to vaccine protein candidate antige ...201324355091
management of patients with risk factors.this review addresses concomitant diseases and risk factors in patients treated for diseases of the ears, nose and throat in outpatient and hospital services. besides heart disease, lung disease, liver disease and kidney disease, this article also covers disorders of coagulation (including therapy with new oral anticoagulants) and electrolyte imbalance. special attention is paid to the prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of perioperative delirium. it is also intended to help optimise the prepar ...201324403970
mechanical ventilation drives inflammation in severe viral bronchiolitis.respiratory insufficiency due to severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the most frequent cause of paediatric intensive care unit admission in infants during the winter season. previous studies have shown increased levels of inflammatory mediators in airways of mechanically ventilated children compared to spontaneous breathing children with viral bronchiolitis. in this prospective observational multi-center study we aimed to investigate whether this increase was related to disease ...201324349427
high nasopharyngeal carriage of non-vaccine serotypes in western australian aboriginal people following 10 years of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination.invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) continues to occur at high rates among australian aboriginal people. the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vpcv) was given in a 2-4-6-month schedule from 2001, with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vppv) booster at 18 months, and replaced with 13vpcv in july 2011. since carriage surveillance can supplement ipd surveillance, we have monitored pneumococcal carriage in western australia (wa) since 2008 to assess the impact of the 10- ...201324349245
aetiology of pulmonary symptoms in hiv-infected smear negative recurrent ptb suspects in kampala, uganda: a cross-sectional study.previously treated tb patients with pulmonary symptoms are often considered recurrent tb suspects in the resource-limited settings, where investigations are limited to microscopy and chest x-ray. category ii anti-tb drugs may be inappropriate and may expose patients to pill burden, drug toxicities and drug-drug interactions.201324312650
septic arthritis due to moraxella osloensis in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta).a 5.5-y-old chinese-origin female rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) presented for bilateral hindlimb lameness. the primate had been group-reared in an spf breeding colony and was seronegative for macacine herpesvirus 1, siv, simian retrovirus type d, and simian t-lymphotropic virus. the macaque's previous medical history included multiple occasions of swelling in the left tarsus, and trauma to the right arm and bilateral hands. in addition, the macaque had experienced osteomyelitis of the left dis ...201324326229
canadian guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis: clinical summary.to provide a clinical summary of the canadian clinical practice guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) that includes recommendations relevant for family physicians.201324336538
decreased expression of tlr-9 and cytokines in the presence of bacteria in patients with otitis media with effusion.toll-like receptor (tlr)-9 recognizes unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (cpg) motifs in bacteria. therefore, the expression of tlr-9 may differ according to the results of bacterial culture, and thus a change in proinflammatory cytokine induction can also be expected. the authors aimed to assess the differences and relationships between the expression of tlr-9, cytokines, and nitric oxide synthase (nos) in otitis media with effusion (ome) based on bacterial culture results.201324353857
herbal medicines for the treatment of acute otitis media: protocol for a systematic review.the aim of this systematic review is to analyse the trial data on the efficacy of herbal medicines for acute otitis media.201324293205
a comparison of microbiology and demographics among patients with healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a retrospective analysis of 1184 patients from a large, international study.acceptance of healthcare-associated pneumonia (hcap) as an entity and the associated risk of infection by potentially multidrug-resistant (mdr) organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), pseudomonas and acinetobacter have been debated. we therefore compared patients with hcap, hospital-acquired pneumonia (hap), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) enrolled in a trial comparing linezolid with vancomycin for treatment of pneumonia.201324279701
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae inhibits autolysis and fratricide of streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro.streptococcus pneumoniae (sp) and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are common commensals of the human airway and major bacterial pathogens of otitis media (om) and other upper airway infections. the interaction between them may play an important role in the pathogenesis of polymicrobial infections. although previous studies suggested nthi could promote pneumococcal survival and biofilm formation, how nthi affects pneumococcal activities has not been defined. our data in the present stud ...201324269704
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae inhibits autolysis and fratricide of streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro.streptococcus pneumoniae (sp) and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are common commensals of the human airway and major bacterial pathogens of otitis media (om) and other upper airway infections. the interaction between them may play an important role in the pathogenesis of polymicrobial infections. although previous studies suggested nthi could promote pneumococcal survival and biofilm formation, how nthi affects pneumococcal activities has not been defined. our data in the present stud ...201324269704
infections and their role in childhood asthma inception.the association of early-onset wheezing with common viral and bacterial infections has raised significant interest in the role of infections in childhood asthma inception. this article serves to review these relationships among infections, host factors, and asthma inception in childhood.201324236893
infections and their role in childhood asthma inception.the association of early-onset wheezing with common viral and bacterial infections has raised significant interest in the role of infections in childhood asthma inception. this article serves to review these relationships among infections, host factors, and asthma inception in childhood.201324236893
mailed versus frozen transport of nasal swabs for surveillance of respiratory bacteria in remote indigenous communities in australia.surveillance programs and research for acute respiratory infections in remote australian communities are complicated by difficulties in the storage and transport of frozen samples to urban laboratories for testing. this study assessed the sensitivity of a simple method for transporting nasal swabs from a remote setting for bacterial polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing.201324228701
azithromycin and cough-specific health status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic cough: a randomised controlled trial.macrolides reduce exacerbations in patients with copd. their effects on health status has not been assessed as primary outcome and is less clear. this study assessed the effects of prophylactic azithromycin on cough-specific health status in copd-patients with chronic productive cough.201324229360
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokine profiles in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy and follicular bronchiolitis.neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (nehi) and follicular bronchiolitis (fb) are rare pediatric diffuse lung diseases with poorly understood pathogenesis and similar clinical presentations. we sought to determine if cellular and cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) from subjects with nehi and fb would differ from pediatric disease controls.201324216293
clinico-bacteriological study of chronic dacryocystitis cases in northern karnataka, india.the aim of this study was to identify the organisms responsible and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates from conjunctiva and nasal mucosa in cases of chronic dacryocystitis and comparing with lacrimal sac specimen.201324392383
detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in acute respiratory infections.the role of bacteria in acute respiratory illnesses (ari) of adults and interactions with viral infections is incompletely understood. this study tested the hypothesis that bacterial co-infection during ari adds to airway inflammation and illness severity.201324211414
detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in acute respiratory infections.the role of bacteria in acute respiratory illnesses (ari) of adults and interactions with viral infections is incompletely understood. this study tested the hypothesis that bacterial co-infection during ari adds to airway inflammation and illness severity.201324211414
draft genome sequence of psychrobacter aquaticus strain cms 56t, isolated from a cyanobacterial mat sample collected from water bodies in the mcmurdo dry valley region of antarctica.we report the 3.2-mb draft genome sequence of psychrobacter aquaticus strain cms 56(t), isolated from a cyanobacterial mat sample collected from a water body in the mcmurdo dry valley region of antarctica.201324201199
acanthamoeba, fungal, and bacterial keratitis: a comparison of risk factors and clinical features.to determine risk factors and clinical signs that may differentiate between bacterial, fungal, and acanthamoeba keratitis among patients presenting with presumed infectious keratitis.201324200232
acanthamoeba, fungal, and bacterial keratitis: a comparison of risk factors and clinical features.to determine risk factors and clinical signs that may differentiate between bacterial, fungal, and acanthamoeba keratitis among patients presenting with presumed infectious keratitis.201324200232
application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of the fastidious pediatric pathogens aggregatibacter, eikenella, haemophilus, and kingella.the accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) in the identification of haemophilus, aggregatibacter, cardiobacterium, eikenella, and kingella (hacek) species was compared to that of phenotypic methods (remel rapid and vitek 2). overall, vitek ms correctly identified more isolates, incorrectly identified fewer isolates, and failed to identify fewer isolates than both phenotypic methods.201323966506
cardiovascular risk, myocardial injury, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) have elevated cardiovascular risk, and myocardial injury is common during severe exacerbations. little is known about the prevalence, magnitude, and underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular risk in community-treated exacerbations.201324033321
fosfomycin and tobramycin in combination downregulate nitrate reductase genes narg and narh, resulting in increased activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa under anaerobic conditions.the activity of aminoglycosides, which are used to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection in cystic fibrosis (cf) patients, is reduced under the anaerobic conditions that reflect the cf lung in vivo. in contrast, a 4:1 (wt/wt) combination of fosfomycin and tobramycin (f:t), which is under investigation for use in the treatment of cf lung infection, has increased activity against p. aeruginosa under anaerobic conditions. the aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ...201323959314
conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment.conjunctivitis is a common problem.201324150468
impact of a clinical decision support system on pharmacy clinical interventions, documentation efforts, and costs.health care organizations are turning to electronic clinical decision support systems (cdsss) to increase quality of patient care and promote a safer environment. a cdss is a promising approach to the aggregation and use of patient data to identify patients who would most benefit from interventions by pharmacy clinicians. however, there are limited published reports describing the impact of cdss on clinical pharmacy measures. in february 2011, good shepherd medical center, a 425-bed acute care c ...201324421548
bacterial flora of conjunctiva after death.to evaluate the frequency of bacterial flora of conjunctiva after death (cadaver eyes) which will give information about the bacterial contamination of donor eyes, and the in-vitro sensitivity of isolated bacteria to the commonly used antibiotics in ophthalmic practice.201324195038
interrelationship of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus colonization within and between pneumococcal-vaccine naïve mother-child dyads.a high prevalence of bacterial nasopharyngeal co-infections has been reported in children, however, such data is limited in adults. we examined the interaction of haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae pharyngeal colonization in mother-child dyads.201324134472
croup in children. 201323939212
dominance of haemophilus influenzae in ear discharge from indigenous australian children with acute otitis media with tympanic membrane perforation.indigenous australian children living in remote communities experience high rates of acute otitis media with tympanic membrane perforation (aomwip). otitis media in this population is associated with dense nasopharyngeal colonization of three primary otopathogens; haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis. little is known about the relative abundance of these pathogens during infection. the objective of this study was to estimate the abundance and concordance of ...201324099576
improving patient care via development of a protein-based diagnostic test for microbe-specific detection of chronic rhinosinusitis.the hypothesis is that signature bacterial proteins can be identified in sinus secretions via high-throughput, proteomic based techniques. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with sinusitis and serves as proof of principle pathogen for identifying biomarkers.201323904321
improving patient care via development of a protein-based diagnostic test for microbe-specific detection of chronic rhinosinusitis.the hypothesis is that signature bacterial proteins can be identified in sinus secretions via high-throughput, proteomic based techniques. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with sinusitis and serves as proof of principle pathogen for identifying biomarkers.201323904321
multiple streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in aural discharge samples from children with acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea.among 55 children with cultures positive for acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea, 28 (51%) had cultures positive for aural streptococcus pneumoniae, and in 10 of these, two distinct strains were detected, in which 5 had pairs of strains that were both capsule-bearing serotypes. such cases were more likely to have cultures positive for other otopathogens than those with only one pneumococcus present.201323885003
improvement of the pharmacokinetics and in vivo antibacterial efficacy of a novel type iia topoisomerase inhibitor by formulation in liposomes.several useful properties of liposome-based formulations of various existing antibacterial drugs have been reported. these properties include lower mics, improved pharmacokinetics, lower toxicity, selective distribution to infected tissues, and enhanced in vivo efficacy. here we report in vivo studies of a liposomal formulation of a member of a novel class of antibacterial type ii topoisomerase inhibitors, others of which have progressed to early phases of clinical trials. the free (i.e., nonlip ...201323877679
combination of pantothenamides with vanin inhibitors as a novel antibiotic strategy against gram-positive bacteria.the emergence of resistance against current antibiotics calls for the development of new compounds to treat infectious diseases. synthetic pantothenamides are pantothenate analogs that possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro in minimal media. pantothenamides were shown to be substrates of the bacterial coenzyme a (coa) biosynthetic pathway, causing cellular coa depletion and interference with fatty acid synthesis. in spite of their potential use and selectivity for bacterial metab ...201323877685
signs and symptoms that differentiate acute sinusitis from viral upper respiratory tract infection.differentiating acute bacterial sinusitis from viral upper respiratory tract infection (uri) is challenging; 20% to 40% of children diagnosed with acute sinusitis based on clinical criteria likely have an uncomplicated uri. the objective of this study was to determine which signs and symptoms could be used to identify the subgroup of children who meet current clinical criteria for sinusitis but who nevertheless have a viral uri.201323694838
virus-induced exacerbations in asthma and copd.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and/or airflow limitation due to pulmonary emphysema. chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma may all be associated with airflow limitation; therefore, exacerbation of asthma may be associated with the pathophysiology of copd. furthermore, recent studies have suggested that the exacerbation of asthma, namely virus-induced asthma, may be associated with a wide variety of respiratory ...201324098299
asthma microbiome studies and the potential for new therapeutic strategies.recent applications of culture-independent tools for microbiome profiling have revealed significant relationships between asthma and microbiota associated with the environment, gut, or airways. studies of the airway microbiome in particular represent a new frontier in pulmonary research. although these studies are relatively new, current evidence suggests the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of asthma. in this article, recent literature on microbiota and ...201323709178
midkine is expressed and differentially processed during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and ventilator-associated pneumonia associated with staphylococcus aureus infection.staphylococcus aureus is sometimes isolated from the airways during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) but more commonly recognized as a cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap). antimicrobial proteins, among them midkine (mk), are an important part of innate immunity in the airways. in this study, the levels and possible processing of mk in relation to s. aureus infection of the airways were investigated, comparing copd and vap, thus comparing a state of d ...201324043271
postarthroscopic infection in the knee following medical or dental procedures.knee infection is a relatively rare complication after arthroscopic knee surgery (babcok et al., 2002), with reported incidences ranging from 0.1% to 3.4% (babcok et al., 2002 and bert et al., 2007). although postoperative dental and surgical procedures were formerly considered a risk factor for infection in arthroplasty patients, the american dental association (ada) and academy of orthopaedic surgery (aaos) no longer recommend prophylactic antibiotics for patients with prosthetic joints and do ...201324191214
a single dose of azithromycin does not improve clinical outcomes of children hospitalised with bronchiolitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.bronchiolitis, one of the most common reasons for hospitalisation in young children, is particularly problematic in indigenous children. macrolides may be beneficial in settings where children have high rates of nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage and frequent prolonged illness. the aim of our double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial was to determine if a large single dose of azithromycin (compared to placebo) reduced length of stay (los), duration of oxygen (o2) and respiratory readmissio ...201324086334
binding of complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein to a highly virulent streptococcus pyogenes m1 strain is mediated by protein h and enhances adhesion to and invasion of endothelial cells.streptococcus pyogenes ap1, a strain of the highly virulent m1 serotype, uses exclusively protein h to bind the complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein (c4bp). we found a strong correlation between the ability of ap1 and its isogenic mutants lacking protein h to inhibit opsonization with complement c3b and binding of c4bp. c4bp bound to immobilized protein h or ap1 bacteria retained its cofactor activity for degradation of (125)i-c4b. furthermore, c4b deposited from serum onto ap1 bacterial sur ...201324064215
microbiological profile of adenoid hypertrophy correlates to clinical diagnosis in children.adenoid hypertrophy is a common condition in childhood, which may be associated with recurring acute otitis media (raom), otitis media with effusion (ome), and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (osas). these different clinical characteristics have some clinical overlap; however, they might be explained by distinct immunologic and infectious profiles and result in various histopathologic findings of adenoid specimens.201324175295
comparison of the prevalence of common bacterial pathogens in the oropharynx and nasopharynx of gambian infants.crm- based pneumococcal conjugate vaccines generally have little impact on the overall prevalence of pneumococcal carriage because of serotype replacement. in contrast, protein vaccines could substantially reduce the overall prevalence of pneumococcal carriage with potential microbiological and clinical consequences. therefore, trials of pneumococcal protein vaccines need to evaluate their impact on carriage of other potentially pathogenic bacteria in addition to the pneumococcus.201324086570
potent oxazolidinone antibacterials with heteroaromatic c-ring substructure.novel oxazolidinone analogues bearing a condensed heteroaromatic ring as the c-ring substructure were synthesized as candidate antibacterial agents. analogues 16 and 21 bearing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and 18 and 23 bearing [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine as the c-ring had excellent in vitro antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis (vre), and penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (prsp). they also showed ...201324900607
metabolic markers and microecological characteristics of tongue coating in patients with chronic gastritis.in traditional chinese medicine (tcm), tongue diagnosis has been an important diagnostic method for the last 3000 years. tongue diagnosis is a non-invasive, simple and valuable diagnostic tool. tcm treats the tongue coating on a very sensitive scale that reflects physiological and pathological changes in the organs, especially the spleen and stomach. tongue coating can diagnose disease severity and determine the tcm syndrome ("zheng" in chinese). the biological bases of different tongue coating ...201324041039
design, characterization, and aerosolization of organic solution advanced spray-dried moxifloxacin and ofloxacin dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (dppc) microparticulate/nanoparticulate powders for pulmonary inhalation aerosol delivery.the aim of this study was to design and develop respirable antibiotics moxifloxacin (moxi) hydrochloride and ofloxacin (oflx) microparticles and nanoparticles, and multifunctional antibiotics particles with or without lung surfactant 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (dppc) for targeted dry powder inhalation delivery as a pulmonary nanomedicine. particles were rationally designed and produced by advanced spray-drying particle engineering from an organic solution in closed mode (no wate ...201324092972
hypoxic hepatitis and acute liver failure in a patient with newly onset atrial fibrillation and diltiazem infusion.hypoxic hepatitis (hh) most commonly results from haemodynamic instability and disruption of hepatic flow. the vast majority of cases are caused by cardiac failure, respiratory failure and septic shock. we report a case of hh, acute liver failure, acute kidney failure and progressive thrombocytopenia that developed following a hypotensive episode in a patient treated with intravenous diltiazem for a newly developed atrial fibrillation (a-fib). the pre-existing liver diseases, including chronic a ...201324042208
evaluation of truncated nhha protein as a candidate meningococcal vaccine antigen.nhha (neisseria hia homologue) is an outer membrane protein from neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal disease. the protein is surface exposed and its expression in a wide range of meningococcal strains suggests it is a promising vaccine candidate. in addition, immunization of mice with outer membrane vesicles of strains that overexpress nhha in conjunction with one of tbpa, omp85 or nspa results in synergistic bactericidal responses. we previously showed that the nhha seq ...201324039731
does a 10-valent pneumococcal-haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine prevent respiratory exacerbations in children with recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis, chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis (pbb), chronic suppurative lung disease (csld) and bronchiectasis are characterised by a chronic wet cough and are important causes of childhood respiratory morbidity globally. haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae are the most commonly associated pathogens. as respiratory exacerbations impair quality of life and may be associated with disease progression, we will determine if the novel 10-valent pneumococcal-haemophilus influenzae protein ...201324010917
innate immunity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a mini-review.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), a major smoking-associated lung disorder characterized by progressive irreversible airflow limitation, affects >200 million people worldwide. individuals with copd have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, resulting in exacerbations of the disease. a growing body of evidence indicates that multiple host defense mechanisms, such as those provided by the airway epithelial barrier and innate immune cells, including alveolar macrophages, n ...201324008598
β -lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens from tracheal aspirates of intensive care unit patients at national institute of neurological and allied sciences, nepal.the widespread use of tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to support the critically ill patients increases the risk of development of tracheobronchitis and bronchopneumonia. this cross-sectional study was conducted with an aim to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from tracheal aspirates producing extended-spectrum β -lactamase (esbl), ampc β -lactamase, and metallo- β -lactamase (mbl) from august 2011 to april 2012 at national institute of neurological and allied sciences (nina ...201324078895
role of the zinc uptake abc transporter of moraxella catarrhalis in persistence in the respiratory tract.moraxella catarrhalis is a human respiratory tract pathogen that causes otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. we have identified and characterized a zinc uptake abc transporter that is present in all strains of m. catarrhalis tested. a mutant in which the znu gene cluster is knocked out shows markedly impaired growth compared to the wild type in medium that contains trace zinc; growth is restored to wild-type levels ...201323817618
microbiological and genetic characterization of carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients.this manuscript reports the clinical, microbiological, and genetic characteristics of carbapenem-resistant k. pnuemoniae isolates from pediatric patients at a tertiary-care children's hospital. although there is an extensive body of literature describing carbapenem-resistant klebsiella infections in adults, pediatric data are comparatively limited.201324567846
microbiological and genetic characterization of carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients.this manuscript reports the clinical, microbiological, and genetic characteristics of carbapenem-resistant k. pnuemoniae isolates from pediatric patients at a tertiary-care children's hospital. although there is an extensive body of literature describing carbapenem-resistant klebsiella infections in adults, pediatric data are comparatively limited.201324567846
the target cohort study protocol: a prospective primary care cohort study to derive and validate a clinical prediction rule to improve the targeting of antibiotics in children with respiratory tract illnesses.children with respiratory tract infections are the single most frequent patient group to make use of primary care health care resources. the use of antibiotics remains highly prevalent in young children, but can lead to antimicrobial resistance as well as reinforcing the idea that parents should re-consult for similar symptoms. one of the main drivers of indiscriminate antimicrobial use is the lack of evidence for, and therefore uncertainty regarding, which children are at risk of poor outcome. ...201323958109
carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, tlr3, and type i and ii interferons.the carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules ceacam1 (bgp, cd66a), ceacam5 (cea, cd66e) and ceacam6 (nca, cd66c) are expressed in human lung. they play a role in innate and adaptive immunity and are targets for various bacterial and viral adhesins. two pathogens that colonize the normally sterile lower respiratory tract in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are non-typable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis. both pathogens bind t ...201323941132
mechanisms and impact of the frequent exacerbator phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are important events that carry significant consequences for patients. some patients experience frequent exacerbations, and are now recognized as a distinct clinical subgroup, the 'frequent exacerbator' phenotype. this is relatively stable over time, occurs across disease severity, and is associated with poorer health outcomes. these patients are therefore a priority for research and treatment. the pathophysiology underlying the frequ ...201323945277
ceftaroline fosamil: a brief clinical review.ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin with a favorable tolerability profile and broad in vitro activity against many resistant gram-positive and common gram-negative organisms. ceftaroline fosamil is the first cephalosporin to be approved by the united states food and drug administration (fda) for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). it is also approved by the fda for the treatme ...201325134474
longitudinal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of respiratory bacteria in indigenous australian and alaska native children with bronchiectasis.indigenous children in australia and alaska have very high rates of chronic suppurative lung disease (csld)/bronchiectasis. antibiotics, including frequent or long-term azithromycin in australia and short-term beta-lactam therapy in both countries, are often prescribed to treat these patients. in the bronchiectasis observational study we examined over several years the nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of respiratory bacteria in these two pcv7-vaccinated populations.201323940582
phagocytic dysfunction of human alveolar macrophages and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) have fundamental impairment of phagocytosis for nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi). however, relative selectivity of dysfunctional phagocytosis among diverse respiratory pathogens: nthi, moraxella catarrhalis (mc), streptococcus pneumoniae (sp), and nonbacterial particles, as well as the contribution of impaired phagocytosis to severity of copd, has not been explored.201323908477
acute otitis media otopathogens during 2008 to 2010 in rochester, new york.the otopathogen distribution colonizing the nasopharynx (np) and causing acute otitis media (aom) is in flux following the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 7 (pcv7) and will continue to change.201323860479
effectiveness of 7.5 percent povidone iodine in comparison to 1 percent clotrimazole with lignocaine in the treatment of otomycosis.objectives. otomycosis is a common ent disease frequenting the tropics. its recurrent nature poses a great challenge to the treating physician. in spite of a number of antifungals in the market, the frequent nature of this disease warrants repeated use of these drugs, contributing to drug resistance and financial burden on the rural population. our primary aims were to evaluate the effectiveness of povidone iodine in the treatment of otomycosis and to identify the most common fungal isolate in o ...201323984100
association between ocular bacterial carriage and follicular trachoma following mass azithromycin distribution in the gambia.trachoma, caused by ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection, is the leading infectious cause of blindness, but its prevalence is now falling in many countries. as the prevalence falls, an increasing proportion of individuals with clinical signs of follicular trachoma (tf) is not infected with c. trachomatis. a recent study in tanzania suggested that other bacteria may play a role in the persistence of these clinical signs.201323936573
inflammation and immune response in copd: where do we stand?increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of copd. recent data provide evidence for a role in the nlrp3 inflammasome in the airway inflammation observed in copd. cigarette smoke activates innate immune cells by triggering pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to release "danger signal". these signals act as ligands to toll-like receptors (tlrs), triggering the production of cytokines and inducing innate inflammat ...201323956502
the first engagement of partners in the euprymna scolopes-vibrio fischeri symbiosis is a two-step process initiated by a few environmental symbiont cells.we studied the euprymna scolopes-vibrio fischeri symbiosis to characterize, in vivo and in real time, the transition between the bacterial partner's free-living and symbiotic life styles. previous studies using high inocula demonstrated that environmental v. fischeri cells aggregate during a 3 h period in host-shed mucus along the light organ's superficial ciliated epithelia. under lower inoculum conditions, similar to the levels of symbiont cells in the environment, this interaction induces hae ...201323819708
incidence survey of acute otitis media in children in sado island, japan--sado otitis media study (sadoms).acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common forms of bacterial infection and cause for clinic visits in children. the incidence of aom was 0.9-1.2 episodes per person-year during the first 2 years of life in previous reports conducted before 2000. the aim of this study was to 1) evaluate the latest aom incidence in pediatric outpatients and 2) identify the bacterial pathogens from these patients and ascertain their serotypes and resistance.201323844235
use of the chinchilla model to evaluate the vaccinogenic potential of the moraxella catarrhalis filamentous hemagglutinin-like proteins mhab1 and mhab2.moraxella catarrhalis causes significant health problems, including 15-20% of otitis media cases in children and ~10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. in addition, the effectiveness of conjugate vaccines at reducing the incidence of otitis media caused by streptococcus pneumoniae a ...201323844117
guidelines for diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: joint ics/nccp (i) recommendations.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a major public health problem in india. although several international guidelines for diagnosis and management of copd are available, yet there are lot of gaps in recognition and management of copd in india due to vast differences in availability and affordability of healthcare facilities across the country. the indian chest society (ics) and the national college of chest physicians (nccp) of india have joined hands to come out with these evidence- ...201324049265
the incidence and aetiology of hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia among vietnamese adults: a prospective surveillance in central vietnam.lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) including community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common infectious disease that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. the patterns of aetiological pathogens differ by region and country. special attention must be paid to cap in southeast asia (sea), a region facing rapid demographic transition. estimates burden and aetiological patterns of cap are essential for the clinical and public health management. the purposes of the study are to ...201323815298
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